CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

(CvSU)
DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

College of Engineering and Information Technology

First semester, Academic Year 2021-2022

RE:200
Technical issues in Mass Housing
in the Philippines
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture on
HOUSING(ARCH 220)

Submitted by:
Jamig,Leonardo E.

Submitted to:
ARCH. Kenneth Vicencio Tributo, uap
INSTRUCTOR •HOUSING 220

NOVEMBER 29, 2021

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I. Major issues in Mass Housing in the Philippines.

a. Delays in development permits at LGU level.

Delays and cost overruns may also be brought about by actions of the LGU subsequent to
the award of the project (delays in obtaining approvals and permits, additional costs caused
by changes in requirements due to inadequate planning, interruptions caused by inspecting
agencies or delays in delivering the land on which the project is to be built).

b. Weak absorptive capacities with considerable funds unused.

Some of the reasons cited for low budget utilization are:
a) limited suitable land for socialized housing;
b) difficulty in securing environmental clearances and permits from MGB and LGUs;
c) delay in compliance with requirements of LGUs and beneficiaries;
d) contradicting issues among LGUs and beneficiaries;
e) change of location preferences by CSO assisted communities affected by government
relocation activities; and,
f) coordination problems and limited capacity of implementing partner agencies.

c. Persistent challenges in meeting fully the demand for decent, socialized and low-cost
housing.
Essentially, this is attributed to the following:
a) enormous housing need due to rapid urbanization and high influx of rural-urban
migration; b) proliferation of informal settlements;
c) weak enforcement of laws and policies against professional and squatting syndicates;
d) lack of suitable land for socialized housing;
e) need for new 4Based on 2014 SER building standards for calamity-resilient structures;
and,
f) need to ensure affordability of housing units by the poor.

d. Rising costs of utilities

e. Rising costs of land
f. Brain drain
g. Lack of funding for the poor
h. Informal settlers

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II. Challenges in Economic and Socialize housing in the Philippines
a. Proliferation of slums and informal settlements in the urban areas.
Recent estimates show that more than a third of urban populations are slum dwellers. In
Metro Manila there were about 581,059 informal settlers (data from HUDCC as of July 26,
2010). These communities are characterized by unsanitary conditions, congestion, and
limited access to basic urban services (e.g., health centers, schools, waste disposal, safe
water supply). Resettlement and relocation programs have been implemented but have
attained limited success in providing employment, livelihood opportunities, and adequate
services to many of the relocatees.

b. Meeting the enormous housing need and demand.

Total housing need, which includes housing backlog and housing for new households, is
estimated to reach about 5.8 million units by 2016.

c. Rapid growth of informal households and settlements.

Informal settlements have grown by leaps and bounds. In Metro Manila, households in
informal settlements increased by more than 81 percent between 2000 and 2006. With rural
urban migration expected to continue, and six out of ten Filipinos living in urban areas,
addressing the housing problem must be embedded within a larger urban development
framework for environmental sustainability. While the MDGs on access to safe drinking
water and sanitary toilets have already been achieved, land use and green technology for
housing construction have can be tackled only within an action plan for climate change
adaptation including disaster risk management.

d. Strained basic shelter, and urban services and fiscal constraints.

The phenomenon of urban slums and informal settlements have been characterized by
unsanitary conditions, congestion and limited access to basic urban services, like health
centers, schools, waste disposal and safe water supply. While the housing sector is expected
to contribute in attaining the MDG target on improving the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers worldwide by 2020, the formulation of the National Slum Upgrading Strategy and
the setting of national targets for urban renewal and slum upgrading efforts should allow a
more systematic and detailed assessment of the Philippines’ contribution to the global goal
in the coming years.

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e. Enormous total housing need of 3.7 million as of 2010, a total of 812,463 housing and
shelter security units (i.e., house and/or lot) were provided from 2004 to 2010.
Indirect housing assistance, such as provision of retail and developmental guaranties,
issuance of licenses-to-sell, and assistance in comprehensive land use planning, delivered
mixed accomplishments. Against a target of 115,556 retail and developmental guaranties,
the Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC) only guaranteed a total of 62,418 housing loans
(54.01%). However, the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) issued a total of
767,872 licenses-to sell, indicating a robust construction and completion of housing units.

