Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ashoke De
Associate Professor, Dept. Of Aerospace Engineering, IITK
12-3-2019
Basics
CFD - fundamentals
CFD – essentials
Examples
Ashoke De (2) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
Introduction
Fluid
Fluid Mechanics Problem Comparison &
Analysis
Physics of Fluid Simulation Results
C
Mathematics F Computer
Navier-Stokes Equations D
Computer Program
Numerical Programming
Methods Geometry Language
Discretized Form Grids
Iterative process !!
Ashoke De (7) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
CFD
CFD is the “science” of predicting fluid behaviour
• Flow field, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical
reactions, etc…
• By solving the governing equations of fluid flow using a numerical
approach (computer based simulation)
Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Source: internet
Ashoke De (14) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
Where is CFD used? (Automotive)
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
Twin-screw extruder
– Power Generation modeling
Source: internet
Ashoke De (17) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
Where is CFD used? (HVAC&R)
– Power Generation
– Sports
Flow of lubricating
mud over drill bit Source: internet
Ashoke De (21) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
Where is CFD used? (Power Generation)
Viscosity μ:
resistance to flow of a fluid
Ns
3
( Poise)
m
Substance Air(18ºC) Water(20ºC) Honey(20ºC)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid Viscous
Laminar Turbulence
Internal External
Compressible Incompressible (airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
(air, acoustic) (water)
C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de l’Acad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
Source: internet
Ashoke De (29) Computational Propulsion Laboratory, IITK
Conservation law
m in m out
in M out
dM
m in m out
dt
m in m out
Mass
dM Momentum
0
dt Energy
U i
0 Incompressible
xi
U j U i 2
ij ij U k
I : Local change with time xi x j 3 xk
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force
U j P U j 2U j
U i g j
t xi x j xi
2
Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations
Discretization Methods
Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
Finite Element
Any geometries
Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries
U i q 1, U j , T
t xi xi
Local change with time Flux Source
A B
A B
m dV pV ; mu i ui dV PuPV
Vi Vi
Interpolation
U if (U n ) e 0
Upwind U P
e
U E if (U n ) e 0
xe xP
Central U e U E e U P (1 e ) e
xE xP
Muh 0
duh
C (uh )uh Duh Mqh 0
dt
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source
Time Discretization
duhn 1 f (uh )
n Explicit
dt f (uhn , uhn 1 ) Implicit
Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
– only for simple domains
Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
– irregular data structure
Numerical Parameters
Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
Multigrid, Parallelization
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
Single/double precisions
where coefficients are either constants or functions of the independent variables only.
The three canonical forms are determined by the following criteria:
g ( x, y )
x y
2 2
Cauchy conditions: A problem that combines both Dirichlet and Neumann conditions
is considered to have Cauchy conditions: