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SYSTEMS ON AIRCRAFT
GUIDED BY
Mr. RANJITH E R
ASSISTANT
PRESENTED BY PROFESSOR
Mr. ALLAN DAVID SAJU MED,VAST
ROLL NO:15
S7 ME A
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INTRODUCTION
▪ Aviation contributes to climate change, as it was responsible
for approximately 2.5% of global CO2 emissions in 2016.
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Hybrid propulsion and power systems
• The configuration diagram of the hybrid propulsion power system is shown in Fig.
1(a)
• This system is similar to the turbofan engine. However, the fan and the
compressor are both driven by the motors rather than the turbines, and the
motors are powered by the SOFCs.
• The power of the SOFC is exactly equal to the total power consumed by the fan
and the compressor if fuel cells do not provide energy for other equipment.
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Fig. 1. (a) Configuration and (b) detailed diagrams of the hybrid propulsion and power
systems.
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▪ Fig. 1(b) shows the detailed schematic diagram of the HPP system.
▪ First, the high-speed atmosphere is compressed by an intake and a fan.
▪ The internal duct air is compressed again by the compressor.
▪ The air entering into the cathode of the SOFC is preheated by combustor
exhaust.
▪ Electrochemical and internal reforming reactions occur in the SOFC.
▪ SOFC cathode exhaust mixes with part of anode exhaust.
▪ The mixing gas enters into the afterburner, and the refresh fuel is added to it
once again. Afterburner exhaust expands and output propulsion power in the
nozzle.
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Fig. 2. Operating strategies of the HPP system in the (a) take off segment (b) climb, cruise descent
and land segments (c) battery charge segment.
1. Model assumptions
▪ The HPP system is simulated for steady-state operation.
▪ Zero leakage occurs in the HPP system.
▪ Gaseous working fluids are considered as ideal gases.
▪ The air contains 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen.
▪ The fuel is assumed as propane (C3H8).
▪ Only hydrogen and oxygen take part in the electrochemical reaction.
▪ The working temperature of the SOFC is the outlet temperature of the fuel
cell.
▪ The weight of the HPP system is decided by the weight of the original
turbofan engine, the battery, the motor, and the fuel cell stack.
▪ The bypass ratio is a constant of 0.5, and the inlet area is constant.
▪ The aircraft can be operated with the Mach number from 0 to 2.
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2. Aircraft model
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• The choice of suitable aircraft is important to match with the HPP system with
low specific fuel consumption. The more fuel is loaded, the more endurance
is achieved.
• So high altitude and long endurance aircraft are chosen.
• Therefore, according to Water and Cadou the lift co- efficient (CL) can be
calculated if the aircraft weight is known;
(Lift/(qS) = Wg)
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TABLE 1
AIRCRAFT
SPECIFICATIONS Parameters Value Units
Wingspan 40 m
Wing area 64 m2
Aspect ratio 25
z Loaded airframe 7000 kg
Fuel capacity 7500 kg
CDmin 0.0195
K 0.01725
CLmin 0.3
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3. HPP system model
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• An SOFC model is chosen in which it contains electrochemical
models, chemical reaction models, mass transport models, and
heat transfer models.
• The characteristics of compressor used is shown in fig 3.
Fig. 4. Mach number and altitude profile after being simplified for the Global Hawk RQ-4A
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5. Model verification
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• The polarization curve comparisons between the SOFC model developed here, and
the experimental data are shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b).
Fig. 5. Validation of the SOFC models between current calculations and previous work
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6. Calculation
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▪Calculation procedure of the
HPP system is shown in Fig. 6,
according to the mathematical
models. The whole procedure
includes four loops calculation,
which are (a) energy balance of
the SOFC, (b) anode exhaust
concentration, (c) power
balance between the motors
and the fuel cell, and (d) fuel
cell temperature iteration.
Fig. 6. Calculation
procedure of the HPP
system
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1. Flight segments
▪ A complete flight mission for the aircraft is typically comprised of
five different segments, take-off, climb, cruise, descent, and land,
as shown in Fig. 4.
▪ The battery provides electric power for the motors under take-off
conditions (maximum thrust).
▪ In the cruise segment, SOFCs provide energy for the motors.
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2. Take-off segment
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Fig. 9. (a) Flight tracks and (b) performance of the HPP system in the climb segment.
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5. HPP system characteristics
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Speed characteristic
Altitude
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characteristic
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Conclusion
The main conclusions are as follows:
2. Under the cruise segment, the decreasing rate of the weight of fuel cells slows with
decreasing fuel utilization. Low fuel utilization can achieve high thrust and thrust
specific fuel consumption.
3. At the high altitude, the HPP system can consume less fuel and produce less thrust.
4. The components of the HPP system occupies part fuel capacity of the original
unmodified aircraft.
5. The thrust specific fuel consumption will be significantly decreased if the fuel cell
area increases.
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REFERENCE
▪ Zhixing Ji, Marvin M. Rokni, Jiang Qin, Silong Zhang and Peng Dong.
“Energy and configuration management strategy for battery/fuel cell/jet
engine hybrid propulsion and power systems on aircraft”. Energy
Conversion and Management 225 (2020) 113393.
▪ Gnadt AR, Speth RL, Sabnis JS, Barrett SRH. "Technical and
environmental assessment of all-electric 180-passenger commercial
aircraft". Prog Aerosp Sci 2018.
▪ Waters DF, Cadou CP. "Engine-integrated solid oxide fuel cells for
efficient electrical power generation on aircraft". J Power Sources
2015;284:588–605
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