Data & Digital Communications

Data & Digital Communications
Module 3: Networking Media

CCNA 1: Introduction to Networks
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only. inspired by Cisco Networking Academy
Agenda
Watch full discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ6vVi_DEPI
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Copper Media - Atoms and Electrons
• All matter is composed of atoms. The Periodic Table of Elements lists all known types of atoms and their
properties. The atom is comprised of three basic particles:
• Electrons – Particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus
• Protons – Particles with a positive charge
• Neutrons – Neutral particles with no charge. (neutral)
• The protons and neutrons are combined together in a small group called a nucleus.
Coulomb's Law – Opposite charges attract and like

charges repel.
Bohr’s model – Protons have positive charges and
electrons have negative charges. There is more than one
proton in the nucleus.
Voltage, Current
• Voltage is sometimes referred to as electromotive force (EMF). EMF is related to an

electrical force, or pressure, that occurs when electrons and protons are separated.
The force that is created pushes toward the opposite charge and away from the like
charge. The unit of measurement for voltage is volt (V). A volt is defined as the amount
of work, per unit charge, that is needed to separate the charges.
• Electrical current is the flow of charges created when electrons move. In electrical
circuits, the current is caused by a flow of free electrons. When voltage is applied and
there is a path for the current, electrons move from the negative terminal along the
path to the positive terminal.
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Resistance and Impedance
• The materials that offer very little or no resistance are called conductors.
• Those materials that do not allow the current to flow, or severely restrict its flow, are called insulators.
The amount of resistance depends on the chemical composition of the materials.
• Impedance includes resistance, capacitance, and inductance and is similar to the concept of resistance.
• The letter R represents resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is the ohm (Ω). The symbol
comes from the Greek letter omega.
• Semiconductors are materials that allow the amount of electricity they conduct to be precisely
controlled.
• Attenuation is important in relation to networks.

• Attenuation refers to the resistance to the flow of electrons and explains why a signal becomes
degraded as it travels along the conductor.
Circuits
• Current flows in closed loops called circuits. These circuits must be made of conductive
materials and must have sources of voltage. Voltage causes current to flow. Resistance
and impedance oppose it. Current consists of electrons that flow away from negative
terminals and toward positive terminals. These facts allow people to control the flow of
current.
V
Ohm’s law: I R
The relationship among voltage, resistance, and current is voltage (V) equals current (I)
multiplied by resistance (R). In other words, V=I*R. This is Ohm’s law, named after the
scientist who explored these issues.
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Cable Specifications
• Cables have different specifications and expectations. Important considerations related to performance
are as follows:
• hat speeds for data transmission can be achieved?
• Will the transmissions be digital or analog?
• How far can a signal travel before attenuation becomes a concern (distance of cable run)?
• The following Ethernet specifications relate to cable type:
• 10BASE-T
• 10BASE5
• 10BASE2
10BASE-T:
refers to the speed of transmission at 10 Mbps. The type
of transmission is baseband, or digitally interpreted. The
T stands for twisted pair.
Coaxial Cable
• For LANs, coaxial cable offers several

advantages:
• It can be run longer distances than shielded twisted
pair, STP, unshielded twisted pair, UTP, and screened
twisted pair, ScTP, cable without the need for
repeaters.
• Coaxial cable is less expensive than fiber-optic cable
and the technology is well known.
• It has been used for many years for many types of
data communication such as cable television.
• Disadvantage:
• Coaxial cable is more expensive to install than
twisted-pair cable.
• Poor shield connection is one of the biggest sources
of connection problems in the installation of coaxial
cable. Connection problems result in electrical noise
that interferes with signal transmission.
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Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STP)
• STP cable combines the techniques of

cancellation, shielded, and twisted wires. Each
pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil. The two
pairs of wires are wrapped in an overall metallic
braid or foil. It is usually 150-ohm cable.
• Advantages:
• As specified for use in Token Ring network
installations, STP reduces electrical noise within
the cable such as pair to pair coupling and
crosstalk.
• STP also reduces electronic noise from outside
the cable such as electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI).
• STP cable shares many of the advantages and
disadvantages of UTP cable.
• STP provides more protection from all types of
external interference.
• Disadvantage:
• STP is more expensive and difficult to install than
UTP.
Screened Twisted-Pair Cable (ScTP)
• A new hybrid of UTP is Screened

UTP (ScTP), which is also known as
foil screened twisted pair (FTP).
ScTP is essentially UTP wrapped in a
metallic foil shield, or screen. ScTP,
like UTP, is also 100-ohm cable.
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) 1/4
• UTP is a four-pair wire medium used in a variety

of networks. Each of the eight copper wires in the
UTP cable is covered by insulating material. In
addition, each pair of wires is twisted around
each other.
• Advantages:
• It is easy to install
• less expensive than other types of networking
media.
• the size, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as
rapidly as other types of cable.
• Disadvantages:
• more prone to electrical noise and interference
than other types of networking media.
• distance between signal boosts is shorter for UTP
than it is for coaxial and fiber optic cables.
• A LAN switch is connected to a

computer. The cable that
connects from the switch port
to the computer NIC port is
called a straight-through cable.
Connecting Different
Devices
EIA/TIA T568-A EIA/TIA T568-B

Straight-through Cable Pinout
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• Two switches are connected

together. The cable that connects
from one switch port to another
switch port is called a crossover
cable.
Connecting Similar
Devices
Crossover Cable Pinout

(EIA/TIA T568-B to T568-A Crossover Diagram)

