CHAPTER

07
ecte

Delow

Control and Coordination

Sorbed

urine

ate

The working together of variousorgans of a living organism in a systematic, controlled and

Its
eficientway to produce proper response to various stimuli is known as coordination. Chapter Checklist
Nervous System
All iving organisms have a well-organised system, which provides them with control and
ODivisions of Nervous System
coordination. Due to the general principles of body organisation, multicellular organisms
have specialised tissues, which provide control and coordination. oCoordination in Plants
o Chemical Communication
Animals have nervous system and hormones to control and coordinate their body
activities. Plants lack the nervous system, but coordinate via the hormones.

due to
Nervous System
In animals including humans, the nervous system along with muscular tissue is the control
centreof the body. It consists of highly specialised cells called neurons, nerves and neural
organs that link, coordinate and control the activities of different organs in the body.
ilure. Intormation from environment is detected through receptors, present in sense organs such
s inner ear, nose, tongue, etc. Gustatory receptors are meant to detect taste, while the
oltactory receptors detect smel.

Neuron or Nerve Cell

Ihe information from environment is detected by the nerve cells
1
called
neurons. They
are
structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron is the longest cell of
atien human body (the length of some nerve cells may be 90-100 cm). The nervous tissue is
0 acl
nade up of network of nerve cells or neurons. These are specialised for conducting
Oation through electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.
 Allinone Sciend Cos
226
d ofnervous
e nerve impulse
followed by the in
y t a k em

Thepathway the body

Structure of Neuron or Nerve Cel below
s onsLavolve
Neuron is
composed of following main parts Stimulus Receptors Dendrite of o d yn

Cell body or Cyton It is the broad rounded part sensory neuron l o et

r h e
b o d

pocess
a

neuron. t nucleus,
has a central

abundant cytoplasm and various cell organelles

Dendrite of napse Axon Cell boo t ba
y r

the
nout

other neuron
i t

except centrioles.
7) Dendrites These are the protoplasmic, branched Cell body
Various
CNS Dendrite of
processes of the cell body, which receive and neurons motor neuron N yaken b
transmit stimulus.
111) Axon These Effectork Axon
Cell body
long, fibre-like cytoplasmic
are
Nerve impulse pathway
process. They conduct impulses away from the cell
body. The axon may be covered by a protective
sheath called myelin sheath. Note Gustatory receptors
will detect smell.
will
olfactory recepions
detect taste, while olfacto

D) Nerve Ending These are the fine branch-like

termination of neurons.
a yneuron

The structure of a neuron is shown below:

NeuromUSCular Junction
The point where a muscle fibre comes in contact with a m Pain
Feat
=
neuron carrying nerve impulses trom the Central Ner asts
snson

Dendrite System (CNS). The neurotransmiter for the transmision

sheath nerve impulse from neuron to the muscle fibre releases int
- Nucleus Myelin
same way as impulses are transmitted across a
synapse berue
two neurons.
Axon Nerve ending- Neuromuscular
Axon Junction a e s form
Cell body (Cyton)
ninpur
Structure of a neuron
Muscle fibre -

Synapse Capillary Saseorgan

A small gap between two adjacent neurons, where the Mitochondrion asory (a
nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another in one Neuromuscular junction pal cord
direction.
inal co
Transmission of a Nerve Impulse Limitations to the Use of ppriat
The transmission of Electrical impulsee Mator (ett
a nerve
impulse
scheme of flow. All the informationbody
in the has a
Electrical impulse is an excellent tOES
general
during fast responses to stimulus. But theretransmit
from the means to
environment is detected by the intormau tihectors
receptors (sense organs) to the use of
electrical impulses such
are some
limitanois
present in the body, which transter it to sensory neuron. () The electrical
as
The information impulse will reach only those cells that a 2 ha
acquired at the end of the dendritic tipp
of a neuron causes a chemical
connected by nervous
animal body.
tissue, not each and every cell i
reaction that produces an
electrical impulse. (2) Once an electrical
impulse is generated in a
transmitted,
the cell will Cel
This impulse, travels from the mechanism before it can take some time to e
dendrite of
(cyton) and then along the sensory
to its cell body neuron generate and transmi
axon to its end.
impulse
At the end of
axon, the electrical impulse
release of some chemicals causes the
Reflex Action
These chemicals cross the (neurotransmitters). A
gap (synapse) and start a reflex action is
similar electrical automatic and rapid
an to

A similar
impulse in dendrite of next
neuron.
stimulus, e.g.
coughing, sneezing, blinking response
of
synapse allows the delivery of such It protects the body from ey
damage and does not
cells, such as muscle cells orimpulses
from neurons to other conscious thought.
invofe

In reflex
gland. straight to the motor neuron action, the message s
passed

through a relay neuron.

 ne Control and Coordinatior
Alinone

227

are
are monitored
mon
and
controlled through the Importance of Reflex Action
actions

Retlex
nalcord
nervous
system, not by the brain. This is
maytake
more time for the
take mo Reflex action is important in the following
1t brain to instruct ways
hecaIse,
U s c l e st o m o v e
0) It enables an organism for an immediate response to a
ns involve mainly spinal cord.
Retlex actions involve harmful stimulus.
meet in the form of a
Here, nerves
mallver the body bundle. ) It reduces the overloading of brain.
rhe process of detecting signals or the (11) It increases the chances of survival of an
organism.
herci by an output action is completed input and
1gonse
quickly.
RetlexArc Check Point 01
1 Name the structural and
pathway taken by nerve impulses in a retlex action functional unit of nervous system
2 State Irue or False for the
reflex arc. A retlex arc tor heat
sensation is
following statement
shown Gustatory receptors are meant to detect smell
balow
3 Atwhich point information is acquired in the neuron?
Spinal cord Viessage to brain 4 Define reflex action
5 Give two
(CNS) examples of reflexes.
6 Fill in the blank:
A neuron which carries an
Sensory n e u r o n -
neuron
impulse to the brain is called a

Motor
neuron
Receptors= Heat Pain J
Receptors in skin
Relay neuron
Effector = Muscle in arm
Divisions of NervoUS System
The components of be
nervous system can divided as follows:
1.Central Nervous System (CNS) It
comprises of brain
and spinal cord. It receives information from all
the body and integrate it. parts of
Reflex arc
2. Peripheral Nervous
Relex arc is formed in the spinal cord although the System (PNS) Communication
between the central nervous system and the other
nformation input also goes on to reach the brain. It the body is facilitated by the parts of
unvolves consists of cranial nerves
peripheral nervous system.
It
arising from the brain and
Senseorgans which receive the stimulus. spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
ilSensory (afferent)
spinal cord.
neuron conveys the stimulus to
Central Nervous System (CNS
It consists of the brain and the
7) Spinal cord interprets the stimulus and gives spinal cord.
appropriate command to motor neurons.
I. Human Brain
) Motor (efferent) neuron conveys motor command tO
Human brain is the main
effectors. coordinating centre of the body,
which enables an organism to think and take
0) Efectors or muscles execute the effect by decisions. The
thinking of the brain involves more complex mechanisms
neuromuscular movements. and neural connections. The human brain
receives
arcs have not evolved in animals because the 1ntormation trom the sense organs, interprets it and
inking process of the brain is not fast enough. sends instructions to the muscles or other
effectors. The
9,It is quite likely that reflex arcs have evolved as diagrammatic representation of human brain and its internal
of functioning in the absence of true thought
efficient parts is as follows: Cerebrum
pOCsses, (performed by brain). Cranium (skull)
The flow chart
showin reflex arc is given below:
Stimulus Receptors Sensory neuron Midbrain
(sense organs)
Spinal cord
(grey matter)
Action Hypothalamus
response) Muscles/
glands
Motor neurons Pituitary gland Pons
Hindbrain Medulla Spinal cord
E relay neurons connect neurons Cerebellum
witn Human brain
228
Allinone Science Clos

