part 1

Latin literature

eman el nagy
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 The modern European revival was a Western revival because it
depended on Latin civilization. The starting was from Italy, so it was
natural that the revival was shown in the Latin form.
Latin civilization was based on Greek civilization and Latin literature
is the second face of classical civilization. Latin literature is the
complement of Greek literature and has brought the classical Greek
experience through Alexandrian literature to the European revival.
Modern Europeans depend on the Greek literature through Latin texts.
‫ﻛﺎن اﻹﺣﯾﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺣدﯾث ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ إﺣﯾﺎء ﻏرﺑﻲ ﻷﻧﮫ‬
‫ ﻟذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛذﻟك‬، ‫ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣن إﯾطﺎﻟﯾﺎ‬.‫اﻋﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺿﺎرة اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ أن ﯾظﮭر اﻹﺣﯾﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬.
‫ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺣﺿﺎرة اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺿﺎرة اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺔ واﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ ھو‬.‫ھو اﻟوﺟﮫ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﺿﺎرة اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻸدب اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ وﻗد ﺟﻠﺑت اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻷدب اﻟﺳﻛﻧدري إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﮭﺿﺔ اﻷوروﺑﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد اﻷوروﺑﯾون اﻟﺣدﯾﺛون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷدب اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻧﺻوص اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬.
So Rome has taken control of most of Western Europe and North
Africa. The Latin was the official language in all European countries.
Although Latin literature has been based on Greek models since its
inception, Latin literature has its own characteristics. The survival of
Greek thought so far has been largely attributed to Latin literature,
where many Greek ideas have been preserved in Latin works.
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﯿﻄﺮت روﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أوروﺑﺎ‬
Latin literature has gone through several phases, each has its pioneers. ‫اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬
The period was from 753 BC. (the date of the founding of Rome by
Romulus) until 240 BC. is considered the beginnings stage. The period ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫أﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ‬
from 240 BC. to 83 BC. It is the second stage and in this period Greek ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺪول اﻷوروﺑﯿﺔ‬.
literature has influenced Latin literature. The impact was in Sicily, ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬
southern Italy and the Greeks themselves. Among the pioneers of this ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﯿﻦ‬
period were: ‫ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ ﻟﮫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ رواده‬، ‫ﻣﺮ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ ﺑﻌﺪة ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬. ‫ ﺑﻘﺎء‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ )ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ روﻣﺎ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬753 ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ُﯾﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺎت‬.‫ ق‬240 ‫روﻣﻮﻟﻮس( ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ إﻟﻰ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ‬،
‫ إﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬83 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬240 ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻘﻠﯿﺔ‬.‫ أﺛﺮ اﻷدب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ‬،
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬.
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ رواد ھﺬا‬.‫ﺟﻨﻮب إﯾﻄﺎﻟﯿﺎ واﻹﻏﺮﯾﻖ أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬:
1-Quintus Ennius. (239 – c. 169 BC) was a writer and poet who lived
during the Roman Republic. He is often considered the father of Roman
poetry. He was born in Rudiae, formerly a small town located near
modern Lecce in the heel of Italy (ancient Calabria, today Salento), and
could speak Oscan as well as Latin and Greek. Although only fragments
of his works survive, his influence in Latin literature was significant,
particularly in his use of Greek literary models.
1-‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد( ﻛﺎن ﻛﺎﺗًﺒﺎ وﺷﺎﻋًﺮا ﻋﺎش‬169 .‫ ق‬239) .‫ﻛﻮﯾﻨﺘﻮس إﯾﻨﯿﻮس‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ واﻟﺪ روﻣﺎن‬.‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ وھﻲ ﺑﻠﺪة ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮار ﺳﺎﺑًﻘﺎ‬، ‫ ُوِﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ رودﯾﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬
‫ و‬، (‫ ﺳﺎﻟﯿﻨﺘﻮ اﻟﯿﻮم‬، ‫ﻟﯿﺘﺸﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻌﺐ إﯾﻄﺎﻟﯿﺎ )ﻛﺎﻻﺑﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻈﺎﯾﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﻷوﺳﻜﺎن وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ ﻛﺒﯿًﺮا‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬،
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎذج اﻷدﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬.
 2-Titus Maccius Plautus ( 254 – 184 BC), commonly known as
Plautus, was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies
are the earliest Latin literary works to have survived in their entirety.
3-Publius Terentius Afer.( 195/185 – c. 159 BC), better known in
English as Terence was a Roman playwright during the Roman
Republic, of Berber descent. His comedies were performed for the first
time around 170–160 BC. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought
Terence to Rome as a slave, educated him and later on, impressed by his
abilities, freed him. Terence apparently died young, probably in Greece
or on his way back to Rome. All of the six plays Terence wrote have
survived.
2-‫ اﻟﻣﻌروف ﺑﺎﺳم‬، (‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬184 - 254) ‫ﺗﯾﺗوس ﻣﺎﻛﯾوس ﺑﻠوﺗوس‬
‫ أﻋﻣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻛوﻣﯾدﯾﺔ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﺗب ﻣﺳرﺣﻲ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺗرة اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﻠوﺗوس‬
‫ھﻲ أﻗدم اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻷدﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺟت ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬.
3-Publius Terentius Afer. (195/185 - 159 ‫ اﺷﺗﮭر ﻓﻲ‬، (‫ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل ﺗﯾرﯾﻧس ﻛﺎن ﻛﺎﺗب ﻣﺳرﺣﻲ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺻر اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﺗم أداء أﻋﻣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻛوﻣﯾدﯾﺔ ﻷول ﻣرة‬.‫ﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ ﻣن أﺻل ﺑرﺑري‬
‫ أﺣﺿر‬.‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬160-170 ‫ اﻟوﻗت ﺣواﻟﻲ‬Terentius Lucanus ‫ﻋﺿو ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﺷﯾوخ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻣﮫ وﺑﻌد ذﻟك أﻋﺟب ﺑﮫ‬، ‫ﺗﯾرﯾﻧس إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ ﻛﻌﺑﯾد‬
‫ رﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾوﻧﺎن‬، ‫ ﯾﺑدو أن ﺗﯾرﯾﻧس ﻣﺎت ﺷﺎًﺑﺎ‬.‫ ﺣررﺗﮫ‬، ‫ﻗدرات‬
‫ ﻛل اﻟﻣﺳرﺣﯾﺎت اﻟﺳت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺗﺑﮭﺎ ﺗﯾرﯾﻧس ﻟﮭﺎ‬.‫أو ﻓﻲ طرﯾﻖ ﻋودﺗﮫ إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺟﺎ‬.
4-Lucius Accius (170 – c. 86 BC) or Lucius Attius was a Roman tragic
poet and literary scholar. The son of a freedman and a freedwoman,
Accius was born at Pisaurum in Umbria, in 170 BC. The year of his
death is unknown.
4 - ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد( أو ﻟﻮﺳﯿﻮس أﺗﯿﻮس ﻛﺎن ﻣﺄﺳﺎوًﯾﺎ روﻣﺎﻧًﯿﺎ‬86 - 170) ‫ﻟﻮﺳﯿﻮس أﻛﯿﻮس‬
‫ اﺑﻦ رﺟﻞ ﺣﺮ وﻣﺤﺮرة‬.‫ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ وﻋﺎﻟﻢ أدﺑﻲ‬،
‫ وﻟﺪ‬Accius ‫ ﻓﻲ‬Pisaurum ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﮫ‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬170 ‫ ﻋﺎم‬، ‫ﻓﻲ أوﻣﺒﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬.
5-Gaius Lucilius (180 – 103/02 BC), the earliest Roman satirist, of
whose writings only fragments remain, was a Roman citizen of the
equestrian class, born at Suessa Aurunca in Campania. He was a
member of the Scipionic Circle. 5-‫ أﻗﺪم‬، (‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬02 / 103-180) ‫ﺟﺎﯾﻮس ﻟﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﻮس‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ھﺠﺎﺋﻲ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻮاطًﻨﺎ روﻣﺎﻧًﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫اﻟﺬي ﺑﻘﯿﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﮫ ﺷﻈﺎﯾﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻔﺮوﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻟﯿﺪ‬Suessa Aurunca ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬.
‫ھﻮ ﻛﺎن‬
‫ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ داﺋﺮة‬Scipionic.
6-Cato the Elder (Cato Major; 234–149 BC), born Marcus Porcius
Cato and also known as Cato the Censor (Cato Censorius), Cato the
Wise (Cato Sapiens), and Cato the Ancient (Cato Priscus), was a
Roman soldier, senator and historian known for his conservatism and
opposition to Hellenization. He was the first to write history in Latin. he
tried to save Rome's ancestral customs and combat "degenerate"
Hellenistic influences
6- ‫ وﻟد ﻣﺎرﻛوس ﺑورﺳﯾوس‬، (‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬149-234 ‫ﻛﺎﺗو اﻷﻛﺑر )ﻛﺎﺗو ﻣﯾﺟور ؛‬
Cato ‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم‬ ً ‫ واﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾ‬Cato the Censor (Cato Censorius) ، Cato the
‫ ﻛﺎن‬Wise (Cato Sapiens) ، ‫ و‬Cato the Ancient (Cato Priscus) ، ‫أ‬
‫ واﻟﺳﯾﻧﺎﺗور واﻟﻣؤرخ اﻟﻣﻌروف ﺑﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺗﮫ و‬، ‫اﻟﺟﻧدي اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ھو‬.‫ ﻛﺎن أول ﻣن ﻛﺗب اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﮭﻠﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫"ﺣﺎول إﻧﻘﺎذ ﻋﺎدات اﻷﺟداد ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ وﻣﺣﺎرﺑﺔ "اﻟﻣﻧﺣطﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﮭﻠﻧﺳﺗﯾﺔ‬

