Sophia Introduction to Statistics Final Milestone

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You passed this Milestone

25 questions were answered correctly.
1
What is the probability of NOT rolling a four when rolling a six sided die?

•
RATIONALE
Recall that the probability of a complement, or the probability of something NOT
happening, can be calculated by finding the probability of that event happening, and
then subtracting from 1. Note that the probability of rolling a four would be 1/6. So
the probability of NOT rolling a four is equivalent to:

CONCEPT
Complement of an Event
2
Select the following statement that describes non-overlapping events.
• Jon needs to roll an even number to win. When it’s his turn, he rolls a two.
• To win, Jon needs a red card. He receives a Queen of Diamonds.
• Receiving the King of Hearts fulfills Jon's need of getting both a face card and a
heart.
• Jon wants a face card so he can have a winning hand, and he receives the eight of
clubs.
RATIONALE
Events are non-overlapping if the two events cannot both occur in a single trial of a
chance experiment. Since he wants a face card {Jack, Queen or King} and he got
an eight {8}, there is no overlap.
 CONCEPT
Overlapping Events
3
Rob sent an email survey to 2,000 cell phone owners asking about their satisfaction
with their current plan. Only 256 people returned the survey and they were
predominately 18-24 years old.
Which of the following statements is true?
• The survey suffers from census issues because only 256 people responded.
• Rob included too many people on the survey list, affecting the data collected.
• Rob is ignoring the assumption that all survey participants will want to act
independently.
• The survey likely has bias because the people who could not answer differ from
those who did answer.
RATIONALE
In this survey there was a very low response rate with only 256 of the 2000. The
characteristics of those who responded are different from non-responders. Since the
responders and non-responders differ, we would worry about this affecting how they
responded.
CONCEPT
Bias
4
Carl recorded the number of customers who visited his new store during the week:
Day Customers
Monday 17
Tuesday 13
Wednesday 14
Thursday 16

He expected to have 15 customers each day. To answer whether the number of

customers follows a uniform distribution, a chi-square test for goodness of fit should be
performed. (alpha = 0.10)

What is the chi-squared test statistic? Answers are rounded to the nearest
hundredth.
• 0.67
• 0.40
• 2.33
• 1.60
RATIONALE
Using the chi-square formula we can note the test statistic is

CONCEPT
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
5
What value of z* should be used to construct a 98% confidence interval of a
population mean? Answer choices are rounded to the thousandths place.
• 2.055
• 2.325
• 1.175
• 1.645
RATIONALE
Using the z-chart to construct a 98% CI, this means that there is 1% for each
tail. The lower tail would be at 0.06 and the upper tail would be at (1 - 0.01) or
0.99. The closest to 0.94 on the z-table is between 0.9901 and 0.9898.
0.9898 corresponds with a z-score of 2.32.
0.9901 corresponds with a z-score of 2.33.
Taking the average of these two scores, we get a z-score of 2.325.
CONCEPT
Confidence Intervals
6
 Kate was trying to decide which type of frozen pizza to restock based on popularity:
pepperoni pizza or sausage pizza. After studying the data, she noticed that pepperoni
flavors sold best on the weekdays and on the weekends, but not best overall.
Which paradox has Kate encountered?
• False Positive
• False Negative
• Benford's Law
• Simpson's Paradox
RATIONALE
This is an example of Simpson's paradox, which is when the trend overall is not the
same that is examined in smaller groups. Since the sale of pepperoni flavors on
weekend/weekdays is larger but this trend changes when looking at overall sales,
this is a reversal of the trend.
CONCEPT
Paradoxes
7
Consider this histogram showing the number of students in grade five who have one or
more pets

What is the difference in the number of students with the most and least numbers
of pets?
• 10
• 4
• 2
• 9
RATIONALE
The most number of pets is 10 and there is 1 person who has this many pets. The
least number of pets is 1 and there are 5 people with 1 pet. So the difference in the
number of people would be:

CONCEPT
Histograms
8
Jesse takes two data points from the weight and feed cost data set to calculate a slope,
or average rate of change. A hamster weighs half a pound and costs $2 per week to feed,
while a Labrador Retriever weighs 62.5 pounds and costs $10 per week to feed.
Using weight as the explanatory variable, what is the slope of a line between these
two points? Answer choices are rounded to the nearest hundredth.
• $6.25 / lb.
• $0.13 / lb.
• $4.00 / lb.
• $7.75 / lb.
RATIONALE
In order to get slope, we can use the formula: .

Using the information provided, the two points are: (0.5 lb., $2) and (62.5 lb.,
$10). We can note that:

CONCEPT
Linear Equation Algebra Review
9
Cindy measured and recorded the temperature of a liquid for an experiment. She used a
poorly calibrated thermometer and noted the temperature as 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
The actual temperature of the liquid was 95 degrees Fahrenheit.
The percent error in her calculation is __________.
• -4.08%
• 4.08%
• 5.79%
• -5.79%
 RATIONALE
Recall that the percent error is equivalent to the absolute difference divided by the
actual value.

If the absolute measure is 95 degrees and the observed measure is 100.5

degrees, then the absolute error is:

So we calculate the percentage error to be:

CONCEPT
Absolute Change and Relative Change
10
One week, Rachel earned $250. She spent $120 on food, $30 on miscellaneous items,
and saved the rest.
If Rachel makes a pie chart showing how she spends her money, the central angle
for the food sector would be __________.
• 173°
• 144°
• 187°
• 90°
RATIONALE
Recall that to get the angle for something in a pie chart we use the following formula:

So in this case, the central angle for the food sector would be:

CONCEPT
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
11
Which of the following is NOT a step used in calculating standard deviation?
• Squaring the difference of x - u.
• Calculating the mean of the data set.
• Dividing the sum of each value by the total number of values plus 1.
• Subtracting the value of each data set from the mean.
RATIONALE

Recall the standard deviation . So there is no addition of 1 to

any values.
CONCEPT
Standard Deviation
12
The gender and age of Acme Painting Company's employees are shown below.
Age Gender
23 Female
23 Male
24 Female
26 Female
27 Male
28 Male
30 Male
31 Female
33 Male
33 Female
33 Female
34 Male
36 Male
37 Male
38 Female
40 Female
42 Male
44 Female

If the CEO is selecting one employee at random, what is the chance he will select a
male OR someone in their 40s?
• 1/18
• 1/3
• 11/18
• 1/2
RATIONALE
Since it is possible for an employee to be a male and a person in their 40s, these two
events are overlapping. We can use the following formula:

Of the 18 employees, there are 9 females and 9 males, so

. There are a total of 3 people in their 40s, so . Of the people

in their 40s, only one is male so .

CONCEPT
"Either/Or" Probability for Overlapping Events
13
Which of the following scatterplots shows an outlier in the x-direction?

