Mathematics

First Quarter – Week 6

Performs Division of Polynomials Using
Long Division and Synthetic Division
Mathematics – Grade 10
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) – Based Exemplar
Quarter 1 – Week 6: Performs Division of Polynomials Using Long Division and
Synthetic Division
First Edition, 2020

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Writers: Marivic M. Fazon
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Management Team: PSDS/DIC
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Rationale

Project PPE (Portfolio Predicate on Exemplar) is a backup contingency

response of the Schools Division of Surigao del Sur for learning delivery and
learning resource which parallel to the on-going endeavors of the higher
offices in the Department. It is the utilization of a lesson exemplar that is
streamlined in a teacher-and-learner-friendly format to cater to the new
classroom setup in light of the COVID-19 health crisis. These exemplars will be
paired with a self-contained and self-instructional portfolio.

The portfolio is a deliberate collection of works that highlight a learner’s effort

that would enable the him/her to see his/her growth and achievement,
ability to reflect on his/her own work and ability to establish goals for future
learning.

Introductory Message

For the teacher:

Welcome to the Mathematics - Grade 10 – Quarter 1 Exemplar on Performs

Division of Polynomials Using Long Division and Synthetic Division!

This exemplar was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators from different schools in the Division to assist you in helping the
learners meet the standards anchored on Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC) set by the Department while overcoming the
constraints in schooling brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

As a teacher, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
exemplar in the most fit modality. You also need to keep track of the learners'
progress while allowing them to manage their own learning through portfolio
assessments.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics – Grade 10 – Quarter 1 Exemplar on Performs

Division of Polynomials Using Long Division and Synthetic Division!

This exemplar was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and

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time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner, either at home or in school. To help you with
this, this exemplar comes with a Weekly Portfolio Assessment. You teacher will
provide you with a template and you will be given a privilege to organize the
portfolio in your own creative way.

This exemplar has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to
learn in the module and the
objectives you are expected to
realize.
This part includes an activity that
What I Know
aims to check what you already
know about the lesson to take.
This section provides a brief
What is It
discussion of the lesson. This aims to
help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills.
This section provides an activities
What I Can Do (1,2 & 3)
which will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
This task aims to evaluate your level
What I Have Learned
of mastery in achieving the learning
objectives.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities

in the module.

This contain instructions about

Portfolio Goal Setting
recording your positive, realistic goals
before going through this exemplar.
This contain instructions about
Portfolio Completion -Your
completing the components of the
Growth Clue!
portfolio. This also includes a rubric to
guide you of how your portfolio will
be assessed.

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At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this exemplar.

General reminders in using this exemplar:

1. Use the exemplar with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the exemplar. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activities
and tasks.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this exemplar to your teacher or facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this exemplar, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher, parents, siblings or anybody
knowledgeable and older than you at home. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

In this exemplar, you will identify polynomials, leading coefficient of a

polynomial, the constant term, and the remainder, divisor, and dividend in a
division problem.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Performs division of polynomials using long division and synthetic division
(M10AL – Ig – 1)

Sub-competency: (MELC can no longer be unpacked)

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Objectives

After going through this exemplar, you are expected to:

A. Knowledge: identify and define polynomial expression;

B. Skill: divide polynomials using long division method and synthetic

division; and,

C. Attitude: show accuracy in finding the quotient of polynomials using

long division method and synthetic division.

Duration: Three (3) days

Portfolio Goal Setting

Using the Portfolio Assessment Template provided by your teacher

along with this exemplar, accomplish now your weekly goal setting. Refer to
the objectives above. Think of positive and realistic goals that you can
considerably achieve with this exemplar. List them as your plans. Remember:
Do not proceed with this exemplar unless you have accomplished your goal
setting.

What I Know

Look at each pair of expression below. Identify which of the following

algebraic expressions are polynomials.

A B

1. 3x2 + x – 1 3x-2 + x – 1
2. 5x + 3 5/x + 3
3. 2x4 + x2 – 3x + 5x1/2 2x4 + x2 – 3x + 5x2
4. 2 √x x √2
5. (x+3)(2x – 1)2(x – 5) (x + 3)(2x – 1)2
(x – 5)

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 What is It

A Polynomial Expression P(x) is an expression of the form

anxn + an-1xn-1
+ an – 2 xn – 2 + …. a1x + a0, an where the nonnegative integers n is
called degree of a polynomial and the coefficient a0, a1,….an are real
numbers. The standard form of polynomial expression is written in decreasing
order of the exponent.

