MAKING SENSE IN A PARAGRAPH  CLASSIFICATION- It organize idea into

categories or divisions based on criteria and

standards. This pattern can be used when
1. PATTERN classifying people, objects, events, things,
places, and other items.
- A particular way in which something is done,
organized or happens,  EXEMPLIFICATION- This pattern presents
general statement and then provides specific and
concrete example to expound the main idea.
2. DISCIPLINE
- A subject and a systematic way of approaching subject  COMPARISON-CONTRAST- This pattern
organizes ideas based on how events, places,
people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another.
3. FEATURE
 CAUSE AND EFFECT- This pattern explains
- Distinctive attributes or aspects of something why something happens or what results a
particular events produces. It organize details
based on the causes, the reason, and the result or
4. TRANSITION consequences of certain phenomenon.

- A process or a period of changing from one state or  PROBLEM-SOLUTION- It organize idea into
condition to another problem and proposed solutions

 PERSUASION- This organized ideas to show

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT how set of evidence lead to a logical conclusion
or arguments. It presents the issues, the position,
A pattern of development in writing refers
and the supporting evidence that supports the
to the particular strategy that writers use to develop
position.
ideas.
It is the logical arrangement of ideas in a text.

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

 NARRATION – it describes how, when, and

where an event or occurrence actually happened.
It is used to tell a story or focus on a set of
related events.

 DESCRIPTION- This pattern goes into detail

about specific object, person, or location, in
order to firmly set its appearance. Creatively
describes (uses adjectives)

 DEFINITION- It explains not just what

something means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for. There are 2
types; Operational/Formal and Informal that
have two types also which is the Connotation
and Denotation.
 Text Organization
• Story Elements: • Problem/Solution
Text organization is the way a text is organized
• Characters • Cause and Effect
that helps to guide the reader logically through it. This
property makes a text readable and clear. • Setting • Description/Generalization

• Plot • Compare and Contrast

Text
• Problem/ • Sequence/Chronological
Organization
Solution Order

GENERAL ORGANIZATION
knowledge of the parts 1. NARRATIVE TEXT
of a composition
Usually arranged in chronological order, it has a
problem or conflict, a resolution, characters, a setting,
ideas are logically and and a storyline with a distinct beginning, middle, and
accurately conclusion.
2. EXPOSITORY TEXT
Uses structures like cause-and-effect, compare-
TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE TEXT contrast, problem-solution, sequence, or description to
ORGANIZATION present information. An introduction usually comes first,
then a body that is divided into sections to handle
1. PHYSICAL FORMAT different facets of the main theme, and finally a
conclusion.
it is an aspect of the organization that is
immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the 3. ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
text physically appears like headings and subheadings,
bullet points or font emphasis. However, use this Designed to present an argument, confront
technique with discretion as improper or superfluous counterarguments, present evidence logically supporting
formatting can be confusing. the argument, and wrap up with a repetition of the thesis
and a synopsis of the main ideas.
2. SIGNAL WORDS
4. PERSUASIVE TEXT
are textual cues that readers can use to follow a
text. They can "signal" the transition from one point to Often using emotional appeals, persuasive texts
another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the aim to persuade the reader to embrace a given position
writer's chosen text type (e g., linear narration, question or perform a particular action. They are similar to
and answer). argumentative texts in that regard.

3. STRUCTURE 5. TECHNICAL TEXT

provides the framework upon which the text is Usually includes lists, bullet points, numbered
organized it consists of the following: steps, diagrams, and other precise details and is arranged
highly around classifications, sequences, or descriptions
• Beginning introduction, thesis statement, and that call for specific specifics.
hook.
• Middle supporting details.
• End conclusion summary, final message.

FICTION NON-FICTION STRUCTURE OF PARAGRAPHS

1. TOPIC SENTENCE
 Introduces the major concept and establishes the
paragraph's mood.
- ex. “Teen pregnancy may be prevented by improved
education.”
2. SUPPORTING SENTENCES
Offer proof, illustrations, or justifications to
support the main idea.
3. CONCLUDING or TRANSITION SENTENCE
Either brings the paragraph to a close or
skillfully moves into the following one.
1. Coherence - the connection of ideas at the idea level.
2. Cohesion - the connection of ideas at the sentence
level.
3. Reference words - words that are used to refer to
something that is mentioned elsewhere in the text
usually in a preceding sentence.
4. Transitional signals - also called cohesive devices or
linking words.
5. Synonyms - words with the same or nearly the same
meaning as another word.
6. Parallism - the use of matching words, phrases,
clauses or sentence structures to express similar ideas.
COHESION
Relates to the micro level of the text. It’s the
words and sentences and how they join or link together.
- it is the connection of ideas at the sentence level,
- it focuses on the "grammatical" aspects of writing,
- the act of forming a whole unit,
- a subset of coherence, and
- provides flow and sequence to your work and helps
make your paragraphs clear for the reader.
You can have cohesion without coherence but you
cannot have coherence without cohesion.
Coherence - logical order
Cohesion - helpful links (glue)
5 main methods
1. Repeated words/ideas
2. Reference words
3. Transitional Signals
a. Time- first, immediately, in the meantime, etc.
b. Sequence - moreover, furthermore, next, also,
additionally, etc.
c. Space- above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.
d. Illustrations - for instance, specifically, for example,
etc.
e. Comparison - similarly, also, likewise, etc.
f. Contrast- but, however, conversely, etc.
g. Cause and Effect - because, as a result, then, etc.
4. Synonyms
5. Parallelism
COHERENCE
Relates to macro level features of a text which
help it to make sense as a whole.
• it is the connection of ideas at the idea
level
• “rhetorical” aspects of writing which
include developing and supporting
arguments (e.g. thesis statement
development, synthesizing and
integrating reading, organizing and
clarifying ideas)
• it is the overall sense of unity in a
passage including both the main point of
sentences and the main point of each
paragraph.
Coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in
a passage, including both the main point of sentences
and the main point of each paragraph. It is achieved
when sentences and ideas are connected and flow
together smoothly. Cohesion is the connection of ideas at
the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text
through the smooth flow of the sentences and the
connection of ideas. Cohesion can be achieved using five
methods: repeated words, reference words, transitional
signals, synonyms and parallelism.