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College Of Business And Economics

Department Of Economics
Program: Energy Economics
Course: Risk and Hazard Management IN Energy Sector
Term Paper On Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk
Control In Hydro Power Plant
ID No
Submitted by: EBISA DIRIBI--------------PGP / 937/13
ILIYAS AHMED -----PGP/940/13
Submitted to: SIXOTA HAILE (PH.D)
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1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the study

Hydropower is one of the most important renewable energy sources. Of all renewable energy
sources, hydropower produces the most energy, contributing about 16% to global electricity
production Santl, S.; Steinman, F. (2015, 29, 109–123).And Vassoney, E.; Mochet, A.M.;
Comoglio, C. (2017, 196, 48–55)

Hydropower also has a positive effect on water supply, irrigation, flood control and ice
prevention, if properly handled. Despite their many advantages, hydropower construction
projects, and especially large-scale hydropower projects, have adverse effects on the water
course, river morphology and flow, such as river impoundment, flow reduction and hydro
peaking. There can be a loss of habitat, (Ernst and Young,2010)and aquatic biota biodiversity
(Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z.et al 2010). Increased government and public awareness of these
adverse effects has led to a greater focus on sustainable hydropower development that promotes
economic development, and protects the environment and social justice (Dikmen, I., Birgonul,e
al, 2007). Consequently, there has been an increase in research attention on sustainability and
what it means; generally, sustainability has been defined as meeting the needs of modern life
without endangering the needs of future generations .

Identified the most important business risk for 2010 as regulation and compliance. Construction
of river-type hydropower plants involves uncertainties because of various external factors such
as site geology, grid connection, and environmental issues. These factors increase the
construction costs and duration. For example, in one of the river-type hydropower plant in
Turkey, namely Kulp IV, the cost of civil works increased by a factor of two because of
unpredicted geologic structure at the tunneling site. In another example, the judges have ruled
against hydroelectric power plants in 33 completed cases in Turkey, issuing a stay of execution
decision or canceling the construction altogether because of the environmental issues. In the
literature there are several studies considering the risk analysis in construction projects,
Zavadskas, E.K.et al (16, 2010) but risk analysis in renewable energy projects, especially for
hydropower plants is very limited. In classical project risk analysis techniques, risk rating values
are calculated by multiplying impact and probability values and direct analysis of these linguistic
factors is often neglected, Zavadskas, E.K.et al (16, 2010). Most existing risk analysis models,
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such as Monte Carlo simulation and tornado chart, are based on quantitative techniques which
require numerical data.(Kangari and Riggs Kangari, R. and Riggs, get al, 1989). note that
probabilistic models suffer from detailed quantitative information which is not normally
available in the real construction world.

Construction of hydroelectric projects is usually more complicated and risky due to nature of
different activities involved. Hydroelectric projects are categorized as complex structures and
occupy a huge amount of funds with a long running construction period. This situation imposes
various uncertainty factors such as differing site conditions, unpredicted geological structure at
tunneling sites, seepage problem from dam, landslides and environmental issues. No construction
project is totally risk free. Risk plays an important role in the success of any construction project.
Risk can be defined as any action which will affect the achievement of project objectives, such
as time and schedule, cost, quality of work. The core element of project success is in time
completion, within specific budget and requisite performance.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this term Paper are:

1. To identify hazards and risks in the hydroelectric power generation plant

2. To evaluate risks by applying suitable techniques in that plan

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2. Theoretical review of Hydroelectric power Plant and Dam Hazard and

Risk

2.1.Hazard and Risk Definition

According to The World Bank (1997), hazards are defined as sources of possible harm, whereas
risk relates to frequency and severity of destruction from hazards. Risk assessment means
evaluation of actual and perceived risks for decision making. Hazard refers to a property of
substances, microorganisms, and others or a situation that in certain circumstances could
result in harm or may lead to bad consequences. Hazard assessment implies identifying
the hazards and determining their effects on potential recipients such as humans, natural
resources or living things such as plants and animals, Risk on the other hand is seen as a function
of the likelihood or frequency of a hazard happening and the size of its effect. Risk thus
represents the probability of realizing a potential hazard.

