Q.1: What are the essential components of linguistic communication.

Also enlist
some styles of Speaking.

Ans: Definition:

“Linguistic communication is a systematic means of communicating by

the use of sounds or conventional symbols.”

“Linguistic is a system of communication by sound,

operating through the organ of speech, among the
member of giving community, and using vocal symbols
processing arbitrary conventional meaning.”

Linguistic Communication:
Linguistic communication involves applying rules that
allow people to understand one another even when they do not share the same
world vision. Meaning is attributed to words through a convention that becomes
established over time within a given community. Understanding, the process of
transforming information into knowledge, is inextricably bound up with the linguistic
habits of a social group. Thinking is inseparable from language, which is inseparable
from community.
The traditional areas of linguistic analysis include phonetics, phonology, morphology,
syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Each of these areas roughly corresponds to
phenomena found in human linguistic systems: sounds (and gesture, in the case of
signed languages), minimal units (phonemes, words, morphemes), phrases and
sentences, and meaning and its use.

Components of linguistics:
There are mainly five components of any language
they are phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, as well as context. Along with
grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, these components work with each other in
order to give meaningful communication among individuals and include various
linguistic elements.

A component/parts or level of linguistics on the basis of their structure of language is

categorized into a number of subfields.
Phonology:

 It is the first component of linguistics and formed from Greek word
phone. Phonology is a study of the structure or cognitive aspects of speech in
language on the basis of speech units and also on pronunciation.

Phonetics: 

It is a study of speeches of sounds on the basis of their physical aspects.

Syntax:

 Many people get confused between grammar and syntax. It is a study of

arrangement and order of words and also has a relationship between these
hierarchical units.

Semantics:

 It is a study of the meaning conveyed in the words.

Pragmatics:

 A programmatic is the study of the functions in a language and also

its context to use.
Morphology: 

The next component of linguistics is morphology. It is a study of

structure or form of words in a specific language and also their classification.
Therefore, it considers the principle of formation of words in a language.

Styles of Speaking:
Speeches styles are patterns of speaking characterized by
distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary intent, participants and grammatical structures.
The purpose of different styles of speech is to help people know the specific
approach they should use in every situation, person and place. Knowing these
things can help one prevent misunderstandings and arguments from happening
because if they don’t watch what they say, they look disrespectable infront of others.

Types of Speech Styles:

Speech style refer to the manner a person act in the
midst of the society. Their movement depend on some issue of the conversation.
Their should be a mutual understanding why such conversation occur. Knowing the
conversation styles can help prevent misunderstandings and arguments from
happening. Unaware of the styles may, people look disrespectable infront of others.
The following styles may be considered.

Intimate:
This is the language used by very close friends and lovers which is so
private and requires significant amount of shared history, knowledge and
experiences.
Casual:
This is the language used by friends during their ordinary conversation. The
word choice is too general and the conversation is dependent upon non-verbal
assist, significant knowledge and shared information.
Consultative:
It is known as the third level of language. Formal registers are used in
this type of conversation. It is less appropriate in writing as student us this in their
classroom interactions.
Formal:
This is standard for work, school and business matters. It is expected to be
presented in complete sentences and with specific uses of the language.

Informal:
Informal language is a style of speech where choice of words and grammar
tends to be familiar rather than formal. It is used when we know, or want to get to
know, the person we are speaking to.
Frozen:
It is also known as fixed language. It is reserved in traditions in which the
language does not change in a number of generations. This is kind of language used
when talking to strangers.

Speech style refers to the

manner a person act in the
midst of people in the society.
Their movements depend on
some issues of the
conversation. There should be
a mutual
understanding why such
conversation occur. Knowing
the conversation styles can
help prevent
misunderstandings and
arguments from happening.
Unaware of the styles may,
people look
disrespectful infront of others.
The following styles may
Q.2: Write down the different word classes (part of speech) in detail.

Ans: Parts of Speech:

The term “part of speech” refers to the role a word plays in a sentence. 
Parts of speech are the classification of words categorized by their roles and
functions within the structure of the language.
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech
indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the
sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when
used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech is essential for
determining the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary.