Last June 29, 2017, the Futuristics Center held a half-day conference on Philippine mass
housing. Assistant Secretary Avelino Tolentino of the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC) gave the key presentation. Asec. Tolentino unequivocally
expressed that there is a segment of the population that cannot afford housing. As of Jan. 1,
2017, there are 765,045 households who are living in unacceptable housing. Majority of
whom (513,022 households) live in housing units without the consent of owner. Table 1
presents the breakdown of the aforementioned segment.

Households in Unacceptable Housing Units

Rent-free Without Consent of Owner 513,022

Homeless 5,192

Dilapidated/Condemned 87,025

Makeshift/Salvaged Materials 159,807

Total 765,045

Table 1 Breakdown of Households in Unacceptable Housing Unit

Source: Tolentino, Avelino D., III. The Philippine Mass Housing: Status and Updates. PDF.

One major hurdle in providing mass housing is the lack of financial support. From 2008 to
2010, its allocation was about .40 to .45 percent of the entire national budget ranging from
Php 4.9 to 5.3 billion. From 2011 to 2016, percent budget allocation slightly grew from .63 to
1.6 ranging from Php 11.5 to 37.7 billion. In 2017, the budget allocation was about 15 billion,
with .45 percent share of the entire budget.

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 Appropriations for the Housing Sector

Year Appropriations for Housing %

Share

2008 4.964 Billion .40

2009 5.293 Billion .45

2010 5.391 Billion .41

2011 21.106 Billion 1.28

2012 11.491 Billion .63

2013 32.120 Billion 1.60

2014 37.668 Billion 1.66

2015 23.20 Billion .89

2016 33.38 Billion 1.11

2017 14.987 Billion .45

Table 2 Total Appropriations for the Housing Sector per year

Source: Tolentino, Avelino D., III. The Philippine Mass Housing: Status and Updates. PDF.

The HUDCC also faces a number of challenges in obtaining land for housing. Its main issues
are affordability, identification of lands and titling. It also has to consider suitability and wait
periods for certification from appropriate government agencies.

Finally, substantial amount of time is needed from inception of the project until completion
of construction. The process to get the housing project approved is particularly arduous.
Asec. Tolentino shares that the process of getting housing projects takes 1 to 3 years,
involves 27 offices, 78 permits, 146 signatures, 373 documents. Froilan Kampitan of the
National Housing Authority (NHA) also shares that its takes around 2 and ½ years to
construct a community.

Nevertheless, the government is working tirelessly to meet the housing needs of those who
need it the most.  Currently, the NHA has been constructing in-city relocation housing.  NHA
so far has completed 200 buildings in Metro Manila with 60 units each.  He further relates
that construction of offsite relocation/resettlement has had its own challenges. It could get
very expensive as aside from building houses, support services are also needed such as
water, power drainage, sewerage, health care and access to livelihood. 

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THE MASS HOUSING MESS: WHY FILIPINOS CONTINUE TO STRUGGLE WITH
OWNING A HOME

MASS housing should be for all, but many Filipinos, particularly those belonging to
lower-middle income families, still feel left out of the equation.The family of Bituin Mendoza
(not her real name) is an example. Her family has been a renter for over a decade. Her
mother, a domestic helper in Hong Kong, has been saving up for a home since she started
working abroad 13 years ago.They are currently “renting” a home from her father’s friend
who is currently an overseas Filipino worker (OFW) in Dubai. The friend has been behind in
their mortgage payments and, as the caretakers of the home, Mendoza’s mother pays for
the back payments and serves as their rent.Her mother’s remittance helped pay around
P150,000 worth of back payments (about $2,857.88 at current exchange rates). Around
P100,000 more is needed before all the payments are covered. Amid all their bills and
obligations in ensuring that they do not fall behind on their rent and utilities payments is the
dream that someday they will come home to a house they own.“Kaya hindi masyadong
ginagalaw ni Mama ’yung kita nya para ’pag umuwi na siya permanently, ’yun na ’yung next
project nila. Kailangan lang matapos yung utang sa bahay para makaalis din kami ,” Mendoza
said.As for Brix Villaroel, owning a home is on the horizon for him and his family. His family,
composed of his mother and a younger sibling who is still in school, is currently renting a
home in Vito Cruz, Manila. Initially, their rent started at P15,000 (around $285.79) a month
and steadily increased to P18,000 monthly.