Risk estimation means we identify the likelihood of injury resulting from a proposed action or
unanticipated event. Risk evaluation determines the significance of estimated risks, including
risk perception. Risk assessment in turn combines risk estimation and risk evaluation. The risk
assessment method can calculate the relative costs and benefits of a situation or proposed
development. Risks under voluntary control are seen as less potentially hazardous than those,
such as seismic events, which cannot be controlled. Managing risk means enforcing
decisions about risk acceptance or control often based on cost-benefit analysis. Risks may be
controlled by applying technology, procedures or alternative practices. In risk management
the alternative actions must also be reevaluated for related risk (The World Bank, 1997).

Taylor and Van Marcke (2005) state that infrastructure risk management does not just rely on
technical evaluation; many other assumptions, caveats and other contextual issues have to
be considered. Political, social, environmental and ethical issues, among others, need to be taken
into account as well

Hazard

As per (ILO, 1996), there are an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in almost any
workplace. There are obvious unsafe working conditions, such as unguarded machinery, slippery
floors or inadequate fire precautions, but are also a number of categories of insidious hazards
(that is, those hazards that are dangerous but which may not be obvious) including:

 chemical hazards, arising from liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapours and gases;
 physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme
temperatures;
 biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, infectious waste and infestations;
 psychological hazards resulting from stress and strain;
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 hazards associated with the non-application of ergonomic principles,for example

badly designed machinery, mechanical devices and tools used by workers, improper
seating and workstation design, or poorly designed work practices.
2.1.3. Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment is defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with each of the
hazards identified so the nature of the risk can be understood. This includes the nature of the
harm that may result from the hazard, the severity of that harm and the likelihood of this
occurring (Western Sydney University, 2015).

As part of managing the health and safety of our business, we must control the risks in
our workplace. To do this we have to think about what might cause harm to people and decide
whether we are taking reasonable steps to prevent that harm. This is known as risk assessment
and it is something we are required by law to carry out. If we have fewer than five employees we
don’t have to write anything down. A risk assessment is not about creating huge amounts of
paperwork, but rather about identifying sensible measures to control the risks in our
workplace. We are probably already taking steps to protect our employees, but our risk
assessment will help us decide whether we have covered all we need to. For some risks, other
regulations require particular control measures. Our assessment can help us identify where we
have to look at certain risks and these particular control measures in more detail. These control
measures do not have to be assessed separately but can be considered as part of, or an extension
of, our overall risk assessment (HSE, 2014).

2.1.3.1. Risk Assessment Procedure

As per Western Sydney University (2015), the risk assessment procedure can best be illustrated
in the following way.

Step 1: Identify Hazards

WHS legislation in New South Wales requires that PCBUs, in consultation with workers identify
all potentially hazardous things or situations that may cause harm. In general, hazards are likely
to be found in the following;

• Physical work environment,

• Equipment, materials or substances used,

• Work tasks and how they are performed,

• Work design and management

In order to identify hazards the following are recommended:

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Step 2: Assess Risks

According to Lama et. al.( 2019) Risk assessment involves considering the possible results of
someone being exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of this occurring. A risk assessment assists
in determining:

• How severe a risk is.

• Whether existing control measures are effective.

• What action should be taken to control a risk?

• How urgently action needs to be taken.

A risk assessment should include:

1) Identify factors that may be contributing to the risk,

2) Review health and safety information that is reasonably available from an authoritative
source and is relevant to the particular hazard,

3) Evaluation of how severe the harm could be. This includes looking at the types of
injuries/illnesses/harm/damage that can result from the hazard, the number of people
exposed, possible chain effects from exposure to this hazard.

4) Evaluation of how a hazard may cause harm. This includes examining how work is

completed, whether existing control measures are in place and whether they control the

harm, looking at infrequent/abnormal situations as well as standard operating situations. A chain

of events related to a risk may need to be considered.

5) Determining the likelihood of harm occurring. The level of risk will increase as the
likelihood of harm and its severity increases. The likelihood of harm occurring may be affected
by how often the task is completed, in what conditions, how many people are exposed to the
hazard and for what duration.

6) Identify the actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk; and

7) Identify records that it is necessary to keep to ensure that the risks are eliminated or
controlled.