It found continuou
The three main regions or parrs found in the human brain (1) Medulla oblongata is 1ously wih
cord. It controls involuntary
spinal
are as follows breathing, blood pressure (BP) etc.,actions sud,
1. Forebrain reflex responses like salivation and vomi
ot Note Midbrain and hindbrain torm the brain sterm t e
It is the largest, most developed and main thinking part
various of the brain is connected to spinal cord
the brain. It receives sensory impulses from
receptors. It comprises of Functions of Human Brain
( Cerebrum It acts as the main thinking part of the the human brain are
Major functions of
brain lt is responsible for reasoning, speech,
information.
() It coordinates activities of the bod
intelligence sight, hearing and usage of mechanism and hormonal reactions of the h
There are separate areas of association, where sensory together
the
information is 1nterpreted by combining (t It receives information carrying nerve impulses
information from other receptors as well as
with all the sensory organs of the body.
information that is already stored in
the brain are (in It correlates the various stimulus from differene.
found in the cerebrum itself, these are organs and produces appropriate response.
from various
Sensoryareas Receive sensory impulses
cars and nose.
(w) It responds to the impulses brought in by Senso
organs by sending its own instructions to the m
receptors in skin, muscles, eyes,
Association areas Interpret sensory information by and glands causing them to function accordingl
and () It stores information, so that the behaviour
experience
relating it to the previous
information from the other receptors. human being can be modified according to thepa
to muscles and glands.
Send impulses experiences.
Motor areas
muscles
Also control the movement of voluntary
I1. Spinal Cord
(leg muscles)
It is a long, tubular bundle of nervous tissue arising f
actions are controlled by cerebrum, eg
Note Voluntary medulla oblongata. It functions primarily in the transmiseg
movement of muscles of limbs

small, solid, of neural signals berween brain and rest of the body
(1) Olfactory lobes These
are a pair of very
each other
club-shaped bodies widely separated from Protection of Human Brain and Spinal Cord
smell from
These are respons1ble for detecting Brain is a very delicate organ and is important for a varid
activities. The body is designed in such a way that the br
different receptors.
controls the body sits inside a bony box,
inside which fluid-filled ballo
(in) Hypothalamus This part There are a hard, bump
urge of eatung, drinking,
etc.
provides further shock absorption.
temperature,
structurecalled vertebral column or backbone, present
cord.
2. Midbrain the middle of the back, protects, spinal
forebrain to the hindbrain.
It controls the
It connects
sounds and Mechanism of Nervous Tissue Action
m o v e m e n t of head,
neck and trunk to locate be understox
tissue action can
in focussing on
the objects. The mechanism of nervous

visual reflexes that are involved below

It also controls reflex m o v e m e n t s
of eye muscles, pupil by the flow diagram given
informations from
Nervous tissue receives
S1Ze etc the brain
body parts and sends it to
3. Hindbrain
rest of the
between spinal cord and infomations and makes decisions base0
It provides connection below
Brain processes
information
on that particular
brain. It consists of three parts given
as

and coordinates different

() Cerebellum It controls for precision of Conveys that decision to
the muscular tisSue
muscular actions. It is responsible
and
voluntary actions. It maintains posture that change both shape and
Muscles have special proteins
various activities such impulses
equilibrium of the body during arrangement in cell in response to nervous

walking., drinking, catching, riding

etc.
as the musCle ce
thereby, give
medulla and takes part in he new arrangement of proteins
(i) Pons It lies above the move in direction according to
the mno
between different parts a shorter form and
respiration. It relays impulses
of the brain.
 e Control and
Coordination 229
s h

ith the Peripher Nervous System (PNS)

that direct enter or
th
G) Plant cells change their shape by changing the amount
such Of
nerves

(CNS) and connect

leave the Central
es of water in them. This happens due to swelling or

egulates r
onsisS
Nervous

alsSyss of follo
Syste
m

following
consists
of
types
different parts of the
of
nerves, which carry
shrinking of cell.
It m o
otro r neurons
ral trunk ndv. sensory
and
m

foth ranial
erves
nerves
These are the nerves, which
emerge
brain and spread throughout the head.
These the nerves, which
arise from
nerves

) Spinal
spinal cord along most of its
tha adthroughou the body (except the
length and Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)
work )Visceral nerves Ihese are the special
head).
kind of nerves
Nore The movement of the sensitive plant in response to tOuch is
0stly arise from the spinal cord very quick. The movement of sunflowers in response to day
from Connected
red to the internal organs of the body.
and are
and night, on the other hand, is quite slow. Growth related
movements of plants can be even
Sense nic nervous system is part of PNS that slower
Note Autonom

regulates the
actions
of our internal organs, eg. BP, heart
luntary rate etc 2. Movement Due to Growth
ensory Check Point 02
nuscles lants respond to stimuli by growing in a particular
y. constitutes Cent Nervous System (CNs)?
direction. This
growth is directional due to which the plant
Dur of 1 What appears moving.
haf is the role of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
ne p
pat the part of the brain involved in ome plants like pea, pumpkin and cucumber climb up
Mentio thinking. State one more
function of this part. other plants or fences, This ocurs by means of rendrils,
which
Uhich Dart of the brain helps us to focus on the objects? are sensitive to touch. When these tendrils comein
nr pressure and heart rate will be regulated by which contact with any support, the part of tendril in contact with
part of the
from the brain'?
object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the tendril
nission 6 Fl in the
blank: away from the object. This causes the tendril to circle
ee
protecIs the spinal cord around the object and thus, cling to it.
1 Why do muscles change tneir
snape in response to a nerve

riety of
impulser Tropic Movementss
8StateTrue or False for the following statement When the
e brain stimulus has a
particular direction and
Centre of hearing, smell, memory, sight, etc., are located in movement of plant occurs in the direction of the stimulus
alloon forebrain
(either towards the stimulus
ciCoordination
umpy in Plants or in the opposite direction)
this movement is called as
sent at tropic movement.
Types of Tropic Movements
Pants do not have nervous system or muscle tissue like These based
animals. However, they still show movement and response.
are on environmental triggers like light, gravity
of earth, water and certain
rstood They use chemical means to convey information from one chemicals.
cellto another. The movements of plants are broadly () Phototropic Movement (stimulus-light)
dasstied into two main types-immediate response to The movement of the
plant part in response to light is
stimulus and movement due to
growth. called phototropic movement. The
involved is called phenomenon
LImmediate Response fo Stimulus phototropism.
towards light, while the
The shoot
grows
growth
of root is away from
Itdoes not involve any growth. The plant rather moves its the light.
aves in response to touch. Sensitive plants give immediate
Isponse to the stimulus. Movement of part of
apoint different from the point of touch. plant occurs
Plant
ommunicates
Ihis is done in
the information that a touch has occurred.
the following manner:
lants use electrochemical means to convey the
Information from cell to cell. However, there are no Sun rays

specialised tissues for the conduction of information. Bending of shoot

Response of the plant to the direction of light
230 Allinone science Class
Alla

(12) Geotropic Movement (stimulus gravity) The movement detect the compound using special molecul.
cules. The
recognise and transmit the intormation carrie
of plant
part in response to gravity is called geotrop
movement. The compounds are called hormones. by it T
phenomenon involved is callea
geotropism. Roots always move towards centre or Hormones
gravity (downward), while shoots usually grow upward Hormones are released by the stimulated cells and d
and away from the earth.

Negatively geotropic (Shoots)

Positively geotropic (Roots)
Plant showing geotropismn
(127) Hydrotropic Movement (stimulus-water) It is the
growth of the plant in response to water. The
phenomenon involved in this is called hydrotropism.
ie) Chemotropic Movement (stimulus-chemical) It is the
growth of the plant in response to a chemical súmulus.
The phenomenon involved is called chemotropism, e-g
growth of pollen tube towards ovules during fertilisation.
Check Point 03
Plants do not have any nervous or muscle tissue, still they
have
the ability to sense touch. How?
in response to stimuli'. Comment.
2Plants show tropism
3 What is common in plants like pea, pumpkin and cucumber?
around the original cell. diffiue
Synthesis occurs at places away from the site ofa
where they simply difftuse. Target cells detect this e
by the special molecules present on their surface compou
There processing and transmittance are slower
electrical impulse. They reach all the cells of
regardless of nervous connections and it is done
stea
and persistently.
There are two types of hormones are follows
1. Plant Hormones
En
These chemical substances arenaturally producedin plan
They are capable of regulating their important procese
Different plant hormones help to coordinate gron
development and responses to the environment.
Major classes of plant hormones and their effects are as fol
( Auxins These are usually synthesised in the tip
shoots. It helps them to grow longer. When planta
placed facing a light source, they show bendin
towards it. This is because the auxin diffuses towat

4 the shady side of the shoot stimulating the cels

Match the following columns.
Column Column II grow longer.
1
Geotropism A. Light (ii) Gibberellins These are the hormones that help ind
Chemotropism B. Water growth of the stem and flower.
Phototropism C. Gravity it) Cytokinins These are the hormones, which prome
4 Hydrotropism D. Chemical cell division. Highest concentration of cytokininsos
5 Observe the given figure. ldentify
A and B as types of tropism in fruits and seeds, i.e., areas of rapid cell division.

(iu) Abscisic acid It is a growth inhibitor. isrespons

shown by plant It
A
for the wilting of leaves.