A couple of years back, Villaroel and his mother scouted for a place they could finally
call their own. They found a P2-million condo in the area and entertained the thought of
buying it by securing loans from the private sector and the government. But they found that
it was quite small for the amount of investment they needed to make.

Another hurdle is Villaroel’s tenure: he’s been working less than three years for the
company. This makes him ineligible for a loan from Home Development Mutual Fund
(HDMF), more commonly known as Pag-Ibig Fund. This sets back his and his mother’s plan to
within two or three years.While owning a home is a good thing, for single mother Estrella
Dimaculangan (not her real name), it is not the most practical.She said renting a house is the
most affordable option for her right now. Raising a child on her own after her partner passed

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away is not easy and the mounting bills associated with schooling and health care can take
their toll on a meager salary.Dimaculangan said she is currently living with her family in a
house they have been renting for over 30 years in Singalong, Manila. Since her sister married
the son of their landlady, they only pay a small rent, around P2,500 a month. Their simple
home is just a studio-type house and she shares it with four other family members, including
her child.She said even if there was an option to secure a loan from Pag-Ibig, she did not
entertain it because she thinks she would not be able to meet the payments given her salary
and the cost of raising a child on her own.Dimaculangan also recalled the experiences of a
friend who defaulted on her Pag-Ibig payments for a house in Molino, Cavite. The friend
even offered her the house but as she was averse to securing loans and the house was quite
far from her work and family, she did not consider buying it.“Sila Nanay may pwesto sa
palengke pero hindi pang-malakasan kasi gulay lang ’yun, eh. Ako naman, single parent so
’yung perang hawak mo, kailangan mo talaga i-budget ,” Dimaculangan said.

HOUSING AND INCOME

MENDOZA, Villaroel and Dimaculangan are among the millions of middle-income household
members who are renting nationwide. Based on a rental study conducted by the Philippine
Statistical Research and Training Institute (PSRTI), middle-income families accounted for the
bulk or 889,033 families of the 1.5 million who are renting homes nationwide in 2012.

Based on the PSRTI study, Mendoza would classify under the rental class of P10,000 to
P14,999, while Villaroel would classify under the P15,000 and over, and Dimaculangan would
belong to the P2,000 to P3,999 level.

The PSRTI said there were around 33,200 households in Mendoza’s level of rent while in the
case of Villaroel, there were about 10,969 households. Dimaculangan belongs to the second-
largest group with 467,693 households renting at the P2,000 to P3,999 level.

The study stated that the rental level of P1,000 to P1,999 a month included the most
number of households at 497,807 families. Also noteworthy is that Dimaculangan belongs to
the 122,034 families paying around P2,000 to P3,999 for rent and is a female-headed
household.

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Ateneo Center for Economic Research and Development (Acerd) Director Alvin P. Ang said
middle-income households are especially sensitive to price. Such households are looking for
investments that would allow them to maximize their hard-earned pesos.
He said this means they are looking for homes that are affordable and near their place of
work. They also preferred worthwhile investments that can accommodate their families
comfortably. The problem with these requirements is that these usually come at a price, a
price that few middle-income households can afford.

“I think the lower middle-income class is finding it difficult to buy their own home and not
the entire middle-income class. Clearly, the options presented by real-estate firms and Pag-
Ibig aren’t attractive because current levels of disposable income won’t allow the lower
middle-income class to allocate some amount for housing. If they allocate money for
housing, they’ll surely sacrifice spending for necessities and consequently lower their current
standard of living,” University of Asia and the Pacific School of Economics Dean Cid Terosa
said.

Part of this difficulty, not only for the lower middle-income households in the Philippines,
but also Filipinos of higher or lower incomes, is the fact that the growth of real wages has
been flat.

Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Vice President Marife M. Ballesteros said
this makes the cost of homes the primary concern when buying housing units.

Ballesteros referred to the presentation made by the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC) on its flagship program, Balai Filipino Housing Program
(Building Adequate Livable Affordable and Inclusive Filipino Communities). Balai, a Malay
word for house, showed that the ceiling for socialized housing programs remains steep for
millions of Filipino households.