Step 3: Controlling Risks

Once a risk rating is determined, each hazard must have its existing risk control measures
evaluated using the Evaluation of Control Effectiveness Table. This allows for
determination of any additional requirement necessary
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2.2 Hazard and Risk related to Hydro Electric Power Plant and Dam

2.2.1. Hazards of Power Generation Facilities

According to McManus (2011) a hydro generating station has a dam that traps a large quantity of water,
a spillway for controlled release of water surplus water and a powerhouse. The powerhouse
contains channels guiding water through turbines that convert the linear water flow into a rotating
flow. Since the turbine and generator are joined together, the rotating turbine will cause the generator
rotor to rotate.

The electric power potential from water flow is related to water mass, the fall height and gravitational
acceleration. The mass depends on the amount of water available and its rate of flow. Power station
design determines the height of the water. The majority of designs take in water from the top of the dam
to discharge it at the base into an existing downstream riverbed. This optimizes height while ensuring
controlled water flow.

Most generating stations now have vertically aligned turbo generators. These structures rise above the
main floor of the power stations. The bulk of the structure – such as the generator pit, the turbine pit and
intake and discharge tube- is found beneath the visible main floor. In older stations, turbo generators
are horizontally aligned (McManus, 2011). The turbine shaft protrudes into the powerhouse from a
wall, where it connects to the generator or huge electric motor. The rotor motion and the magnetic field
present in the rotor windings induce electromagnetic field in the stator windings. The magnetic field
maintained in the generator rotor windings is powered by lead-acid or nickel cadmium batteries.
The electromagnetic field induced provides the electrical energy supply for the power grid.
Electric voltage is the electrical pressure arising from the flowing water. The electricity flow can
lead to electrical arcing in the exciter assembly of the rotor; this can produce ozone which may damage
rubber in fire hoses and other sensitive materials.

Very high currents and high voltages are produced by hydroelectric power generators. Conductors from
the generators join a unit transformer and subsequently connect to a power transformer for boosting the
voltage and reducing the current for long distance delivery; low current minimizes heating –related
energy loss during transmission. Some systems use sulphur hexafluoride gas instead of conventional
oils as insulators. Breakdown products of electrical arcing can be more dangerous than sulphur
hexafluoride (McManus, 2011).

2.1.1 Hazards Related to Dams

Ecosystem damage and loss of land

Dams associated with hydropower generation would flood large areas of land required for the reservoir.
This may lead to destruction of biologically diverse and productive environments. Land loss is
exacerbated by habitat fragmentation. Projects can affect surrounding aquatic ecosystems. In fact,
studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have
affected salmon fisheries by curtailing access to spawning grounds upstream even with fish ladders.
Salmon spawn are also affected on the way downstream when they pass through turbines. The dam tail
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waters usually contain very little suspended sediment, which can encourage river bed and river bank
erosion (Hydroelectricity .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity, September 2011).

Siltation

Flowing water can transport particles heavier than itself downstream. This affects the dam and
subsequently their power stations, especially those on rivers or within catchment areas with high
siltation. Silt may overwhelm a reservoir and hamper its flood mitigation role. Eventually, some
reservoirs can become completely choked with mud which render them useless; they may over-top during
heavy rain and even break(Hydroelectricity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity, September
2011).

Moreover, the absence of silt downstream makes downstream riverbanks more vulnerable to
flooding and prevents deposition of sediments downstream, which reduces the fertility of
agricultural lands and fishery production. Dams also adversely affect water quality because warm
stagnant water behind the dam promotes algae growth, and raises the mineral content due to heightened
evaporation. Because small hydro facilities produce fewer environmental impacts than large facilities,
they are more favored in the developed world and in rural areas of developing countries where
very little power is needed. (Zumerchik, 2009).

Flow shortage

River flow fluctuations correspond to the amount of power a dam can generate. Reduced river
flows from natural phenomena will decrease the live storage in a reservoir hence decreasing the
quantity of water for hydroelectricity generation. Decreased river flow can cause power outage in
areas dependent on hydroelectric power. Climate change may increase the risk of flow shortage.
Studies in the United States suggest that a 2 degree centigrade temperature rise causes a 10% fall
in precipitation, and might lower river run-off by 40% (Hydroelectricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity, September 2011).