2. Animal Hormones
eted
The chemical compounds or hormones are secte
6 Fill in the blank: small amounts by endocrinez glands. These are
tube towards the chemicals
In plants, growth of pollen
the
directly in the blood. They are carried to specin
produced by ovum during tertilisation showS with the help of circulatory system.
Functions
Chemical Communication Major Hormones and their Itwos

electrical
Adrenaline It is secreted by
()
adrenal glands:
transmit
Cells continuously create and
cannot in stress situations. Its target organ is heay md
use another
m o s t m u l t i c e l l u l a r organisms 0Xy8 more
impulses. Thus, cells, called the result, beats faster to supply
c o m m u n i c a t i o n between
of
different
muscles. The blood to the digestive
system a s
round
means a n electric
In this, instead of
communication. of muscles a
chemical released, which would reduced due to contraction
chemical compound
is
impulse, a cells around will arteries in their organs.
diffuse all around the original cells. Other
 Allinone ontrol and dination 231

This diverts the

to blood
skeletal muscles. The breathing hormonal disorders are
because
also increases of the contractions Some common examples of
rate of the given below:
iaphragm and the rib muscles. All
these responses the
toget enable the body to deal with the situation. Dwarfism Deficiency of growth hormone in
human body (mainly in childhood), known
as
Thyroxine lt is secreted by thyroid gland. It regulates
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body. dwarfism.
lodine is essential for its synthesis. Its deficiency leads to hormone leads
Gigantism Hypersecretion of growth
or
goitre. to abnormal condition known as gigantism
Growth hormone lt is excessive growth.
id secreted by pituitary, regulates
growth and development in body. Its deficiency may Goitre lodine in diet is essential for the secretion of
cause dwartism or gigantism. deficient
thyroxine hormone. In case, diet is iodine
(i) Testosterone and oestrogen The changes associated with there occurs a possibility of goitre characterised by
Duberty are because of the secretion of testosterone in swollen neck.
males and oestrogen in females. Diabetes mellitus It occurs when reduced insulin is
secreted by beta cells of pancreas. This leads to sugar
(o) Insulin It is produced by pancreas and helps in regulating accumulaion in the body. If it is not secreted in proper
blood sugar level. Its deficiency may cause diabetes.
amounts, the sugar level in the blood rises causing
ndocrine Glands many harmful People with very high levels of
effects.
blood sugar take insulin injections as a treatment.
These are ductdess glands, which form a group of tissues or Feedback Mechanism
cells, acting at distant sites of the body known as target organ or Regulation of hormone secretion is
target cell. controlled bya
mechanism called the feedback mechanism. It keeps the
These include glands like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, secretion of hormones regulated, e.g. increased blood
endocrine part of the pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, etc., e.g. sugar levels are detected by the B-cells of pancreas, which
adrenaline hormone is secreted from adrenal gland directly respond by producing more insulin. The flowchart of
into the blood and is carried to different parts of the body. It feedback mechanism of blood glucose is given below
acts on target organs or specific tissues like heart. The endocrine Carbohydrate rich meal taken
gland distribution in human beings is given below
ypotnalamuS neal gland Glucose level rises in blood
Pituitary gland ypotnalamus Pineal gland
Parathyroid Thyroid gland Pltuitary gland Pancreatic B-cells secrete insulin
glands Parathyrold
glands Thyroid gland
Thymus Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose
Thymus-
Glucose level falls in blood
Pancreas 6 Adrenal glands Pancreas Adrenal glands The flowchart of blood glucose feedback mechanism
Testis- s ovary
a) (6)
Endocrine glands in human beings; (a) Male (b) Female Check Point 04
Note Pituitary or master gland controls the activity of other glands. 1 Why is there a need of chemical communication in
Hypothalamus plays an important role inthe release of many
organisms?
2 How does auxin help in the bending of shoots towardsa
hormones, When the growth hormone level is low, ight source?
nypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing factor which
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone 3 The highest concentration of cytokinin is found in bud
region, Irue of False
4 . is a growth inhibiting hormone.
Hormonal DisordersS 5 How does adrenaline prepare us for the stress situations?
normones secreted in our body are required in specific 6 What will happen if intake of iodine in our diet is low?

(Lnt, Even a slightly more (hypersecretion) or less 7 What is the significance of feedback mechanism in the
d retion) secretion of any hormone can lead to different Control of hormonal secretions?
disorders.
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6 What are plant hormones?
Intext Questions
reflex action
Sol. Plant hormones are organic substances Pa
What is the diference between a
naturally in higher plants. They contrel
and walking? Pg 119
growh
other physiological functions of the plantes. Thee
Sol. The differences between a reflex action and walking are required in very small amounts.
as follows:
7 How is the movement of leaves of
Reflex Action Walking ensit
plant different from the movement of a sh
It is an spontaneous and It is acquired through towards light?
involuntary response to a learning and is a Py
stimulus. voluntary response. Sol. Differences between movement of leave
movement of shoot towards light are as follow
It is regulated by spinal cord. It is coordinated by
the brain (hindbrain). Movement of Leaves Movement of Shoot
its intensity cannot be changed. Its intensity can be (Sensitive Plant)
changed. This movement is This movement is

It increases the survival and It is concerned with independent of growth dependent on growth
protective values of an organism. the locomotion. Stimulus is touch. Stimulus is light
Movement is not Movement is directioral
2 What happens at the synapse between two
Pg 119
directional
neurons ?
Movement is neither Movement is towards
Sol. Synapse is the small gap between two neurons. At the away nor towards the the stimulus.
end of axon, the electrical impulse sets the release
of
stimulus.
some chemicals in a form of neurotransmitters
(acetylcholine) which cross the gap (synapse) and start
a
8 Give an example of a plant hormone t
similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of the next
promotes growth. Pgl
neuron.Synapse actually acts like a one way valve
because the chemical substance 1s present only at one
Sol. Auxin is a plant hormone, which promotes growt
side of the gap. plants.
3 Which part of the brain maintains posture and How do auxins promote the growth o
equilibrium of the body? Pg 119 Pg
tendril around a support?
which maintains Sol. Auxins promote cell elongation and are pree
Or Mention the part of the brain,
CBSE 2016 the shoot tip. When tendril comes in contac
posture and equilibrium of the body. ca
maintains Support, auxin stimulates faster growth ofthe
Sol. Cerebellum is the part of hindbrain that the opposite sides. Thus, the tendril coils arou
and equilibrium of the body.
posture Support.
4 How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti monsta

Pg 119
TO Design an experiment to de
(incense stick)? Pgl

receptor of
hydrotropism.
Sol. The smell reaches the neurons
of olfactory awayto
nose. lt causes the generation of impulses that
nerve Sol. The growth of plant parts towards i n
sho
reach the olfactory lobes of the forebrain to produce the water is called hydrotropism. It is
sensation of smel. diagram given below:

5 What is the role of the brain in reflex action? Water

Pg 119
Pea se

Sol. Brain has limited role to in retlex action. It is an

play Porous-
extremely quick action, which does not involve any
pot ydrolopc
thinking bythe brain. In this type of action, the stimulus CUvalue
is received by the spinal cord that sends a response, e.g. Sand- noveme
coughing. Ihe action is registered in cerebral brain just
Diagram showing hydrotropic
for memory.
 M o o n e
cConm

control and Coordination 233

ane

Une
experiment, take a plant (pea seedling)
experi

filled with sand.

pertotm
Place a porous pot filled 2The gap between two neurons is called as
To with
n ajar
the wide jar. Roots of the plant will grow
wide
jar
(a) dendrites (b) axon
water
owatds
in
water and bend towards the water source (C) synapse (d) impulse
ownsitive
Ve hydrotropism.
hydr
Sol. is a
Synapse is a gap between two neurons. It neurOn
showing
pos1EI
( place,
How
does
Chemical
oordination take place iin where intormation
the other neuron.
is transmitted from one to

2 11anlmals? Pg 125
cOordination 1s performed by hormones. 3 The brain is responsible for
d
cnhemical messengers secreted by endocrine
j c ha r e c h e m i c a l

(a) thinking (b) balancing the body

e (c) regulating (d) All of the above
glands.
hormones Coordinate the activities of living
Sol. () Brain is the controlling centre of our body lt has
also their growth.
These

$ and
of
Ve organism different regions responsible for different functions
timing
and the amount fhormones released are
the body such as thinking, balancing, regulating, etrc.
The
by the
tedby
regulared
feedback mechanism.
4 What is the function of receptors in our body
uhyis it advised to use iodised salt in diet? Think of situations, where receptors do not
CBSE 2016 Work properly. What problems are likely to

is the use of iodised salt advisablePg 125 arise?