In English, there are eight parts of speech:

1.Noun
2.Pronoun
3.Verb
4.Adjective
5.Adverb
6.Preposition
7.Conjunction
8.Interjection

1. NOUN:
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with
an article (the, a, an), but not always. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter;
common nouns do not. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. Nouns
show possession by adding 's. Nouns can function in different roles within a
sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject
complement, or object of a preposition.
Example sentences: Steve lives in Sydney.
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually
substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence above,
the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl. Pronouns are further defined by type:
personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things; possessive pronouns indicate
ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun;
relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and demonstrative pronouns
identify, point to, or refer to nouns.
Example sentences: Mary is tired. She wants to sleep. 

3. VERB
The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and
sometimes one or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is
the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or
both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense.
Example sentences: I like Woodward English.
4. ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a
pronoun. It usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how
many. (Articles [a, an, the] are usually classified as adjectives.)
Example sentences: The little girl had a pink hat.

5. ADVERB
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb,
but never a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under
what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly.
Example sentences: I am usually busy.
6. PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a
phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Therefore, a preposition is always
part of a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always functions as
an adjective or as an adverb.
Example sentences: I left my keys on the table for you.

8. INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often
followed by an exclamation point.
Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! – Ouch! That hurt.
Q,3: Write a detailed note on use of Punctuation.

Ans: Definition:

“Punctuation is the use of standards marks and signs

in writing to separate words into sentences, clauses and
phrases in order to clarify meaning. The marks or signs
are called punctuation marks. Punctuations marks are
signals to readers.
“Punctuation is the system that divides what we write into separate parts in
order to make our meaning clearer. Without punctuation our writing would
be stream of words that would be most impossible to understand.”

Punctuation:

Punctuation marks are the “traffic signals” of a language. When correctly used, they guide the reade
r through the text and makes comprehension easier. 

Here are 14 common punctuation marks in English.

1. The Full Stop (.)
2. The Question Mark (?)
3. Quotation Marks/Speech Marks (” “)
4. The Apostrophe (‘)
5.  The Comma (,)
6. The Hyphen (-)
7. The dash (en dash (–) em dash (—))
8. The Exclamation Mark (!)
9. The Colon (:)
10.The Semicolon (;)
11.Parentheses ()
12.Brackets []
13.Ellipsis (…)
14.The Slash (/)
Punctuation Marks with Rules & Examples

1. Full Stop (.)

A full stop, also known as a period (.) in American English, is one of the most
commonly used punctuation marks in the English language. Analysis of texts
indicates that approximately half of all punctuation marks used are full stops.

The punctuation rules:

 Mostly used at the end of a declarative sentence, or a statement that is

considered to be complete.
 This punctuation mark is also used following an abbreviation.
 A full stop can also show the end of a group of words that don’t form a
typical sentence.
The full stop examples:

 My name’s Beth and I was 18 in July.

 Mr. White was talking with Mr. Smith.
2.Question Mark (?)

We use a question mark (?) after an interrogative sentence in English.

Examples:

 “Have you a pen I can borrow?” she asked.

 Where are you from?

3.Quotation Marks/Speech Marks (” “)

We use quotation marks (” “) for direct quotations in English.

Examples:

“I feel I’ve really earned this, ” she said, taking up her mug of tea.
” I told a fib about my age, ” little Tom said.
“It is a historic moment,” he told journalists.
“Fine, thanks,” he replied in a cheerful manner.
4.Apostrophe (‘)

An apostrophe (‘) is used to show that certain letters have been omitted from a
word. The punctuation symbol can also be used to show the possessive form of a
noun, in addition to indicating the plural form of lowercase letters.

The apostrophe rules:

(1) Use an apostrophe in contractions

  He is = He’s
 I am = I’m
 Do not = Don’t
 They have = They’ve
 It is = It’s
 I would = I’d
 Let us = Let’s
 She has = She’s
 Who is = Who’s
 (2) Use an apostrophe to indicate possession

The apostrophe examples:

 He joined Charles’s army in 1642.

