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Automotive Fuel-System Technologies

ICEs Control: Mixture Formation

Dr. Momen Sughayyer
Automotive Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Hebron, Palestine, 2022

2/3/2022 AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies

 CO2 – From IC Engines to Battery Drive
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 What Next in Engine Technologies?
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 CO2 Emission Targets for Passenger Cars
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 The CO2 Challenge:
Faster, cleaner, and more efficient engines
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2/3/2022
AU462 – Automotive Technology Trends - Dr. Momen Sughayyer
 SI Engine Improvements
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Gasoline Engines Technology Evolution
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190

180

170

160
CO2 [g/km]

150

140

130

120 2012 target

110
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro6
100
2000 2005 2010 2015
AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022
 Improving Engine Peak Efficiency
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 SI Engine Fuels: Volatility
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The medium range of the distillation curve,

especially the 50%-point, is of significance for
good transient operation of the cold engine and
the tendency of ice formation on the carburetor.

It should be located approximately at or

slightly above 100°C for summer fuels and
somewhat below 100°C for winter fuels. In a
completely warmed-up engine, the 50%-point
is of minor importance.

An excessively high 9O%-point should be

avoided for the sake of minimizing wall film
buildup in the manifold and motor oil dilution.

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Vaporization Effects
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 Vaporization of the fuel atomized in the carburetor causes the air-

vapor mixture to cool down.
 Without adding heat, the temperature drop in a stoichiometric
mixture is approximately 20°C for gasoline, 30°C for benzene, 80
°c for ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and 140°C for methanol (methyl
alcohol).
 On the one hand, temperature drop causes higher charging of the
cylinder and increased internal cooling of the engine, on the other
hand, it may be the reason for ice formation on the carburetor.
 The heat of vaporization of commercial gasoline is approx. 380-
500 kJ/kg. Ethanol, in comparison, has a value of 904 kJ/kg,
methanol even 1110 kJ/kg.
AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022
 Mixture Formation: Fuel Management
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 In a spark-ignition engine, fuel management comprises four

major processes:
 Metering (fuel quantity, mixture composition);
 Mixture preparation (atomization, vaporization, blending);
 Mixture delivery;
 Mixture distribution.
 Metering and preparation process, including vaporizing and
blending, has the function of transporting and in-cylinder
distributing the mixture.
 Fuel metering mainly comprises two tasks:
 Metering of the fuel quantity in accordance with the required power
output;
 Control of the mixture composition in accordance with the relative
air/fuel ratio desired for a given load point.
AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022
 Fuel Spray and Air-Shrouded Injectors
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Phase Transitions in Intake Manifold
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Phase transitions in an intake manifold of a spark-ignition engine

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022
 Non-homogeneous Mixture distribution
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Forms of non-homogeneous mixture distribution in the combustion chamber

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022
 Diesel and CNG Dual-Fuel Engine
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 SI Engines: Homogenous and Stratified
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 GDI: Stratified Charge Formation
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 GDI: Constant-Volume Cycle Efficiency
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 HCCI Charge Combustion Control
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Advanced CI Combustion Strategies
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Fuel-Air Stratification Control
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 The Engine Challenge
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AU462 – Automotive Technology Trends - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 CR Effect on Combustion at Lambda = 1
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022

 Flame Speeds for Different Mixtures
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AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/3/2022