In Memorandum Circular 2, series of 2018, issued last September 2018, then HUDCC
Secretary General Falconi V. Millar said the ceiling for socialized housing is P700,000 for a
22-square-meter (sqm) property, while P750,000 is the ceiling for a 24-sqm property in
Metro Manila or the National Capital Region and other areas.

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These other areas included nearby areas where millions of workers in NCR currently reside,
such as San Jose del Monte City in Bulacan; Cainta and Antipolo City in Rizal; San Pedro City
in Laguna; and Carmona, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite.
The Balai Housing Program is the Duterte administration’s 10-year national housing program
strategy to close the country’s shelter gap. The program aims to improve government efforts
in addressing Filipinos’ housing needs, with the private sector playing a significant and
pivotal role.

However, based on the 2015 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), the average
income in the Philippines is P267,000 per household per year. The Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA) estimated that there were a total of 22.73 million households in 2015.

“In reality, it’s going to still be affordability that matters,” Ballesteros said. “Based on the
HUDCC program, Balai, in their presentation, socialized housing was still expensive, around
P750,000, without them thinking that people won’t be able to afford that because real
wages are flat. So even if you try to explain to them, they seem not to understand.”

She added that, with real wages being flat, the chances of Filipinos getting a loan from a
private bank would be slim. This is the same consideration when Filipinos resort to in-house
financing in real-estate companies. This usually helps them secure their units but they still
need to pay a certain amount of equity and would have to pay longer to own their units.

She said that even government institutions like Pag-Ibig will also not be as open to lending
higher amounts to individuals who do not have the capacity to pay for certain housing units.

Due to these constraints, middle-income households will resort to renting units. The only
problem is that you can rent for many years and pay amounts equivalent to paying for your
own home without owning the house you are staying in.

“Even regular employees, I agree, have no choice but to rent,” Ballesteros said. “Our drivers
here, even after several years, are still renting. And then they rent from informal rental
facilities because that is within their budget.”

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HOUSING FOR THE POOR
BUILDING a house for every Filipino family is the Philippines’s “One Dream.” Many politicians
have attempted to reach this dream call and several of them could be considered successful.

These include the housing program in Quezon City dubbed “Bistekville,” which has been
undertaken by the local government unit (LGU) with Phinma Property Holdings Corp. since
2011. This was the city’s response to the housing needs of more than 200,000 families living
in areas considered danger zones, 80 percent of which were informal settlers, according to
nongovernment organization Habitat for Humanity.

Bistekville housing units can be availed of by Quezon City residents who are considered
informal settler families, or ISFs. These families are those living along rivers, creeks and
esteros, those under transmission lines, those affected by infrastructure projects and those
evicted through court order. They must also be able to pay monthly amortizations and
should be members of Pag-Ibig Fund.

As payment, the LGU allows flexibility to future home owners. For example, a P400,000 unit
can be paid from one year to 30 years. Those choosing to pay for their units for three
decades would need to pay P2,645.30 per month, while those who intend to pay for the unit
for one year would need to pay P34,673.67 a month.

Other LGUs, such as Pasig City, also have a housing program that involves the construction of
medium-rise buildings in various in-city relocation sites, such as Amang Rodriguez Avenue,
Manggahan, and Barangay Santa Lucia, among others.

Ballesteros added the Pasig City LGU is also accredited by other cities in terms of relocating
informal settlers. She said Pasig City provides full support to these families who are
relocated to other cities and municipalities. A memorandum of agreement with these cities
and municipalities makes the move painless for ISFs in Pasig.

“The receiving LGUs would often complain ‘you’re putting all your squatters here in our
areas,’ but Pasig is different,” Ballesteros said. “They welcome Pasig ISFs because they
receive full support, meaning complete resettlement sites.”

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The primary issue here is the capability of LGUs to provide the needs of ISFs for in-city
relocation or resettlement in other areas. This required LGUs like Pasig and Quezon City to
adjust their finances to be able to raise funds for socialized housing and to resettle ISFs.

In the case of Pasig, Ballestros said, it included in its revenue code that socialized housing
funds will come from 1 percent of the assessed value of houses worth P1.5 million. This is
coupled by efforts to charge idle land taxes. In the case of Quezon City, the recent increase
in real-estate taxes went to socialized housing efforts.