Examples of Polynomial expressions in standard form:

1. 3x3 + 4x2 – x – 1
Step 1:
2. 2x4 + x3 – 2x2 + 2
3. 17x5 – x4 + 21x3 – 2x2 + 5x + 6
4. x4 + x3 + x2 – x + 4
Step 2:
The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of its term.
Examples:
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Step 3: 1. 6x + x – 5 + 2 [degree 3]
3 2

2. 3x6 + 4x5 + 5x4 + x + 1 [degree 6]

3. 3x3 + 4x2 – x – 1 [degree 3]
4. 2x4 + x3 – 2x2 + 2 [degree 4]

The following are the characteristics of a polynomial expression:

1. A polynomial expression should not have a variable in the denominator.

2. Variables in a polynomial expression should not have negative exponents.
3. Variables in a polynomial expression should not have fractional exponents.
4. Variables in a polynomial should not have fractional exponents.

Polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by

another polynomial of the same or lower degree, a generalized version of the
familiar arithmetic technique called long division. It can be done easily by
hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into
smaller ones.

Here are the steps required for Dividing by a Polynomial Containing More
Than One Term (Long Division):

Make sure the polynomial is written in descending order. If any terms are
missing, use a zero to fill in the missing term (this will help with the spacing). In
this case, the problem is ready as is.

Divide the term with the highest power inside the division symbol by the term
with the highest power outside the division symbol.

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Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained in the previous step by the
polynomial in front of the division symbol.

Subtract and bring down the next term.

Repeat Steps 2, 3, and 4 until there are no more terms to bring down.

Write the final answer. The term remaining after the last subtract step is the
remainder and must be written as a fraction in the final answer.

Example 1: (10x 2 + 2x 4 + 8 + 7x 3) ÷ (2x 2 + x – 1)

Solution:
First, write the dividend in standard form and insert zeroes as
coefficient of any missing term to obtain. Both dividend and divisor should be
in standard form. The long division method is shown below.

x2 + 3x + 4
2x2 + x – 1 2x4 + 7x3 + 10x2 + 0x + 8
2x4 + x3 – x2________
6x3 + 11x2 + 0x
6x3 + 3x2 - 3x____
Step 4: 8x2 + 3x + 8
8x2 + 4x – 4_
Remainder ← -x + 12
Step 5: Perform the indicated division and write the answer in the form
shown in the
P( x) R( x) .
= Q( x ) +
Step 6: D( x ) D( x )

Example 2:
x4 + x2 − 5
( x + x − 5)  ( x − 5) =
4 2

x−5
645
= x 3 + 5 x 2 + 26 x + 130 +
x−5

How to check the answer?

Check by multiplying the quotient to the divisor. Do not forget to add

the remainder.

To check, P(x) = Q(x) · D(x) + R(x)

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 In general, if P(x) and D(x) are polynomials with D(x) ≠ 0, we can write
P( x) R( x)
= Q( x ) +
D( x ) or P(x) = Q(x) • D(x) + R(x), where R(x) is either 0 or its degree is
D( x )

less than the degree of D(x).

Another method of dividing polynomials which has a very short and

simple procedure is called synthetic division. Unlike the usual division which
involves the four fundamental operations, this method requires only addition
and multiplication applied to the coefficients. This method is
Step 1: applied when the divisor is of the form x - r.

Steps to follow in dividing by synthetic division:

1. Arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order of exponent.

Step 2: 2. Write the numerical coefficient in a row, with 0

representing any missing term.

3. Write the constant term r of the divisor x - r at the left - hand side of
the coefficient.
Step 3:
4. Bring down the leading coefficient of the dividend.
Multiply it by r and add to the second column.

5. Multiply the sum obtained in step 4 by r and add to the 3rd column.
Repeat this process until you reach the last column.

6. The 3rd rows of numbers are numerical coefficient of the quotient.

The degree is one less than that of the dividend. The right member is
the remainder.

Example 1:

Use synthetic division to divide P(x) = (3x 3 + 4x2 + 8) by (x + 2)

Arrange the coefficients of P(x) in descending powers of x, placing 0s for the

missing terms. The leading coefficient of P(x) becomes the first entry of the
third row

3 4 0 8

Place the value of r in the upper left corner.

In this example, x – r = x + 2 = x – (–2), so r = –2.

-2 3 4 0 8

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 Bring down the leading coefficient. The leading coefficient is 3.
Step 6:
-2 3 4 0 8

Multiply the leading coefficient a and the value of r (-2). Write down and add
the product to the second column.

-2 3 4 0 8
-6

3 -2

The first number in the second row (–6) is the product of r (–2) and the
number in the third row (3) of the preceding column. The second
number in the third row (–2) is the sum of the two numbers (4 and –6)
above it.

Repeat the procedure described in Step 3 until the last number in the third
row is obtained.