r Why
iged salt in diet is advisable because it contains
lodisc
adine, which is essential element for the synthesis of
thvroxine hormone by thyroid gland. In case, iodine is
efcient in our diet, there is a possibility of suffering
rom goitre.
t How does our body respond when adrenaline
blood?
issecreted into the
d Adrenaline hormone is secreted from adrenal gland
into theblood and carried to different parts of the
body.Arthe time of emergency, danger or stress, it is
2 released in large quantities. As a result, it causes fast
In beating of heart, resulting in supply of more oxygen to
muscles.
The blood supply to the digestive system and skin is
reduced due to contraction of muscles around small
2
areries in these organs. The breathing rate also
increasesbecause of the contraction of diaphragm and
ibmuscles. All these responses together help the
anumalto deal with the emergency situation.
14Whyare some patients of diabetes treated by
giving injections of insulin? Pg125
ol,Some diabetes patients are given injections of insulin
o fulil the requirement of insulin in their body
in15 a hormone produced by the pancreas and
ps in regulating blood sugar levels in our body. If
ugar level increases in the blood, due to lack of
nSulin, it leads to many harmful effects.
ercises (On Page 126)
Which of the following is a plant none?
a Insulin
o) Thyroxine (b) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Cytokinin is aplant hormone that promotes cell
division in plants.
Sol. The function of receptors in our body is very
important as they collect informations about changes
in the environment around us. Receptors then pass the
same information in the form of nerve
impulse to the
central nervous system, where the intormation 1s
processed and the ultimate response is given. Now, for
example, if the gustatory receptors of our tongue do
not work properly, we will not be able to know the
Pg 125
taste of different types of foods (whether it is sweet,
salty, sour or bitter, etc.)
5 Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its
function.
Sol. For figure refer to Pg. 206 "Structure of a neuron"
Functions of a neuron The neuron receives
intormation from receptors as electrical impulse, at its
dendritic end. The impulse then travels from dendrite
to the cell body and further along axon to its end. At
rhe end of axon, electrical impulse leads to the release
of some chemicals.
These chemicals cross the synapse and reach the next
neuron. This is how nerve impulses travel through the
body. Thus, neurons are important in receiving
information from the surroundings and in sending it
to the eftector.
6 How does phototropism occur in plants?
Sol. The directional movement of the plant in response to
light is called phototropism. The shoots respond by
bending towards light and roots respond by bending
away from the light.
This happens as follows:
() When sunlight falls straight on the plant, the
auxin hormone synthesised at the tip of the stem
spreads uniformly down the stem and due to
equal concentration of auxin, stem grows
straight.
234 Allinone Scie
ence Class
) When sunlight falls on only one side of the plant, the auxin diffuses towards the shady side of she.
to Dend towads tne
source of I The concen
stimulates the cells longer. Therefore, the stem appears
n
movement
to grow
light An the direg

Auxin Plant
distributed bends
uniformly More- towards
auxin light

Phototropism

Which signals will get disrupted

in case of aspinal
cord injury?
O I n case ofa spinal cord injury, signals for reflex actions and involuntary actions will get disrupted.

8 How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

o Chemical coordination in plants is achieved by the plant hormones. Plant hormones are the chemical compour
help the plant to coordinate the growth, development and responses to the environment. Plant contains the follow
hormones: ingple
() Auxins helps in cell elongation.
(i) Gibberellins helps in the growth of the stem.
(iii) Cytokinins promotes cell division.
(iv) Abscisic acid inhibits plant growth.
What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?
Sol. All the organisms need a well-organised system of control and coordination. Responding to stimuli is a characei
property of all living organisms. On receiving a stimulus, the body responds in a manner that is most appropriate ir
survival and functioning. The response that is given involves various organs (or parts) of body. tot
Thus, it is very necessary that all the organs work together in a proper coordinated way so as to provide the correct respog
respone
This working together of various organs in a systematic orderly way to provide proper control and response to stimului
called coordination.
10 How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Sol. Differences between involuntary actions and reflex actions are as follows :

Basis Involuntary Actions Reflex Actions

They involve autonomic nervous system. They involve all parts of voluntary nervous
System system though they are not under our Contro

They involve functioning of the internal body parts. They are concerned with emergency.
Activity
Divisions The nervous system controlling involuntary actions has two There are no such divisions.
divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Stimuli They occur in response to internal stimuli. They commonly operate against harmiu
stimuli, which are generally external
Occurrence Most of the involuntary functions occur all the time. Heflex actions occur occasionaly
Time Sometimes gap occurs between stimulus and response. They are almost instant.
Cles.
striated
Muscles They are carried out by smooth muscles. They are performed by onthem
Beating of heart and peristalsis. when light is flashed
Examples Closing of eyes
hinome Controlo

Control and Coordination 235

a

d contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and

and
con

Compare

hetween hormonal mechanisms are as follows: coordination in

ari
11 Comparison

Hormonal Mechanism/Endocrine System Nervous Mechanism

Basis

It is through chemicals called

Passage o f
hormones It is through electrical conduction
ntormation

Sensory receptors Absent.

Present.
The system is
Rapidity comparatively slower The system is rapid
The system is not connected to The system is directly connected to every part
Connection

target sites
directly under its control.
The response is slow and The response is quick and limited to those cells
Response

cells of target tissues.

produced by all the
that are innervated with nerves
and The system controls growth and development
Role in growth It has little role in growth and development
development

Components
It consists of glands and their secretions. It consists of neurons, nerves and nervous organs.
of chemical message lasts for The effect of nervous message is for short
Effects The effect
period
longer
duration.
It is involuntary. It can be voluntary or involuntary.
Action

12 What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs?
Sol.Thedifferences between thee movement in sensitive plant and our legs are as follows:

Movement in Sensitive Plant Movement in Legs

t occurs in response to an external stimulus like touch. It is a voluntary action performed and controlled by our will.
Plant cells change their shape by changing the Movement of legs (voluntary action) is controlled by cerebellum, a
amount of water (turgor changes) in them. part of hindbrain. It is due to change in special proteins of muscles.

Nonerves are involved. Nerves carry the message for movement of legs.
 SUMMARY of a living organism
in a systennatic, controlled
Control and coordination is the working together of various organs
to produce proper response to various stimuli.
secreted by
e t d o c n e glands,
effie
the nervous svstem and hormones t
l o n inhumans is facilitated by collects and processes outside information, helve
outs1dle inlormation,
helps in rea
Nervous system regulates voluntary and involuntary movements,
thinking, etc., and controls the reflex action occurring in our bouy
cell o1 the body. They consiet
are the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
can
These are the longest
be sensory,
motor and
mixed. cll b
dendrites, axon and nerve endings. Functionally, neurons
ueutou
one
where impulse passes irom
1 5&Small gap between neurons
nerve
through the spinal cord via
relay neuroe
stimuli that is controlled on.
On 1San automatic rapid response to a
and
R e t l e x arc i s the pathway taken by a nerve impulse during a relex aetuo
.

C e n t r a l nervous system is comprised by the brain and spinal cord.

organism to think and take
decisions. Forebrain. mia
which enables
1 5 the main coordinating centre of the body
an

hindbrain are the three parts of the brain.

medulla oblongata and
transmits neural signals
betwsen ibn
is a long, tubular bundle of nervous tissue arising from
opnal cord
and body.
visceral, Connecting the central nervous
i.e the cranial, spinal and Systew
epneral nervous system consists of all the nerves,
different parts of the body. one cell to another
from
electrochemical which convey information
means
Ordlnaton in plants occurs via in water content and responding by changing their shape
Sensitivity of plants refers to the ability of a plant to detect changes apes
i.e tropic or nastic.
in to a stimuli. It can be of two types,
Plant movements occur response
phototropism (stimulus-light), geotroni
occur in the direction of stimulus, e.g. plss
Tropic movements These movements of plants and chemotropism chemotropism (stimulus-chemicals
(sthmulus-gravity), hydrotropism hydrotropism (stimulus-water)
Nastic movements These movements occur irrespective of direction of stimulus, e.g. photonasty, thigmonasty, thermonasty and
seismonasty. coordination.
l n chemical coordination, chemical compound (hormones) is released for
a
in plants for regulation of growth and development, responses
Plant hormones are the chemical substances naturally produced
Auxins help in cell elongation and division.
Gibberellins help in stems and flower growth.
of leaves.
Cytokinins promote cell division and delay ageing
Abscisic acid inhibits growth.
Ethylene is a ripening hormone.
secreted in small
quantities by endocrine glands.
Animal hormones are chemical compounds or messengers,
=Endocrine glands are ductless glands which act at distant sites from target organs. These include pituitary, thyroid. pancreas(
gland), adrenal glands and the gonads.
Pituitary gland secretes tropic hormones, e.8. growth hormones, thyroid secretes thyroxine, pancreas secretes insulin and gluc
Hormonal disorders occur when glands malfunction and hormone production is affected.

Dwarfism by hyposecretion of growth hormone.

occurs
hormone.
Gigantism is caused by hypersecretion of growth
Diabetes Reduced amount of insulin 1s secreted by pancreas leads to high sugar level in blood.
Goitre It is caused by the deficiency ofiodine causing less secretion of thyroxine hormone.
Feedback mechanism is the regulation of amount and the timing of hormonal secretion.

For Mind Map

Visit https://goo.gl/yzL.RgU OR Scan the Code
 Exam Practice
(Objective Type Questions [1 Mark each]
wipleChoice Questions
(c) inhibit growth
Ina neuron, conversion ot electrical signal (d) promote growth of stem
to
chemical Signal occurs at/in Sol. () The main function of abscisic acid in plants is to
NCERT Exemplar inhibit growth.
a) cell body b) axonal end
(c) dendritic end (d) axon lodine is necessary for the synthesis or
Arthe axonal end, the electrical impulse releases which hormone? NCERT Exemplar
Small
amount of chemical substance (i.e. (a) Adrenaline (b) Thyroxine
gcetylcholine) into the synapse.
(c) Auxin (d) Insulin
S01.
2 Which part or the human brain is most (6) lodine is necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine
well-developed? hormone.