TARGETS, HEADWINDS
THESE efforts work toward helping the country meet its housing targets under the Philippine
Development Plan (PDP). Under its Chapter 12, targets focused on providing access to
affordable, adequate, safe and secure shelter in well-planned communities in the hope of
addressing income inequality and meeting its goal called “AmBisyon 2040.” Ambisyon 2040
wants to meet the ambition that Filipinos own a single detached home by 2040.

The government also intends to decrease the proportion of urban population living in
informal settlements from 7.53 percent in 2016 to 5.53 percent by 2022.

The government also aims to improve the proportion of socialized housing targets met to
housing needs; improve the proportion of low-cost housing targets met to housing needs;
and deliver socialized and low-cost housing units.

The PDP aims to increase the proportion of socialized housing by 16.53 percent and low-cost
housing, 5.5 percent by 2022 from the 2016 baselines of 8.6 percent and 5.27 percent,
respectively.

In terms of delivering socialized housing units, the PDP aims to increase delivered socialized
housing to 1.086 million by 2022 from 82,612 in 2016. For low-cost housing, the target is
361,398 units by 2022 from 50,626 in 2016.

The National Economic and Development Authority (Neda) said these targets may be
hampered by suitable land for socialized and low-cost housing and the availability of basic
services/utilities (i.e., water and power supply) are provided on time.

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Further, the Neda said adequate budget for housing may also fall short and issues in land
titling, land conversion and compliance to land development/housing construction
documentary requirements resolved.Apart from these reservations, Ballesteros said the
targets may not have robust baselines considering that there are data considerations when
it comes to determining how many ISFs there are and how many people are looking for their
own homes.Getting the numbers right, Ballesteros said, is the common factor of Asian
countries, such as Singapore, that have implemented successful housing programs.
Determining how many people need homes and where to find them were basic
considerations, she added.“Actually you don’t have any information, even if you search
anywhere: what is the population of the informal settlers? The numbers are different,”
Ballesteros said.

“The only thing you have is the CPH , but it’s significantly lower than the estimates of LGUs
because they, too, conduct a census. The only problem is that they are not able to properly
monitor, and usually their survey is done only for a single year, after that, we don’t know,”
she explained.

AFFORDABILITY OPTIONS
HOWEVER, there are also those who believe the affordability of housing units only becomes
a problem when it comes to low-income and poor households. PIDS Senior Research Fellow
Jose Ramon G. Albert said middle-income Filipinos in general do not have problems
accessing housing options.

Albert said these families just need to determine the best option for them financially.
However, Albert also noted the absence of “hard data” to support claims that middle-
income households are indeed having a difficult time purchasing homes.

In fact, there is evidence to the contrary.

Private-sector economist Calixto Chikiamco said real-estate firms always say they are
enjoying brisk sales. Albert added that, however, many of those buying homes were Chinese
nationals and/or Chinese companies.

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“I’m not aware of that as a fact. We wouldn’t have a housing boom if the middle class wasn’t
buying,” Chikiamco said, pointing to a property developer and adding its condominium units
are “always sold out and their buyers are middle class.”

On top of these concerns is the fact the Philippines has yet to pass the National Land Use Act
(NLUA). The bill, which has been languishing in Congress for over 20 years, promises to
protect prime agricultural lands, to provide rationalized land-use planning in the country, to
consolidate national laws on land uses, and to address long-standing land-use conflicts.

In 2016, in a report to the United Nations, the HUDCC said passing an effective land-use
policy was crucial in meeting the challenges of rapid urbanization.

Today and tomorrow

EFFORTS that have been recently put in place by the government to meet the country’s long-
standing housing needs include the introduction of the Balanced Housing in 2016 that took
effect in 2017 to 2018. There was also the Manila Bay Mandamus, which was passed in 2011
and is now being implemented.

There’s also Republic Act 10884, or the Balanced Housing Development Program Act, which
sought to amend the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992. The law sought to make
housing more affordable for Filipinos and encourage more participation of the private sector
in socialized housing.

The law created one-stop shops nationwide for the processing, approval and issuance of
clearances, permits and licenses to reduce the number of days in processing housing
development down to 90 days.

The law requires owners and/or developers of proposed subdivision and condominium
projects to develop an area for socialized housing equivalent to at least 15 percent of the
total subdivision area or total subdivision project cost and at least 5 percent of the
condominium area or project cost, “at the option of the developer, in accordance with the
standards as provided by law.”