•
•

•
•
RATIONALE
To have an outlier in the x-direction the outlier must be in the range of y data but
outside the range of x-data.
CONCEPT
Outliers and Influential Points
14
A correlation coefficient between average temperature and ice cream sales is
most likely to be __________.
• between 0 and –1
• between 0 and 1
• between –1 and –2
• between 1 and 2
RATIONALE
In general as temperature increases, tastes for ice cream goes up. So the
correlation should be positive, which would be between 0 and 1.
CONCEPT
Positive and Negative Correlations
15
Choose the statement that accurately describes how a city government could
apply systematic random sampling.
• Every resident in five neighborhoods is selected to participate in a survey about city
services.
• Every fifth person in a population is selected to participate in a survey about city
services.
• Every resident is divided into groups, and 1,000 people are randomly selected to
participate in a survey about city services.
• Every individual over the age of 18 is selected to participate in a survey about city
services.
RATIONALE
A systematic sample is when every nth element is chosen from the population. In
this case, by choosing every 5th household, this makes is a systematic sample.
CONCEPT
Simple Random and Systematic Random Sampling
16
Emile has calculated a one-tailed z-statistic of -1.97 and wants to see if it is significant at
the 5% significance level.
What is the critical value for the 5% significance level? Answer choices are
rounded to the hundredths place.
• -2.33
• -1.64
• -1.04
• 0
RATIONALE
Recall that when a test statistic is smaller than in a left-tailed
test we would reject H₀. The closest value to 5%, or 0.05, in the table would be
between 0.0505 and 0.495.
0.0505 corresponds with a z-score of -1.64
0.0495 corresponds with a z-score of -1.65.
We need to calculate the average of the two z-scores to get a z-score of -1.645.
CONCEPT
How to Find a Critical Z Value
17
Select the statement that correctly describes a Type II error.
• A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.
• A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually false.
• A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false.
• A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually true.
RATIONALE
Recall a Type II error is when we incorrectly accept a false null hypothesis. In this
case, we want to reject H₀ and conclude there is evidence Hₐ is correct.
CONCEPT
 Type I/II Errors
18
Shawna finds a study of American women that has an equation to predict weight (in
pounds) from height (in inches): ŷ = -260 + 6.6x. Shawna's mom’s height is 68 inches
and her weight is 179 pounds.
What is the residual of weight and height for Shawna's mom?
• -9.8 pounds
• 188.8 pounds
• 921.4 pounds
• 9.8 pounds
RATIONALE
Recall that to get the residual, we take the actual value - predicted value. So if the
actual height of 68 inches and the resulting actual weight is 179 pounds, we simply
need the predicted weight. Using the regression line, we can say:

The predicted weight is 188.8 pounds. So the residual is:

CONCEPT
Residuals
19
Joe hypothesizes that the students of an elite school will score higher than the general
population. He records a sample mean equal to 568 and states the hypothesis as μ =
568 vs μ > 568.
What type of test should Joe do?
• Two-tailed test
• Right-tailed test
• Left-tailed test
• Joe should not do any of the types of tests listed.
RATIONALE
Since the Hₐ is a greater than sign, this indicates he wants to run a one-tailed test
where the rejection region is the upper or right tail. This can be called a right-tailed
test.
CONCEPT
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests
20
 A pizza owner asked 50 customers to taste a new type of topping and found that 40
people liked its taste.
Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics?
• 80% of all the pizza shop's customers like the taste of the pizza topping.
• 80% of the people in the city where the pizza shop is located like the taste of the
pizza topping.
• 80% of the surveyed customers like the taste of the pizza topping.
• 80% of all people like the taste of the pizza topping.
RATIONALE
Recall a descriptive statistic is a summary figure which uses the sample information
at hand. Using the sample information we know 40 of 50 people or 80% like the
taste of the pizza topping.
CONCEPT
Statistics Overview
21
Naomi weighed 50 patients for a medical study using a scale that measures to the
nearest whole pound. She then calculated the mean weight as 176 pounds, with a
standard deviation of 12 pounds.
If the distribution is normal, what percent of the data lies between 140
pounds and 212 pounds?
• 68%
• 95%
• 34%
• 99.7%
RATIONALE
Recall that if the data is normal, then the 68-95-99.7 rule applies which states that
68% of all data points fall within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of all data
points fall within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7% of all data points
fall within three standard deviations of the mean.

140 pounds and 212 pounds are both 36 pounds from the mean of 176 pounds,
which is the same as three standard deviations (12 pounds * 3) in either direction.
This tells us that 99.7% of the data should lie between 140 cm to 212 cm.
CONCEPT
68-95-99.7 Rule
22
Which of these statements best defines a stratified random sample?
• It is a sample where every nth element of the population is selected in a sequence.
• It is a sample where the population is first broken into groups and then elements are
randomly selected, in proportion, from each group.
• It is a sample in which every element has the same chance of being selected from
the total population.
• It is a sample where the population is divided into roughly equal groups, and then
elements are randomly selected from each group.
RATIONALE
Recall that a stratified random sample is first broken up into homogenous groups
called strata. From those strata a random sample is then chosen.
CONCEPT
Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling
23
Zhi and her friends moved on to the card tables at the casino. Zhi wanted to figure out
the probability of drawing a face card or an Ace.
Choose the correct probability of drawing a face card or an Ace. Answer choices
are in the form of a percentage, rounded to the nearest whole number.
• 25%
• 8%
• 31%
• 4%
RATIONALE
Since the two events, drawing a face card and drawing an ace card, are non-
overlapping, we can use the following formula:

CONCEPT
"Either/Or" Probability for Non-Overlapping Events
24
Researchers want to test the effects of a new weight loss program. They believe that
gender is a significant factor. The participants are divided by gender. Then, within each
group, participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group.
Which of the following would be the most effective to test the effects of the new
weight loss program?
• A longitudinal observational study
• A randomized block design experiment
• A completely randomized design experiment
• A matched-pair design experiment
RATIONALE
Since people are first put into gender and then are assigned treatment or control
randomly this is called a randomized block design.
CONCEPT
 Randomized Block Design
25
Let x stand for the length of an individual screw. 100 screws were sampled at a
time. The population mean is 2.5 inches and the population standard deviation is 0.2
inches.
What is the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means?
• 0.2
• 2.5
• 0.02
• 2
RATIONALE
The mean of the sampling distribution should be the same as the population mean,
which is 2.5.

You passed this Milestone

25 questions were answered correctly.
1
A trainer is studying the effects of vitamin D on his athletes. He has realized that there
are many potential confounding factors, such as gender and age. To limit the effect of
these confounding variables, he decided to first group two athletes together based on
these variables (for example, two 21-year-old males). Then he randomly assigned one
person to receive the vitamin D and the other to receive a sugar pill.
What type of experimental design does this situation demonstrate?
• Simple Random Design
• Completely Randomized Design
• Matched-Pair Design
• Randomized Block Design
RATIONALE
By matching on age and gender this is called a matched-pair design.
CONCEPT
Matched-Pair Design
2
A researcher has a table of data with 5 column variables and 4 row variables.