Methane emissions (from reservoirs)

Tropical regions have lower positive impacts since reservoirs in the tropics may produce large
quantities of methane from anaerobic decay of plant material in flooded areas. The World Commission on
Dams observed that if reservoirs are large in relation to their generating capacity and forest clearing
was not done before creating the reservoir, the reservoir greenhouse gas emissions may exceed those
of traditional oil fired plants. These emissions represent already existing carbon, unlike fossil
deposits sequestered from the carbon cycle; however, they give out greater amounts of methane gas from
anaerobic decay, causing much more damage than would otherwise occurfrom natural forest decay
(Hydroelectricity http://en.wikipedia.org, September 2011).

Relocation

Another drawback of hydroelectric projects is the relocation of populations from the planned
reservoir sites. In February 2008 it was estimated that dam construction physically displaced 40-80
million people worldwide. In many instances, compensation cannot replace the sites of spiritual value to
the displaced people. Sites of historical and cultural value can be flooded and lost, for example in the
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Aswan Dam in Egypt between 1960 and 1980, the Clyde Dam in New Zealand, the Three Gorges Dam
in China, the Ilisu Dam in Turkey and the Bakun Dam in Malaysia (Hydroelectricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity, September 2011).

Failure hazard

Large conventional hydro power plants hold back enormous amounts of water, so a structural
failure, terrorism, or other cause can devastate downriver communities and infrastructure. Some of
the largest man-made disasters in history were the resulted of dam failures. Good design and
construction on their own are inadequate for ensuring safety because dams make attractive targets
for terrorist attack and sabotage. (Hydroelectricity.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity,
September 2011).Worldwide, the objective of constructing stable dams is not always achieved. between
1900–1965, about 1% of the 9000 large dams worldwide have failed, and another 2% have suffered
serious accidents (de Wrachien & Mambretti, 2009). There have been around 200 notable dam
and reservoir failures worldwide in the twentieth century (Lencina, 2007). These failures have
caused severe devastation downstream both in terms of lives lost and widespread infrastructure
and property damage. The flood wave in dam failure can lead to loss of human lives and
destructive economic losses. Thus researchers have made efforts over many years to find ways to
determine the extent and timing of the flood wave (de Wrachien & Mambretti, 2009).

Over recent years efforts have been made to enhance the understanding of the theoretical and
practical aspects of dam failures. Since real-time field measurements are hard to do, most dam-break
studies are based on laboratory data. These studies involve fixed bed cases, without considering the strong
eroding capability of the transient flow. The properties of the moving fluid mixture of debris and water
are very different from those of purely water floods, noted that although improved engineering
knowledge and better construction quality have improved dam safety, a full non-risk guarantee is not
possible and an accident can occur, triggered by natural hazards, human actions or agerelated dam
strength loss (de Wrachien & Mambretti, 2009).

Historical Dam Failures and Their Consequences

According to, Nasrat Adamo et al.(2020) The sample is compiled from historic dam
failure cases, which resulted in a significant number of fatalities,and selected dams
are arranged in descending order of fatality numbers. Date of failure is included to
indicate the standard of knowledge or state of the art in dam design and construction
during the time of failure. Causes of failure are listed in addition to the heights of the
dams (H) and volumes of reservoirs (V). By inspecting this table it becomes clear
that although the height (H) and volume (V) play prominent roles in causing
fatalities, they are not the only effective factors. The failure of South Fork Dam in
USA, which had 18 million cubic meters of storage, killed 2200 people, while
Iruhaika Dam failure in Japan, which had the same storage, killed 1200 persons only.
Mode of failure can cause higher fatalities, as they tend to happen at faster rate than
the other modes of failure as in case of overtopping during high floods and intensive
storms.
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Table:Dam Failure Cases, Cause of failure, Type of dam, Volume of