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Apart from this, recent efforts stated in the Manila Bay Mandamus have also started
implementation. The mandamus ordered the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) to remove informal settlers near rivers that snake along the Pasig-Marikina-San
Juan route and the Parañaque-Zapote-Las Piñas areas. Removal of ISFs along the Navotas-
Malabon-Tullahan-Tenejeros River is also expected. The mandamus sought to demolish all
these structures to help clean up the rivers and eventually Manila Bay.

Ballesteros said the mandamus is forcing LGUs to take a look at their waterways and comply
with the government’s policy to relocate informal settlers. This is also paving the way for
LGUs to create housing and resettlement programs, she said.

DHUD DEEDS
ASIDE from these, the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development
(DHUD) is a piece of legislation that is well-supported by the current administration.
Economic managers have endorsed the creation of the DHUD to “finally put an end to
Filipinos’ housing woes.”

The bill has already been transmitted to the President by the Senate and is awaiting the
President’s signature, according to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Housing and
Urban Planning, JV Ejercito.

However, much needs to be done to make the dream homes of Filipinos a reality.

Ballesteros pointed out that the mindset of the National Housing Authority (NHA),
particularly on the delivery of housing units, has to change. She said the NHA considers
“turnover” as the completion of a housing unit and not the actual turnover of a unit to an ISF
or any other household.

She said this could be the reason why many government housing projects were left
unoccupied. Such was the state of the housing units in Bulacan that were claimed by
Kadamay members in 2017.

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During a visit, Vice President and former HUDCC Chairperson Maria Leonor G. Robredo
found the units in a sorry state: cracks on concrete walls and floors, rusted doorknobs, and
warped front doors.

“ delivered means physical targets; they were able to build. Whether or not these houses
will be occupied, they are considered delivered,” Ballesteros said. “But now, the DBM is
actively requesting that there will be residents for the NHA projects. This was included in
their measures of quality.”

“It respond to a need. Otherwise, if nobody will occupy the unit, you are not responding to a
need. When you say ‘need’ in housing, there are a lot of aspects. You’re not just dealing with
one type of commodity; one characteristic of a commodity,” she added.

MIXED-USE TACK
BALLESTEROS said the government should also look at mixed-use developments along major
infrastructure projects as opportunities to create socialized housing projects. These include
the Northrail and Southrail projects that are expected to address the housing needs of
millions of Filipinos without endangering their sources of livelihood.

She said the NHA needs to step up in this regard since the bulk of the government’s housing
budget is allocated for the agency. Ballesteros added that even the Department of Public
Works and Highways should also work with the NHA not only in terms of relocating residents
when they expropriate right of way for projects but also find ways to incorporate housing in
its projects.

“We still have a lot of areas for expansion. For instance you have this North and Southrail,
they should already think about what can be done there. Imagine that development will run
from Bicol to Manila, that’s a big size of land so government should plan. Part of that area
should be for socialized housing,” Ballesteros said. “Until we do that, it will be the same
chicken-and-egg situation. And NHA doesn’t listen.”

The BusinessMirror’s request to interview the NHA and the HUDCC remained unacted on as
of press time.

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Building houses for all Filipinos is not a one-man job. Ballesteros believes it’s time to move
forward with participatory efforts that encourage the building not only of houses but also of
communities.

The Filipino middle class, even the low income and poor, deserve to own a home. It is part of
their “AmBisyon 2040” and it is their hope that this dream of owning a piece of the land of
their birth will cease to be a dream but become their reality.

References:
 http://www.dbm.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/Issuances/2015/National%20Budget
%20Memorandum/NBM124_M
ARCH%2030,%202015%20-
%20BUDGET%20PRIORITIES%20FRAMEWORK%20FOR%20THE%20PREPARATION%20OF%
20THE%20FY%202016%20AGENCY%20BUDGET%20PROPOSALS%20UNDER%20TIER%202
%20OF%20THE%20TWO-TIER%20BUDGETING%20APPROACH%20(1).pdf
 http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/279479/money/economy/phl-masshousing-
backlog-to-hit-4-65-m-units-in-2016
 http://www.hudcc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/document/PHILIPPIN
E%20DEVELOPMENT%20PLAN.pdf
The mass housing mess: Why Filipinos continue to struggle with owning
a home (businessmirror.com.ph)

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