(a) Forebrain (b) Hindbrain The hormone responsible for changes

(c) Diencephalon (d) None of these during puberty in male is NCERT Exemplar
Sol. ()Forebrain or cerebrum is the most well-developed (a) oestrogen (b) testosterone
human brain.
part of the (c) insulin (d) growth hormone
OL. (6) Testosterone is the male sex hormone which
3 Which part of the huma brain controls
controls the change associated with puberty in males.
body temperature?
(a) Pituitary (b) Diencephalon 10 Female sex hormone is termed as
(c) Hypothalamus (d) None of these (a) androgen (b) insulin
Sol. () Hypothalamus controls and regulates temperature (c) oestrogen (d) None of these
of body, urge of eating, drinking, sleeping, etc. Sol. () Oestrogen is a female sex hormone.
4Posture and balance of the body is
Controlled by NCERT Exemplar
Fill in the Blanks
(a) cerebrum (b) cerebellum The sensitive plant.. folds up its leaflets
(c) medulla (d) pons on being touched.
Sol. (6) Cerebellum controls the voluntary actions, e.g. Sol. Mimosa pudica
posture. 12 In animals, hormones are seCreted by
Spinal cord originates from
NCERT Exemplar Sol. endocrine glands.
a) cerebrum (b) medulla
c) pons (d) cerebellum 13 Simple goitre is caused by the deficiency of
0 (6) Spinal cord begins in continuation with medulla n the diet.
and extends downwards. Sol. iodine
Growth of pollen tube towards ovule during 14 . . promotes the development of
tertilisation is an example of secondary sexual characters in a female.
a) phototropism (b) geotropism Sol. Oestrogen
c) chemotropism (d) hydrotropism 15 The cell body ofa
) Growth of pollen tube towards ovule during neuron is called..
Tertilisation is an example of Sol. cyton.
chemotropism.
ne main Te
function of abscisic acid in plants
is to
NCERT Exemplr
la) increase the length of cells
o) promote cell division
238 Allinone Science Coss

Plants lack the ne

23 Assertion
Dendrites or dendrons are protoplasmi
which recieve dnd
but they do coordinate. ervous sy
Yste
Dranched processes Reason It is s o because of
transmit stimulus. Sol. (a) Plants lacktl nervous system, but
t coordinate
nes.
Sol. True the hornmones.
18 Small gaps between the nerve endings
24 Assertion Reflex actions are at.

utomatic
from one
Where nerve impulses passes rapid responses to stimuli.
known as
neuron to another are
Reason These actions are cont

Sol
neurotransmitters.
False, Small gaps between the nerve endings where brain. ontrolled b
nerve impulses passes from one neuron to anothcr
Sol. (c) Retlex actions
are
automatic and
rapidran

are called synapses.

to stimuli. These
cord, not by brain.
actions are controlled
olled byTespspionsn
19 lf the olfactory lobes of a person are
removed, he will not be able to identify any 25 Assertion Gustatory receptors dete
Smell. Reason Olfactory ceptors are tectttasto
Sol. True cerebellum. present
20 Testosterone produces femaleness. Sol. () Gustatory receptors detect taste, while
Sol. False, Testosterone produces maleness.
receptors detect smell. Assertion is true, b olfac
is false. Reaso
Matching the Columns 26 Assertion Cytokinins are esent
21 Match the following columns. highest concentration in fruits and seeds
Reason Cytokinins are responsible
Column Column promoting cell division.
Abscisic acid Synapse Sol. (6) Cytokinins are the hormones, which promo
mote c
Junction Taste division. Highest concentrations of cytokininsocCCu
in fruit and seeds, i.e., areas of rapid cell division
Gustatory . Cranial nerves
PNS Dwarfismn 27 Assertion Abscisic acid is responsiblef
Growth inhibitor
5 Growth hormone E. wilting of leaves.
Sol. 1 . - (E), 2. (A), 3. - (B), 4. (C), 5. (D) Reason It is a growth inhibitor.
Sol. (a) Abscisic acid is responsible for wilting ofleane
22 Match the following columns. because it is a growth inhibitor

Column Column
Insulin A. Endocrine glands Passage Based Questions
Goitre B. lodine Direction (Q. Nos. 28-31) Answer the question
Geotropism C. Cell division the basis of your understanding of the following tate
Cytokinin D. Gravity and related studied concepts:
E Diabetes mellitus
5 Hormones Endocreine Functions
(E), 2 . - (B), 3 . - (D), 4. (C), 5.-> (A) Hormone
Sol. 1. gland
Growth Pituitary gland Stimulates growthin al
Assertion-Reason organ
hormone Hegulates metabolism iu
Direction (Q. 23-27) In each of the following
Nos. Thyroxin Thyroid gland
a statement of Assertion is given by
the body growth
questions, Testosterone Testes
Development of male
the
corresponding statement of Reason. Of
statements,
sex organs
m a r k the correct answer as Development of female
Oestrogen Ovaries
true sex organs, regulation
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are
and Reason is the correct explanation of menstrual cycle.
Assertion Adrenal gland Helps in regulating
Adrenaline
stress situation
(b) If both Assertion and Reason true, are land
but Reason is not the correct explanation Hypothalamus Stimulates pituitary9
Releasing TO releasehormones
of Assertion hormone Regulates blood sUga

(c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is false Insulin Pancreas

level
(d) If ASsertion is false, but Reason is true
 Control and Coordination
n O n e

239

Select
the mismatch pair
8 The basis of hormonal control and the role or
(al
Adren
naline: Pituitary gland
b) Testosterone: Testes negative feedback mechanisms in regulating
Ic) Oestrogen: Ovary hormone levels are described below.

(d) Thyroxin: Thyroid gland Insulin

ol. (a Pair in option (a) 1s incorrectly matched, Secretion
Adrenal
naline is secreted by adrenal gland.
Blood glucose
At the
time of
puberty both boys and
2 of girls
lets changes in appearance. Name Raises
rises:insulinis
released Lowers
sho
the hormones responsible for these blood blood

changes.
glucose glucose
level level
Sol. Testostero in males and oestrogen in females are Bloodglucose
falls: glucagon
sible
responsib for the changes
(secondary sexual iSreleased
characters) during puberty.

a0 Name the endocine gland associated with Glucagon

brain.
secretion
al. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland are associated with
32 Why is the speed of hormonal responses
brain.
slower?
31 When we feel stressed or excited X hormone Sol. The speed of hormonal responses is slower than
in secreted by Y site. What is X and Y? nervous responses because the hormones diffuse
X and reach the target cell via blood.
(a) melatonin pineal gland 33 What is common in both insulin and
(b) vasopressin hypothalamus glucagon?
(c) adrenaline adrenal gland Sol. Insulin and glucagon both help in regulating the
(d) oxytoicn adrenal gland level of blood sugar (glucose). Insulin decreases
blood glucose and glucagon raises it.
Sol.() X is adrenaline and Y is adrenal gland.
34 Among endocrine glands and exocrine,
Direction (Q. Nos. 32-35) Answer the questions on the which have ducts?
hasis of your understanding of the following passage and Sol. Exocrine glands have ducts, but endocrine glands
related studied concepts: lack ducts and thus secrete hormone directly into
The endocrine system regulates the body's processes the blood stream.
by releasing chemical messengers (hormones) into the 35 Hormones affect only specific target cells.
bloodstream. Hormones are potent chemical State true or false.
regulators; They are produced in minute quantities yet Sol. True, endocrine cells produce hormones and
secrete then into the blood stream where they are
can have a large effect on metabolism.
distributed throughout the body.
The endocrine system comprises endocrine cells hormones are broadcast throughout the
Although
body, they
affect only spec target cells.
organized into endocrine glands), and the hormones
they produce. Unlike exocrine glands (e.g. sweat and Very Short Answer Type Questions
alivary glands), endocrine glands are ductless glands,
Secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream 36 All information about our environment is
rather than through a duct or tube. detected by specialised cells. Write the
name given to such cells and also
0me organs (e.g, the pancreas) have both endocrine mention
where are they located.
CxOCrine regions, but these are structurally and Sol. Such cells are called receptors. They are located in
functionally distinct. our various sense
organs, eg. olfactory receptors
(tor smell).
240 Allinone SciencecCow

45 Name the plant hormones

es respons
S Name two components of central nervou the following
system in humans. CBSE 2015 (a) Elongation of cells
Sol. Two Growth of stem
components of central nervous systani a (b)
() Brain i ) Spinal cord. (c) Promotion of cell division
S8 Name the (d) Falling of senescent leaves
sensory receptors found in
th ves
nose and on the Sol. (a) Auxin
tongue.
Sol. Olfactory receptors and gustatory receptors are tune (6) Gibberellin