They left to us great works that were influenced by the Greek origins,
but they introduced a Roman element to the Greek material. Then comes
the so-called golden age, one of the greatest stages of Latin literature.
 ‫ﻻ ﻋﻈﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮة ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ أﻋﻤﺎ‬،
‫ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬.‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﻢ أدﺧﻠﻮا ﻋﻨﺼًﺮا روﻣﺎﻧًﯿﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ أﺣﺪ أﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻷدب‬، ‫ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ‬
Golden age ‫اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ‬.
The Glden age is divided into two periods, the first period from 83 BC. to 43
BC. is called Cicero because it has reached the development of Latin literature to
the brightest image through the personality of this master (Cicero), the great
philosopher, the seasoned politician and the eloquent preacher.
The second period is known as the period of August due to the fame of this
Emperor and the abundance of literary production in his reign extending from 43
BC. and ends in 14 AD with the death of August. ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﺼﺮ‬Glden 43 ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬83 ‫ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫إﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺗﯿﻦ‬
‫ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون ﻷﻧﮫ وﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬
‫أﻟﻤﻊ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﯿﺪ )ﺷﯿﺸﺮون( اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻔﯿﻠﺴﻮف واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﻀﺮم واﻟﺨﻄﯿﺐ اﻟﻔﺼﯿﺢ‬.
‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﻔﺘﺮة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﮭﺮة ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
Gaius Valerius Catullus 43 ‫واﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮر ﻏﺰارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻷدﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭﺪه اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ م ﺑﻮﻓﺎة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬14 ‫ وﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬.

Among the pioneers of the Cicero period were:

1-Gaius Valerius Catullus (84 – c. 54 BC) was a Latin poet of the late Roman
Republic who wrote chiefly in the neoteric style of poetry, which is about personal
life rather than classical heroes. His surviving works are still read widely and
continue to influence poetry and other forms of art.
Catullus' poems were widely appreciated by other poets, significantly
influencing Ovid and Virgil, among others. After his rediscovery in the Late
Middle Ages, Catullus again found admirers. The explicit sexual imagery which he
uses in some of his poems has shocked many readers. At many instruction levels,
Catullus is considered a resource for teachers of Latin. His body of work is still
frequently read from secondary school to graduate programs across the world, with
his 64th poem often considered his greatest
‫ﻣن ﺑﯾن رواد ﻓﺗرة ﺷﯾﺷرون‬:
1-‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد( ﻛﺎن ﺷﺎﻋًرا ﻻﺗﯾﻧًﯾﺎ ﻣن أواﺧر اﻟﻌﺻر اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬54. ‫ ج‬- 84) ‫ﺟﺎﯾوس ﻓﺎﻟﯾرﯾوس ﻛﺎﺗوﻟوس‬
‫ واﻟذي ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ اﻟذي ﻛﺗب ﺑﺷﻛل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﺑﺄﺳﻠوب اﻟﺷﻌر اﻟﺟدﯾد‬
‫ أﻋﻣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺗزال ﺗﻘرأ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ و‬.‫ﻻ ﻣن اﻷﺑطﺎل اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﯾﯾن‬ ً ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﺑد‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﻌر وأﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﻔن اﻷﺧرى‬.
‫ﺣظﯾت ﻗﺻﺎﺋد ﻛﺎﺗوﻟوس ﺑﺗﻘدﯾر ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﺷﻌراء آﺧرﯾن ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻠﺣوظ‬
Cicero ‫ اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ‬Ovid ‫ و‬Virgil ، ‫ ﺑﻌد إﻋﺎدة اﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﮫ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺗﺄﺧر‬.‫ﻣن ﺑﯾن آﺧرﯾن‬
‫ وﺟد‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺻور اﻟوﺳطﻰ‬Catullus ‫ اﻟﺻور اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺻرﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎم ﺑﮭﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺟﺑﯾن ﻣرة أﺧرى‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬.‫ ﺻدﻣت اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض ﻗﺻﺎﺋده اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻘراء‬،
‫ ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬Catullus ‫ ﺟﺳده ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣل ﻻ ﯾزال‬.‫ﻣﺻدًرا ﻟﻣدرﺳﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ‬، ‫ﻛﺛﯾًرا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘرأ ﻣن اﻟﻣدرﺳﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧﺣﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
‫ أﻋظﻣﮭﺎ‬64 ‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻗﺻﯾدﺗﮫ‬

2- Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC)

was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as
consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of
the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest
orators and prose stylists.

2- ‫م‬.‫ ق‬43 ‫ دﯾﺳﻣﺑر‬7 - ‫م‬.‫ ق‬106 ‫ ﯾﻧﺎﯾر‬3) ‫)ﻣﺎرﻛوس ﺗوﻟﯾوس ﺷﯾﺷرون‬

‫ﻛﺎن رﺟل دوﻟﺔ روﻣﺎﻧًﯾﺎ وﺧطﯾًﺑﺎ وﻣﺣﺎﻣًﯾﺎ وﻓﯾﻠﺳوًﻓﺎ ﺷﻐل ﻣﻧﺻب‬
‫ ﺟﺎء ﻣن ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺛرﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﻠدﯾﺔ‬.‫ ق‬63 ‫ﻗﻧﺻل ﻋﺎم‬
‫ وﺗﻌﺗﺑر واﺣدة ﻣن أﻋظم رﺗﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﻔروﺳﯾﺔ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺧطﺑﺎء وﻣﺻﻣﻣﻲ اﻟﻧﺛر‬.
His influence on the Latin language was immense: it has been said
that subsequent prose was either a reaction against or a return to his
style, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century.
Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy
and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as
evidentia, humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia), distinguishing
himself as a translator and philosopher.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﯿﻞ‬:‫ﻼ‬ً ‫ﻛﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ ھﺎﺋ‬
‫أن اﻟﻨﺜﺮ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻛﺎن إﻣﺎ رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺿﺪه أو اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﯿﮫ‬
‫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻷوروﺑﯿﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬، ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬.
‫ﻗﺪم ﺷﯿﺸﺮون اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪارس اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫وأﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯿﺔ ﻻﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ )ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﯿﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ‬، (‫ واﻟﺠﻮھﺮﯾﺔ‬، ‫ واﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬، ‫ واﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬، ‫ واﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬، ‫اﻷدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ وﻓﯿﻠﺴﻮف‬.
Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero
believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was
during his consulship that the second Catilinarian conspiracy attempted
to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside
forces, and Cicero suppressed the revolt by summarily and
controversially executing five conspirators. During the chaotic latter half
of the 1st century BC marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius
Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican
government. Following Julius Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy
of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series
of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second
Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their
behalf in 43 BC after having been intercepted during an attempted flight
from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head were then, as a
final revenge of Mark Antony, displayed on The Rostra. ‫ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون‬، ‫ﺤﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻋﺎ وﻣﺤﺎﻣًﯿﺎ ﻧﺎﺟ‬
ً ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ ﻛﺎن ﺧﻄﯿًﺒﺎ ﺑﺎر‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﺣﯿﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أھﻢ إﻧﺠﺎزاﺗﮫ‬
‫ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﯿﺎدﺗﮫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ ﻣﺆاﻣﺮة‬Catilinarian ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺠﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬
‫ وﻗﻤﻊ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون اﻟﺘﻤﺮد ﺑﺈﯾﺠﺎز و‬، ‫اﻟﻘﻮات‬
‫ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮي‬.‫إﻋﺪام ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﺘﺂﻣﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﯿﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺪل‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻷول ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ﺗﻤﯿﺰت ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮوب اﻷھﻠﯿﺔ ودﯾﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮرﯾﺔ ﺟﺎﯾﻮس‬
‫ داﻓﻊ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮري اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي‬، ‫ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس ﻗﯿﺼﺮ‬
‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون ﻋﺪًوا‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ وﻓﺎة ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس ﻗﯿﺼﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ وھﺎﺟﻤﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬، ‫ﻟﻤﺎرك أﻧﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺮاع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺬي أﻋﻘﺐ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻈﺮه ﻛﻌﺪو ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺐ‬
Triumvirate ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺪاﻣﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ﺑﻌﺪ اﻋﺘﺮاﺿﮫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﯿﺮان‬43 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ك‬، ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﯾﺪاه ورأﺳﮫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺎن ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺮة اﻹﯾﻄﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎم اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻟﻤﺎرك أﻧﺘﻮﻧﻲ‬The Rostra.

Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating

the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical105
Roman culture. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "the
Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him
and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's
authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment, and
his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such
as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu and Edmund Burke was
substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European
culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of
primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history,
especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
 ‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﯾﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎدة اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺑﺘﺮارك ﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﯿﺸﺮون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪء‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﮭﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺆون اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ ‪105‬‬
‫" ﻓﺈن ‪ Tadeusz Zieliński ،‬اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆرخ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪي‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﮭﻀﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء إﺣﯿﺎًء ﻟﺸﯿﺸﺮون ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪه ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ "‪ .‬ذروة ﺷﯿﺸﺮون‬
‫‪Caesar‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎءت اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﯾﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎدة ﻣﻔﻜﺮي اﻟﺘﻨﻮﯾﺮ واﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻮن ﻟﻮك ودﯾﻔﯿﺪ ھﯿﻮم وﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﻜﯿﻮ وإدﻣﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﯿﺮك‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮًا ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﯿﻮم ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺗﺸﻜﻞ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﮭﯿﺌﺎت‬
‫‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪.‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻷﯾﺎم اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪3- Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC),‬‬
‫‪known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a populist‬‬
‫‪Roman dictator, politician, and military general who played a critical‬‬
‫‪role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the‬‬
‫‪rise of the Roman Empire. He was also a historian and wrote Latin‬‬
‫‪prose‬‬ ‫‪( ،‬ﺟﺎﯾﻮس ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس ﻗﯿﺼﺮ )‪ 12‬أو ‪ 13‬ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮ ‪ 100‬ق‪.‬م ‪ 15 -‬ﻣﺎرس ‪ 44‬ق‪.‬م ‪3-‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺮوًﻓﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﮫ وﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺒﻮًﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺪﯾﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮر اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ واﻟﺠﻨﺮال اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي اﻟﺬي ﻟﻌﺐ دوًرا ﺣﺎﺳًﻤﺎ‬
‫دور ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ زوال اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ و‬
‫ﺧﺎ وﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺆر ً‬
‫ﺻﻌﻮد اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن أﯾ ً‬
‫ﻧﺜﺮ‬
‫‪In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate,‬‬
‫‪a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years.‬‬
‫‪Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the‬‬
‫‪Optimates within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger‬‬
‫‪with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar rose to become one of the‬‬
‫‪most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a number of‬‬
‫‪his accomplishments, notably his victories in the Gallic Wars, completed‬‬
‫‪by 51 BC. During this time, Caesar became the first Roman general to‬‬
‫‪cross both the English Channel and the Rhine River, when he built a‬‬
‫‪bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain.‬‬
‫‪Caesar's wars extended Rome's territory to Britain and past Gaul. These‬‬
‫‪achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to‬‬
‫‪eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the‬‬
‫‪Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. With the Gallic Wars‬‬
‫‪concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military‬‬
‫‪command and return to Rome. Leaving his command in Gaul meant‬‬
‫‪losing his immunity from being charged as a criminal for waging‬‬
‫‪unsanctioned wars. As a result, Caesar found himself with no other‬‬
‫‪options but to cross the Rubicon with the 13th Legion in 49 BC, leaving‬‬
‫‪his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms. This began‬‬
‫‪Caesar's civil war, and his victory in the war by 45 BC put him in an‬‬
‫‪unrivalled position of power and influence‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 60‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد ‪ ،‬ﺷﻛل ﻗﯾﺻر وﻛراﺳوس وﺑوﻣﺑﻲ أول ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﺣﺎﻟف ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻌدة ﺳﻧوات‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿت ﻣﺣﺎوﻻﺗﮭم ﻟﺗﻛدﯾس اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ ﻣﺛل ﺑﺑﯾوﻻرﯾس ﻣن ﻗﺑل‬
‫أﻣﺛل داﺧل ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﺷﯾوخ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣن ﺑﯾﻧﮭم ﻛﺎﺗو اﻷﺻﻐر‬
‫ﺑدﻋم ﻣﺗﻛرر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺷرون‪ .‬ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻗﯾﺻر ﻟﯾﺻﺑﺢ واﺣًدا ﻣن‬
‫أﻗوى اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻋدد ﻣن‬
‫اﻛﺗﻣﻠت إﻧﺟﺎزاﺗﮫ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﯾﻣﺎ اﻧﺗﺻﺎراﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣروب اﻟﻐﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺣﻠول ‪ 51‬ق‪ .‬ﺧﻼل ھذا اﻟوﻗت ‪ ،‬أﺻﺑﺢ ﻗﯾﺻر أول ﺟﻧرال روﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺑور ﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ وﻧﮭر اﻟراﯾن ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺑﻧﺎء‬
‫‪.‬ﻋﺑر ﻧﮭر اﻟراﯾن وﻋﺑر اﻟﻘﻧﺎل ﻟﻐزو ﺑرﯾطﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻣﺗدت ﺣروب ﻗﯾﺻر إﻟﻰ أراﺿﻲ روﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺑرﯾطﺎﻧﯾﺎ وﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻼد اﻟﻐﺎل‪ .‬ھؤﻻء‬
‫إﻧﺟﺎزات ﻣﻧﺣﺗﮫ ﻗوة ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺛﯾل ﻟﮭﺎ وھددت ﺑذﻟك‬
‫ﯾﺗﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﺔ ﺑوﻣﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻟذي أﻋﺎد ﺗﻧظﯾم ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﺷﯾوخ ﺑﻌد وﻓﺎة ﻛراﺳوس ﻋﺎم ‪ 53‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺣروب اﻟﻐﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﺗﺎم ‪ ،‬أﻣر ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﺷﯾوخ ﻗﯾﺻر ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺣﻲ ﻋن ﺟﯾﺷﮫ‬
‫اﻷﻣر واﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺗرك أﻣره ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼد اﻟﻐﺎل ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻘد ﺣﺻﺎﻧﺗﮫ ﻣن اﺗﮭﺎﻣﮫ ﺑﺎرﺗﻛﺎب ﺟرﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺷروع‬
‫ﺣروب ﻏﯾر ﻣﺻرح ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟذﻟك ‪ ،‬وﺟد ﻗﯾﺻر ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑﻼ ﻏﯾره‬
‫ﺧﯾﺎرات وﻟﻛن ﻟﻌﺑور روﺑﯾﻛون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﯾﻠﻖ اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋﺷر ﻓﻲ ‪ 49‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد ‪ ،‬وﺗرك‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺗﮫ ودﺧول إﯾطﺎﻟﯾﺎ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳﻼح‪ .‬ﺑدأ ھذا‬
‫ﺣرب ﻗﯾﺻر اﻷھﻠﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻧﺗﺻﺎره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرب ﺑﺣﻠول ﻋﺎم ‪ 45‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄھب‬
‫ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗوة وﻧﻔوذ ﻻ ﻣﺛﯾل ﻟﮭﻣﺎ‬
 After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of ‫ ﺑدأ ﻗﯾﺻر ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬، ‫ﺑﻌد ﺗوﻟﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬
social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian107 ‫ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك إﻧﺷﺎء‬، ‫ اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﺔ‬Julian107
calendar. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the ‫ أﻋطﻰ اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌدﯾد ﻣن ﺳﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺑﻌﯾدة ﻣن‬.‫ﺗﻘوﯾم‬
Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He ‫ ھو‬.‫ ﺑدأ إﺻﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ ودﻋم ﻗداﻣﻰ اﻟﻣﺣﺎرﺑﯾن‬.‫اﻟﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually ‫ﺟﻌل ﺑﯾروﻗراطﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ ﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ وﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺎف‬
proclaimed "dictator for life" (Latin: "dictator perpetuo"), giving him
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ أﻋطﺎه‬، ("‫ "دﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗور داﺋم‬:‫أﻋﻠن "دﻛﺗﺎﺗور ﻣدى اﻟﺣﯾﺎة" )ﻻﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬
additional authority. His populist and authoritarian reforms angered the
elites, who began to conspire against him. On the Ides of March (15 ‫ أﻏﺿﺑت إﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﺷﻌﺑوﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﻠطوﯾﺔ‬.‫ﺳﻠطﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬
March), 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious 15) ‫ ﻓﻲ آﯾﺎت ﻣﺎرس‬.‫اﻟﻧﺧب اﻟذﯾن ﺑدأوا ﯾﺗﺂﻣرون ﺿده‬
senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus and ‫ اﻏﺗﯾل ﻗﯾﺻر ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻣردة‬، ‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬44 ، (‫ﻣﺎرس‬
Decimus Junius Brutus, who stabbed him to death. A new series of civil ‫أﻋﺿﺎء ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﺷﯾوخ ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺟﺎﯾوس ﻛﺎﺳﯾوس ﻟوﻧﺟﯾﻧوس وﻣﺎرﻛوس ﺟوﻧﯾوس‬
wars broke out and the constitutional government of the Republic was ‫ﺑروﺗوس و‬
never fully restored. Caesar's adopted heir Octavian, later known as ‫ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺟدﯾدة ﻣن اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬.‫دﯾﺳﯾﻣوس ﺟوﻧﯾوس ﺑروﺗوس اﻟذي طﻌﻧﮫ ﺣﺗﻰ اﻟﻣوت‬
Augustus, rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil ‫اﻧدﻟﻌت اﻟﺣروب وﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ اﻟدﺳﺗورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻣﮭورﯾﺔ‬
war. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman ‫ اﻟﻣﻌروف ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﻌد ﺑﺎﺳم‬، ‫ ورﯾث ﻗﯾﺻر ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﻧﻲ أوﻛﺗﺎﻓﯾﺎن‬.‫أﺑدا اﺳﺗﻌﺎدة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
Empire began.
‫ ﺻﻌد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟوﺣﯾدة ﺑﻌد ھزﯾﻣﺔ ﺧﺻوﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬، ‫أﻏﺳطس‬
‫ ﺷرع أوﻛﺗﺎﻓﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺗرﺳﯾﺦ ﻗوﺗﮫ وﻋﺻر اﻟروﻣﺎن‬.‫ﺣرب‬
‫ﺑدأت اﻹﻣﺑراطورﯾﺔ‬.
Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military
campaigns and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and ‫ﺗﻌرف اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن ﺣﯾﺎة ﻗﯾﺻر ﻣن ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later ‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺣروف و‬،‫اﻟﺣﻣﻼت وﻣن ﻣﺻﺎدر ﻣﻌﺎﺻرة أﺧرى‬
biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources. ‫ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻻﺣﻖ‬.‫ﺧطب ﺷﯾﺷرون وﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎت ﺳﺎﻟوﺳت اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺔ‬
Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest ‫ اﻟﺳﯾرة اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﺳﯾزار ﻣن ﻗﺑل‬Suetonius ‫ و‬Plutarch ‫ھﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ‬
military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently ‫ﻣﺻﺎدر ﻛﺑﯾرة‬.
adopted as a synonym for "Emperor"; the title "Caesar" was used
‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﻗﯾﺻر اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣؤرﺧﯾن أن ﯾﻛوﻧوا أﺣد أﻋظم‬
throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as
Kaiser and Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻘﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻻﺣﻖ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
works, and his political philosophy, known as Caesarism, inspired ‫"اﻋﺗﻣد ﻣرادف "اﻹﻣﺑراطور"؛ ﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋﻧوان "ﻗﯾﺻر‬
politicians into the modern era. ‫ ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻹدراك اﻟﺣدﯾث‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧﺣﺎء اﻹﻣﺑراطورﯾﺔ اﻟروﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺛل‬
‫ ﻟﻘد ظﮭر ﻛﺛﯾًرا ﻓﻲ اﻷدب واﻟﻔن‬.‫اﻟﻘﯾﺻر واﻟﻘﯾﺻر‬
‫ ﻣﺳﺗوﺣﺎة‬،‫ اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳم اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬،‫ وﻓﻠﺳﻔﺗﮫ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬،‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺻر اﻟﺣدﯾث‬.
4- Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) was an ancient Roman
scholar and writer. He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish
him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus.108
Varro was born in or near Reate (now Rieti) to a family thought to be of
equestrian rank, and always remained close to his roots in the area,
owning a large farm in the Reatine plain, reported as near Lago di Ripa
Sottile, until his old age. He supported Pompey, reaching the office of
praetor, after having been tribune of the people, quaestor and curule
aedile. He was one of the commission of twenty that carried out the
great agrarian scheme of Caesar for the resettlement of Capua and
Campania (59 BC). 4- ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد( ﻛﺎن روﻣﺎﻧًﯿﺎ ﻗﺪﯾًﻤﺎ‬27-116) ‫ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس ﺗﯿﺮﯾﻨﺘﯿﻮس ﻓﺎرو‬
‫ ُﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ أﺣﯿﺎًﻧﺎ اﺳﻢ‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ وﻛﺎﺗﺐ‬Varro Reatinus ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ‬
108
‫ وﻟﺪ‬Varro ‫ ﻓﻲ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬Reate (‫ اﻵن‬Rieti) ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ وظﻞ داﺋًﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﯾًﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺬوره ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬، ‫ رﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮوﺳﯿﺔ‬،
‫ اﻣﺘﻼك ﻣﺰرﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺳﮭﻞ‬Reatine ، ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ورد ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬Lago di Ripa
Sottile ‫ ووﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬، ‫ دﻋﻢ ﺑﻮﻣﺒﻲ‬.‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺷﯿﺨﻮﺧﺘﮫ‬
praetor ، ‫ اﻟﻘﺴﻄﻮر و‬، ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬curule
aedile. ‫ﺼﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻔﺬت‬ ً ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن واﺣًﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺨ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻟﻘﯿﺼﺮ ﻹﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮطﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﺑﻮا و‬
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬59) ‫)ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬.
During the civil war he commanded one of Pompey's armies in the
Ilerda campaign. He escaped the penalties of being on the losing side in
the civil war through two pardons granted by Julius Caesar, before and
after the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar later appointed him to oversee the
public library of Rome in 47 BC, but following Caesar's death Mark
Antony proscribed him, resulting in the loss of much of his property,
including his library. As the Republic gave way to Empire, Varro gained
the favour of Augustus, under whose protection he found the security
and quiet to devote himself to study and writing.
 ‫ ﻗﺎد أﺣﺪ ﺟﯿﻮش ﺑﻮﻣﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺮب اﻷھﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أﻓﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺣﻤﻠﺔ إﯾﻠﺮدا‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮب اﻷھﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻔﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﮭﻤﺎ ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ و‬
‫ ﻋﯿﻨﮫ ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻟﻺﺷﺮاف ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻟﻮس‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ وﻓﺎة ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ﻣﺮﻗﺲ‬، ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬47 ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ روﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺧﺴﺎرة اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺗﮫ‬، ‫ ﺣﺮﻣﮫ أﻧﻄﻮﻧﻲ‬،
‫ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻓﺎرو‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﻓﺴﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ ﻟﻺﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ‬.‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺘﮫ‬
‫ اﻟﺬي وﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﮫ‬، ‫ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬
‫وھﺎدئ ﯾﻜﺮس ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.
Varro studied under the Roman philologist Lucius Aelius Stilo, and
later at Athens under the Academic philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon.
Varro proved to be a highly productive writer and turned out more than
74 Latin works on a variety of topics. Among his many works, two stand
out for historians; Nine Books of Disciplines and his compilation of the
Varronian chronology. His Nine Books of Disciplines became a model
for later encyclopedists, especially Pliny the Elder. The most noteworthy
portion of the Nine Books of Disciplines is its use of the liberal arts as
organizing principles. Varro decided to focus on identifying nine of
these arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy,
musical theory, medicine, and architecture. Using Varro's list,
subsequent writers defined the seven classical "liberal arts of the
medieval schools" ‫ و‬، ‫درس ﻓﺎرو ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﯿﻮس إﯾﻠﯿﻮس ﺳﺘﯿﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺛﯿﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﯿﺎدة اﻟﻔﯿﻠﺴﻮف اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﻲ أﻧﻄﯿﻮﺧﺲ ﻋﺴﻘﻼن‬.
‫ أﺛﺒﺖ‬Varro ‫أﻧﮫ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ واﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
74 ‫ اﺛﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮف‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة‬.‫اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﯿﻊ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت وﺟﻤﻌﮭﺎ‬.‫ﺧﺎرج ﻟﻠﻤﺆرﺧﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺎ‬
ً ‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﮫ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻧﻤﻮذ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ اﻟﻔﺎروﻧﯿﺎن‬
‫ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺪارة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬.‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻠﯿﻨﻲ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬، ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ھﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﻮن اﻟﻠﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ ﻗﺮر‬.‫ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬Varro ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ واﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ واﻟﺤﺴﺎب واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ‬:‫ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﻨﻮن‬،
‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﻄﺐ واﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬Varro ،
‫ﺣﺪد اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻼﺣﻘﻮن "اﻟﻔﻨﻮن اﻟﻠﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ" اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
the Augustan period ‫" ﻣﺪارس اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
The Augustan period is a period of transformation in the history of the Roman
Republic and begins after Caesar's death in 44 BC. In which wars and party
conflicts broke out in Rome and there were many forms of crimes. Nevertheless,
the last century of the Roman Republic was a powerful era that eliminated the
political rebellion.
After this era came the Augustan era, followed by order and peace. and the
Augustan era had begun after the defeat of Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) in the
Battle of Actium in 31 BC. and had ended with the death of Augustus in 14 AD,
many writers and poets had flourished under the auspices of this emperor, who
made this era a golden age in Latin literature and among the pioneers of this
period
‫ﻓﺘﺮة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ھﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن‬
‫ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮوب واﻟﺤﺰب‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬44 ‫وﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ وﻓﺎة ﻗﯿﺼﺮ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ اﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ وﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺠﺮاﺋﻢ‬،
‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺮن اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﻀﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
Vergiliu ‫ﺗﻤﺮد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﻲ‬.
‫ و ال‬.‫ ﺗﻼه اﻟﻨﻈﺎم واﻟﺴﻼم‬، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺟﺎء ﻋﺼﺮ أوﻏﺴﻄﺎن‬
s ‫ﺑﺪأ ﻋﺼﺮ أوﻏﺴﻄﺎن ﺑﻌﺪ ھﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس أﻧﻄﻮﻧﯿﻮس )ﻣﺎرك أﻧﺘﻮﻧﻲ( ﻓﻲ‬
‫ م‬14 ‫ واﻧﺘﮭﻰ ﺑﻮﻓﺎة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬31 ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ أﻛﺘﯿﻮم ﻋﺎم‬،
‫ازدھﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﺸﻌﺮاء ﺗﺤﺖ رﻋﺎﯾﺔ ھﺬا اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮر اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺟﻌﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻋﺼًﺮا ذھﺒًﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ وﺑﯿﻦ رواد ھﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬
1- Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October, 70 BC – 21
September, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an
ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He wrote three of the most
famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the
Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in
the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.
 1- Publius Vergilius Maro (21 - ‫م‬.‫ ق‬70 ‫ أﻛﺗوﺑر‬15 ‫اﻟﺗوارﯾﺦ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ‬
‫ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾطﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬، (‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬19 ، ‫ ﺳﺑﺗﻣﺑر‬Virgil ‫ أو‬Vergil ‫ وﻛﺎن‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺗب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣن أﻛﺛر‬.‫ﺷﺎﻋر روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗدﯾم ﻣن ﻓﺗرة أوﻏﺳطﺎن‬
‫ﻗﺻﺎﺋد ﻣﺷﮭورة ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬: Eclogues (‫ أو‬Bucolics) ، ‫و‬
‫ ﺗم ﺟﻣﻊ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻘﺻﺎﺋد اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺟورﺟﯾك واﻟﻣﻠﺣﻣﺔ ﻋﻧﯾد‬
‫ اﻟﻣﻠﺣﻖ‬Vergiliana ، ‫ُﯾﻧﺳب إﻟﯾﮫ أﺣﯾﺎًﻧﺎ‬.
Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His
Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome since the
time of its composition. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the
Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his
destiny and reach Italy, where his descendants Romulus and Remus
were to found the city of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep
influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in
which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through Hell and Purgatory.