The value for the degrees of freedom in order to calculate the statistic is
__________.
• 19
• 20
• 4
• 12
 RATIONALE
Recall to get the degrees of freedom we use df = (r-1)(c-1) where c and r are the
number of rows and columns. This means df = (5-1)(4-1) = 4*3 =12.

CONCEPT
Chi-Square Test for Association and Independence
3
A study in which results are measured without intervention from the researcher
is called a(n) __________.
• Simple random sample
• Controlled experiment
• Pilot study
• Observational study
RATIONALE
Recall that an observational study is one in which there is no control over the setting
in any way.
CONCEPT
Observational Studies and Experiments
4
What value of z* should be used to construct a 97% confidence interval of a
population mean? Answer choices are rounded to the thousandths place.
• 2.17
• 1.96
• 1.65
• 1.88
RATIONALE
Using the z-chart to construct a 97% CI, this means that there is
1.5% for each tail. The lower tail would be at 0.015 and the upper tail would be at (1
- 0.015) or 0.985. The value of 0.9850 is actually on the z-table exactly.
0.9850 corresponds with a z-score of 2.17.
CONCEPT
Confidence Intervals
5
When a survey was conducted among 100 students to find their favorite pizza topping,
45 students voted for pepperoni, 25 for mushrooms, and 30 voted for cheese.
If a pie chart were made showing the number of votes for each topping, the
central angle for the cheese sector would be __________.
• 198°
• 108°
• 162°
• 90°
RATIONALE
Recall that to get the angle for something in a pie chart we use the following formula:

So in this case, the central angle for the cheese sector would be:

CONCEPT
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
6
Which of the following scatterplots shows an outlier in the y-direction?

•
•

•
•
RATIONALE
To have an outlier in the y-direction the outlier must be in the range of x data but
outside the range of y-data. This outlier is outside of the data in the y direction, lying
below all of the data.
CONCEPT
Outliers and Influential Points
7
For a left-tailed test, the critical value of z so that a hypothesis test would reject
the null hypothesis at 1% significance level would be __________. Answer choices
are rounded to the hundredths place.
• -3.09
• -1.03
• -1.28
• -2.33
RATIONALE
Recall that when a test statistic is smaller than in a left tailed test we would reject H₀.
If we go to the standard normal chart and use 1% or 0.01, we will search for the
closest value to 1% as closely as possible.
0.0099 corresponds with a z-score of -2.33.

CONCEPT
How to Find a Critical Z Value
8
 Annika was having fun playing poker. She needed the next two cards dealt to be
diamonds so she could make a flush (five cards of the same suit). There are 15 cards left
in the deck, and five are diamonds.

What is the probability that the two cards dealt to Annika (without replacement)
will both be diamonds? Answer choices are in percentage format, rounded to the
nearest whole number.
• 33%
• 29%
• 10%
• 13%
RATIONALE
If there are 15 cards left in the deck with 5 diamonds, the probability of being dealt 2
diamonds if they are dealt without replacement means that we have dependent
events because the outcome of the first card will affect the probability of the second
card. We can use the following formula:

The probability that the first card is a diamond would be 5 out of 15, or . The
probability that the second card is a diamond, given that the first card was also a

diamond, would be because we now have only 14 cards remaining and only 4
of those cards are diamond (since the first card was a diamond).

So we can use these probabilities to find the probability that the two cards will both
be diamonds:

CONCEPT
"And" Probability for Dependent Events
9
This scatterplot shows the number of hours a student slept every night and his or her
grade point average.
 The equation for the least-squares regression line to this data is: ŷ = 0.375x + 1.33.
What is the predicted GPA for a student who sleeps 2.5 hours per day? Answer
choices are rounded to the hundredths place.
• 2.64
• 2.08
• 2.27
• 2.46
RATIONALE
In order to get the predicted GPA when the hours of sleep is equal to 2.5, we simply
substitute the value 2.5 in our equation for x. So we can note that:

CONCEPT
Predictions from Best-Fit Lines
10
 The midterm exam scores obtained by boys and girls in a class are listed in the table
below

What does the circled section represent?

• Two boys scored between 80 and 89 marks on the exam.
• Twelve boys scored 8 marks on the exam.
• Eight boys scored over 10 marks on the exam.
• Eight boys scored 12 marks on the exam.
RATIONALE
If we recall that the stem and leaf can give us the actual values in the data set, then
the circle corresponds to 81 and 82. We can then note that there are two scores
from boys between 80 and 89.
CONCEPT
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
11

What do the symbols , , and represent?

• Population parameters
• Sample statistics
• Defined variables
• Variables of interest
RATIONALE
Recall that is the sample proportion, is the sample mean, and is the
sample standard deviation. Since all of these come from samples they are statistics.
CONCEPT
Sample Statistics and Population Parameters
12
The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000-2005. All of the
values use a reference year of 1983.
 Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information?
• $100 in 2002 would be equivalent to $189.70 in 2004.
• $100 in 2004 would have been worth 189.70 in 1983.
• $100 in 2000 would be equivalent to $189.7 in 2004.
• $100 in 1983 would be equivalent to $189.70 in 2004.
RATIONALE
Recall that the CPI allows us to transform values from some year to values in
another year. The value of the CPI in the base year is 100. Since the CPI in 2004 is
189.7, this means that for $100 in the base year of 1983 is equivalent to $189.7 in
2004.
CONCEPT
Index Number and Reference Value
13
At Priscilla's school, the final grade for her Calculus course is weighted as follows:
• Tests: 50%
• Quizzes: 30%
• Homework: 20%
Priscilla has an average of 87% on her tests, 100% on her quizzes, and 20% on her
homework.
What is Priscilla's weighted average?
• 77.5%
• 73.4%
• 56.1%
• 69%
RATIONALE
In order to get the weighted average we use the following formula:

CONCEPT
Weighted Mean
14
A different coffee seller offered to sell coffee to Jenae's company for half the cost of their
current brand. Jenae knew her co-workers were really partial to the coffee they drank
now, so she decided to conduct a study to see if they noticed the difference in flavor. Her
co-workers were convinced they would.
 Jenae provided each person with a sample and said that some had the new coffee and
some did not. Only Jenae knew who had which brand of coffee.
Jenae's strategy is an example of a(n) ________.
• matched-pair designed experiment
• completely randomized experiment
• blind experiment
• randomized experiment
RATIONALE
Since participants are unaware of what group they are in, regular or new coffee
group, this is referred to as blinding in an experiment.
CONCEPT
Blinding
15
John randomly selects a ball from a bag containing different colored balls. The odds in
favor of his picking a red ball are 3:11.
What is the probability ratio for John picking a red ball from the bag?