Sensory receptors found in nose and on the tongue () Cytokinin

respectively.
39 ldentify the parts of brain concerned witn
() memory, will and power
(ii) muscular coordination
Sol. () Cerebral hemisphere
(i) Cerebellum
43 What is fluid present in between the
meninges?
Sol. The fluid present in between
cerebrospinal fluid.
41 Name the structure in which spinal cord is
protected in human body2
Sol. Vertebral column. The structure in which spinal
cord is protected in human body is vertebral
column.
42 Name any two types of tropic movements.
Sol. Two types of tropic movements are:
() Geotropism, i.e. response to gravity.
(ii) Chemotropism, i.e. response to chemical
substances.
43 What do we call the movement of shoot
towards light?
Sol. The movement of shoot towards light is called
positive phototropism.
(d) Abscisic acid
46 Why adrenaline is known a
hormone?
Sol. Adrenaline is the hormone secreted ar si
emergan
emergency or Stress. It regulates t
Oxygen level in the body in
these artbeat
a
Therefore, it is also known as emergencv COd
horm
47 Which hormone 1s responsible fo
meninges 1s secondary sexual characters or t
in
human beings?
Sol. Testosterone is responsible for the seconds
characters in male human beings. dary su
48 Name the hormone which regulates
level in our body. Also, name the par
gland it is secreted from.
Sol. Insulin it is secreted by B-cells of pancreas glasd
49 What are inhibitory hormones?
Sol. Inhibitory hormones are the neurohorme
secreted by the hypothalamus. They inhibit
secretion of certain hormones ot pituitary gland
50 Pituitary is also known as the master gla
Why?
Ans. Pituitary gland controls the activity of all
glands in our body. Therefore, it is calledthema

44 Ayoung green plant receives sunlight from

gland.
one direction only. What will happen to its 51 Endocrine glands are called ducie
shoots and roots? glands. Why?
Sol. The shoots of the plant bend towards the light, Ans. These glands lack external ducts for discharging
whereas roots bend away from the light. secretions in blood.

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions [3 Marksat

1 Drawa nerve cell and label on it the (21) Withdrawing your hand inmediately
following: Nucleus, Dendrite, Axon touching a hot object
ponse
(ii) Change in size of pupil in respu
CBSE 2016
Sol. Refer to figure on Pg. no. 226 (3) intensity of light
(iv) Riding a bicycle
2 Classify the following into reflex action and
(v) Sneezing
in voluntary actions of brain. CBSE 2016
(Vi) Pulling up the leg immediately
(i) Beating of heart toot falls on some sharp object
l o n eC o n t
Control and Coordination
241

sol Rellexactions

Withdrawing your hand immediately on touching Explain how the movement of leaves
a OI a sensitive plant different from
hot object.

in) Change in size of pupil in response to light intensity movements of shoots towards light.
CBSE 2016
(o) Sneezing

lling up the leg immediately when foot falls

Sol. Movements in Mimosa pudica (touch sensiCIVe
on plant) occur in response to touch.
some sharp object.
Voluntaryactions
In such movements, plant cells change shape by
Changing the amount of water in them resulting
in
0 Beatingof heart (v) Riding a bicycle This movement
Tolding up and drooping of leaves.
(3) 15
reflex arc? independent of growth.
3 Whatis CBSE 2015 Plants respond to a stimulus by growing in a
( How do muscle cells move?
particular direction and the movements due to
a The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a growth. This growth is directional. Movement of
reflex
action 1s called the rerlex arc. They allow rapid shoots towards light indicates phototropism, 1.C.
response to a stimulus, e.g. pulling of hand on movement occurs in response to light. (3)
touching a hot object.
(12) 8 () State the function of the following
(ia Muscle cellshave special proteins that
their shape and arrangement in the cellange in
plant hormones CBSE 2016
response to electrical impulse. This forces the (a) Abscisic acid (b) Cytokinin
muscle cells to contract and relax, causing their i) Define chemotropism
movement.
(14) Sol. () (a) Abscisic acid
AWhy is the tloW of signals in a
synapse inhibitsgrowth
from axonal end oI one neuron to dendritic Causes dormancy of seeds, wilting of leaves
end of another neuron, but not the reverse? Causes stomatal closure
(6) Cytokinin
NCERT Exemplar promotes cell division
Sol. The synapse actually acts, like a one-way valve because
delays aging in leaves
the chemical substance is present only on one side of the
gap. This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of
reducesapical dominance
(2)
(i) Chemotrophic movement is the growth of
next neuron where it generates an electrical signal.
plant in response to a chemical stimulus, e.g
Since, the chemicals are absent at the dendritic end of growth of pollen tube towards ovules during
neuron, the nerve impulse can go across only from one fertilisation. (1)
side (which contains the chemical substance). In this way
9 1) Identify the endocrine glands A, B, C
it is ensured that nerve impulses travel in only one
and D in the given diagram.
direction (through particular set of neurons). (3)
i) List the functions of parts D and E.
5 (a) Plants do not have any nervous system but
yet if we touch a sensitive plant, Some
observable changes take place in its
leaves. Explain how could this plant
respond to the external stimuli and how it
1s Communicated.
(b) Name the hormone that needs to be
administered to
) increase the height of a dwarf plant.
i) cause rapid cell division in fruits and
seeds. CBSE All India 2019
MS, Refer to text on Pg no. 229 (3)

What are plant hormones? Name the plant

normones responsible for the following Sol. () A- Pituitary, B-Thyroid, C-Adrenal and
) Growth of stem D-Pancreas. (1)
() D-Pancreas secretes insulin, which controls
) Promotion of cell division the amount of sugar in blood.
(11) Inhibition of growth E-Testis secrete testosterone, which
iv) Elongation of cells CBSE Delhi 2019 controls sperm production and
So1. Refer to text on Pg no, 229. (1/2 x 6) sexual characters in males.
secondary
(2)
 ence Cos
Allinone Science

242
Some glands
produce

of targe
ical substa
chemical

13 the acthvity

NCERT
Exemplar
that change
Name
these
substance. gans 15
Answer the
following (a) effect of the chemi
T0 digestive Give the
0)Which gland
as
secretes

hormonesf
(b)
by glands
G and H given in
in prods
the dla
as well
enzymes associated below.
endocrine gland
(7)
Name the Sol-
with kidneys. in
present
endocrine gland is
Which
(ii) females?
not in
males, but
a mixed gland
as it secretes
Pancreas It is called of food
and
Sol. () for digestion
pancreatiC
juice
insulin.
hormones such as one
located
These glands
are
Stomach
(7) gland
Adrenal
G
on top ofeach kidney FKidney
which are present
Testes These a r e
the glands, hormone,
(11) secrete male sex
and
only i n
males
(3)
testosterone.

what
insufficient in one's diet,
11 Ifiodine is it
disease? How Sol. (a) Hormones
deficiency (b) G is adrenal gland. Its secretion adrenalinesptepe
might be the
can be present? or flight response.
iodine in the body for fight
if intake of increased heart rate and bred
Or What will happen NCERT Exemplar Example reathiag
our diet is low? Dilation of the eyes.

essential for the synthesis

of thyroxine
His pancreas. It secretes hormones that control
Sol. lodine is level.
the by gland. Thyroxine
thyroid maintain the blood sugar
hormone secreted
protein
regulates the
metabolism of carbohydrate, the the hormones secreted by
for
14. Name
and is responsible
and fat in our body following endocrine glands and specify
of body.
growth and development of function of each.
Deficiency of iodine leads to hyposecretion metabolic
hormone. lt may
disturb the )Thyroid
thyroxine sufter
and physical activities.
The person might (i) Pituitary
To avoid any CBSE 20
from disorders like simple goitre. and
(iii) Pancreas
of thyroxine thyroxine horme
disruption in the synthesis Sol. gland It
Thyroidregulates
( which
secretes

functioning of the body, the metabolism of carbohyda

maintaining the regular in food is
iodised salt or iodine fats and proteins in body. lodine is essential fr
consumption of
(2+1) of throxine.
very essential.
synthesis and s e c r e t i o n
the correct ) Pituitary gland It is known as the master glandt
12 Draw a diagram showing the human body as it controls the functioning
positions of pancreas, thyroid gland, secretions of other glands.
pituitary gland and adrenal gland in
one of whichis
CBSE 2016 It secretes many hormones,
human being. Growth hormone that regulates growth
is the
Sol. (a) Pituitary gland (master gland) present
at
muscles.
development of bones and
base of brain.
12) Pancreas (Both exocrine and endocrine, 1e.m
is persent just below the cells which secre
(6) Thyroid gland gland) contains specialised
neck. major hormones
Pancreas is found just below the stomach. blood glucoselevel
(a) Insulin, which lowers the
the bloodglucac
(d) Adrenal glands are present on top of each (Glucagon, which increases

kidney.
Refer to figure on Pg no. 231. (3)
Moone
Control

o Control and Coordination 243

Hormoes
needed by our body in an
dre neede
1/ What will happen, if the pancreds O
15, appropriate amount, slightly more or less
tion causes sorders in our body. person stop functioning?
D01. Pancreas is an important endocrine gland in huma
seCto this by using three examples. the glucose level in
Ilhustrat

body, which helps in regulating

CBSE 2015 hormone calleda
orion (more secretion) or Dlood by releasing an important
oal Hypeian) hyposecretion Insulin. It also secretes digestive enzymes sucn
of different hormones lead to
less secretion) of
amylase, lipase etc., which help to
breakdown variousS
various disorders in our body. The three common Will stop
Components of food. If pancreas
need to administer
examplesare: Tunctioning, the person would
take multiple
(0 Goitre lodine acts as the necessary component insulin injections as well as required tothe breakdown
in order to help
or the synthesis
of thyroxine hormone from digestive enzymes pills (3)
chyroid gland. This disorder is caused due to the of food.
deficiency of iodine that leads to hyposecretion ONervous and hormonal systems together
the function of control and
of thyroxine. (1) perform
this
Gigantism and dwartism Hypersecretion of COordination in human beings. Justify
growth hormone results in gigantism (very tall statement with the help of an example.
CBSE Delhi 2019
individual).