 Sally’s hair was blond and curly.
 We have put together an anthology of children’s poetry.
 The boy’s sister traveled by bus to meet us.
5.Comma (,)

A comma (,) is used to show the difference between two separate ideas or elements
within a sentence. Commas have other uses as well, as they can be used to
separate numbers, and write dates.

The comma rules and examples:

(1) Add a comma when two separate sentences are combined

Example: We purchased some cheese, and we purchased some fruit.

(2) Use commas between words in a series. Notice that a comma does not follow the
last word in the series

Example: He was tall, dark, and handsome.

(3) Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence

Example: As the day came to an end, the firefighters put out the last spark.

(4) Use the comma to set off the words “yes” and “no”.

Example: No, thank you.

(5) Use a comma to set off a tag question from the rest of the sentence.

Example: She is your sister, isn’t she?

(6) Use a comma to indicate a direct address.

Example: Is that you, Mary?

(7) Add a comma when a participle phrase clause is used.

Example: Walking slowly, I could see the beautiful flowers.

(8) Use a comma to separate parts of the date.

Example: Tuesday, May 2, 2016, was when I graduated.

6.Hyphen (-)

A hyphen (–) is a punctuation mark with three main uses. Many people confuse this
punctuation mark with the dash, but the two are quite different. The hyphen can be
used in compound words, to link words to prefixes, and also as a way to show word
breaks.

The hyphen rules and examples:

(1) Use a hyphen to join two or more words together into a compound term. Do not
separate the words with spaces.

Examples:

 My eight-year-old boy loves reading.

 I work part-time.
 Self-expression
 Self-confidence
 Self-consciousness
 Nineteenth-century history
 Old-furniture salesman
 Off-the-peg suits
 Self-paced learning exercises
(2) To link prefixes to words.

For example: These things happened before the pre-enlightenment era.

(3) To indicate word breaks

For example: Unlike what some people might think, the twentieth-century was very
different from other preceding time periods. 

7.Dash
The dash is used to separate words into statements.

There are two kinds of dashes, the en dash, and the em dash. The en dash shows
range or connections. On the other hand, the em dash is used in places where a
comma could also be used. The dash can also be used to mark off words or
statements that are not important to the meaning of the statement. The dash can
also be used in places where a comma would be typically used.

8.En dash (–)

Slightly wider than a hyphen, the en dash is a symbol (–) that is used in writing or
printing to indicate a range or connections.

Examples:

1880 –1945

Princeton–New York trains

9.Em dash (—)

Twice as long as the en dash, the em dash (—) can be used in place of a comma,
parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a
sentence.

Example: She gave him her answer—No!

10.Exclamation Mark (!)

An exclamation mark is used to show emphasis. It can be used in the middle of a

sentence or at the end of a sentence. When used at the end of a sentence, it also
takes on the role of a full stop or a period.

We often use an exclamation mark (!) to show strong emotion or give a command.

Examples:

 Stop!
 Yeah!
 Sit down!
 What a lovely view you have here!
 That’s fantastic!
 Johnny, don’t touch that!
 Help!
 Good heavens!
 Aaarrgh!
Colon (:)
A colon (:) is a fairly common punctuation mark with a varied number of uses. It can
be used to introduce a quotation, an example, a series, or even an explanation.
Secondly, it can be used to separate two independent clauses. Finally, a colon can
be used to show emphasis.

Examples:

You have two choices: finish the work today or lose the contract.
That’s because we have one goal: for you to consider your website a
success.
 John has all the ingredients: minced clams, milk, potatoes, and
onions. 
11.Semicolon (;)

A semicolon (;) is used to separate two independent clauses while still

demonstrating that a close relationship exists between them. The semicolon does a
better job of showing the connection between two statements than a full stop would.

Examples:

 My daughter is a teacher; my son is a doctor.

 There are eight members in the team: two from China, Japan; three
from France, Spain; two from Brazil; and one from India. 
 Richard always slept with the light on; he was afraid of the dark.
12.Parentheses ( )

Parenthesis, ( () ) are quotation marks that show additional thoughts about a
statement. In many scenarios, they can be replaced by commas without any
changes to the meaning of the sentence.