•
RATIONALE
Recall that we can go from " " odds to a probability by rewriting it as the fraction

" ". So odds of 3:11 is equivalent to the following probability:

CONCEPT
Odds
16
What is the probability of drawing a red card or a queen from a standard deck of
52 cards?
•

•
RATIONALE
Since it is possible for a card to be both red and a queen, these two events are
overlapping. We can use the following formula:

In a standard deck of cards, half of the 52 cards are red, so

. There is a total of 4 Queens, so . Of the 4 queens, 2 are red

and 2 are black, so .

CONCEPT
"Either/Or" Probability for Overlapping Events
17
Sara wonders what percentage of her students answered at least half of the quiz
questions incorrectly.
 The cumulative frequency of students who earned a score of 20 or lower on the
quiz is __________.
• 68
• 54
• 27
• 34
RATIONALE
To get cumulative frequency of 20 or less, we simply add up any bin that has the
number 20 or less, such as the bin that shows scores of 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and 16-
20.
 This would be:

CONCEPT
Cumulative Frequency
18
An insurance firm wants to estimate the percentage of senior citizens in a small town
with approximately 2,534 residents. It asks a group of 85 randomly selected people in
the town about their age.
Select the statement that is TRUE.
• The sample is 85 people. The population is 2,534 people.
• None of the answer choices are true.
• The sample is 85 people. The population is 2,449 people.
• The sample is 2,534 people. The population is 85 people.
RATIONALE
Recall the entire set of interest is the population and a sample is a subset of that
population. In this question the entire set is the 2534 residents, with the sample
being the 85 that were chosen to be analyzed about their age.
CONCEPT
Sampling
19
A basketball player recorded the number of baskets he could make depending on how
far away he stood from the basketball net. The distance from the net (in feet) is plotted
against the number of baskets made as shown below.
 Using the best-fit line, approximately how many baskets can the player make if he
is standing ten feet from the net?
• 3 baskets
• 8 baskets
• 5 baskets
• 9 baskets
RATIONALE
To get a rough estimate of the number of baskets made when standing 10 feet from
the net, we go to the value of 10 on the horizontal axis and then see where it falls on
the best-fit line. This looks to be about 5 baskets.
CONCEPT
Best-Fit Line and Regression Line
20
For a class reading competition, the students were asked to read a book. Mike, Jack, and
Rayon discussed the numbers of pages they read on the first day. One of them made a
graph to represent the data.
 Who made the graph, and why?
• Rayon, because he wanted to make the amount read by each person appear very
different.
• Jack, because he wanted to make it look like he read significantly more than the
others.
• Mike, because he wanted to make the amount read by each person appear
reasonably close.
• Mike, because he wanted to accurately show the amount read by each person.
RATIONALE
Since there was a competition, the person who most likely made this graph would
want to represent themselves favorably. Since Jack has the most pages, it would
probably be him.
CONCEPT
Misleading Graphical Displays
21
Using the Venn Diagram below, what is the conditional probability of event Q
occurring, assuming that event P has already happened [P(Q|P)]?

• 0.55
• 0.73
• 0.75
• 0.05
RATIONALE
To get the probability of Q given P has occurred, we can use the following
conditional formula:

The probability of Q and P is the intersection, or overlap, of the Venn diagram, which
is 0.4.
The probability of P is all of Circle P, or 0.15 + 0.4 = 0.55.
CONCEPT
Conditional Probability
22
A survey was conducted to find the frequency with which people go to the movies. A
group of 120 people in a mall were asked about how often they go out for a movie and It
was found that 36 people go to movies at least once in a month.
Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics?
• 30% of the people who reside in the county go to movies at least once in a month.
• 30% of the people who visited the mall go to movies at least once in a month.
• 30% of the people who reside in the city go to movies at least once in a month.
• 30% of the people surveyed in the mall go to movies at least once in a month.
RATIONALE
Recall a descriptive statistic is a summary figure from a sample, which is the
information at hand. From this survey a statistic would be 36 of 120 people or 30%
go to the movies at least once in a month.
CONCEPT
Statistics Overview
23
Sukie interviewed 125 employees at her company and discovered that 21 of them
planned to take an extended vacation next year.
What is the standard error of the sample proportion? Answer choices are
rounded to the thousandths place.
• 0.080
• 0.532
• 0.033
• 0.015
RATIONALE
We can note the SE of the proportion is .
 If we note that , which means .
So if we take all this information we can note SE

= .
CONCEPT
Calculating Standard Error of a Sample Proportion
24
Shawna reads a scatterplot that displays the relationship between the number of cars
owned per household and the average number of citizens who have health insurance in
neighborhoods across the country. The plot shows a strong positive correlation.

Shawna recalls that correlation does not imply causation. In this example, Shawna sees
that increasing the number of cars per household would not cause members of her
community to purchase health insurance.

Identify the lurking variable that is causing an increase in both the number of cars
owned and the average number of citizens with health insurance.
• Average income per household
• Average mileage per vehicle
• The number of citizens in the United States
• The number of cars on the road
RATIONALE
Recall that a lurking variable is something that must be related to the outcome and
explanatory variable that when considered can help explain a relationship between 2
variables. Since higher income is positively related to owning more cars and having
health insurance, this variable would help explain why we see this association.
CONCEPT
Correlation and Causation
25
Which of the following is a condition of binomial probability distributions?
• All observations are made randomly.
• All observations made are dependent on each other.
• All observations are mutually exclusive.
• All observations made are independent of each other.
RATIONALE
 In the binomial distribution we always assume independence of trials. This is why
we simply multiply the probability of successes and failures directly to find the overall
probability.

You passed this Milestone

25 questions were answered correctly.
1
An outlier is which of the following?
• A value that is outside of the data set.
• A value that is twice as large as the mean.
• A value that is twice as small as the mean.
• A value that is significantly higher or lower than most of the values in the data set.
RATIONALE
Data that doesn't fit with the other data is considered an outlier. This would be
values that are much smaller or larger than all the other data when considering 1
variable.
CONCEPT
Outliers and Modified Boxplots
2
For a math assignment, Jane has to roll a set of six standard dice and record the results
of each trial. She wonders how many different outcomes are possible after rolling all six
dice.
What is the total number of possible outcomes for each trial?
• 7,776
• 36
• 46,656
• 216
RATIONALE
We can use the general counting principle and note that for each step, we simply
multiply all the possibilities at each step to get the total number of outcomes. Each
die has 6 possible outcomes, so the overall number of outcomes for rolling 6 die with
6 possible outcomes each is:

CONCEPT
Fundamental Counting Principle
3
 Peter randomly draws a card from a deck of 24. The odds in favor of his drawing a
spade from the cards are 1:3.
What is the probability ratio for Peter to draw a spade?

