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A Before the year was out, the Ice Age theory had been presented to the Geological Society in
London and established as fact. The geologists were convinced that the Earth (or at least Europe) had
once been covered by a great ice sheet, But this led to the questions of when and why the Ice Age had
occurred.
B In 1840, Agassiz presented the evidence in a book, Etude Sur Les G laciers, written in a way that
could not be ignored: 'Europe, previously covered with tropical vegetation and inhabited by herds of great
elephants, enormous hippopotami, and gigantic carnivores became suddenly buried under a vast expanse
of ice. Silence followed ... springs dried up, streams ceased to flow, and sunrays rising over that frozen
shore .... were met only by the whistling of northern winds and the rumbling of the crevasses as they
opened across the surface of that huge ocean of ice.'
C Agassiz picked up the notion from a friend, a geologist called Jean de Charpentier, who gave a talk
on the topic in Lucerne at a meeting of the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences. He reported how heaps of
rocky debris, known as moraines, are left behind by glaciers, and speculated that the Swiss glaciers had
been part of a huge single ice sheet. Agassiz thought the idea was ridiculous and told his friend so.
D And there it was - an explanation of not one but many Ice Ages. The only snag is that it was
wrong. The actual amount of heat 'lost' during the prolonged winter is nowhere near enough to make the
great ice sheets grow. But it did set people thinking about the influence of planetary motion on climate.
E As geologists developed techniques for dating the scars left behind by ice, and other evidence for
Ice Ages in the form of past changes in flora and fauna, his idea could be tested because it is possible to
calculate when the orbital parameters made for cold winters. By the end of the century, they showed he
was wrong in a way that should have grabbed attention.
F By the time the next annual meeting of the Society came around, Agassiz was its president despite
being only thirty years old. The audience settled into their seats expecting a dull presidential address on
fossil fishes, and were astonished when he delivered an impassioned lecture on the Ice Age in which that
very term was introduced.
G At present, closest approach to the Sun occurs in early January, while the most distant occurs in
July. So, Northern Hemisphere summers are a tiny bit cooler than they would otherwise be, and Northern
Hemisphere winters are a tiny bit warmer. But the cycle of the seasons is explained by the tilt of the
Earth, which brings short, cold winter days and long, hot summer days, completely overwhelming this
small orbital effect. This knowledge was applied to longer-term effects.
H The first alternative explanation came from Bernhard Kuhn, a Swiss who suggested that these
boulders had been carried to their new locations by ice. It was natural that this idea should originate in
Switzerland, where the power of glaciers is clearly visible. The Scottish pioneer of geology, James
Hutton, reached the same conclusion after a visit to the Jura Mountains. But the idea languished until it
was vigorously promoted by another Swiss, Louis Agassiz.
MULTIPLE- MATCHING TEST NO 13
Part 1:
THE BOOK IS DEAD - LONG LIVE THE BOOK
(A) A lot of ink has been spilled on the supposed demise of the printed word. EBooks are outselling
paper books. Newspapers are dying. To quote one expert: 'The days of the codex as the primary carrier of
information are almost over.' This has inspired a lot of handwringing from publisher s, librarians,
archivists - and me, a writer and lifelong bibliophile who grew up surrounded by paper books. I've been
blogging since high school, I'm addicted to my smartphone and, in theory, I should be on board with the
digital revolution - but when people mourn the loss of paper books, I sympathize. Are printed books
really going the way of the dodo? And what would we lose if they did? Some commentators think the
rumors of the printed world's imminent demise have been rather overstated. Printed books will live on as
art objects and collector's items, they argue, rather in the way of vinyl records. People may start buying
all their beach novels and periodicals in eBook formats and curating their physical bookshelves more
carefully. It is not about the medium, they say, it is about people. As long as there are those who care
about books and don't know why, there will be books. It's that simple.
(B) Meanwhile artists are blending print with technology. Between Page and Screen by Amaranth
Borsuk and Brad Bouse is a paper book that can be read only on a computer. Instead of words, every page
has a geometric pattern. If you hold so a printed page up to a webcam, while visiting the book's related
website, your screen displays the text of the story streaming, spinning and leaping off the page. Printed
books may need to become more multifaceted incorporating video, music and interactivity. A group at the
MIT Media Lab already builds electronic pop-up books with glowing LEDs that brighten and dim as you
pull paper tabs. and authors have been pushing the boundaries with 'augmented reality' books for years.
The lines between print and digital books are blurring, and interesting things are happening at the
interface.
(C) Beyond the page, eBooks may someday transform how we read. We are used to being alone with
our thoughts inside a book but what if we could invite friends or favorite authors to join in? A web tool
called Social Book offers a way to make the experience of reading more collaborative. Readers highlight
and comment on text, and can see and respond to comments that others have left in the same book. 'When
you put text into a dynamic network, a book becomes a place where readers and sometimes authors can
congregate in the margin,' said Bob Stein, founder of the Institute for the Future of the Book. a think tank
in New York. Stein showed how a high-school class is using Social Book to read and discuss Don
Quixote, how an author could use it to connect with readers and how he and his collaborators have started
using it instead of email. Readers can 100 open their books to anyone they want, from close friends to
intellectual heroes. 'For us, Social Book is not a pizza topping. It's not an addon,' Stein says. 'It's the
foundational cornerstone of reading and writing going forth into the future.