-2 3 4 0 8
-6 4 -8

Step 4: 3 -2 4 0

Write the quotient Q(x). Note that the degree of Q(x) is one less than the
degree of P(x). The entries in the third row give the coefficients of Q(x) and
the remainder R.

Therefore, the quotient Q(x) is 3𝑥² − 2𝑥 + 4 and R = 0.

Step 5:

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 What I Can Do 1

Directions: Tell whether each algebraic expression is a polynomial or not.

1. 10 + x – 3x3 – x5
2. x4 + 3x -7 – 3x2 + 4
3. 2x 1/3 – x + 5x4
4. 3x6 – 6x4 – 4x3 – 2x2 + 2x
5. x + 1 – 3x2

What I Can Do 2

Directions: Find the quotient by dividing the polynomials using algorithm (long
division).

1. (49x3 + 42x5 – 84x7) ÷ (7x2)

2. (x4 - 3x + 5) ÷ (x + 3)
3. (x3 - 2x2 + 4) ÷ (x – 3)
4. (x3 + 3x - 4x2 - 12) ÷ (x – 4)
5. (4x5 – 25x4 + 40x3 + 5x2 – 30x – 18 ) ÷ (x2 – 6x + 9)

What I Can Do 3

Directions: Use synthetic division to divide the given polynomial P(x) by the
given polynomial x – r.

1. P(x) = 2x4 + 3x3 – 4x – 16 x+2

2. P(x) = x5 – 3x4 + 4x + 5 x–2
3. P(x) = x5 + 5x3 – 3x + 7 x–1
4. P(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 4 x–2
5. P(x) = 9x4 – x2 – 6x + 2 3x - 1

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 What I Have Learned

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial?

A. 4x3 + 9x – 5x2 + 7 C. 3x ¼ - 5x3 + 2x - 1
B. 2x + x + 2x + 5
-5 -2 D. 5x y + z 3

2. The leading coefficient of the polynomial 5x 10 + 4x 12 + 4x6 + x4 – x is.

A. 4 B. 5 C. 10 D. 12

3. What is the quotient when x2 – 25 is divided by x – 5 ?

A. x – 5 C. x + 5
B. x – 25 D. x + 25

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4. When 2x3 – 4x2 + x – 1 is divided by x + 2, the remainder is ________.
1 3 3 1
A. 1 2 B. -2 4 C. 14 D.-3 2

5. When x3 – 2x2 – 11x – 20 is divided by x – 5, the quotient is ______.

A. x2 + 3x + 4 C. x2 – 3x + 4
B. x2 + x – 4 D. x2 – 3x – 4

6. Which of the following will give a remainder of -34 when divided by x –

2?
A. x6 – 4x4 – 3x2 + 2 C. x3 – 2x2 – 11x + 52
B. x2 – 4x4 + 3x3 + 2 D. x3 – x2 + 25x – 25

7. What is the quotient when x3 – 6x2 + 13x – 10 is divided by x – 2?

A. x3 – 4x2 + 5 C. x2 + 4x – 5
B. x2 – 4x – 5 D. x2 – 4x + 5

8. What is the quotient when x4 – x3 – 3x2 + 6x - 3 is divided by x – 1?

A. x3 + x2 + x + 3 C. x3 + 3
B. x – 3x + 3
3 D. x3 + x + 3

9. Find the remainder when x2 + 6x – 17 is divided by x – 1.

A. – 17 B. –10 C. 6 D. 23

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 10. Find the quotient Q and remainder R when dividing 2x2 + x by x – 1.
A. Q = 2x + 3, R = 3
B. Q = 2x + 3, R = – 3
C. Q = 2x – 3, R = – 3
D. Q = 2x – 3, R = 3

Please refer to the illustration below on long division to answer item 11-13.

Divide ( 25x2 – 50x + 25) by (5x-5)

5x – 5
5x – 5 25x2
– 50x + 25
25x – 25x
2 2nd line
- 25x + 25
- 25x + 25
0
11. What is the remainder?
A. – 5 B. 0 C. 5 D. 25

12. Which is the divisor?

A. 0 C. 5x + 5
B. 5x – 5 D. 25x2 – 50x + 25

13. What is the process used to obtain the 2nd line?

A. Adding (5x) by (5x – 5) C. Multiplying (5x) by (5x – 5)
B. Subtracting (5x) by (5x – 5) D. Dividing (5) by (5x – 5)

14. A student is trying to use synthetic division to solve

(3x3 – 4x2 – x + 1) ÷ (x + 1).
What value should go in the box next?

-1 3 -4 -1 1
7 -6
3

A. – 1 B. – 3 C. 1 D. 3

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15. Candice divided x4 + 3x2 – 4x – 2 by x – 2 using synthetic division. Her work
is shown below. Identify her mistake.