We also often use parentheses to set off less important details.

Example: The two brothers (Richard and Sean) were learning how to play guitar.

13.Brackets [ ]

Brackets are squared off quotations ([]) that are used to show information of a
technical nature. Even if this information is omitted entirely, the sentence would still
make sense.

For example: Was he [the defendant] there when you arrived?

14.Ellipsis (…)

An ellipsis is usually represented by three dots (…), although it can also be

represented by three asterisks (***). This punctuation symbol is used to show that
there has been an omission of some letters or words. In many cases, ellipses are
used to cut statement short to avoid unnecessary or irrelevant words that have no
impact on the meaning of the statement being made.

We often use an ellipsis to show that parts of sentences are left out.

Examples:

 To be continued…
 You’ll never believe what I saw…
15.Slash (/)

A slash, which is also known as a forward slash, a virgule, or even an oblique dash,
has a number of uses. The slash can be used to separate lines in a song or poem
when they are written in a continuous line. The slash (/) is also used in place of the
word or. The slash can also be used to show two contradictory notions.

The slash punctuation rules and examples:

(1) Use slashes to separate parts of the internet (web) addresses and file names for
some computer programs.

Example: http://www.example.com/

(2) Use slashes for fractions

Example: 1/3 = one-third

(3) Use a slash to separate the day, month, and year in date.

Examples:

 w/o = without
 n/a or N/A = not applicable or not available
 R/C = radio control
(4) Use a slash to show the word “per” in measurements.

Example: 80 miles/hour = 80 miles per hour

(5) Use a slash to separate lines of poetry or rhymes in regular text.

Example: Twinkle, twinkle, little star, / How I wonder what you are. / Up above the
world so high, / Like a diamond in the sky.

(6) Use a slash to show alternatives in a sentence.

Example: Please press your browser’s Refresh/Reload button.

Q.4: Write down on the past and present tenses with suitable examples, discuss
their different types.
Ans: Present Tense:

“A tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed ,

or a state that currently or generally exists.

Tenses demonstrate the time of action in sentences usually performed by or

centered around the subject of the sentence. The actions are called verbs. Verbs
change according to tenses and other issues. As verbs are the most important
elements of English sentences, tenses also carry paramount importance in English
grammar.

Present Indefinite Tense

The present indefinite tense, also known as simple present tense, denotes a stative
or habitual or eternally true action.
Generally, simple present tense is used to indicate an action which happens –
always, regularly, every day, daily, normally, generally, usually, occasionally,
sometimes, often, rarely, frequently, nowadays, naturally, seldom, constantly, never,
every week, every year, once a year, on a week, at times, at present, now and then,
or all the time.
Structure:

 Subject (third person singular number) + verb in simple present form + s/es
 Subject (all other kinds) + verb in simple present form
/Number
person
Singular Plural
 First I am a good cricket player. We are good cricket players.

Second You are an irresponsible person. You all are always irresponsible.

Third The earth is smaller than Jupiter. Junk food is not good for heal

Examples:

o He understands it.
o They love swinging in the park.
o Some people do not believe in God.
o I usually wake up at 6:00 AM.
o He plays cricket, but his brother plays football.
o Earth is bigger than Mercury.

Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense

The present progressive tense is used to indicate the ongoing time (now). However,
the stative verbs do not usually take the form of present progressive tense even
though they refer to the present time.
Now, continually, perpetually, at this moment, at the moment, right now, this season, this
year, forever, etc. words or word pairs are usually signs that the verb in a sentence is
in the present progressive form. However, these signs are not necessary all the time
for a verb to be of present progressive tense.
Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing 

Example:
o I am going to the college field.
o He is coming here for some tips.
o They are making a basketball ground.
o Why are you working in that horrible place? (Interrogative)
o Four teams are playing at this moment.
o John is not joining the class today. (Negative)

This structure is also used to demonstrate future time.

