108 L. S.
PONTRTAGIN
The problem of detennining if ali the zeros of tbe fuoction X~s) (ez) are all
to the Jeft of tbe imaginary axis is easHy traosformed into a problem coocerning
r ZEROS OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
polynomials. Let us observe that the zeros of the functioo x! 5
>(ez) theo and only
then lle ro the leh of the imaginary axis if ali the zeros of the polynomial x!s) (t)
He within the circle jt/ < l. The linear fractional transformatioo t = (1 +z.)/(1-z...)
converts the interior of the circle lt] < 1 in c:he plane of the variable t into the
half-plane situated to the left of the imaginary axis of the variable z ••
Thus, tbe problem for the polynomial x!
5
>(t) may now be solved by mak.ing
the cbange of variable t = (1 +z._)/(1-z.), clearing of fractioos, and usiog the re ..
sults of Theorems 6 and 7.
SUMMARY
Let h(z, l) be a polynomial with real or complex coefficients depcnding oo tbe
variables z and t. In this papee are giv~n the necessary and sufficient conditions
for thc negativity of the real parts of aH zeros of the function H(z) = h(z, ez).
Let r and s be tbe degrees of the polynomial h(z, t) with respect to z and t.
We call the renn of the polynomial h(z, t) containing the product z 7 ts the principal
term. Evidently not every polynomial has the principal-term.
Theotem l. // the polynomial h(z, t) does not contain the principal term then
the function H(z) possesses an infinity of zeros with arbitrarily large positive
real parts.
Proof. The solution of the equation H(z) is sought in tbe form
z = a log 2krr + 2/mi + log8+ (,
where a is a positive rational number and· 8 -1= O a complex number dependi.ng 00
tbe form of the polynomial h(z, t), k a sufficiendy large positive numbcr, C a suf-
ficieotly srnall variable. It appears that if h(z, t) does not possess the principal
term then therc e:idst solutions of such kiod with ( tending to zero when k -.. °'°·
If tbere exists the principal term of the polyoomial h(z, t) then che character
of zeros of thc fuoctioo H(z) is detcrmined by _the behaviOI" of ll(z) on tbe imagi-
nary axis. lf ll(iy) = F(y) + iG(y), F(y) and G(y) bciog real fuoctions of the real
variable y, then it is easily seen that F(y) = [(y, cosy, sin y) and G(y) =
g(r, cosy, sin y) where-/(y, u, v), g(y, u, v) are polynomiaJs with real coefficients.
Our problem can be rcduced to the investigation of uros of che function F(z) =
[(z, cos z, sinz) where {(z, u, v) is a poJynomial witb real coefficients. /(z, u, v)
can be represented in che form
(1)
wbcre q,f:>(u, v) is a homogeneous (with respect to thc variables u, v) polynomial
of degree n. As we are going to use the substitution u = cos z, v = sin z we as-
sume without loss of generality tbat no cpf:) (u, v) is divisible by u 2 + v2 or
'P{:) (J, ±i) /, O for every polynomiaJ cpf:> (u, v) in the sum (1). Let r be the degree
of /(z, u, v) with respect to z and s be its degree with respect to both u and v.
We shall call z'4{s )(u, v) the principal term of /(z, u, v). Evidendy, not every
polynomial contains the principal term.
Thcorem 2. // the polynomial /(z, u, v) does not contain the principal term
109
tken there exists an infinity of zeros of the function F(z) with arbitrarily l.arge
imaginary parts.
The proof is ha.sed on Thcorem l.
If che polynomial {(z, u, v) contains the principaJ term then we select the
terms containing z' and we write f (z, u, v ) = z 7cp1s ) (u, v) + • • •, where </>is ) (u, v)
is a (genera.lly, not hornogeneous) polynomial of degree s wich respect to u, v.
Then <fli5 ) (z) = zÍ5 ) (cos z, sin z) is a periodic function possessing strictly 2s ze-
ros in the region OS x < 2rr (z = x + iy). Thus for almost every l the functioo
it,Ís) ( t+iy) does not vanish for any real y. Choose sucb l that 11>J5 ) (t+ iy) f O
for alJ y.
Theorem 3. The function F(z) possesses exactly 4ks +r zeros in eh.e region
-2lcrr + l ::;_ x ::;_ 2h11 + l if k is sufficiently large. Tkus the necessary and su{ficient
condition that all zeros o{ the function F(z) be real is that tMre exist exactly
2ks +r real zeros of the function F(x) in tke inten•al -2/crr+ l $ x S 2/ar + l if k
is sufficiently large.
Proof. Consider the rectangle Pkb in the z-pJane decennined by the inequali•
cies: -2ktr + l ::5: x::; 2krr+ l ; -b $y$ b. [t is easy to see that
F(z) = z'w~•l(z)(J +81 (z)),
where 8 (z) is arbitrarily small oo the boundary of Pkb when k and b are suffi-
1
cieotly large. Accordiog to the theorem oo the Iogarithmic residu.e the functioos
F(z) and z 7 (J)!s)(z) have the same number of zcros in Pkb• k and b being suffi-
cieotly large. For thc Jatter function this numbet is evidently equal to 4"8 +r.
Consider again che function H(z) under tbe asSWIJ'tion that h(z, t) has che princi-
pal term. Selccting che terms wich z' we represent h(z, t) = z'xis)(t) + • • •• where
X(s)(t) is a poJynomial of degree s with respect to t. Xi
5
>(z) = x;s>(ez) is a
p:riodic fuoction with che period 211i which possess ooJy a finite number of zeros
in the region O ::;_ y < 211. Consequendy, for almost every real € XÍ8 ) (x + il) ,/,. O for
all real x. _Suppose that l is chosen in sucb a way th.at these inequalities hoJd.
Theorem 4. Let h(z, t) be a polynomial with the principal term and H(z) does
not vanish anywhere on the imaginar-y axis. DenoU by Nk the number of zeros o{
the function H(z) in the region -2k11+ l 5 y S 2krr+ l, x: > O (z=x+iy). Denote fur-
ther by Vk the angle drawn by the vector w "" H(iy) round the origin when r ranges
throu.gh the in.terval -2ktr+ l 5 y $_ 2k11 + l. f) appears that Vk = 211 (2ks -Nk +fr) +ók,
where Ok tends to zero simultaneously with f·
Proof. Considera rectangle Pka in che z-plane detennined by OS x S: a,
-2/m + t. S y::;_ 2h11 + l, As it is known the number of zeros of the function H(z) in
P1w, is equal to the number of complete turns of the vector w = H(z) when z passes
along the boundary of P1ra in tbe positive sense (counter clod:wise). As it is easy
to establish H(z) =z'Xi5 >(z)(l +82 (z)), where B2 (z) tends co zero when both k
and a become infinite, if z belongs to thc boundary of Pka excepted its: side
x = O. In view of this relation we can prove that the angle drawn by the vector w
when z passes along the lower, the right and the upper sides of the rectangle Pka