READING & WRITING
INCITING MOMENT – part which
LESSON 3: Selecting & Organizing
Information
BRAINSTORMING
 Most popular tool in generating
creative and rich ideas.
METHOD IN BRAINSTORMING
IDEA LIST – involves listing ideas about
a particular topic.
IDEA MAP – visual representation of
ideas and their connections
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
 Visual representation of concepts
that help us structure information
into organizational patterns.
 Present information & connect
pieces into a coherent framework
TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
VENN DIAGRAM – used to compare &
contrast ideas and events
NETWORK TREE – used to represent
hierarchy, classification, branching. /
usedul in showing relationship of
scientific categories, family trees,
lineages.
SPIDER MAP (semantic map) – used to
investigate & enumerate various aspects
of a central idea (concept, topic, theme)
PROBLEM-SOLUTION MAP – displays
the nature of the problem and how it can
be solve,
TIMELINE – used to show how events
occurred chronologically through a long
bar labeled with dates and specific
events.
 LINEAR – shows how events
happened within one period
 COMPARATIVE – shows how two
sets of events that happened
within same period.
PLOT DIAGRAM – used to map events in
a story.
a. EXPOSITION – initial part where
the characters, settings,
relationships are established.
b.
brings about the change of the
conflict.
c. RISING ACTION – section where
the conflict and the characters are
developed.
d. CLIMAX – highest point of the
story where the major events are
confronted.
e. FALLING ACTION – events
immediately following the climax
which lead to the closure of the
conflict.
f. RESOLUTION- conclusion or
closure of the story.
SERIES OF EVENTS CHAIN – used to
show the logical sequence of events.
FISHBONE MAP – used to better
understand the causal relationship of a
complex phenomenon. / shows the
factores that cause a specific problem,
as well as details of each cause.
CYCLE – how a series of events interact
to produce a set of results
REEPEATEDLY.
PERSUASION MAP – used to map out
arguments and evidence that prove a
viewpoint.
OUTLINE
 Tool for organizing ideas
 Used in pre-writing & post writing
 DECIMAL outline – numbers
 ALPHANUMERIC – letters &
numbers
PRINCIPLES
COORDINATION – requires ideas of the
same relevance to be labeled in the same
way.
SUBORDINATION – shows that minore
details have to be placed under their
respective major details.
DIVISION - requires that no cluster
should contain only one item.
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION – requires
all entries in each cluster to use the
same structure and format.
KIND OF OUTLINE ACCORDING TO after all for namely
STRUCTURE instance
TOPIC OUTLINE – uses words and as an in other put another
phrases as its entries / used if the ideas example words way
can be arranged in a number of ways. consider in specifically
SENTENCE OUTLINE – uses complete the ff particular
sentence as its entries. / used when for in short stated
complicated and requires details. example differently
that is to be to clarify
specific

DESCRIPTION
- provides details on the idea (by
using either a sensory or spatial
pattern).
SENSORY PATTERN – based on five
senses
SPATIAL PATTERN – location or
physical space
above around between
across away from beyond
adjacent to back of by
against behind down
along below farther
LESSON 4: Patterns of Development alongside beneath here
amidst beside in
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT in front of on outside
 logical arrangement of ideas inside on top of never
 helps you follow ideas easily & into onto throughout
understand a text.. near opposite to the right
 distinguish major details from to
minor off under
DEFINITION CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE
- to develop an idea - organizes ideas or events
- helps to clarify and explain according to time.
concepts NARRATION – sequences events in
- “what does it mean?” the order occurred in time
- explains the information through PROCESS – details based on stages
the use of illustrations, examples, or steps
descriptions. about before in the
is defined means to define meantime
as after during later
as defined refers to to illustrate afterwards eventually meanwhile
as soon as finally next
EXEMPLEFICATION at first next week
- presents the general statement at this/that immediately presently
- provides specific and concrete point
examples prior to till until
 second today when otherwise still The fact
remains
then tomorrow yesterday
unlike whereas yet
LISTING
- organizes ideas using CLASSIFICATION & DIVISION
enumeration - organizes ideas into categories or
- does not require the items to be divisions based on criteria and
sequences chronologically standards
- presents a series of items (facts, - classifying people, objects,
examples, features, reasons, tips) events, things, places, etc.
another classified the first
additionally and then further category
again another furthermore as
along with as well in addition another final type the last
kind group
also besides in the same
way the last one kind the next
and equally likewise group part
imporant CAUSE AND EFFECT
together next moreover - organizes idea based on the
with cause, reason, result or
consequences.

COMPARISON-CONTRAST CAUSES
- organizes ideas based on how as for inasmuch
events, places, people, things, as
concepts are similar to or because for the one reason
different from one another. reason
SEPARATELY – describing one item being that in that owing to
first followed by second item. due to in view of seeing that
SIDE BY SIDE – discussing both EFFECTS
items based on each point of accordingly consequently so
comparison as a For this so much
consequence
reason
COMPARING as a result hence therefore
also equally in the same because in thus
way consequence
as in a similar like
fashion
both in likewise PROBLEM-SOLUTION
comparison - organizes ideas into problems
similarly to compare and proposed solutions.
CONTRASTING PROBLEM: includes what, who,
although despite instead when, where, why, how of the prob
SOLUTION: presents major effects of
And yet Even so however
the prob & the possible solutions
As Even nevertheless one reason the
but
opposed to though for the
problem
but In nonetheless
first, second one the
contrast solution is solution
conversely In spite of On the
contrary nonetheless one way
Counter to In the On the is
meantime otherhand
PERSUASION
 - organizes ideas to show how a
set of evidence leads to a logical
conclusion.
- Presents the ISSUE, POSTION,
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE.

EMPHASIZING A POINT
again in that case to repeat
for this indeed truly
reason
in fact to with this in
emphasize mind

CONCLUDING AND SUMMARIZING

accordingl consequentl in brief
y y
all in all due to in
conclusio
n
as a result finally In short
as I have in any event in
said summary
inevitably in essence therefore
since in a nutshell thus

CONCEDING A POINT
admittedly It is true obviously
that
assuredly needless of course
to say
certainly no doubt to be sure
granted true undoubtedly