Example:
 o Alex is leaving for Portugal.
o I am going to complete my task.
o We are leaving at 6:00 PM.
o They are flying to Australia next month.

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is used when one intends to indicate:
o an action that occurred at a time which is indefinite and has its effect on the
subject
o or an action that occurred many times and has the possibility to occur in the
present/future
o Structure:
Subject + have/has + verb in the past participle form

The Present-Past-Past Participle Chart:

Present Form Past Form Past Participle Form

Shout Shouted Shouted

Read Read Read

Give Gave Given

Take Took Taken

Sing Sang Sung

Write Wrote Written

Wake Woke Woken

Cast Cast Cast

Lose Lost Lost

Example:
o Alex has read the book through. (No time is indicated)
o I have read this poem many times. (Not habitual but occurred
many times in the past)

Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

It is the least used form of present tense. Present perfect progressive tense is used
to indicate an action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present. Both
present perfect and present perfect continuous tense can be used to indicate this
type of action.
Structure:
Subject + have/has + been + [verb + ing] + . . . . .+ for/since + time frame.
Example:
o Alex has been reading for 3 years.
o I have been sleeping since 10.00 AM.
o Robert has been working in that shop for 6 years.
o We have been living together for four years.
o Have we really been waiting for a miracle for fifteen years? (Interrogative)
o She hasn’t been doing her job well enough for the last 5 years. (Negative)

Past Tense:

“A tense expressing an action that has happened or a state that previously

existed.”

Past Indefinite Tense

The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is used to indicate
a finished or completed action/task that occurred/happened at a specific point in
time in the past. ‘A specific time’ can be diverse and can cover a long period of time
but it cannot be undeterminable.
Structure:
Subject + verb in the past form + . . . . . + adverb of time + . . . . .

Example:
o Alex went to Mexico last year.
o I ate a mango a few minutes ago.
o He had an exam yesterday.

o Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense

o The past progressive tense is used to demonstrate an action that was
happening in the past for a period of time in a particular context. The context
can be a specific time or another action.
o Structures:
Subject + was/were + verb + ing + . . . . . a specific time

Examples:

Alex was sleeping yesterday at 6.30 AM

I was cleaning the dishes at around 5.30-6.30 yesterday.

Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect is used to demonstrate an action that occurred before another
action in the past. There are usually two completed actions in the sentence; one
happens before the other.

Structures:
Subject + had + past participle form of the main verb + before + subject + simple past tense . . . .

Alex had completed the task before the teacher asked.

I had bought a phone before you came here.

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

The past perfect progressive tense is an extension to the past perfect tense and its
structures. Past perfect progressive is used to demonstrate an action which
continued for a specific period of time but stopped before another action.
Structure:
Subject + had + been + verb+ing + . . . . . + for/since + . . . . .+ before + subject + past simple tense

Alan had been playing cricket for 18 years before he retired.

Jack had been living in Sydney since 2010 before he moved to Melbourne.

Q.5: What in meant by preposition? Discuss different prepositions, particles and

problems of class membership?

Ans: Definition:

“Preposition is a word that comes before noun or pronoun and establish the
relation between noun and other parts of sentence.

“A preposition is a word which describes the

relationships between an object and another word,
object or element in the sentence.”
Preposition:
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to
other words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and
locations of a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally
placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of
gerund verbs.
A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between a noun and the other
words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and logic
between the object of the sentence and the rest of the sentence. They help us
understand order, time connections, and positions.

There are two very important rules to remember when using prepositions. Because
they are somewhat vague, learning about prepositions and using them correctly in
sentences takes practice. Because 1:1 translation is often impossible when dealing
with prepositions, even the most advanced English students have some difficulty at
first.
There are a few interesting linguistic facts about prepositions.
1.First, they are a closed class of words which means no new preposition gets added
to the language. We use a fixed set of prepositions.
2.Second, prepositions do not have any other form. They cannot be plural,
possessive, inflection, or anything else.
3.Third, most of the prepositions have many different contextual and natural uses.
So, it is easy to be confused about it.
4.Fourth, sometimes a preposition works as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

Examples of Prepositions
In the following sentences, examples of prepositions have been italicized. As you
read, consider how using different prepositions or even different types of
prepositions in place of the examples might change the relationship between the rest
of the words in the sentence.