On the contrary, the hyposecretion or Or A close coordination exists between the

deficiency of growth hormone at an early stage nerves and hormones. Discuss.
oflife makes the person very short, i.e. causes AnS. The endocrine and neural system works in tendem for
dwarfism. 1) the normal functioning of our body. The synthesis
mellitus Insulin and release of certain hormones is regulated by the
(il Diabetes secreted by
pancreas helps to lower the blood glucose level. neural system. Also, the release of certain hormones

When it is secreted in less amount, the body influences the activity of nerves.
suffers from diabetes.
(1) E.g.The presence of food in our stomach, distends
the gastric wall. This results in secretion of gastric
16 What is feedback mechanism of hormone hormone which stimulates gastric juice secretion in
requlation? Take the example of insulin stomach. Likewise, increase in the concentration of
adrenaline stimulates the respiratory centre of the
to explain this phenomenon.
CBSE Delhi 2019 brain. This inturn leads to increase in the breathing
231. rate of an individual. (3
Sol.Reter to text on Pg. no.

Long Answer (LA) Type Questions [5 Marks each]

(1) moving our foot away on stepping something

Some situations in our day to day life
require quick response from our body, sharp.
Other examples are knee jerk, coughing, yawning,
the sentence with the help of
llustrate sneezing, etc. For figure refer to text on Pg. 227.
suitable diagram and common examples.
The pathway taken by nerve impulse in a reflex action
OrWhat are reflex actions? Give two is called the reflex arc. (3)
examples. Explain a reflex arc. Refer to flow chart on Pg. no. 227.
NCERT Exemplar
0
Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the
Dudden quick action in response to something thinking process of brain was not fast enough during
Occurring in environment is known as reflex
early stages of evolution. However, even after complex
action. neuron networks have come into existence, retlex arc
Gex action is a rapid, automatic response to a continuesto be more efficient ftor
quick responses. (2)
umulus, which is not under the voluntary control 2 With the
orthe brain, i.e. it is an involuntary action. It is a help of labelled diagram explain
imple torm of behaviour in which the same the general scheme to illustrate how
ounulus produces the same response every time, nervous impulses travel in the body?
CBSE 2016, 15
hot Sol. All the information from the environment is
we unknowingly touch a plate, we
detected
1mmediately move our hand away from It. by the receptors (sense organ) present in the body.
 Allinone SciencedCeo
244

passea
on
Parts
Function
Also coritrols the refte
by the
stimulus received receptoris of the eye
he
the torm of electrical signals
to dendrites
and then t o
ouscies, chero
size and shape
then travels along of the p
neuron. The impulse
yton of the Hindbrain Regulates respiration Pa
the axon of the neuron.
the axonal end, it causes
the
Pons informatbon between
and the cerebrum the e
On reaching diftuses
chemical, which
endings to release
a
nerve
stimulates the presynapti
Cerebellum Maintains posture and ba
across synapse and
a
body. Enables us to
n e u r o n . In this way,
the electrica maka
membranes of next and acourate moOvement
cord.
the brain or
signal reaches spinal Medulla Controls involuntary actiors
is similarly
h e response from brain (or spinal cord)
desired oblongata as breathing etc. Cortroi
that undergoes the for retlexKes such as swallo
passed on to the effector, 226. (5)
response. For figure refer
to text on P'g coughing. vomting. etc
of humah
Draw a labelled diagram
functions of the 5 List some functions ol human brain
brain and mention the
cerebellum
Ans. Refer to text on Pg. 227 "Functio
following: Medulla oblongata, CBSE 2015
and forebrain. brain
the
6 Plants also pertorm chemical coordina
Sol Human

body,
brain is main coordinating
which enables an organism to
centre ot

think and take

Elaborate.
coordinate
Or Name various plant hormones, A
decisions.
For figure refer to text
on
Pg. 227. their physiological effects on plant go
of the brain are:
Functions of different parts
actions
and development. NCERT Exemp
involuntary
Medulla oblongata It controls
It also controls blood Sol. Plants also pertorm chemical coordina
nation
and regulates retlex responses. various activities with the help of hormone
salivation and vomiting.
pressure, are the chemical compounds released bysim
coordinates different
Cerebellum It controls and cells that diffuse to various locations in p
muscular actions. It
is responsible for voluntary performing difterent functions. These ho
of the body
maintains equilibrium produced by plants are also called as phyrobom
actions and
etc.
walking, drinking, catching, Different types of hormones produced by plann
during
Forebrain It has following parts: Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Absciic
reasoning, speech,
Cerebrum performs thinking, Ethylene.
information.
of Or
intelligence and usage
smell
Olfactory lobes are responsible for detecting
from different receptors. Plant Physiological Effect
of Hormone
controls body temperature, urge
Hypothalamus
cating, drinking, etc.
(5)
Auxin Synthesised in the young tip ofroatsand
shoots. It diffuses towards the shadys0E
the brain? to gro
4 What are the major parts of plant, which stimulates the cels
the f u n c t i o n s of
different parts. resulting in bending ot shoot toe
Mention longer,
NCERT Exemplar light.
c e n t r e in Promotes cell elongation and divison
most important coordinating
Sol. Brain is the formationofros
the body. It has
three majOr parts or regions namely Plays important role in
the forebrain,
midbrain and hindbrain. and seediess fruits
Functions Gibberellins Helps in growth of stem and tiOwe
Helps in germination ofseed
Parts

Forebrain cell divsion and delay eal a

Cerebrum
Main thinking part of the brain Cytokinins Fromote

Also stimulate leaf expansiOn

Intelligence and voluntary actions.
Cerebral
hemispheres Abscisic Growth inhibitor promoting e
Centres of smell. the growth
Olfactory lobes acid Heverses

Hypothalamus Has centres of hunger, thirst etc auxins and gibberelins

Controls reflex movements of the Promotes transversegrowth
Midbrain Ethylene motes
neck, head and trunk in response pro
to visual and auditory stimuli Essential for fruit ripening.
and abscission
of a
Senescence
 245
Control and Coordination
l i n o n eC o n t r o l .

Characteristics of Hormones
do we call pituitary gland as thee
Why d o into the blood stream
Where is it located and
master gland? Where ta) They a r e poured directly the by
body
carried throughout
its functions? and are
hat are circulatory system. (2)
pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones (6) They act only on the specific
target organthe
testes regulates
The alate various tions of the body. It also ) (a) Testosterone produced by
adolescence period.
that reg che functioning of the other endocrine
changes in male during
sugar) and glucagon
controls

blood
Hence, gland.
called the master
(1) (6) Insulin (decrease
secreted by pancreas
glands
is located just below the (increase blood sugar),
Pituitary gland blood. (2)
Location

Coordinates the sugar level in

othalamus at the base brain.
of (1)
Piruitary gland secretes five important hormonal systems togetherT
T0 'Nervous and of control and
hormones, i.e. perform the function
the
a Growth hormone regulates the growth and COordination in human beings.' Justify
NCERT Exemplar
development of bones and muscles. statement.
(i) Tropic hormone regulates the secretion from of various organs of
human
other endocrine glands. Sol. The working together to
in systematic, controlled and efficient way
being a
is known
(in Prolactin hormone regulates the function of produce a proper response
to various stimuli
mammary glands in females.
as coordination.
(ip) Vasopressin hormone regulates water and and hormonal systems
In humans, the nervous

electrolyte balance in the body. coordination.

together perform this control and
hormone regulates the ejection of receive the
() Oxytocin Nervous system consists of receptors
that
milk during lactation. (3) environment and send the
stimulus from surrounding
which is secreted cord and brain
8 Name the hormone,
message received by
them to the spinal
How does this through the sensory
bythe adrenal gland. in form of electrical impulses
hormone help to deal with scary situations? nerves.
CBSE 2016 the
The motor nerves then transmit the response to
and corticoid are mainly the muscles
and
secretes adrenaline effector. The effectors
Sol. Adrenal gland
hormones. Refer to Ans 13 Pg. 233 in NCERT glands of body. Thus, endocrine glands secreting
our