•
RATIONALE
Recall that we can go from " " odds to a probability by rewriting it as the fraction

" ". So odds of 1:3 is equivalent to the following probability:

CONCEPT
Odds
4
Two bags each contain tickets numbered 1 to 10. John draws a ticket from each bag five
times, replacing the tickets after each draw. He records the number on the ticket for
each draw from both the bags:
Bag 1 Bag 2
Draw 1 2 4
Draw 2 4 5
Draw 3 1 3
Draw 4 6 4
Draw 5 7 9

For the the first bag, the mean is 4 and the standard deviation is 2.5.
For the second bag, the mean is 5 and the standard deviation is 2.3.
 Using the formula below or Excel, find the correlation coefficient, r, for this set of
tickets John drew. Answer choices are rounded to the nearest hundredth.

• 0.56
• 0.75
• 0.50
• 0.70
RATIONALE
In order to get the correlation, we can use the formula:

Correlation can be quickly calculated by using Excel. Enter the values and use the
function "=CORREL(".
 CONCEPT
Correlation
5

The first quartile (Q1) value from the above box plot is __________.
• 40
• 29
• 33
• 52
RATIONALE
Note the value for Q1 is the left edge of the box, which is 33.
CONCEPT
Five Number Summary and Boxplots
6
Brad reads a scatterplot that displays the relationship between the number of cars
owned per household and the average number of citizens who have health insurance in
neighborhoods across the country. The plot shows a strong positive correlation.

Brad recalls that correlation does not imply causation. In this example, Brad sees that
increasing the number of cars per household would not cause members of his
community to purchase health insurance.

Identify the lurking variable that is causing an increase in both the number of cars
owned and the average number of citizens with health insurance.
• The number of citizens in the United States who do not have health insurance
• Average annual salary per household
• The number of different car brands
• Average health insurance costs in the United States
RATIONALE
Recall that a lurking variable is something that must be related to the outcome and
explanatory variable that when considered can help explain a relationship between 2
variables. Since higher income is positively related to owning more cars and having
health insurance, this variable would help explain why we see this association.
CONCEPT
Correlation and Causation
7
 Joe hypothesizes that the average age of the population of Florida is less than 37 years.
He records a sample mean equal to 37 and states the hypothesis as μ = 37 vs μ < 37.
What type of test should Joe do?
• Two-tailed test
• Right-tailed test
• Left-tailed test
• Joe should not do any of the types of tests listed.
RATIONALE
Since the Hₐ is a less than sign, this indicates he wants to run a one-tailed test
where the rejection region is the lower or left tail. This can be called a left-tailed test.
CONCEPT
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests
8
Let x stand for the number of minutes spent waiting in line for a rollercoaster at an
amusement park. 81 people are sampled at a time. The sample mean is 18 minutes and
the sample standard deviation is 0.5 minutes.
What is the standard deviation of the population?
• 0.5
• 18
• 4.5
• 2
RATIONALE
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution, , is equal to the standard
deviation of the original population, , divided by the square root of the sample
size, .

We know the sample standard deviation is 0.5 and the size of the sample is 81, so
we can solve for the standard deviation of the population:

CONCEPT
Center and Variation of a Sampling Distribution
9
The data below shows the daily low temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, of a city for
one week.
Day Low Temperature, in Fahrenheit
Monday 54.5
Tuesday 53
 Wednesday 56.5
Thursday 54
Friday 52.5
Saturday 51
Sunday 53

The standard error of the sample mean for this set of data is __________. Answer
choices are rounded to the hundredths place.
• 1.73
• 0.25
• 1.31
• 0.65
RATIONALE
In order to get the standard error of the mean, we can use the following

formula: , where is the standard deviation and is the sample size.

Either calculate by hand or use Excel to find the standard deviation, which is 1.73.
The sample size is seven days.

The standard error is then:

CONCEPT
Calculating Standard Error of a Sample Mean
10
Which of the following statements is true?
• According to the Central Limit Theorem, the mean of the sampling distribution is
greater than the standard deviation.
• According to the Central Limit Theorem, the mean of the sampling distribution is
equal to the population mean as long as the sample size is large enough.
• According to the Central Limit Theorem, the mean of the sampling distribution is
greater than the population mean.
• According to the Central Limit Theorem, the mean of the sampling distribution is
equal to the standard deviation.
RATIONALE
 Recall that the central limit theorem states that as long as the sample size is large
enough, then the sampling distribution will have a normal distribution that is centered
at the true population mean.
CONCEPT
Shape of a Sampling Distribution
11
Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true?
• The normal distribution is single-peaked and symmetric.
• A large portion of the data is located near the tails.
• A large portion of the data is skewed to the right.
• The normal distribution is an example of a bimodal distribution.
RATIONALE
A normal distribution is a bell-shaped and symmetric distribution. So it has a single
smooth peak, which tells us the mean and median are the same.
CONCEPT
Normal Distribution
12
A market research company conducted a survey to find the level of affluence in a city.
They defined the category "affluence" for males earning $100,000 or more annually and
for females earning $80,000 or more annually. Out of 267 persons who replied to their
survey, 32 are listed under this category.
What is the standard error of the sample proportion? Answer choices are
rounded to the hundredths place.
• 0.20
• 1.96
• 0.02
• 0.32
RATIONALE
We can note the SE of the proportion is .

If we note that , which means .

So if we take all this information we can note SE

= .
CONCEPT
Calculating Standard Error of a Sample Proportion
13
 Sukie interviewed 125 employees at her company and discovered that 21 of them
planned to take an extended vacation next year. She finds that the proportion of people
taking extended vacations nationally is 15%.

The z statistic for this data is __________.

• -0.45
• -0.56
• 0.45
• 0.56
RATIONALE
To make things a little easier, let's first note the

denominator

We can now note that

Finally, subbing all in we find

CONCEPT
Z-Test for Population Proportions
14
The owner of a new store on Main Street wants to turn the boulevard outside into extra
parking spaces because she is concerned about parking availability. She randomly
selects 500 residents of the town to take a survey, and these individuals have confirmed
their participation. One of the survey questions reads, “Many residents believe the lack
of available parking on Main Street is a major problem, and extra spaces along the
boulevard would help. Do you agree?"
The store owner's survey could suffer from which type of bias?
• Nonresponse bias
• There is no evidence of bias in the way this survey is carried out.
• Selection bias
• Response bias
RATIONALE
By stating that many residents already believe parking is an issue and putting a
response inside of the question, this is a good example of response bias.
CONCEPT
Nonresponse and Response Bias
15
What is the probability of drawing a red card or a queen from a standard deck of
52 cards?

•
RATIONALE
Since it is possible for a card to be both red and a queen, these two events are
overlapping. We can use the following formula:

In a standard deck of cards, half of the 52 cards are red, so

. There is a total of 4 Queens, so . Of the 4 queens, 2 are red

and 2 are black, so .

