1

Automotive Fuel-System Technologies

ENGINES FUELING TECHNOLOGIES
Dr. Momen Sughayyer
Automotive Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Hebron, Palestine, 2022

2/20/2022 AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies

 SI Engines Fueling Methods
2

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Air-Fuel Mixture Control Methods
3

Three Types:
 Central Fuel Injection (TBI)

 Port Fuel Injection (PFI)

 Non Sequential (Double Firing)

 Group
 Sequential
 Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)

Three Control Strategies:

 Speed-Throttle

 Speed-Density

 Air-Flow Measurement

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 SI Engine Fueling Technologies
4

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Air-Fuel Ratio Effects
5

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Air/Fuel Ratio and Emission Control
6

 The key to clean SI engines is a three-way catalytic converter

operating within a narrow window whose mean value is slightly
below the stoichiometric level to convert emissions completely.

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Air/Fuel Ratio Control
7

 Electronic control of “sequential multiport injectors” is used with

air/fuel ratio sensor (oxygen sensor) for feedback.
 Control algorithms are implemented in the ECU.
 Fuel-injection feedforward controller for injection timing based on
measured air-path input information:
 Intake air mass flow;
 Intake manifold pressure;
 Throttle plate angle;
 Engine speed.
 Air/fuel ratio feedback for unavoidable measurement errors.
 Mean value AFR control cannot avoid transient errors.
AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022
 Engine Controller Inputs
8

 Inputs for engine controller to properly control the

air/fuel mixture and ignition timing events:
 Engine RPM
 Engine Load (MAP / MAF)
 Driver Demand (TPS)
 Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT)
 Barometric Pressure (BARO)
 Intake Air Temperature (IAT)
 Vehicle Speed (VSS)
 Battery Voltage
 Oxygen Sensor (O2 - used for fine tuning)
 Knock Sensor

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Basic and Compensation Variables
9

 Calculating basic injector pulse width:

 Engine RPM
 Engine Load (MAP / MAF)

 Sensor inputs used to modify basic pulse width:

 Driver Demand (TPS)
 Barometric Pressure (BARO)
 Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT)
 Intake Air Temperature (IAT)
 Vehicle Speed (VSS)
 Battery Voltage
 Oxygen Sensor (used for fine tuning)

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Control Methodology
10

 Injector pulse width is calculated based on sensor inputs, and

fine tuned utilizing the oxygen sensor input(s).

 The computer compensates for variations in engine mechanical,

electrical and sensor tolerances that develop over the vehicle
life span, using Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) and Short Term Fuel
Trim (STFT) values.

 LTFT corrections are made to move STFT towards the middle of

the fuel correction scale.

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control
11

 Open Loop:
 The oxygen sensor is ignored and signals from the other
sensors, that are used to provide a basic pulse, are evaluated.
The computer matches these conditions with values stored in
memory (look-up tables) and issues commands to outputs
devices (e.g. injector pulse width, timing advance, etc.).

 Closed Loop:
 The computer now evaluates the oxygen sensor input signal,
and issues output commands to fine tune the fuel mixture.

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Look-up Tables: Switching Control
12

 The control program comes from the factory with a series of

mathematical algorithmic Look-Up-Tables.

 These look up tables are similar to the multiplication tables you

learned in grade school, only much more evolved.

 The decision on how to adjust the fuel, ignition timing, and when to
turn on/off the actuators comes from control program

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Adaptive Fuel Injection Strategy
13

 Modified steady-state
fuel map.

 Drivability Requirements

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Fuel-Trim Control Method
14

Adaptive “Learned” Fuel Correction

LTFT Subtracting Fuel

Subtracting Fuel Adding Fuel

0

-40% -30% -20% -10% +10% +20% +30% +40

%

Long Term Fuel Trim When

Short the
TermEngine
and Long
GoesTerm
Rich,Fuel
The
Trim
STFT
Usually
Subtracts
Operates
Fuel. IfWithin
it Cannot
the 0
Adust
– 10%Enough,
(+/-) Range,
the LTFT
When
MakesThere
a (-)
= Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT)
Adjustment
are No Engine
to Bring
Performance
STFT Back into
Operating
Problems.
Parameters
= Short Term Fuel Trim (STFT)
AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022
 Bosch PFI – M5 Motronic
15

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Bosch PFI – MP Motronic
16

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Torque Management Systems
17

Nominal Torque

Long-Term Way Short-Term Way

Actual Torque Fuel Quantity

Air Mass
Ignition Timing

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Bosch PFI – ME7 Motronic
18

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Bosch GDI – MED Motronic
19

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 GDI Engines Operating Modes
20

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 CI Engines Fueling Methods
21

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Common Rail Diesel Fuel System
22

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Diesel Fuel Injector Operation
23

Diesel injector showing all

the internal parts.

Post-injection pulse
occurs to create the heat
needed for regeneration.

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Diesel and CNG Dual-Fuel Engine
24

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Diesel-CNG Dual Dueling System
25

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Hydrogen/Gas Fueling Characteristics
26

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 CNG Engine Fueling System
27

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 LPG Engine Fueling System
28

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Old Systems: Bosch K-Jetronic
29

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Old Systems: Bosch KE-Jetronic
30

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Old Systems: Bosch L-Jetronic
31

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022

 Old Systems: Bosch Mono-Jetronic
32

AU461 – Automotive Fuel-System Technologies - Dr. Momen Sughayyer 2/20/2022