I prefer to read in the library.

He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
Go down the stairs and through the door.
He swam across the pool.
Take your brother with you.
Types of Preposition
Most of the prepositions have many uses. There are some prepositions which are
common in every type of preposition as they function in a versatile way.

 Simple Preposition
 Double Preposition
 Compound Preposition
 Participle Preposition
 Disguised Preposition
 Detached Preposition
 Prepositions of Time
 Prepositions of Place and Direction
 Prepositions of Agents or Things
 Phrasal Preposition

1.Simple Preposition
These are among the most common type of prepositions.
The prepositions used to express the relationship the Nouns and Pronouns of a
sentence have with the rest of the words in it are called Simple Prepositions. They
are often used to join two clauses in terms of Complex Sentence and Compound
Sentence.
Examples:
And, but, at, to, on, in, up, for, with

2.Double Preposition

Two Simple Prepositions joining together to form one which connects

the Noun(s) or Pronoun(s) to the rest the words in a sentence.

Examples:

 Are you out of your mind?

 I was allowed the inside of the temple.
 She’s sandwiched in between two of her cousins.

3.Compound Preposition

Compound Prepositions are composed of prepositions as well as

other words. Compound Prepositions are easily confused with Double Prepositions
since they both require other prepositions or words to help with acting like a
preposition.

Examples:

 According to my calculations, this color should work just fine.

4.Participle Preposition
Present Participles (-ing) and Past Participles (-ed and -en) that are used as
Prepositions instead of Verbs, are called Participle Prepositions. These are
participles as well as prepositions.

Examples:

Present Participle Preposition Past Participles Prepositions

Assuming Respected
 Barring Given

Considering Gone

During Barred
Notwithstanding Provided

Regarding Taken

5.Disguised Preposition
These prepositions are usually disguised as some other element in the English
language. Often these prepositions are disguised as "a" and "o" in sentences.

Examples:
o I wake up at 5 o'clock. (Of the clock)
o Keep striding ahead. (on the head)
o Pope went ashore. (onshore)
o Rimi visits the riverbank once a day. (in a day) 

Detached Preposition
A preposition that has been detached and sent to the very end of the sentence is
called Detached Preposition. These prepositions are detached from the interrogative
or relative pronouns and adverbs but get detached for the sake of the integrity of
sentences.
Examples:
o Where are you coming from?
o Is that the neighborhood you are headed to?
o I won't tolerate being screamed at.

Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other
parts of a sentence.
On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, till/until, by, etc. are the most common
preposition of time.
Example:
o He started working at 10 AM .
o The company called meeting on 25 October.
o There is a holiday in December.
o He has been ill since Monday.
Read More: Prepositions of Time Usage
Prepositions of Place and Direction
Prepositions of place show the relationship of place between the nouns to the other
parts of a sentence.
On, at, in, by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, among, through, in front of,
behind, above, over, under, below, etc. are the most common prepositions of
place/direction.
Example:
o He is at home .
o He came from England .
o The police broke into the house.
o I live across the river.
Read More: Prepositions of Places & Direction Usage
Prepositions of Agents or Things
Prepositions of agents or things indicate a causal relationship between nouns and
other parts of the sentence.
Of, for, by, with, about, etc. are the most used and common prepositions of agents or
things.
Example:
o This article is about smartphones .
o Most of the guests  have already left.
o I will always be here for you.
o He is playing with his brothers .

Phrasal Prepositions
A phrasal preposition is not a prepositional phrase, but they are a combination of two
or more words that function as a preposition.
Along with, apart from, because of, by means of, according to, in front of, contrary to, in
spite of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to, in regard to, instead of, on top of,
out of, with regard to, etc. are the most common phrasal prepositions.
Example:
o They along with  their children went to Atlanta.
o According to  the new rules, you are not right.
o In spite of  being a good player, he was not selected.
o I’m going out of the city.