CONCEPT
"Either/Or" Probability for Overlapping Events
16
Data for length of the tail (in millimeters) and age (in days) of tadpoles is entered into a
statistics software package and results in a regression equation of ŷ = 15 - 1.5x.
What is the correct interpretation of the slope if the length of the tail is the
response variable and the age is the explanatory variable?
• The length of the tail decreases by 1.5 millimeters, on average, when the tadpole's
age increases by 1 day.
• The length of the tail increases by 1.5 millimeters, on average, when the tadpole's
age increases by 1 day.
• The length of the tail decreases by 15 millimeters, on average, when the tadpole's
age increases by 1 day.
• The length of the tail increases by 15 millimeters, on average, when the tadpole's
age increases by 1 day.
RATIONALE
When interpreting the linear slope we generally substitute in a value of 1. So we can
note that, in general, as x increases by 1 unit the slope tells us how the outcome
changes. So for this equation we can note as x (age) increases by 1 day, the
outcome (length) will decrease by 1.5 millimeters on average.
CONCEPT
Interpreting Intercept and Slope
17
James participated in an archery competition. He was allowed four attempts and was
supposed to hit the bullseye in the center of the board.
 If the figure shows the positions of James' arrows, which of the following would
best classify the arrangement of arrows?
• Low accuracy and low precision
• High accuracy and high precision
• Low accuracy and high precision
• High accuracy and low precision
RATIONALE
The arrows are close to the center so they are accurate and they are also close to
one another, so they are precise as well.
CONCEPT
Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
18
In a study of 30 high school students, researchers found a high correlation, 0.93,
between amount of exercise and weight lost.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
• 93% of the high school students studied lost weight.
• The researchers proved that exercise causes weight loss.
• There is a strong positive linear association between weight loss and exercise, but
the researchers have not proven causation.
• The researchers proved that exercise causes weight loss, but only for high school
students.
RATIONALE
Recall that correlation measures the strength and direction of linear association. So
r= 0.93 indicates a strong positive linear association. Recall also, that correlation
doesn't imply causation. Causation is a direct change in one variable causing a
change in some outcome.
CONCEPT
Correlation and Causation
19
It’s Saturday afternoon, and Denise is going shopping. She stops by a department store
because she needs a new pair of shoes. She has picked out three styles that she likes.
The store associate asks, “What is your shoe size?”
Which type of question has the store associate asked?
• Open and binomial question
• Open question
• Closed and binomial question
• Closed question
RATIONALE
 Recall a closed question has only a limited number of responses. Since she can
only answer with her shoe size, this would be a closed question.
CONCEPT
Question Types
20
The average number of road accidents that occur on a particular stretch of road during
a month is 7.

What is the probability of observing exactly three accidents on this stretch of road
next month?
• 0.023
• 0.052
• 0.048
• 0.020
RATIONALE
Since we are finding the probability of a given number of events happening in a fixed
interval when the events occur independently and the average rate of occurrence is
known, we can use the following Poisson distribution formula:

The variable k is the given number of occurrences, which in this case, is 3 accidents.
The variable λ is the average rate of event occurrences, which in this case, is 7
accidents.

CONCEPT
Poisson Distribution
21
What do the symbols , , and represent?
• Sample statistics
• Defined variables
• Population parameters
• Variables of interest
RATIONALE
Recall that is the population proportion, is the population standard

deviation, and is the population mean. Since all these values come from the
population, they are parameters.
 CONCEPT
Sample Statistics and Population Parameters
22
An art teacher is trying to determine which class to offer next summer. She passes out a
slip of paper to some of the students in the class asking them whether or not they liked
her course, and what class they would most like to see offered in the summer.
Which type of statistical study is the art teacher conducting?
• A single-blind study
• A census
• A double-blind study
• A survey
RATIONALE
Since she asks people what their preferences would be, this is an example of a
survey.
CONCEPT
Surveys
23
Which of these random samples represents a representative sample of the
systolic blood pressure of all patients in a hospital?
• The systolic blood pressure of 50 children admitted in the hospital.
• The systolic blood pressure of 50 patients in the hospital.
• The systolic blood pressure of 50 patients in the neurology department.
• The systolic blood pressure of 50 employees in the hospital.
RATIONALE
For a sample to be representative it needs to look like the entire set of interest. To
look like all patients in the hospital, they should be randomly sampled from the entire
population not simply the neurology department or children. Employees are not a
part of the population of interest.
CONCEPT
Random & Probability Sampling
24
Which of the following is an example of a false negative?
• Test results indicate that a woman is not pregnant when she is.
• Test results indicate that a woman is pregnant when she is not.
• Test results confirm that a woman is pregnant.
• Test results confirm that a woman is not pregnant.
RATIONALE
Since the test results indicate negatively, showing that the woman is not pregnant
when in fact she is pregnant, this is a false negative.
 CONCEPT
False Positives/False Negatives
25
In a survey of small business owners, a response to which of the following
questions would be qualitative?
• How much did your business have in profits last year?
• How long have you owned a business?
• How many businesses do you own?
• What type of business do you own?
RATIONALE
All the other options are numeric measures and can be used in arithmetic. The type
of business you have is simply a descriptive measure and is therefore qualitative.

You passed this Milestone

25 questions were answered correctly.
1
Brad recorded the number of visitors at the local science museum during the week:
Day Visitors
Tuesday 18
Wednesday 24
Thursday 28
Friday 30

He expected to see 25 visitors each day. To answer whether the number of visitors
follows a uniform distribution, a chi-square test for goodness of fit should be performed.
(alpha = 0.10)

What is the chi-squared test statistic? Answers are rounded to the nearest
hundredth.
• 1.12
• 2.54
• 1.40
• 3.36
RATIONALE
Using the chi-square formula we can note the test statistic is
 CONCEPT
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
2
Adam graded ten standardized tests with the following scores:

48, 65, 72, 86, 84, 52, 93, 97, 81, 80

Which standardized test score represents the 70th percentile?
• 86
• 84
• 72
• 65
RATIONALE
If we note that there are 10 values, so the 70th percentile can be found with the
following calculation:

This tells us that we need to find the 7th ordered value.

The 7th value is 84.

CONCEPT
Percentiles
3
Which of the following situations describes a discrete distribution?
• A probability distribution showing the average time it takes for children to walk to
school.
• A probability distribution showing the heights of children in a first grade class.
• A probability distribution of the quantity of babies in the intensive care unit.
• A probability distribution showing the weights of newborns.
RATIONALE
A distribution is discrete if the outcomes we are measuring can only take on a limited
number of values. The number of babies in an intensive care unit can be 0, 1, 2, and
so on, which are a limited set of values.
CONCEPT
Probability Distribution
4
James participated in an archery competition. He was allowed four attempts and was
supposed to hit the bullseye in the center of the board.