reservoir and number of fatalities.
Cause Typ Height Volume Number
Year of
Dam Country of e of of of of
Failure
Failur Dam Dam Reservoir Fatalities
e (m) (hm3)
Not
Vajont Italy 1963 O A 262
relevant
2400
South Fork USA 1889 O E/R 21 18 2200
Machu India 1979 O E 26 101 2000
Iruhaika Japan 1868 - E 28 18 1200
Möhne Germany 1943 H M 40 134 1200
Khadakwasala India 1961 FL M 33 137 1000
Tigra India 1917 FL M 25 124 1000
Panshet India 1961 I E 49 214 1000
Gleno Italy 1923 O E 35 5 600
Puentes Spain 1802 O M 69 13 600
St. Francis USA 1928 S GR 62 47 450
Malpasset France 1954 F AE 66 47 420
Dale Dyke GB 1864 I E 29 3.2 230
Sempor Indonesia 1967 I R 60 56 200
Fergoug 1 Algeria 1881 FL A 33 30 200
Gotvan Iran 1980 - - 22 - 200
Vega de Terra Spain 1987 O B 33 7.3 140
Mill River USA 1874 - - 13 - 140
Hyogiri Korea 1961 - E 15 0.2 139
Walnut Grove USA 1890 O R 31 11 129
Kantilla Siri Lanka 1986 O E 27 135 127
Zerbino Italy 1935 S GR 16 10 100
Eder Germany 1943 H M 48 200 100
Nanak Sagar India 1967 I E 16 210 100
Heiwalke Japan 1951 - E 22 0,2 100
Source : Nasrat Adamo et al.(2020) Dam Safety and Dams Hazards

Recommended measures to prevent dam failures include the following:

• Design,operate, and maintain structures according to specifications of ICOLD and Australian

National Committee on Large Dams (ANCOLD), or other internationally recognized standards
based on a risk assessment strategy.
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Design should consider the specific risks and hazards associated with geotechnical stability or hydraulic
failure and the associated risks to downstream human health and safety, economic assets, and ecosystems.
Emergency plans should be commensurate with the nature of the risk, based on an assessment of potential
risks and consequences of dam failure, including the following: evaluation of the wave front in case of
complete dam rupture; mapping of the flooding areas; training and communication with community and
government emergency management entities; and evacuation plans.

• Even though government entities in many countries monitor structural integrity and foundation
migration and movement, an appropriate independent review of high risk dams should be undertaken at
the design and construction stages with ongoing monitoring of the physical structure during
operation.Where structures are located in areas that are at risk of high seismic loadings, the independent
review should include a check on the maximum design earthquake assumptions and the stability of the
structure.

• In the case of high risk dams and impoundments, qualified experts can base their evaluation of safety
on specific risk criteria. Experts can initially refer to national regulations and methodologies. Should such
regulations not be available in the country, existing well-developed methodologies promulgated by
authorities in countries with mature dam safety programs can be referred to and adapted as necessary to
local conditions. In broad terms, risk assessment criteria can include the following aspects:

 Flood design
 Simulated earthquake (maximum credible event)
 Properties of construction process and properties of construction materials
 Design philosophy
 Foundation conditions
 Height of dam and volume of materials contained
 Quality control during construction
 Management capacity of the client and operator
 Provisions for financial responsibility and closure
 Financial resources for operation and maintenance, including closure when applicable
 Population at risk downstream of the dam
 Economic value of assets at risk in case of dam failure
• Conduct risk assessment (for example, Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis) to identify
conceivable failures, as well as their probabilities and consequences (Quantitative Risk Assessment), in
accordance with internationally accepted practices.Through this disciplined approach, dam safety
programs can identify the elements of the physical infrastructure and the operating procedures that need
to be routinely inspected, monitored, and adjusted to achieve the acceptable levels of risk associated
within the dam safety program.

