Chapter 2 Smith Chart and Impedance Matching

MICROWAVE ENGNEERING
Chapter 2
Smith Chart and Impedance Matching
Huynh Phu Minh Cuong, PhD

hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology 1
4/3/2015 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 1
Chapter 2: Smith Chart and Impedance Matching
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Smith Chart
 Smith Chart Description
 Smith Chart Characteristics
 Z-Y Smith Chart
3. Smith Chart Applications
 Determining Impedance and Reflection Coefficients
 Determining VSWR
 Input Impedance of a Complex Circuit
 Input Impedance of a Terminated Transmission Line
4. Impedance Matching
 Matching with Lumped Elements
 Single-Stub Matching Networks
 Double-Stub Matching Networks
 Quarter-wave Transformer 2
1. Introduction
 Many of calculations required to solve T.L. problems involve the use of
complicated equations.
 Smith Chart, developed by Phillip H. Smith in 1939, is a graphical aid
that can be very useful for solving T.L. problems.
 The Smith chart, however, is more than just a graphical technique as it
provides a useful way of visualizing transmission line phenomenon
without the need for detailed numerical calculations.
 A microwave engineer can develop a good intuition about transmission
line and impedance-matching problems by learning to think in terms of the
Smith chart.
 From a mathematical point of view, the Smith chart is simply a
representation of all possible complex impedances with respect to
coordinates defined by the reflection coefficient.
 The domain of definition of the reflection coefficient is a circle of radius
1 in the complex plane. This is also the domain of the Smith chart.
1. Introduction
Phillip Hagar Smith (1905–1987): graduated from Tufts

College in 1928, invented the Smith Chart in 1939 while
he was working for the Bell Telephone Laboratories.

2. Smith Chart
The initial goal of the Smith chart is to represent a reflection
coefficient and its corresponding normalized impedance by a point,
from which the conversion between them can be easily achieved.
To do so, we start from the general definition of reflection
coefficient
Z  R  jX Y=1/Z=G+jB
Z R X
z   j  r  jx
Z0 Z0 Z0
Y G B
y   j  g  jb
Y0 Y0 Y0
Z  Z0
  Re( )  j Im( )
Z  Z0
z 1 1 
 z
z 1 1 
2. Smith Chart
Now we can write z  1   as
1 

2. Smith Chart
 Resistance circles
 r  1
Center :  ,0  Radius :
1 r  1 r

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart
 Reactance circles
 1 1
Center :  1,  Radius :
 x x

2. Smith Chart
Resistance circles Unit circle
r-circles
Matching point
Shorted point
Opened point
Reactance circles
x-circles

2. Smith Chart
For the constant r circles: z = r+jx  =r+i
1. The centers of all the constant r
circles are on the horizontal axis –
real part of the reflection coefficient.
2. The radius of circles decreases
when r increases.
3. All constant r circles pass
through the point r =1, i = 0.
4. The normalized resistance r = 
is at the point r =1, i = 0.
For the constant x (partial) circles:

1. The centers of all the constant x
circles are on the r =1 line. The
circles with x > 0 (inductive
reactance) are above the r axis; the
circles with x < 0 (capacitive) are
below the r axis.
2. The radius of circles decreases when absolute value of x increases.
3. The normalized reactances x =  are at the point r =1, i = 0

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart
Constant circle

7.4 Smith Chart:
2. Smith
Basic
Chart
Procedures

2. Smith Chart

2. Smith Chart












Given R and ZR  Find the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
The Voltage standing Wave Ratio or VSWR is defined as
The normalized impedance at a maximum location of the standing

wave pattern is given by
This quantity is always real and ≥ 1. The VSWR is simply obtained

on the Smith chart, by reading the value of the (real) normalized
impedance, at the location dmax where  is real and positive.



Keep in mind that the equality
is only valid for normalized impedance and admittance. The actual

values are given by
where Y0=1 /Z0 is the characteristic admittance of the transmission

line



The Smith chart can be used for line admittances, by shifting the
space reference to the admittance location. After that, one can move
on the chart just reading the numerical values as
representing admittances.
Let’s review the impedance-admittance terminology:
Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance
Admittance = Conductance + j Susceptance
On the impedance chart, the correct reflection coefficient is always

represented by the vector corresponding to the normalized
impedance. Charts specifically prepared for admittances are
modified to give the correct reflection coefficient in correspondence
of admittance.
2. Smith Chart: Y Smith Chart
1
1 z 1
z 1 y y 1  : Z-Smith C.
    z 1
z 1 1
1 y 1
y 1
y   : Y  Smith C.
y 1

z 1
 : Z-Smith C.
z 1
y 1
  : Y  Smith C.
y 1

2. Smith Chart Z-Y Smith Chart
z 1
 : Z-Smith C.
z 1
y 1
  : Y  Smith C.
y 1

Since related impedance and admittance are on opposite sides of
the same Smith chart, the imaginary parts always have different
sign.
Therefore, a positive (inductive) reactance corresponds to a

negative (inductive) susceptance, while a negative (capacitive)
reactance corresponds to a positive (capacitive) susceptance.
Numerically, we have
Numerically, we have