• The cable that connects the RJ-45
adapter on the com port of the
computer to the console port of the Connecting to a Console
router or switch is called a rollover Port
cable. Device with Console
Rollover Cable Pinout

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Optical Media - The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The light used in optical fiber networks is one type of electromagnetic energy. When
an electric charge moves back and forth, or accelerates, a type of energy called
electromagnetic energy is produced. This energy in the form of waves can travel
through a vacuum, the air, and through some materials like glass. An important
property of any energy wave is the wavelength.
• The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is determined by how frequently the
electric charge that generates the wave moves back and forth. If the charge moves
back and forth slowly, the wavelength it generates is a long wavelength.
Modes
• The part of an optical fiber through which

light rays travel is called the core of the
fiber. Light rays can only enter the core if
their angle is inside the numerical
aperture of the fiber. Likewise, once the
rays have entered the core of the fiber,
there are a limited number of optical
paths that a light ray can follow through
the fiber. These optical paths are called
modes.
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Fiber-Optic
• The part of an optical fiber through which light

rays travel is called the core of the fiber. Light
rays can only enter the core if their angle is
inside the numerical aperture of the fiber.
• Every fiber-optic cable used for

networking consists of two glass fibers
encased in separate sheaths. One fiber
carries transmitted data from device A to
device B. The second fiber carries data
from device B to device A.
Multimode, Single-mode Fiber
Single Mode and Multimode Fiber
• Infrared Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are two types of
light source usually used with multimode fiber. Use one or the other. LEDs are a little cheaper to build
and require somewhat less safety concerns than lasers.
• Single-mode fiber consists of the same parts as multimode. The outer jacket of single-mode fiber is
usually yellow. The major difference between multimode and single-mode fiber is that single-mode
allows only one mode of light to propagate through the smaller, fiber-optic core.
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Fiber-Optic Connectors
• Connectors are attached to the fiber ends so that the fibers can be connected to the
ports on the transmitter and receiver. The type of connector most commonly used with
multimode fiber is the Subscriber Connector (SC). On single-mode fiber, the Straight
Tip (ST) connector is frequently used.
Wireless Media LAN Standards
• 802.11
• A key technology contained within the 802.11 standard is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). DSSS
applies to wireless devices operating within a 1 to 2 Mbps range. A DSSS system may operate at up to 11 Mbps
but will not be considered compliant above 2 Mbps.
• 802.11b
• increased transmission capabilities to 11 Mbps. 802.11b may also be called Wi-Fi™ or high-speed wireless and
refers to DSSS systems that operate at 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps.
• 802.11a
• 802.11a covers WLAN devices operating in the 5 GHZ transmission band. Using the 5 GHZ range disallows
interoperability of 802.11b devices as they operate within 2.4 GHZ. 802.11a is capable of supplying data
throughput of 54 Mbps and with proprietary technology known as "rate doubling" has achieved 108 Mbps. In
production networks, a more standard rating is 20-26 Mbps.
• 802.11g
• provides the same bandwidth as 802.11a but with backwards compatibility for 802.11b devices using
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technology.
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Wireless Devices
• A wireless network may consist of as few as two devices. The nodes could simply be
desktop workstations or notebook computers.
Internal Wireless NIC for Desktop or PCMCIA NIC for Laptop

Server
External USB Wireless NIC Access Point
Wireless Topology
• Ad Hoc Topology (independent topology)
• computers equipped with wireless LAN adapters communicate directly with each other on a peer-
to-peer basis.
• there is no cabled network involved
• support small office home office networks (SOHO)
• low security
• low throughput
• Wireless NICs from different manufacturers are not compatible.
• Infrastructure Topology
• solve the problem of compatibility in ad hoc by using a specialized module called an access point
(AP) -- act as a central hub for the WLAN
• designed to extend the range and flexibility of a normal cabled network
• the AP is hard wired to the cabled LAN to provide Internet access and connectivity to the wired
network.
• APs are equipped with antennae and provide wireless connectivity over a specified area referred to
as a cell.
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Wireless LAN
• Depending on the structural composition of the location in which the AP is installed
and the size and gain of the antennae, the size of the cell could greatly vary. Most
commonly, the range will be from 91.44 to 152.4 meters (300 to 500 feet). To service
larger areas, multiple access points may be installed with a degree of overlap. The
overlap permits "roaming" between cells.
• Performance of the network will also be affected by signal strength and degradation in
signal quality due to distance or interference. As the signal becomes weaker, Adaptive
Rate Selection (ARS) may be invoked. The transmitting unit will drop the data rate from
11 Mbps to 5.5 Mbps, from 5.5 Mbps to 2 Mbps or 2 Mbps to 1 Mbps.
Recap
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Module 3: Networking Media

Watch full discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ6vVi_DEPI

Coulomb's Law – Opposite charges attract and like

• Voltage is sometimes referred to as electromotive force (EMF). EMF is related to an

• Attenuation is important in relation to networks.

• For LANs, coaxial cable offers several

• STP cable combines the techniques of

Screened Twisted-Pair Cable (ScTP)

• A new hybrid of UTP is Screened

• UTP is a four-pair wire medium used in a variety

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) 2/4

• A LAN switch is connected to a

EIA/TIA T568-A EIA/TIA T568-B

• Two switches are connected

Crossover Cable Pinout

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) 4/4

Rollover Cable Pinout

• The part of an optical fiber through which

• The part of an optical fiber through which light

• Every fiber-optic cable used for

Multimode, Single-mode Fiber

Single Mode and Multimode Fiber

Wireless Media LAN Standards

Internal Wireless NIC for Desktop or PCMCIA NIC for Laptop

External USB Wireless NIC Access Point

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