If the figure shows the positions of James' arrows, which of the following would
best classify the arrangement of arrows?
• Low accuracy and high precision
• High accuracy and low precision
• High accuracy and high precision
• Low accuracy and low precision
RATIONALE
The arrows are close to the center so they are accurate and they are also close to
one another, so they are precise as well.
CONCEPT
Accuracy and Precision in Measurements
5
The scores of the quizzes of five students in both English and Science are:
English Science
Student 1 6 8
Student 2 5 5
Student 3 9 6
Student 4 4 7
Student 5 8 9

For English, the mean is 6.4 and the standard deviation is 2.0.
For Science, the mean is 7 and the standard deviation is 1.6.
Using the formula below or Excel, find the correlation coefficient, r, for this set of
scores. Answer choices are rounded to the nearest hundredth.

• 0.42
• 0.50
• 0.23
• 0.05
RATIONALE
In order to get the correlation, we can use the formula:

Correlation can be quickly calculated by using Excel. Enter the values and use the
function "=CORREL(".
 CONCEPT
Correlation
6
Jessica uses a poorly calibrated stopwatch to note the finish time of a relay race. She
noted the time as 125 seconds, whereas the actual time taken was 120 seconds.
The percent error in Jessica's calculation is __________.
• -4.0%
• -4.2%
• 4.0%
• 4.2%
RATIONALE
Recall that the percent error is equivalent to the absolute difference divided by the
actual value.

If the actual measure is 120 seconds and the observed measure is 125 seconds,
 then the absolute difference is:

So we calculate the percentage error to be:

CONCEPT
Absolute Change and Relative Change
7
Dave drives to work. While driving the car over nine days, he observes his daily average
speed and lists it in the table below.
Day Average Speed (MPH)
1 45
2 62
3 44
4 70
5 59
6 66
7 54
8 63
9 67

The median speed at which Dave drove to work was __________.

• 58.89 miles per hour
• 59 miles per hour
• 62 miles per hour
• 63 miles per hour
RATIONALE
To get the median we first order the data and take the middle value. The ordered
values are:

Since there are an odd number (n=9) of values we simply take the middle, which
is 62 mph.
 CONCEPT
Mean, Median, and Mode
8
The manager went over the sales of mobile phones at the store and found that the mean
sale was 45, with a standard deviation of 4. On a particular day, 52 mobile phones were
sold.
What is the z-score of the sale of mobile phones on that day?
• 1.75
• -1.75
• -28
• 28
RATIONALE
Recall that the z-score can be calculated with the following formula:

The given value is 52 phones, the mean is 45 phones, and the standard deviation is
4 phones. Plug these values in to get the following z-score:

This also tells us that 52 is 1.75 z-scores or standard deviations above the mean.
CONCEPT
Standard Scores and Z-Scores
9
The city government wants to conduct a survey on the number and types of cars owned
by its residents.
How can the city use the cluster sampling method to find this information?
• The city has every household within city limits complete the survey.
• The city selects only those households that have more than one vehicle to complete
the survey.
• The city selects 100 households at random to complete the survey.
• The city has every household in 10 neighborhoods complete the survey.
RATIONALE
Recall that clusters are generally geographic groups. So, the city can put the
neighborhoods into clusters and then choose a random sample of those clusters.
CONCEPT
Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling
 10
For a set of data, x is the explanatory variable. Its mean is 8.2, and its standard deviation
is 1.92.

For the same set of data, y is the response variable. Its mean is 13.8, and its standard
deviation is 3.03.

The correlation was found to be 0.223.

Select the correct slope and y-intercept for the least-squares line.
• Slope = -0.35
y-intercept = -10.9
• Slope = -0.35
y-intercept = 10.9
• Slope = 0.35
y-intercept = -10.9
• Slope = 0.35
y-intercept = 10.9
RATIONALE
We first want to get the slope. We can use the formula:

To then get the intercept, we can solve for the y-intercept by using the following
formula:

We know the slope, , and we can use the mean of x and the mean of y for the

variables and to solve for the y-intercept, .

CONCEPT
Finding the Least-Squares Line
 11
Ben is measuring the effect that the potential energy of an object has on the height of an
object's bounce

Which variable represents the height of an object's bounce?

• Independent variable
• Explanatory variable
• Response variable
• Confounding variable
RATIONALE
The outcome is the response, dependent or y -variable. This is the height or bounce
in this example.
CONCEPT
Variables
12
Mike tabulated the following values for heights in inches of seven of his friends: 65, 71,
74, 61, 66, 70, and 72. The sample standard deviation is 4.577.
Select the 95% confidence interval for Mike's set of data.
• 59.95 to 76.91
• 64.19 to 72.67
• 64.19 to 76.91
• 59.95 to 72.67
RATIONALE
In order to get the 95% CI , we first need to find the critical t-score. Using a t-table,
we need to find (n-1) degrees of freedom, or (7-1) = 6 df and the corresponding CI.

Using the 95% CI in the bottom row and 6 df on the far left column, we get a t-critical
score of 2.447.
We also need to calculate the mean:

So we use the formula to find the confidence interval:

The lower bound is:

68.43 - 4.23 = 64.20
The upper bound is:
68.43 +4.23 = 72.66
*note that when rounding you can get values that might be slightly different but the
values should be very close to what is calculated here.

CONCEPT
Confidence Intervals Using the T-Distribution
13
A survey result shows that cell phone usage among teenagers rose from 63% in 2006 to
71% in 2008.
Of the following choices, which statement about cell phone use among teenagers
is true?
• Cell phone usage rose by 12.7%.
• Cell phone usage rose by 12.7 percentage points.
• Cell phone usage rose by 11.2 percentage points.
• Cell phone usage rose by 8%.
RATIONALE
We can note that the absolute difference between 2006 and 2008 is 63% to 71% or
8 percentage points.
 To get the percent difference we take the absolute difference and divide by the initial
value:

So we can say cell phone usage rose by 12.7%.

CONCEPT
Using Percentages in Statistics
14
Luke went to a blackjack table at the casino. At the table, the dealer has just shuffled a
standard deck of 52 cards.

Luke has had good luck at blackjack in the past, and he actually got three blackjacks
with Queens in a row the last time he played. Because of this lucky run, Luke thinks that
Queens are the luckiest card.

The dealer deals the first card to him. In a split second, he can see that it is a face card,
but he is unsure if it is a Queen.
What is the probability of the card being a Queen, given that it is a face card?
Answer choices are in a percentage format, rounded to the nearest whole
number.
• 8%
• 33%
• 4%
• 77%
RATIONALE
The probability of it being a Queen given it is a Face card uses the conditional
formula:

Note that there are 12 out of 52 that are face cards. Of those 12 cards, only 4 of
them are also Queens.
CONCEPT
Conditional Probability
15
Maria flipped a coin 60 times, and the coin came up tails 32 times.
What is the relative frequency of the coin turning up heads in this
experiment? Answer choices are rounded to the hundredths place.
• 2.14
• 1.88
• 0.53
• 0.47
RATIONALE
Recall that, of the 60 flips, there are 32 tails. This means the remaining are heads,
or 60-32 = 28 heads. The relative frequency of a head is:

CONCEPT
Relative Frequency Probability/Empirical Method
16
A basketball player makes 80% of his free throws. We set him on the free throw line and
told him to shoot free throws until he misses. Let the random variable X be the number
of free throws taken by the player until he misses.
Assuming that his shots are independent, what is the probability of this player
missing a free throw for the first time on the fifth attempt?
• 0.08192
• 0.4096
• 0.00128
• 0.0016
RATIONALE
Since we are looking for the probability until the first success, we will use the
following Geometric distribution formula:

The variable k is the number of trials until the first success, which in this case, is 5
attempts.
The variable p is the probability of success, which in this case, a success is
considered missing a free throw. If the basketball player has an 80% of making it, he
has a 20%, or 0.20, chance of missing.