2 1 3 -4 -2
2 10 12
1 5 6 10

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x3 + 5x2 + 6x + 𝑥−2

A. Candice wrote the remainder incorrectly.

B. Candice did not use a zero place holder for the x3 term.
C. Candice added instead of subtracting the rows.
D. Candice should have used – 2 as his division since the divisor is x – 2.

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What I Have Learned What I Can Do 3
1. A 6. B 11. B 1. 2x3 – x2 + 2x - 8
2. A 7. D 12. B 2. x4 – x3 – 2x2 – 4x – 4 + - 3/x – 2
3. C 8. B 13. C 3. x4 + x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3 + 10/x – 1
4. B 9. B 14. B 4. 2x2 + x + 5 + 6/x-2
5. A 10. A 15. B 5. 3x3 + x2 – 2
What I Can Do 2 What I Can Do 1 What I Know
1. 7x + 6x3 – 12x5 1. polynomial 1. A
2. x3 – 3x2 + 9x – 27 + 89/x+3 2. not polynomial 2. A
3. x2 + x + 3 + 13/x - 3 3. not polynomial 3. B
4. x2 + 3 4. polynomial 4. B
5. 4x3 – x2 – 2x + 2 - 36/x2 – 6x +9 5. polynomial 5. A
Answer Key
 Portfolio Completion – Your Growth Clue!

You now go back to your portfolio and work on the other

components that follow your Goal Setting. Remember that your
portfolio is a deliberate collection of your works with the help of
the exemplar. Highlighting your efforts here enables you to see
and reflect on your growth and achievement and your ability to
establish goals just to learn. Upon completion of your portfolio,
please be guided of the rubric below.

Rubric for Portfolio Assessment

LEVELS
Criteria Novice (1-3) Apprentice (4-6) Proficient (7-8) Distinguished (9- Score
10)
1. Goal Setting Sets sloppy goals, Sets some goals Sets general goals Sets clearly defined
not realistic for and processes and processes that goals that are ___ out of
ability nor level of that are positive are positive and attainable and 10
development. and realistic. realistic growth-oriented
2. Test Self Shows little Shows adequate Shows good Shows very good
Evaluation evidence of evidence of evidence of and clear evidence
------ out
reflection and self- reflection and reflection and self- of reflection and self-
of 10
assessment. self-assessment. assessment. assessment with
documentation.
3. Mathematical Shows very . Shows Shows nearly Shows
knowledge: limited understanding of complete understanding of the
understanding of some of the understanding of problem's
the problem's problem's the problem's mathematical
mathematical mathematical mathematical concepts and
concepts, and concepts, and concepts and principles; uses
principles; may principles; and principles; uses appropriate
misuse or fail to may contain nearly correct mathematical
------ out
use mathematical serious mathematical terminology and
of 10
terms; and may computational terminology and notations; and
make major errors. notations; executes executes algorithms
computational algorithms completely and
errors. completely; and correctly
computations are
generally correct
but may contain
minor errors.
4. My Best Test 75 - 78 79-85 86-91 92-100

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5. Accuracy The computations The computations The computations The computations
are erroneous and are erroneous are accurate. Use are accurate. A wise
do not show some and show some of key concepts of use of key concepts
------ out
use of key use of key division of of division of
of 10
concepts of concepts of polynomials is polynomials is
division of division of evident. evident
polynomials polynomials
[1-2] [3] [4] [5]
6. Overall Submits some of Submits most of Presents all items Presents thorough,
Presentation the items in a the items. in a chronological clear and complete
----- out of
disorganized Portfolio is well form. Portfolio is items. Portfolio is
5
form. Portfolio presented. well organized. neat and elegant.
looks slapdash.
7. Prompt Submits late (5-6 Submits late (3-4 Submits late (1-2 Submits on time. ------ out
Submission. days). days). days). of 5
Total
(Highest
possible
score: 50)

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References
Dilao, Soledad Jose, et.al. 2009, Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and
Statistics IV, pp. 304 – 305

Bon, Milagros E, Sample Lesson Plans in Mathematics 4 Based on PSSLC,

pp. 48-49

EASE IV - Module 1: Polynomial Functions

Learner’s Module (LM) in Math 10, pp. 57– 66

Teacher’s Guide (TG) in Mathematics 10, pp. 47 – 51

Website Links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_long_division

www.Mesacc.edu/~pikeu/mat120/notes/divide_poly/...division/long_division.
xml/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_division

https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.reddit.com/r/math/comments/3wjrfw/
real_world_applications_of_synthetic_division/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

DepEd Surigao del Sur Division – Schools District of _____________

Address: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Contact Number:
Email Address:

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