Indigo Anugerah Sembada

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Introduction to Research Method

Analyzing quantitative data exercises

1. Explain the phrase 'Analysis of Data' or 'Treatment of Data'. Indicate the need and importance
of data analysis.
Analysis of data means to make the raw data meaningful or to draw some results from the
data after the proper treatment to obtain some significant results. the analysis of data serves more
following main functions:
 To make the raw data meaningful,
 To test null hypothesis,
 To obtain the significant results,
 To draw some inferences or make generalization, and
 To estimate parameters.

2. Differentiate between descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis is concerned with numerical description of a particular
group observed and any similarity to those outside the group cannot be taken for granted while,
Inferential statistical analysis involves the process of sampling, the selection for study of a small
group that is assumed to be related to the large group from which it is drawn.

3. Distinguish between parametric statistics and non-parametric statistics Indicate their uses in
different types of data or researches
Parametric study statistic is use as a way to interpret the data, parametric data is useful if we
have set probability and variable to work with if not consider use the non-parametric statistic.
We can use parametric statistic if:
 Probability or representative sample has been employed in the investigation.
 Variables of the study can be qualified at interval scale.
 Specific assumptions are fulfilled. The obtained data are normally distributed or not free
distribution.
 The population of the study has been clearly defined.
 Suitable with Objectives of the research study.
 We can use non metric statistic if:
 When non-probability sample is selected in the research study.
 The variables of the study are quantified at any level of measurement, mainly, nominal
and ordinal scale. It may be in the discrete form.
 No assumption is required for this approach.
 Free distribution of data, may be skewed or may be normally distributed.
 Objectives of the study.

4. Describe the role of statistics and parameters in analyzing the data. Illustrate your answer with
suitable example
Highlight the results and to make data or results more illustrative. The visual presentation
of data or results is simple and easy to understand. The graphical and pictorial presentation
provide the geometrical image of data. It enables us to comprehend the essential features of the
frequency distribution. It also helps in observing the assumptions of the statistical analysis
applied for the treatment of data. The example is we have more easier time to understand data if
we seem it in statistical chart manner than we read it directly from the raw data that we get from
the field.

5. What are the statistical technique which are commonly used in educational research?
The bar diagram and graphical presentations (Polygons and Histogram) are commonly
used in educational research reports.

6. Enumerate the important considerations for statistical analysis with special references to
parametric statistics and non-parametric statistics.
We can use parametric statistic if:
 Probability or representative sample has been employed in the investigation.
 Variables of the study can be qualified at interval scale.
 Specific assumptions are fulfilled. The obtained data are normally distributed or not free
distribution.
 The population of the study has been clearly defined.
 Suitable with Objectives of the research study.
 We can use non metric statistic if:
 When non-probability sample is selected in the research study.
 The variables of the study are quantified at any level of measurement, mainly, nominal
and ordinal scale. It may be in the discrete form.
 No assumption is required for this approach.
 Free distribution of data, may be skewed or may be normally distributed.
 Objectives of the study.

7. Indicate the basis for selecting a statistical technique in analyzing data for educational research
Selection of appropriate statistical method depends on the following three things: Aim
and objective of the study, Type and distribution of the data used, and Nature of the observations