‫ ﻟﮫ‬.‫ُﯾﺼﻨﻒ ﻓﯿﺮﺟﯿﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪًﯾﺎ ﻛﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺷﻌﺮاء روﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬Aeneid ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﺮوﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻣﻠﻒ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮار إﻟﯿﺎذة ھﻮﻣﯿﺮوس واﻷودﯾﺴﺔ‬.‫وﻗﺖ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻨﮭﺎ‬
Aeneid ‫ ﯾﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬Aeneas ‫ﻻﺟﺊ طﺮوادة وھﻮ ﯾﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﮫ‬
‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻧﺴﻠﮫ روﻣﻮﻟﻮس ورﯾﻤﻮس‬، ‫اﻟﻘﺪر واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ إﯾﻄﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﯿﺮﺟﯿﻞ واﺳًﻌﺎ وﻋﻤﯿًﻘﺎ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ روﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺧﺺ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﯿﺪﯾﺎ اﻹﻟﮭﯿﺔ ﻟﺪاﻧﺘﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷدب اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻓﯿﺮﺟﯿﻞ ﻛﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﻟﺪاﻧﺘﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﺤﯿﻢ واﻟﻤﻄﮭﺮ‬.
2- Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8
BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading
Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian).
The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin
lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of
charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his
choice of words. 2- Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 8 ‫ ﻧوﻓﻣﺑر‬27 - ‫م‬.‫ ق‬65 ‫دﯾﺳﻣﺑر‬
BC) ، ‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟراﺋد‬، ‫اﻟﻣﻌروف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﻧﺎطﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳم ھوراس‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم أوﻛﺗﺎﻓﯾﺎن‬
ً ‫)ﺷﺎﻋر ﻏﻧﺎﺋﻲ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭد أﻏﺳطس )اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾ‬.
‫اﻋﺗﺑر اﻟﺧطﯾب ﻛوﯾﻧﺗﯾﻠﯾﺎن أن ﻗﺻﺎﺋده ھﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻟوﺣﯾدة‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﻣﻠﻲء‬ً ‫ ﻟﻛﻧﮫ أﯾ‬، ‫ﻼ أﺣﯾﺎًﻧﺎ‬
ً ‫ "ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ﻧﺑﯾ‬:‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﺳﺗﺣﻖ اﻟﻘراءة‬
‫ وﺟرأة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺳده‬، ‫ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟواﻧب ﻓﻲ ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺎﺗﮫ‬، ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯾﺔ ورﺷﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬.
Horace also crafted elegant hexameter verses (Satires and Epistles)
and caustic iambic poetry (Epodes). The hexameters are amusing yet
serious works, friendly in tone, leading the ancient satirist Persius to
comment: "as his friend laughs, Horace slyly puts his finger on his every
fault; once let in, he plays about the heartstrings". ‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺼﯿﺎﻏﺔ آﯾﺎت ﺳﺪاﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﻧﯿﻘﺔ )ھﺠﺎء ورﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
ً ‫)ﻗﺎم ھﻮراس أﯾ‬
‫ اﻟﺴﺪاﺳﯿﺎت ﻣﺴﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬.(‫واﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎوي اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ )ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ھﺠﺎء اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﯿﺮﺳﯿﻮس‬، ‫ ودودة ﻓﻲ ﻟﮭﺠﺔ‬، ‫أﻋﻤﺎل ﺟﺎدة‬
‫ ﯾﻀﻊ ھﻮراس ﺑﻤﻜﺮ إﺻﺒﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ‬، ‫ "ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻀﺤﻚ ﺻﺪﯾﻘﮫ‬:‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ‬
‫ ﯾﻌﺰف ﻋﻠﻰ أوﺗﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﻮب‬، ‫" ﺧﻄﺄ؛ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬.
His career coincided with Rome's momentous change from a republic
to an empire . An officer in the republican army defeated at the Battle of
Philippi in 42 BC, he was befriended by Octavian's right-hand man in111 ‫ﺗﺰاﻣﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﺗﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺷﮭﺪﺗﮫ روﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
civil affairs, Maecenas, and became a spokesman for the new regime. ‫ﺟﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ‬
For some commentators, his association with the regime was a delicate ‫ ھﺰم ﺿﺎﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﯿﺶ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮري ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫ﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ‬
balance in which he maintained a strong measure of independence (he
‫ وﺻﺎدق ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ‬، ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‬42 ‫ﻓﯿﻠﯿﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
was "a master of the graceful sidestep") but for others he was, in John
Dryden's phrase, "a well-mannered court slave". 111 ‫ﻷوﻛﺘﺎﻓﯿﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ اﻟﺸﺆون اﻟﻤﺪﻧﯿﺔ‬، Maecenas ، ‫وأﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬.
‫ﺳﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ارﺗﺒﺎطﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺣﺴﺎ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺬي ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻗﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل )ھﻮ‬
‫ﻛﺎن "ﺳﯿﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺮﺷﯿﻘﺔ"( ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻛﺎن ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮن‬
‫ "ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﮭﺬب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼط‬، ‫"ﻋﺒﺎرة دراﯾﺪن‬.
 3- Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known as
Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived
during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil
and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical
poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him
the last of the Latin love elegists. He enjoyed enormous popularity, but,
in one of the mysteries of literary history, was sent by Augustus into
exile in a remote province on the Black Sea, where he remained until his
death. Ovid himself attributes his exile to carmen et error, "a poem and a
mistake", but his discretion in discussing the causes has resulted in much
speculation among scholars.
The first major Roman poet to begin his career during the reign of
Augustus, Ovid is today best known for the Metamorphoses, a 15-book
continuous mythological narrative written in the meter of epic, and for
works in elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and
Fasti. His poetry was much imitated during Late Antiquity and the
Middle Ages, and greatly influenced Western art and literature. The
Metamorphoses remains one of the most important sources of classical
mythology.
Silver Age in Latin Literature The period from 14 BC to 180 AD is
the silver age in Latin literature from the end of the era of August to the
end of the era of Marcus Aurelius, and has shined in this period the
names of the pioneers : Seneca, Lucanius, Tacitus and others.
The silver age of Latin literature is associated with the deterioration of
the Roman Empire, unlike in the Golden Age. Literature had flourished112
due to August's interest in all humanities during that time. Therefore, in
the wake of the Augustan period, a poet like Ovidius ushered in the
silver age, he took a different approach from his predecessors, and found
a new ways to avoid the the comparison with the writers of the golden
age
Therefore, this period had features that differed from the golden age,
whose pioneers tried to depart from the tradition of their predecessors
and their huge achievements. They invented new methods and ideas in
pursuit of claiming authenticity and innovation. This is what happened
in the Alexandrian literature, and they have written in many fields such
as poetry, prose, mythology, epic, tragedy, etc. Among the most
important pioneers of this mystery:
Seneca
3- Publius Ovidius Naso (20 ‫ اﻟﻣﻌروف ﺑﺎﺳم‬، (‫ م‬17/18 - ‫م‬.‫ ق‬43 ‫ﻣﺎرس‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﺷﺎﻋًرا روﻣﺎﻧًﯾﺎ ﯾﻌﯾش‬، ‫أوﻓﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﻧﺎطﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﺻًرا ﻟﻛﺑﺎر اﻟﺳن ﻓﯾرﺟﯾل‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭد أﻏﺳطس‬
‫ اﻟذي ﻏﺎﻟًﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮫ ﻛواﺣد ﻣن اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬، ‫وھوراس‬
‫ اﻋﺗﺑره اﻟﺑﺎﺣث اﻹﻣﺑراطوري ﻛوﯾﻧﺗﯾﻠﯾﺎن‬.‫ﺷﻌراء اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ وﻟﻛن‬، ‫ ﻛﺎن ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ ھﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬.‫ آﺧر ﻣن رواﺋﯾﺎت اﻟﺣب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬،
‫ أرﺳﻠﮫ أﻏﺳطس إﻟﻰ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ أﺣد أﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻷدﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﯾث ﺑﻘﻲ ھﻧﺎك ﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﮭده‬، ‫ﻣﻧﻔﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﺣر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ "ﻗﺻﯾدة وأ‬، ‫ أوﻓﯾد ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﯾﻧﺳب ﻣﻧﻔﺎه إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎرﻣن وﺧطﺄ‬.‫اﻟﻣوت‬
‫ إﻻ أن ﺗﻘدﯾره ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ اﻷﺳﺑﺎب أدى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺛﯾر‬،" ‫ﺧطﺄ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﮭﻧﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء‬.
‫أول ﺷﺎﻋﺮ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺑﺪأ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭﺪ‬
‫ ﯾﺸﺘﮭﺮ‬، ‫ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬Ovid ‫ اﻟﯿﻮم ﺑـ‬Metamorphoses ، ‫ ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ‬15 ‫وھﻮ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫رواﯾﺔ أﺳﻄﻮرﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ وﻷﺟﻞ‬
‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ رﺛﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬Ars Amatoria ("‫ﻓﻦ اﻟﺤﺐ"( و‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪ ﺷﻌﺮه ﻛﺜﯿًﺮا ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة و‬.‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ ال‬.‫ وأﺛﺮت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻦ واﻷدب اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت أﺣﺪ أھﻢ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬.
‫ م ھﻲ‬180 ‫م إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ق‬14 ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ أﺷﺮق ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬، ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس أورﯾﻠﯿﻮس‬
‫ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ وﻟﻮﻛﺎﻧﯿﻮس وﺗﺎﺳﯿﺘﻮس وﻏﯿﺮھﻢ‬:‫أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺮواد‬.
‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﻲ ﻟﻸدب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﻲ ﺑﺘﺪھﻮر‬
112 ‫ ازدھﺮ اﻷدب‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ‬، ‫اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻻھﺘﻤﺎم أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ أوﻓﯿﺪﯾﻮس ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ أﻋﻘﺎب ﻓﺘﺮة أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬
‫ ووﺟﺪ‬، ‫ﺠﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠًﻔﺎ ﻋﻦ أﺳﻼﻓﮫ‬
ً ‫ اﺗﺨﺬ ﻣﻨﮭ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﻲ‬
‫طﺮق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﺳﻤﺎت ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺬھﺒﻲ‬،
‫ﺣﺎول رواده اﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ أﺳﻼﻓﮭﻢ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺧﺘﺮﻋﻮا طﺮًﻗﺎ وأﻓﻜﺎًرا ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ‬.‫وإﻧﺠﺎزاﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫ ھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث‬.‫اﻟﺴﻌﻲ وراء ادﻋﺎء اﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‬
‫ وﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﺴﻜﻨﺪري‬
‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻟﻨﺜﺮ واﻷﺳﺎطﯿﺮ واﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﺄﺳﺎة‬
‫رواد ﻣﮭﻤﻮن ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻠﻐﺰ‬:

1- Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65), fully Lucius Annaeus

Seneca and also known simply as Seneca was a Roman Stoic113
philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and—in one work—satirist of the
Silver Age of Latin literature.
1- ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻟوﺳﯾوس آﻧﯾوس‬، (‫ م‬65 - ‫م‬.‫ ق‬4 ‫ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ اﻷﺻﻐر )ﺣواﻟﻲ‬
113 ‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ ﻛﺎن روﻣﺎﻧًﯾﺎ رواﻗًﯾﺎ‬
ً ‫ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ واﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾ‬
‫ ھﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻣن‬-‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣل واﺣد‬-‫ﻓﯾﻠﺳوف ورﺟل دوﻟﺔ وﻛﺎﺗب ﻣﺳرﺣﻲ و‬
‫اﻟﻌﺻر اﻟﻔﺿﻲ ﻟﻸدب اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﻲ‬.
 Seneca was born in Corduba in Hispania, and raised in Rome, where
he was trained in rhetoric and philosophy. His father was Seneca the
Elder, his elder brother was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, and his
nephew was the poet Lucan. In AD 41, Seneca was exiled to the island
of Corsica by the emperor Claudius, but was allowed to return in 49 to
become a tutor to Nero. When Nero became emperor in 54, Seneca
became his advisor and, together with the praetorian prefect Sextus
Afranius Burrus, provided competent government for the first five years
of Nero's reign. Seneca's influence over Nero declined with time, and in
65 Seneca was forced to take his own life for alleged complicity in the
Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate Nero, in which he was likely to have
been innocent. His stoic and calm suicide has become the subject of
numerous paintings. ‫ ﺣﯾث‬، ‫ وﻧﺷﺄ ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ‬، ‫وﻟد ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗرطﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن واﻟده ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ‬.‫ﺗدرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﻼﻏﺔ واﻟﻔﻠﺳﻔﺔ‬
‫ وﻟﮫ‬، ‫ ﺷﻘﯾﻘﮫ اﻷﻛﺑر ﻛﺎن ﻟوﺳﯾوس ﺟوﻧﯾوس ﺟﺎﻟﯾو أﻧﯾﺎﻧوس‬، ‫ﺷﯾﺦ‬
‫ ﺗم ﻧﻔﻲ ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟزﯾرة‬، ‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‬41 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﻛﺎن اﺑن ﺷﻘﯾﻖ اﻟﺷﺎﻋر ﻟوﻛﺎن‬
49 ‫ وﻟﻛن ﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌودة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬، ‫ﻛورﺳﯾﻛﺎ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻹﻣﺑراطور ﻛﻠودﯾوس‬
‫ ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ‬، 54 ‫ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ أﺻﺑﺢ ﻧﯾرو إﻣﺑراطوًرا ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﺳﺎ ﻟﻧﯾرو‬ً ‫أﺻﺑﺢ ﻣدر‬
‫أﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎره وﻣﻌﮫ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظ اﻟﺑرﯾﺗوري ﺳﻛﺳﺗوس‬
Afranius Burrus ، ‫ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻧوات اﻟﺧﻣس اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫ وﻓﻲ‬، ‫ ﻧﻔوذ ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﯾرون اﻧﺧﻔض ﻣﻊ ﻣرور اﻟوﻗت‬.‫ﻣن ﻋﮭد ﻧﯾرون‬
65 ‫ُأﺟﺑر ﺳﯾﻧﯾﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺗﺣﺎر ﺑﺗﮭﻣﺔ اﻟﺗواطؤ اﻟﻣزﻋوم ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻣؤاﻣرة‬Pisonian ‫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل أن ﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ‬، ‫ﻻﻏﺗﯾﺎل ﻧﯾرون‬
‫ أﺻﺑﺢ اﻧﺗﺣﺎره اﻟرواﻗﻲ واﻟﮭﺎدئ ﻣوﺿوع‬.‫أﺑرﯾﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻠوﺣﺎت‬.
As a writer Seneca is known for his philosophical works, and for his
plays, which are all tragedies. His prose works include a dozen essays
and one hundred twenty-four letters dealing with moral issues. These
writings constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material
for ancient Stoicism. As a tragedian, he is best known for plays such as
his Medea, Thyestes, and Phaedra. Seneca's influence on later
generations is immense—during the Renaissance he was "a sage
admired and venerated as an oracle of moral, even of Christian
edification; a master of literary style and a model [for] dramatic art.

‫ﻛﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﺷﺘﮭﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﯿﺔ وأﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ‬

‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻨﺜﺮﯾﺔ ﻋﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت‬.‫ وھﻲ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺂﺳﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت‬
‫ ھﺆﻻء‬.‫وﻣﺎﺋﺔ وأرﺑﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻘﻀﺎﯾﺎ اﻷﺧﻼﻗﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎت واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أھﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ اﺷﺘﮭﺮ ﺑﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬، ‫ ﻛﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺮاﺟﯿﺪي‬.‫ﻟﻠﺮواﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺔ و‬Thyestes ‫ و‬Phaedra. ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬
‫ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﮭﻀﺔ ﻛﺎن "ﺣﻜﯿًﻤﺎ‬- ‫أﺟﯿﺎل ھﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﯿﺤﯿﯿﻦ‬، ‫ﯾﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺠﺎب واﻟﺘﺒﺠﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره وﺣًﯿﺎ أﺧﻼﻗًﯿﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷدﺑﻲ وﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻠﻔﻦ اﻟﺪراﻣﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮﯾﺮ‬.

2- Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (3 November 39 AD – 30 April 65 AD),

better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman poet, born in Corduba
(modern-day Córdoba), in Hispania Baetica. He is regarded as one of the
outstanding figures of the Imperial Latin period, known in particular for
his epic Pharsalia. His youth and speed of composition set him apart
from other poets. Three brief ancient accounts allow for the114
reconstruction of a modest biography – the earliest attributed to
Suetonius, another to an otherwise unknown Vacca, and the third
anonymous and undated – along with references in Martial, Cassius Dio,
Tacitus's Annals, and one of Statius's Silvae. Lucan was the son of
Marcus Annaeus Mela and grandson of Seneca the Elder; he grew up
under the tutelage of his uncle Seneca the Younger. Born into a wealthy
family, he studied rhetoric at Athens and was probably provided with a
philosophical and Stoic education by his uncle.
 ‫‪( ،‬ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس آﻧﯿﻮس ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻧﻮس )‪ 3‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 39‬م ‪ 30 -‬أﺑﺮﯾﻞ ‪ 65‬م ‪2-‬‬
‫وﻛﺎن ﺷﺎﻋًﺮا روﻣﺎﻧًﯿﺎ وﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ Lucan ،‬اﺷﺘﮭﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺮطﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻗﺮطﺒﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺴﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﺎﯾﺘﯿﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ واﺣﺪا ﻣﻦ(‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ﺑـ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺳﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺷﺒﺎﺑﮫ وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﯾﻤﯿﺰاﻧﮫ ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮه‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺮاء آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‪ .‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟـ‪114‬‬
‫إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء ﺳﯿﺮة ذاﺗﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮاﺿﻌﺔ ‪ -‬ﯾﻌﺰى أﻗﺮب وﻗﺖ إﻟﻰ‬
‫وآﺧﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺎﻛﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ‪ ،‬واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪Suetonius ،‬‬
‫‪ Martial ،‬ﻣﺠﮭﻮل وﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺆرخ ‪ -‬ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳﯿﻮس دﯾﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻞ ‪ Lucan‬ﺣﻮﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺘﻮس وواﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻮس‪ .‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس آﻧﯿﻮس ﻣﯿﻼ وﺣﻔﯿﺪ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ؛ ﻧﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ وﺻﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﻤﮫ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬وﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺛﺮﯾﺎء‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﮫ ‪ ،‬درس اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺛﯿﻨﺎ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺰوﯾﺪه ﺑـ‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﺮواﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﮫ‬
‫‪He found success under Nero, became one of the emperor's close‬‬
‫‪friends and was rewarded with a quaestorship in advance of the legal‬‬
‫‪age. In 60 AD, he won a prize for extemporizing Orpheus and Laudes‬‬
‫‪Neronis at the quinquennial Neronia, and was again rewarded when the‬‬
‫‪emperor appointed him to the augurate. During this time he circulated‬‬
‫‪the first three books of his epic poem, Pharsalia (labelled De Bello civili‬‬
‫‪in the manuscripts), which told the story of the civil war between Julius‬‬
‫‪Caesar and Pompey. At some point, a feud began between Nero and‬‬
‫‪Lucan. Two very different accounts of the events have survived that‬‬
‫‪both trivialize the feud. According to Tacitus, Nero became jealous of‬‬
‫‪Lucan and forbade him to publish his poems.[ According to Suetonius,‬‬
‫‪Nero lost interest in Lucan and Lucan responded by writing insulting‬‬
‫‪poems about Nero that Nero continued to ignore.‬‬
‫وﺟﺪ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﯿﺮون ‪ ،‬وأﺻﺒﺢ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﺮﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮر‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ‪ quaestorship‬أﺻﺪﻗﺎء وﻛﻮﻓﺊ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ Laudes‬و ‪ Orpheus‬ﻋﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 60‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﻻﺑﺘﺰاز‬
‫وﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺗﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ Neronia ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﯿﺔ ‪Neronis‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﮫ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺬﯾﺮ‪ .‬ﺧﻼل ھﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻤﻢ‬
‫‪ De Bello civili‬اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ( ‪ ، Pharsalia‬اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﯿﺪﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮطﺎت( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻷھﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس‬
‫و ‪ Nero‬ﻗﯿﺼﺮ وﺑﻮﻣﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺨﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺎن‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ رواﯾﺘﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺪاث‬
‫ﻛﻼھﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄن اﻟﻌﺪاء‪ .‬وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﺎﻛﯿﺘﻮس ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻧﯿﺮون ﯾﻐﺎر ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ،‬وﻧﮭﻰ ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻗﺼﺎﺋﺪه‪] .‬ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﺗﻮﻧﯿﻮس‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﯿﺮو اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻠﻮﻛﺎن ورد ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ إھﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫‪.‬ﻗﺼﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﯿﺮون اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﯿﺮون ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺎھﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫‪Other works, though, point to a more serious basis to the feud. Works‬‬
‫‪by the grammarian Vacca and the poet Statius may support the claim‬‬
‫‪that Lucan wrote insulting poems about Nero. Vacca mentions that one‬‬
‫‪of Lucan's works was entitled De Incendio Urbis (On the Burning of the‬‬
‫‪City). Statius's ode to Lucan mentions that Lucan described how the‬‬
‫‪"unspeakable flames of the criminal tyrant roamed the heights of‬‬
‫‪Remus." Additionally, the later books of Pharsalia are anti-Imperial and‬‬
‫‪pro-Republic. This criticism of Nero and office of the Emperor may‬‬
‫‪have been the true cause of the ban.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﯿﺮ أﻋﻤﺎل أﺧﺮى إﻟﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼف‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﺤﻮي ﻓﺎﻛﺎ واﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻮس ﻗﺪ ﯾﺪﻋﻤﺎن ھﺬا اﻻدﻋﺎء‬
‫أن ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﻛﺘﺐ ﻗﺼﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﮭﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﯿﺮو‪ .‬ﯾﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﺎﻛﺎ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ De Incendio Urbis (On the Burning of‬ﻛﺎن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ‪ Lucan‬ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫وﺻﻒ ﻛﯿﻒ أن ‪ Lucan‬أن ‪ Lucan‬ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ(‪ .‬ﯾﺬﻛﺮ ﻗﺼﯿﺪة ﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻮس إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺖ أﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻠﮭﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻏﯿﺔ اﻹﺟﺮاﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎت"‬
‫رﯾﻤﻮس "‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﺎرﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﻣﻨﺎھﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ و‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ‪ .‬ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻟﻨﯿﺮون وﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮر رﺑﻤﺎ‬
‫‪.‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺮ‬
 Lucan later joined the 65 AD conspiracy of Gaius Calpurnius Piso
against Nero. His treason discovered, he was obliged, at the age of 25, to
commit suicide by opening a vein, but not before incriminating his
mother, among others, in the hopes of a pardon. According to Tacitus, as
Lucan bled to death, "(he) recalled some poetry he had composed in
which he had told the story of a wounded soldier dying a similar kind of
death and he recited the very lines. These were his last words.
His father was involved in the proscription but his mother escaped.
Statius's poem about Lucan was addressed to his widow, Polla
Argentaria, upon the occasion of his birthday during the reign of
Domitian (Silvae, ii.7, the Genethliacon Lucani). ‫ ﻣﯿﻼدًﯾﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﯾﻮس ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻮرﻧﯿﻮس ﺑﯿﺰو‬65 ‫اﻧﻀﻢ ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺆاﻣﺮة‬
‫ إﻟﻰ‬، 25 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ‬، ‫ واﺿﻄﺮ‬، ‫ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺧﯿﺎﻧﺘﮫ‬.‫ﺿﺪ ﻧﯿﺮو‬
‫ﯾﻨﺘﺤﺮ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ إداﻧﺘﮫ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ‬، ‫ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﺎﺳﯿﺘﻮس‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻔﻮ‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ أﻣﻮر أﺧﺮى‬، ‫اﻷم‬
‫ ﯾﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺬي أﻟﻔﮫ‬،" ‫ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﻧﺰف ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ روى ﻗﺼﺔ ﺟﻨﺪي ﺟﺮﯾﺢ ﯾﻤﻮت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬
‫ ھﺬه ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﺧﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﮫ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻮت وﺗﻼ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﻮر‬.
‫طﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﯾﻢ ﻟﻜﻦ واﻟﺪﺗﮫ ھﺮﺑﺖ‬ً ‫ﻛﺎن واﻟﺪه ﻣﺘﻮر‬.
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺼﯿﺪة ﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻮس ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮﻛﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﮭﺔ إﻟﻰ أرﻣﻠﺘﮫ ﺑﻮﻻ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﯿﺪ ﻣﯿﻼده ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭﺪ‬، ‫أرﺟﻨﺘﺎرﯾﺎ‬
‫( دوﻣﯿﺘﯿﺎن‬Silvae ، 7 ‫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬، Genethliacon Lucani).

3- Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) ( 38 -104

AD.) was a Roman poet from Hispania (modern Spain) best known for
his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and
103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In
these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the
scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his
provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561 epigrams, of which
1,235 are in elegiac couplets.
3- ‫ ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس ﻓﺎﻟﯿﺮﯾﻮس ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﺎﻟﯿﺲ )اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬Martial) (38-104
‫م( ﺷﺎﻋﺮ روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ھﺴﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ )إﺳﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ( اﺷﺘﮭﺮ ﺑﮫ‬
‫ ﻛﺘﺒﮫ اﻻﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ‬Epigrams ، ‫ م و‬86 ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺮت ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
103 ، ‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﮭﺪ اﻷﺑﺎطﺮة دوﻣﯿﺘﯿﺎن وﻧﯿﺮﻓﺎ وﺗﺮاﺟﺎن‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮة واﻟﺒﺎرﻋﺔ ﯾﺴﺨﺮ ﺑﻤﺮح ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ و‬
‫ وﯾﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ طﺎﺑًﻌﺎ روﻣﺎﻧﺴًﯿﺎ‬، ‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺿﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓﮫ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬، ‫ ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎت‬1،561 ‫ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮫ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎطﻌﺎت‬
1235 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ رﺛﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬.

Martial has been called the greatest Latin epigrammatist, and is

considered the creator of the modern epigram.
Knowledge of his origins and early life are derived almost entirely from
his works, which can be more or less dated according to the well-known
events to which they refer. In Book X of his Epigrams, composed
between 95 and 98, he mentions celebrating his fifty-seventh birthday;
hence he was born during March 38, 39, 40 or 41 AD (x. 24, 1), under
Caligula or Claudius. His place of birth was Augusta Bilbilis (now
Calatayud) in Hispania Tarraconensis. His parents, Fronto and Flaccilla,
appear to have died in his youth.
‫ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﺎل أﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﯿﻦ‬epigrammatist ، ‫وھﻮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‬epigram ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﻮﻟﮫ وﺣﯿﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﯾًﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺆرﺧﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬، ‫أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮫ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﮫ‬.‫ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺸﯿﺮون إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬Epigrams ، ‫ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ‬
‫ ذﻛﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎل ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻣﯿﻼده اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ واﻟﺨﻤﺴﯿﻦ ؛‬، 98 ‫ و‬95 ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ م‬41 ‫ أو‬40 ، 39 ، 38 ‫( وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ وﻟﺪ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎرس‬x. 24 ، 1) ، ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻜﺎن وﻻدﺗﮫ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻟﯿﺠﻮﻻ أو ﻛﻠﻮدﯾﻮس‬Augusta Bilbilis (‫اﻵن‬
Calatayud) ‫ ﻓﻲ‬Hispania Tarraconensis. ‫ واﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﻓﺮوﻧﺘﻮ وﻓﻼﺗﺸﯿﻼ‬،
‫ﯾﺒﺪو أﻧﮫ ﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﮫ‬.
His name seems to imply that he was born a Roman citizen, but he
speaks of himself as "sprung from the Celts and Iberians, and a
countryman of the Tagus"; and, in contrasting his own masculine
appearance with that of an effeminate Greek, he draws particular
attention to "his stiff Hispanian hair" (x. 65, 7). ‫ ﯾﺑدو أن اﺳﻣﮫ ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ أﻧﮫ وﻟد ﻣواطًﻧﺎ روﻣﺎﻧًﯾﺎ‬،
‫ﻟﻛﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﺗﺣدث ﻋن ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ "ﻧﺷﺄ ﻣن اﻟﺳﻠﺗﯾﯾن‬
‫ وأ‬، ‫واﻷﯾﺑﯾرﯾﯾن‬
‫ﻣواطن ﻣن ﺗﺎﺟوس "؛ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﻘﯾض ﻣن رﺟﻠﮫ‬
‫ ﯾرﺳم ﺑﺷﻛل ﺧﺎص‬، ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣظﮭر ﯾوﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺧﻧث‬
‫( "اﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎه إﻟﻰ "ﺷﻌره اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ اﻹﺳﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬x. 65 ،
7).

His home was evidently one of rude comfort and plenty, sufficiently
in the country to afford him the amusements of hunting and fishing,
which he often recalls with keen pleasure, and sufficiently near the town
to afford him the companionship of many comrades, the few survivors
of whom he looks forward to meeting again after his thirty-four years'
absence (x. 104). The memories of this old home, and of other spots, the
rough names and local associations which he delights to introduce into
his verse, attest to the simple pleasures of his early life and were among
the influences which kept his spirit alive in the stultifying routines of
upper-crust social life in Rome.

‫ﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟواﺿﺢ أن ﻣﻧزﻟﮫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻠﯾًﺋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟراﺣﺔ واﻟوﻓرة اﻟﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬

‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻼد ﻟﺗزوﯾده ﺑﻣﺗﻌﺔ اﻟﺻﯾد وﺻﯾد اﻷﺳﻣﺎك‬،
‫ وﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬، ‫وھو ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗذﻛره ﻛﺛﯾًرا ﺑﺳرور ﺷدﯾد‬
‫ اﻟﻧﺎﺟﯾن اﻟﻘﻼﺋل‬، ‫ﻟﻣﻧﺣﮫ رﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟرﻓﺎق‬
‫اﻟذﯾن ﯾﺗطﻠﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﮭم ﻣرة أﺧرى ﺑﻌد أرﺑﻌﺔ وﺛﻼﺛﯾن ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬.
‫( اﻟﻐﯾﺎب‬x104). ‫ وذﻛرﯾﺎت اﻷﻣﺎﻛن‬، ‫ذﻛرﯾﺎت ھذا اﻟﻣﻧزل اﻟﻘدﯾم‬
‫ و‬، ‫اﻷﺧرى‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻘرﯾﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺳﻌد ﺑﺗﻘدﯾﻣﮭﺎ إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﯾﺷﮭد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻠذات اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻣﺑﻛرة وﻛﺎن ﻣن ﺑﯾن‬، ‫ﺷﻌره‬
‫اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺗﻲ أﺑﻘت روﺣﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯾد اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟروﺗﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﺧﻔﻲ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ‬.

He was educated in Hispania, a part of the Roman Empire which in

the 1st century produced several notable Latin writers, including Seneca
the Elder and Seneca the Younger, Lucan and Quintilian, and Martial's
contemporaries Licinianus of Bilbilis, Decianus of Emerita and Canius
of Gades. Martial professes to be of the school of Catullus, Pedo, and
Marsus. The epigram bears to this day the form impressed upon it by his
unrivalled skill in wordsmithing.
 ‫ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﮫ ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺴﺒﺎﻧﯿﺎ ‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﻧﺘﺞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻷول اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎرزﯾﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ وﺳﯿﻨﯿﻜﺎ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ وﻟﻮﻛﺎن وﻛﻮﯾﻨﺘﯿﻠﯿﺎن وﻣﺎرﺗﯿﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮون ﻟﯿﺴﯿﻨﯿﺎﻧﻮس ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺒﯿﻠﯿﺲ ‪ ،‬دﯾﺴﯿﺎﻧﻮس إﻣﺮﯾﺘﺎ وﻛﺎﻧﯿﻮس‬
‫و ‪ Catullus ، Pedo ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎدﯾﺲ‪ .‬ﯾﺪﻋﻲ اﻟﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎرﺳﻮس‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺪة ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻮﻣﻨﺎ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬي أﻋﺠﺐ ﺑﮫ‬
‫‪.‬ﻣﮭﺎرة ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬

‫‪4- Gaius Julius Phaedrus (Phaîdros) was a 1st-century CE Roman‬‬

‫‪fabulist and the first versifier of a collection of Aesop's fables into Latin.‬‬
‫‪Few facts are known about him for certain and there was little mention‬‬
‫‪of his work during late antiquity. It was not until the discovery of a few‬‬
‫‪imperfect manuscripts during and following the Renaissance that his‬‬
‫‪importance emerged, both as an author and in the transmission of the‬‬
‫‪fables.‬‬
‫روﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻘرن اﻷول )‪ (Phaîdros‬ﺟﺎﯾوس ﯾوﻟﯾوس ﻓﺎﯾدروس ‪4-‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﻼدي‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﺧراﻓﻲ وأول ﻣﻘطﻊ ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن ﺧراﻓﺎت إﯾﺳوب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ُﯾﻌرف ﻋﻧﮫ ﺳوى اﻟﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﯾﻘﯾن وﻟم ُﯾذﻛر ﺳوى‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﯾل‬
‫ﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ أواﺧر اﻟﻌﺻور اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺣﺗﻰ اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻟﻘﻠﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧطوطﺎت اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء وﺑﻌد ﻋﺻر اﻟﻧﮭﺿﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗدﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ظﮭرت اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳواء ﻛﻣؤﻟف أو ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘل‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﺧراﻓﺎت‬

‫‪There is, however, no evidence to support any of this and certain facts‬‬
‫‪conflict with the traditional account. What Phaedrus had to say about‬‬
‫‪himself might as plausibly be reinterpreted to prove that he was born in‬‬
‫‪Rome and spent the whole of his life there as a free citizen.‬‬

‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾوﺟد دﻟﯾل ﯾدﻋم أًﯾﺎ ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ وﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺗﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺣﺳﺎب اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدي‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﯾدروس‬
‫ﻗد ﯾﺗم إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻔﺳﯾر ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘول ﻹﺛﺑﺎت أﻧﮫ وﻟد ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫‪.‬وﻗﺿﻰ روﻣﺎ ﻛل ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮫ ھﻧﺎك ﻛﻣواطن ﺣر‬