CONCEPT
Geometric Distribution
17
Consider the times (in seconds) that it took children and adults to solve a Rubik’s cube
at a competition.
 What does the circled section represent?
• One child took 72 seconds to solve the Rubik's cube, while another took 71 seconds
to solve it.
• One child solved the Rubik's cube in 21.7 seconds.
• 21 children completed the Rubik's cube in 7 minutes.
• 21 children completed the Rubik's cube in 7 seconds.
RATIONALE
 If we recall that the stem and leaf can give us the actual values in the dataset, then
the circle corresponds to 71 and 72. We can then note that there are 2 children who
solved the Rubik's cube at 71 and 72 seconds.
CONCEPT
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
18
A market research company conducted a survey of two groups of students from
different schools. They found that students from school A spent an average of 90
minutes studying daily, while the students from school B spent an average of 75
minutes daily.

They want to find out if the difference in the mean times spent studying by the students
of the two schools is statistically significant.
Which of the following sets shows the correct null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis?
• Null Hypothesis: School B students spend more time studying than School A.
Alternative Hypothesis: The difference in the mean times spent by the schools'
students is 15 minutes.
• Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in the mean times spent by the schools'
students.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is at least some difference in the mean times spent by
the schools' students.
• Null Hypothesis: The difference in the mean times spent by the schools' students is
15 minutes.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is no difference in the mean times spent by the
schools' students.
• Null Hypothesis: There is at least some difference in the mean times spent by the
schools' students.
Alternative Hypothesis: The students from school B spend more time studying than
the students from school A.
RATIONALE
Recall that the null hypothesis is always of no difference.
So the null hypothesis (Ho) is that the mean time studying for group A = mean for
group B. This would indicate no difference between the two groups.
The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is that there is difference in the mean study time
between the two groups.
CONCEPT
Hypothesis Testing
19
 A survey asked 1,000 people which magazine they preferred, given three choices. The
table below breaks the votes down by magazine and age group.
Age Below 40 Age 40 and Above
The National Journal 104 200
Newsday 120 230
The Month 240 106

If a survey is selected at random, what is the probability that the person voted for
"Newsday" and is also age 40 or older? Answer choices are rounded to the
hundredths place.
• 0.66
• 0.34
• 0.23
• 0.54
RATIONALE
If we want the probability of people who voted for "Newsday" and are also age 40
and over, we just need to look at the box that is associated with both categories, or
230. To calculate the probability, we can use the following formula:

CONCEPT
Two-Way Tables/Contingency Tables
20
For a left-tailed test, the critical value of z so that a hypothesis test would reject
the null hypothesis at 10% significance level would be __________. Answer choices
are rounded to the hundredths place.
• -2.33
• -1.65
• -1.03
• -1.28
RATIONALE
Recall that when a test statistic is smaller than in a left tailed
test we would reject H₀. If we go to the standard normal chart and use 10% or 0.10,
we will search for the closest value to 10% as closely as possible.
0.1003 corresponds with a z-score of -1.28.
CONCEPT
How to Find a Critical Z Value
21
 In a survey to rate the pizzas served by a pizza parlor, 250 people rated their agreement
with the statement, “The pizzas here are one of the best I’ve ever had.” The answers
were put into a table.
Rating Frequency
Strongly Agree 27
Agree 50
Neutral 75
Disagree 54
Strongly Disagree 44

The relative frequency of people who strongly agree with the statement is
__________.
• 17.6%
• 20%
• 27%
• 10.8%
RATIONALE
To get the relative frequency, we take the frequency of the value and divide it by the
total number. So in this case for strongly agree, the relative frequency would be:

CONCEPT
Frequency Tables
22
A correlation coefficient between average temperature and coat sales is most
likely to be __________.
• between 0 and 1
• between -1 and -2
• between 0 and -1
• between 1 and 2
RATIONALE
If we note that as temp goes up, we would expect coats to be less necessary, so
coat sales would go down. So correlation should be negative and this would be
between 0 and -1.
CONCEPT
Positive and Negative Correlations
23
 Researchers want to study the effects of classical music and memory. One group of
participants will take a memory test with classical music playing in the background,
while the other group will take the memory test in complete silence. It is believed that
age has an effect on memory.
Which of the following would work best to test if classical music has an effect on
memory?
• A case-control observational study
• A matched-pair design experiment
• A completely randomized design experiment
• A randomized block design experiment
RATIONALE
In order to control for age in the study, by matching participants on age they can
control for the affect of age on the outcome. So a matched-pair design would be
most appropriate.
CONCEPT
Matched-Pair Design
24
Edwin conducted a survey to find the percentage of people in an area who smoked
regularly. He defined the label “smoking regularly” for males smoking 30 or more
cigarettes in a day and for females smoking 20 or more. Out of 635 persons who took
part in the survey, 71 are labeled as people who smoke regularly.
What is the 90% confidence interval for this population proportion? Answer
choices are rounded to the hundredths place.
• 0.09 to 0.13
• 0.11 to 0.80
• 0.11 to 0.13
• 0.09 to 0.80
RATIONALE
In order to get the CI we want to use the following form.

First, we must determine the corresponding z*score for 90% Confidence

Interval. Remember, this means that we have 5% for the tails, meaning 5%, or 0.05,
for each tail. Using a z-table, we can find the upper z-score by finding (1 - 0.05) or
0.95 in the table.
This corresponding z-score is at 1.645.

We can know
So putting it together:

The lower bound is:

0.11-0.02 = 0.09
The upper bound is:
0.11 + 0.02 = 0.13
CONCEPT
Confidence Interval for Population Proportion
25
Thomas was interested in learning more about the salary of a teacher. He believed as a
teacher increases in age, the annual earnings also increases. The age (in years) is plotted
against the earnings (in dollars) as shown below.
 Using the best-fit line, approximately how much money would a 45-year-old
teacher make?
• $48,000
• $50,000
• $58,000
• $55,000
RATIONALE
To get a rough estimate of the salary of a 45 year-old, we go to the value of 45 on
the horizontal axis and then see where it falls on the best-fit line. This looks to be
about $50,000.