• Prepare and follow a dam safety and emergency response management plan that defines the operating
procedures and specifications to protect the physical health and safety of people (residents, workers, and
visitors) and their socioeconomic regime, the physical environment and its ecological habitats, and the
integrity of the hydropower dam and associated project components to ensure sustainable, safe optimal
performance.
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• Consider the potential for floods caused by outbursts from glacial lakes (GLOFs) when siting and
designing hydropower projects in glacial fed rivers, taking into account anticipated evolving climatic
conditions over the life of the dam and project. Where a glacial lake exists with potential to create a
GLOF hazard, assess feasixxx ble options to drain the lake, divert the flows, or otherwise mitigate the
risk

2.3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION AND THEIR RISK ASSESSMENT DURING THE

CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

According to Lama et. al.(2019 Construction of hydropower project is the most versatile in
nature as it consists of construction of many civil structures like access roads, dam construction,
diversion tunnel, desander, gravel traps, flushing canal, fore bay, canal, adit tunnel, access
tunnel, test tunnel, head race tunnel, surge tank, surge shaft tunnel, power house, tailrace etc.
and associated mechanical and electrical works like mechanical gates such as under sluice,
radial gates, switchyard, pressure conduit, penstock pipe, generator, control panel, transformer,
Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) projects, transmission line projects, crusher plants,
batching plants etc

Occupational Hazards

1. Common Physical Hazards previel

,,
Most common Physical Noise
Hazards Electric Shock
Lighting
Vibrations
Heat & Humidity
Radiations

2.Common Mechanical Hazards

Most common Mechanical Rock Sliding

Hazards Rock Mass Fall
Struck By Machines
Fall from platform
Hit by dynamic rock piece
Hit by aggregate

3. Common Chemical Hazards

It was also observed that chemical dusts like cement, sand, silica dusts, chemical spills and toxic
gases were the most common chemical hazards at site
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2.3.2. Risk Assessment

I. Major Health Problems
Whoever works in tunnel has the high chances of health problem like hearing loss, faint, back pain,
wrist pain etc. In tunnel construction, Generator, Air compressor, blower fans etc. are placed near the
portal face and jack hammer, shot rete machines, excavator, loader, dump truck, shot Crete machine
are used inside tunnel these equipment and machine and during blasting large noise/sound greater
than human audible sound is released which causes hearing loss to the workers. During drilling,
driller suffers from wrist pain and back pain. During operation of shotcrete machine operator also
suffer from back pain and wrist pain.
Major Health Problems
1.Hearing loss
2.Faint ii. Health Problem Due to Physical Hazards
3.Back Pain
4.Wrist Pain As all of workers responded that physical hazards
others was the top most type of prevailed hazards in tunnel
construction, definitely there are more health
problem due to physical hazards.
Different equipment used like excavator, loader etc., welding process and different lighting bulb
release lighting of different intensity of light. Due to these lighting workers have the high chances of
eye strain.
In tunnel construction, Generator, Air compressor, blower fans etc. are placed near the portal face
and jack hammer, shotcrete machines, excavator, loader, dump truck, shot Crete machine are used
inside tunnel these equipment and machine and during blasting large noise/sound greater than human
audible sound is released which causes hearing loss to the workers. Since HRT of MBKHEP could
not be the exception, there are high chances of hearing loss.
Since blasting of tunnel face, different equipment used such as generator, compressor, excavator,
loader, dump truck, jack hammer, shotcrete machine etc. release very big amount of heat there is
also a chances of heat related diseases.

iii. Health Problem Due to Chemical Hazards

In tunnel different chemicals used are cement dust, silica dust; chemical admixtures like WRA,
plasticizer, super plasticizers cause the allergy. As some workers responded that corrosive as the
health problem due to these chemical hazards their dress, clothes, gloves were corroded. The
workers skin of leg hand etc. was also corroded upto some extent. Although Chronic Bronchitis,
Carcinogenic etc. are most common disease due to chemical hazards, no one responded for these
diseases.

iv. Health Problem Due to Bad Ergonomics

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Mainly bad ergonomics was during drilling in the face of tunnel as shown in Plate 4.1. Due to
working like this workers suffer from the health problem like wrist pain, Arms pain and back pain
etc.

v. Risk of Rock Fall in Tunnel

when there expose class of rock in increasing order then weaker the rock and higher the risks of
falling the rock mass. When rock class is weaker then until and unless proper support workers should
not be allowed to start the work

3. RISK CONTROL METHODS IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Rock fall hazard seems to have the critical level of risk. So, immediate action is needed. To
control rock fall hazard, weak part of rock mass must be protected by applying rock bolts, wire
mesh shotcrete etc. carefully. Proper geological scaling should be done by expert before starting
primary support works. Hard hats must be worn. Warning sign should be provided near rock fall
hazards.