(D) The tools might be new, but the goal of Social Book is hardly radical. Books have found ways to
be nodes of human connection ever since their inception. That's why reading a dog-eared volume
painstakingly annotated with thoughts and impressions is unfailingly delightful – akin to making a new
like-minded acquaintance. The MIT Rare i20 Books collection has kept a copy of John Stuart Mill's 1848
book Principles of Political Economy, not for its content but for the lines and lines of tiny comments a
passionate but unknown user scrawled in the margins. Maybe eBooks are taking us where print was
trying to go all along.
1. An example of superseded technology that still has a certain appeal?
2. An analogy used to emphasize how seriously an idea is taken?
3. An anxiety she shares with other like-minded people?
4. A development that questions our assumptions about what reading actually entails?
5. The willingness of writers to experiment with new ideas?
6. The idea that books have always been part of an ongoing interactive process?
7. A seeming contradiction in her own attitudes?
8. A belief that the fundamental nature of reading will change?
9. Finding pleasure in another readers' reactions to a book?
10. A view that a prediction is somewhat exaggerated?
Part 2:
Paintings which inspire
Art experts give their opinions
A Luisa Sutton
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, by Edouard Manet
Manet was inviting some kind of response in the way in which he presented women in his work and he
succeeded in bridging the gap between classical traditions and painting modern life. Above all, I have
tremendous respect for the fact that he was a breakthrough artist: a champion of realist modernism who
was censured for breaking the mould. Through the medium of painting, Manet constantly reassessed the
prevailing attitudes of the world he was living in. Today we are used to multiple perspective - seeing the
same image from different angles. This was not so in Manet's time, and in this painting we see him
crossing boundaries as he switches reality by employing a mirror to reflect his subjects.
B Paul Harris
Henry VII, 29 October 1505, by unknown artist
Visually, this is a stunning portrait; Henry moves towards the viewer from the parapet wearing the red
robes of Lancaster, his hands on the ledge. It is immediately exciting and emotive. Henry VII was on the
lookout for a new bride and this was painted to be sent to the court of Maan, much as we would send a
photo today. So the provenance is clear. Portraits of other English monarchs, Richard III in particular, are,
in comparison, stiff and remote. Henry VII's portrait speaks in a very particular way. His eyes look at one.
He is Renaissance Man but, at the same time one sees a shrewd, wise and wily man who, throughout his
reign, managed to amass the fortune of the Tudor dynasty.
C Tom Newa
James V and I, 1618, by Paul Van Somer
I used to work for an art handling company in New York, and I came to realize how wonderful paintings
are as entities. Old paintings last for so long because of the materials used - the oil is so robust, it expands
or contracts depending on the heat. They can be rolled up and taken around the world, they'll never die.
This portrait, in particular, made a huge impression on me. Works of art often lose their power as soon as
they're placed in a museum. This painting is where it belongs - in a palace. Subject to who you speak to,
James is either a buffoon or a tactical genius, but in this work he looks so stately. The painting was
clearly commissioned to convey regality - and it worked on me, 400 years later.
D Paula Smith
Mr and Mr Andrews, by Gainsborough
I chose this painting as it has personal relevance for me. I grew up in my grandmother's house in London.
She was an excellent copyist of Gainsborough. We had copies of all of his paintings, except for this one,
which my grandmother didn't approve of. I've always found it incredibly beautiful though. The two
figures in this wonderful painting have very enigmatic expressions. What are they up to? What are they
thinking? And then what are we to make of the landscape? It's an agricultural scene, in the middle of the
day, but there are no agricultural workers anywhere to be seen. Where on earth is everybody? What a
strange atmosphere the place has, a long ago era that will never be recaptured.
E Lynn D'Anton
An Old Woman Cooking Eggs, 1618, by Velazquez
What is most striking about this painting is surely its veracity. One gets the feeling that one is looking
into a room in which there are no obstacles to understanding. Nothing comes between the subject and the
observer. The artist here is the perfect observer. When I saw it a few years ago in the National Gallery of
Scotland, set alongside many other works from Velazquez's youth, there was no doubt in my mind that it
was a masterpiece. I think that it is easy for many people to empathize with this painting in one way or
another.
In which section are the following mentioned?
the inscrutable nature of the subjects 1_________
the artist's ability to give an insight into temperament 2_________
the integrity of the image portrayed 3_________
the view that the artist was an innovator 4_________
delight in a painting's ability to endure 5_________
the background to a painting being well documented 6_________
the view that a painting's impact depends on its surroundings 7_________
a painting which gives an image of a lost world 8_________
admiration for an artist who dared to challenge conventional ideas 9_________
conflicting opinions about the subject of a painting 10_________
The end