Find Impedance of a complex circuit using Smith Chart
22.5nH
C1
10p
C2
12p R
50
Z
  109 (rad / s) With R0  50 ()
R  1/ j C1
zRC1   1 j2
R0
Find Impedance of a complex circuit using Z-Smith Chart

g  0.2 

 jC2  yRC1C2  0.2  j1
b  0.6 ,  yC2  
 1/ R0 
C
yRC1  0.2  j 0.4
L
B
22.5nH
C1
10p
C2
12p R
50
r  0.2 

 j L   A
x  0.45 ,  z L   z  0.2  j 0.5
 R0 
zRC1  1  j 2
E
D
zRC1C2  0.2  j 0.95

 Z  R0 .z  10  j 25() 45
Find Impedance of a complex circuit using ZY-Smith Chart
More convenient ?
g  0.2 

 jC2 
b  0.6 ,  yC2  
 1/ R0 
r  0.2 

 
j L 
x  0.45 ,  z L  
 R0 
A
z  0.2  j 0.5 E
b  0.6 zRC1  1  j 2 yRC1  0.2  j 0.4
x  0.45
D
4/3/2015 yRC1C2  0.2

Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications  j1 zRC1DepartmentHCMUT
Engineering C2  0.2  j 0.95 46
Maximum power transfer
Impedance Matching What are Applications ?
 T.L.
ZS
 Amplifier Design PA, LNA
Impedance
 Component Design
Matching ZL  Equipment Interfaces
Network
 Using lump elements  Matching with Lumped Elements

 Using transmission lines
 ADS Smith Chart tool  Quarter-wave Transformer

How to design an impedance matching network using Smith Chart ?
What are the loci of zin/yin on the Smith Chart ?
zin jx
yin
zL= r+jxL jb yL= g+jbL
zin d
yin
zL

ZS
Impedance ZL
Matching ZL
Network
 Find a path from ZL to Zs

 Realize the circuit according
to the path
Stubs can be used to realize
reactance/susceptance
Zs

ZS
Impedance
Matching ZL ZL
Network
 Find a path from ZL to Zs

 Realize the circuit
according to the path
Stubs can be used to Zs
realize
reactance/susceptance

ZS
Impedance
Matching ZL ZL
Network
 Let practice with arbitrary

ZL and ZS
Zs

ZS
Impedance
Matching ZL
Network

 Quarter-wave Transformer
X1 X1
Zs X2 ZL Zs X2 ZL

ZS
Impedance
Matching ZL
Network

 Quarter-wave Transformer
l
RS
R0 ZL
d
Double-Stub Matching
54
Double-Stub Matching
How to construct the

path on the Smith chart ? ZL
l2  ? l1  ? Zs
R0 R0
R0  50 Z L  100  j100
3 d  0.4
d12 
8
100  j100
zL   2  j 2  yL  0.25  j 0.25
50 55
Quarter-wave Transformer
ZL
How to construct the

path on the Smith chart ? Zs
56

Chapter 2 Smith Chart and Impedance Matching

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Chapter 2 Smith Chart and Impedance Matching

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MICROWAVE ENGNEERING

Huynh Phu Minh Cuong, PhD

Phillip Hagar Smith (1905–1987): graduated from Tufts

4/3/2015 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 4

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For the constant x (partial) circles:

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Given R and ZR  Find the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

The Voltage standing Wave Ratio or VSWR is defined as

The normalized impedance at a maximum location of the standing

This quantity is always real and ≥ 1. The VSWR is simply obtained

4/3/2015 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 32

4/3/2015 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 33

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is only valid for normalized impedance and admittance. The actual

where Y0=1 /Z0 is the characteristic admittance of the transmission

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Let’s review the impedance-admittance terminology:

Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance

Admittance = Conductance + j Susceptance

On the impedance chart, the correct reflection coefficient is always

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Therefore, a positive (inductive) reactance corresponds to a

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zRC1C2  0.2  j 0.95

4/3/2015 yRC1C2  0.2

 Using lump elements  Matching with Lumped Elements

4/3/2015 Cuong Huynh, Ph.D.Telecommunications Engineering DepartmentHCMUT 47

What are the loci of zin/yin on the Smith Chart ?

zL= r+jxL jb yL= g+jbL

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 Find a path from ZL to Zs

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 Find a path from ZL to Zs

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 Let practice with arbitrary