Folder. (5) hormones are directly or indirectly controlled by the

nervous system.
9 () What are animal hormones? List their
Hence, control and coordination in humans (or
two characteristics.
animals) depend on two things for transmitting
(ii) Name the hormone, information, i.e. chemical signals of hormones and
(a) which brings change in male nerve impulses.
humans during the beginning of
If they depended only on nerve impulses through
adolescence. nerve cells, only a limited range of tissues would be
(b) which coordinates the level of sugar
CBSE 2016 stimulated. Since, they get additional chemical signals
in blood?
as well, a large number of tissues are stimulated. This
Sol. () Hormones the chemical substances, which
are
is' why animals can show a wide range of response to
control and coordinate the activities performed
stimulus. (5)
by organisms. (1)
 CHAPTER EXERCISE
Assertion-Reason

[1 Mark each]
Objective Type Questions Direction (Q. Nos. 13-15) 1n each ofthe folloiing questio
the
Assert10n 1s given by
ofthe correspondin
Multiple Choice Questions statement
Reason. Of statements, mark the correct answer as stateme
Which of the following shows correct reflex arc Assertion and Reason are true and

Effector organ
(a) If both
Reason is the
correct explanation of AsSore very
(a) Sensory organ Spinal cord
Brain> Effector organn If both Assertion and keason are true, but
(b) Sensory organ> (b) Reason is not the correct explanation of Ase
(c) Effector organ-Brain Sensory organ 20
Assertion is true, but Reason is false
(d) Effector organSpinal cord-> Sensory organ (c) If
is false, but Reason is true
1s
(d) If Assertion 21
2 Plant hormone responsible for phototropism
(b) abscisic acid Assertion Cerebrum acts as the main thinkin
(a) gibberellin 13
(d) auxin the brain. pan 22
(c) cytokinin
Reason Cerebrum is responsible for reasoning,s 23
3 hormones derivatives of intelligence, sight, hearing, usage of informati
Chemically are
On, e
(a) fat (b) protein 24
(d) All of these 14 Assertion Thyroxine is secreted by thyroid gland
(c) steroid
Reason Its deficiency leads to diabetes.
25
Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes
(b) dwarfism 15 Assertion Endocrine glands are called
(a) gigantism
(c) sterility (d) goitre ductless glands. shor
Reason These glands direct pour their secretions h
diabetes ?
5 Deficiency of which hormone c a u s e s the blood.
26
(a) Insulin (b) Thyroxine
Passage Based Questions

: (c) Relaxin

Fill in the blanks

(d) Oestrogen

Thepituitary gland lies on.

Direction (Q Nos. 16-19) Answer the questions onthe ban
yourunaderstanding of the following passage and related sthd 27
Concepts:
with hard surface.
i s plant's response to contact Plants respond to their environment they show sensitivin
isthe master gland. (irritability). Plant responses are rather slow compare
with those of animals plants respond to stimuli (to change
True and False
in their environment) by changing their growth patems
Human brain and spinal cord are solid.
These growth responses enable a plant to make the mostd
10 Spinal cord arises from the medulla. the resources available in its environment.

Sensory nerve connects the dorsal root of the spinal Plants respond to many stimuli, but two are of particul
cord.
Importance: light (the photo stimulus) and gravity ( (i
Match the columns geo-stimulus). A growth response carried out by aplantn 28
response to the direction ofa stimulus called atropism.
12 Match the following columns. is

16 When a response of plant or its part can be cal

ColumnI Column 1

A. Brain box
positive response?
1 Auin
17Why roots are positively geotropic?
2. Cranium B Adrenaline Visit
3 Anger C Apical meristem 18 Define chemotropism.
Give an example where hydrotropicmovemen OR
D. Nose
4 Gustatoreceptors
5. Oifactoreceptors E Tongue
seen. Visit h
OR
 ntrol and oordination
W i n o m eC o n l r o l 247

tate
Answers His breathing
29 A boy runs on stray dog.
secingablood incrcases.
pressure also
2. (d)
3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) Decomes very fast and at
()
N a m e the hormone found to
be high in his blood
1
6 enceophalon 7. Thigmotropism
the gland which produces it.
ary gland 9., False 10. True 11. False
What other effects are caused by this hormoner
C). 2.(A),3.-(B),4,-(E),5.- (D) )

(c) of each kidney Wihat

14. (C) 15. J0 Adrenal glands are located on top adrenaline
13 (a) will happen if these glands do
not secrete
0
aspect
ery
ShortA chort Answer IVSA) Type Questions 31 Feedback mechanism is an important
hormonal coordination. Explain
(1 Mark each]
Is Tellex action the only function of spinal cord? Long Answer (LA) Type Questions [5
Marks each
0 ort your answer with a single statement.

of feeling fear or hunger is 32

1 The sensation
which
part of brain?
asociated with
location and function of
GIve the exact cerebellum
22 for
How is opism necessary plant?
13
function of each
Write one
4
(0 Auxin (7) Gibberellins as A and B in the diagramn
(1) Name the parts labelled
given aboOve.
Name the source and target organs of adrenaline.
(1) Which part acquires the information in theneuron?
travel?
(i1) Through which part does the information
Short Answer (SAJ Type Questions (1V) In what form does the information travel?
(3 Marks each] (V) Where is the impulse converted into a chemical
transmission?
k What are receptors with reference to nervous signal for onward
system? List three of
types receptors and mention labelled diagram, illustrate the
of
How do receptors pass the
33 With the help a

their functions.
information to brain?
pathway of response when someone pricks in your hand
with a pin.
27 Following are the two examples of plant
(1) A nerve input signal travelled only upto the spinal
movement
34 cord and gave output signal fora response. What type
of action did the body show- voluntary or
involuntary?
(i) Draw a nerve pathway for the above action and
(a) Mimosa plant (6) Pea plant suggest specific terms for input nerve and output
nerve.
() Which stimulus is common for movement in
both the cases? 35 Nerves and hormones both are used to control processes
(7) Does the movement take towards the
place within the body. Using examples, show how nervous
point where stimulus is received? Mention control and hormonal control (i) resemble and (i) differ
separately for both plants. from one another
n) Give one reason for the movement in each case
36 ) Suggest an explanation for the fact that the
28 A plantin the laboratory is given increased dose o chemicals produced by endocrine glands are usually
in the form of small molecules.
a hormone, which promotes the development of
Seedless fruits. Identify the hormone and write its (i) Write any three endocrine glands and chemical
other two functions. produced by them.

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 Challengers*
n e gIven diagrams shows some of the features
Hair
of
nunidi
kin.
4 The diagram shows a reflex arc in which
arm to be moved quickly.
a bee stingsta

Hair Bee
erector
R
muscle
Temperature Nerve
receptor endings
If the relay neurone is damaged, how will the.

Information to brain nerve impulses in thereflex arc be affected?

Information from brain
(a) Impulses cannot pass from P-Q
which part of the brain coordinates the information labelled in
(b) Impulses cannot pass from PR
the diagram?
(c) Impulses cannot pass from Q-P
(a) Medulla
(b) Hypothalamus (d) Impulses cannot pass from R-Q
(c) Cerebrum (d) Cerebellum
T h e diagram shows thee central nervous system, which has been
5 Adrenaline hormone is secreted in the
body durin
situations. What would be the effects of increased
blocked in three different places by a drug used as an d
concentration of adrenaline on body?
anaesthetic.
Concentration of
Brain
Concentration of
in the liver glucose in the
Spinal cord glycogen blood
Sensory nerve
(a) Decrease Increase
(b) Increase Increase
(C) No effect Decrease
tno
Motor nerve (d) Increase No effect
Three men had one anaesthetic block at X, Yor Z. One of the
men can move his leg in response to a pinprick, but does not feel 6 A child is frightened by a loud noise and shouts
for help. In
it. Where is the anaesthetic block in this man? which order, the different types ot neurons
involved will act
(a) ALX (b) AtY (a) Motor neurone Relay neurone Sensory neurone
(c) AtZ (d) No block (b) Motor neurone Sensory neurone Relay neurone
(c) Sensory neurone Motor neurone Relay neurone
Observe the figure given below. In the figure, some parts are
(d) Sensory neurone-Relay neurone Motorneurone
labelled as P QR Sand T. Given below are functions associated
with these parts. 7Following are certain reflex actions occurring in our body
(1) Moving to the side of road when a speedingcar
approaches
(1) Closing of eyes in response to a suddenbrightlight
(1IT) Shouting when we are suddenly disturbed orget scared
(IV) Withdrawing hands on touching a hot surface.Therefe
arc given below, will be occurring for

Receptors (sense organs)ens Spinalcord

neurons MatorTargets
Parts of brain Functions neurons

P Master hormone producers (a) I and II

(b) L,I1 and II
Controls body temperalture
(c) 1, I, Il and IV
Controls unconscious activities (d) II and IV
Helps tocontrolbalance
Inconscious behaviour Answer Key
Which part of the brain is matched with incorrect function? 1. (b) 2. ()3. (b)4. (b)5
(a) Pand S (b) PQand T
(d) PRand T
6. (d)7. (c)
(c) Rand T

These aguestions may or may not be ashed In the examination, have been given just for additional practice.