Electrical hazards and vibrations have been revealed as hazards with high risk level. So,
preventive and control measures must be applied within 1-2 days. The task should not proceed
unless the risk is assessed and control options selected based on the hierarchy of controls. In
case of electrical hazards, proper fencing and barricade must be applied to make the high voltage
area safe. Bare electric wire must be insulated with good insulator. Dry and insulating dress must
be worn during working with electricity. Electrical wire should not be laid freely on the working
ground. In case of vibration hazards, equipment must be carefully handled. Proper hand
gloves must be worn during the operation of equipment like jack hammer. After working
with vibrations, proper massage of body parts like hands, wrist, and arm must be done with
suitable massage oil. As far as possible vibrations absorber must be used during working with
vibrations.
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Toxic gases, dust hazards, hot and humid work environment, heat and humidity, tripping,
ergonomics, chemical spills, oxygen deficiency, lighting, noise/sound and unprotected edges
have the moderate risk level as shown in above table. So, action is required within a week to
eliminate or minimize the risk using the Hierarchy of Controls. Immediately after blasting, toxic
gases like ammonia is released from blasting face. So, before check in proper defuming must be
done with proper provision of ventilation system. During mucking and other activities equipment
like loader, excavator etc. release harmful gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. So
working place inside tunnel must be properly ventilated. Proper air dust filter breathing mask
must be worn inside tunnel during work. From blasting face and operation of other equipment
release heat and thus proper cooling system should be arranged. Joint of air and water circulation
pipe must be properly connected and secured so as to minimize the injury. Proper connection of
electrical supply system of electricity must be maintained. Switch, board etc. should be
continuously checked every day before use. Material safety data sheet (MSDS) must be
thoroughly read before use of chemicals. Proper chemical proof hand gloves should be used
before handling chemicals. To make continuous supply of oxygen during work sufficient
ventilation duct and blower fans must be installed and compressor must always be in good
condition. Proper electric bulb must be used to make good visibility. Air plug must be used to
avoid the noise and sound. Unprotected edges must not be left carelessly and must be fenced
properly. Other hazards having low level of risk in workplace are alcoholism, fall from
platform, job dissatisfaction, job Insecurity, hit by aggregate, radiations, mechanical struck,
slippery, snake bites, water inundation, deadline pressure and bat biting etc. These hazards
should not be ignored thinking as low risk because sometime small thing can bring larger and
worse condition. Action isrequired within a reasonable timeframe (2-4 weeks) to eliminate or
minimize the risk using the hierarchy of controls.

4. CONCLUSION
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In conducting the assessment of risk, the factors of existing risk controls pertaining to those
hazards are considered / whichever higher. The risk evaluation process shall determine
whether the level of risk is acceptable or unacceptable and also indicated the types of necessary
action required to manage workplace hazard.

Identifying occupational hazards and assessing their risk provide necessary feedback for
applying prevention and control measures at work site. Noise, vibrations were the major physical
hazards, chemical spills and cement/silica/sand dust as major chemical hazard, fall from working
platform, slippery, rock sliding, hit by aggregate, as major mechanical hazard and job
dissatisfaction, job insecurity were noted as major psychosocial hazard at tunnel. The major risks
due to occupational hazards were identified as back pain, wrist pain, hearing loss, eye strain, skin
allergy, irrigative, corrosive.

Finally, suitable approaches to improve risk control in the hydroelectric Power generation
Plant has been selected by taking Personal Protective Equipment, Administrative,
Engineering, Isolation and substitution controls to reduce significant hazards, control
residual impact and increase safety at plant as elaborated in details

Meanwhile safety policy has a role in power station to prevent and control the hazard
by applying training, education program and keeping all classified documents related to
safety and health. Furthermore waste management is another method that can help to
identify risks by cause wastes to control and reduce the hazardous and non- hazardous
wastes in power station which was implemented following the Scheduled Waste Regulation
under the Environmental Quality Act.

REFERENCES
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Alternative Energy. Retrieved from http://www.altenergy.org (August 2011).

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