Thầy Tuấn ôn thi chuyên và luyện thi đại học 01663247755

PRACTICE 99
STRESS
1. A. triangle B. refugee C. recompense D. opportune
2. A. magnificent B. memorial C. humanism D. tobacconist
3. A. candidacy B. casually C. commentary D. asymmetric
4. A. commerce B. consent C. access D. advent
5. A. amateurish B. bureaucracy C. amplifier D. humanism.
ERROR IDENTIFICATION
1. Despite the appearance of the Mayan empire, there are still Mayans in the region that they once inhabited.
2. What about the recreational reading you are supposed to get into the habit to do on a regular basis?
3. The refugees are very much upset because they have been deprived from their homeland and their families.
4. Of all outdoor activities, Paul likes fishing best of all, but he doesn’t enjoy cleaning the fishing rods afterwards.
5. The students in the dormitories were forbidden, unless they have special passes, from staying out after 11:30 P. M.
6. All the staff in Tam’s film are expected to do some overtime, if the need rises.
7. If you need to keep fit, then why not take on a sport such as badminton or tennis?
8. As soon as 8000B. C, people began to experiment with methods of helping the sick.
9. The results of our marketing survey show that there will be quite a demand for electric cars in the ahead years.
10. The Homestead Act of 1862 granted 160 acres of land for (to) any settler who would spend five years on the land.
STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR
1. The new science teacher was popular because she was ..... with her classes.
A. marked B. adverse C. lenient D. visible
2. You must ..... the school if your child has to leave early.
A. notify B. imply C. honour D. stimulate
3. Most of the ..... in the history department have been lecturing for decades.
A. crew B. sophomores C. scholarship D. faculty (giáo viên giảng dạy trong 1 khoa)
4. Despite all his..... Bill agreed to the plan in the end.
A. pluses and minuses B. bits and pieces C. pros and cons D. ifs and buts
5. Having delegates register at the conference is ...... a way to ascertain attendance figures.
A. virtually B. merely C. academically D. immensely
6. The ..... of Jennifer’s name from the list for the graduation ceremony was an unfortunate mistake.
A. vocation B. evolution C. omission D. infection
7. Traffic police designated an extra lane to. .... the return of vacationers to the city.
A. facilitate B. motivate C. evaluate D. ameliorate
8. The patient is typically. .... during this kind of operation.
A. counterclockwise B. semiconscious
C. multiracial D. biannual
9. A comfortable bed is ..... to a good night’s sleep.
A. conclusive B. co-operative C. conservative D. conducive (providing the right conditions for
something good to happen or exist)
10. Many people are unable to. .... the rules of complicated card games.
A. suck B. grasp C. spoil D. stir
CLOZE TEST
The search (1) ..............alternative resources of energy has (2) ..............various. Many communities are burning
garbage and other biological products to produce electricity. Changing waste products into gases or oil is also an
efficient way to dispose of waste.
Experimental work (3) ..............to make (4) ..............fuels from coal, or coal tars. But (5) ................ date, that process
(6) ................ expensive. Other to harness power with giant windmills. Geothermal power, heat from the earth, is also
being tested (7) ................ Some experts are trying to revive hydroelectric power which is derived from streams and
rivers. Fifty years ago, hydroelectric power provided one third of the electricity (8)............... in the United States, but
today it supplies only four per cent. The oceans are another source of energy. Scientists are studying ways to change
the energy of ocean currents, tides, and waves (9) ..............electricity.
Experiments are also underway to make (10) .............. of temperature differences is ocean water to produce energy.
1. A. of B. for C. with D. about.
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2. A. come B. finalized C.ended D. resulted.
3. A. is being done B. is doing C. will be done D. will do
4. A. artificial B. compound C. synthetic D. man-made.
5. A. on B. at C. to D. by.
6. A. has proved B.has prove C. proved D. is proving.
7. A. undergo B. underestimate C. undergo D. underway.
8. A. using B. used C.usage D. use.
9.A. into B. to C. onto D. up to.
10. A. advantage B. do C. use D. waste.
On a winter afternoon, a dozen male Northern fur seals are on an island off south-western Alaska. To 0_them, fighting
for territory on the rocks, it’s hard to imagine that they are at the 1 ............. of a baffling scientific mystery: why is this
species beginning to disappear?
These seals - which can weigh up to 270 kilograms - have an important and symbolic 2..............in Alaska’s history.
Their soft and luxurious fur, the coveted prize during the huge commercial sea harvests that were legal here in the
Bering Sea through the early 20th century, was once so valuable it 3..............Alaska’s economy. Starting in the 1950s,
for reasons that are 4 ......................... because the harvests by then tended to be fairly small, the seal population began a
slow decline. But lately it has been falling drastically, declining at an alarming 5..............of 6 per cent a year since
1998. From a 6 ............. of more than 2 million in Alaska in 1948, their numbers have fallen to about 1.1 million.
So 7..............no one has been able to establish a precise cause for this, although theories 8..............The seals’ food
supply may be 9.............., or another species may be 10 ............. on the seals - perhaps killer whales, which no longer
have as many great whales to eat because of harvesting of those mammals. Some people have suggested that the
decline can be 11.............. to entanglement in fishing nets, but scientists say they doubt that this alone could
12………… the recent population decline.
1 A middle B centre C inside D focus
2 A location B situation C place D spot
3 A drove B inspired C motivated D set
4 A unclear B unsure C unsettled D undecided
5 A speed B pace C scale D rate
6 A top B summit C crest D high
7 A long B far C on D forth
8 A flourish B mushroom C abound D escalate
9 A thinner B tighter C slimmer D scarcer
10 A preying B devouring C hounding D ravaging
11 A designated B attributed C stipulated D consigned
12 A reason with B answer to C account for D match up
OPEN CLOZE
1. Greenhouse gas emissions are global in nature. It doesn't (1) make any difference where you live,
(2).....................you are affected by greenhouse gas emissions from around the world. So why does it matter what
happens (3) to the Amazone? The Amazone rain forest, most of (4) which is housed in Brazil, covers
an area the size of Western Europe and comprises one-third of the world’s remaining tropical forests. The Brazilian
rain forest covers 60 percent of Brazil’s territory. In addition, it is the home of 30 percent of the world's animals and
plant (5) .....................The forests themselves are one of the solutions to global warming since (6) trees absorb
carbon dioxide. That is why one of the solutions to adopting Kyoto Protocol emission reductions is to take part
in a(7) project.
However, the Amazone rain forest is threatened on two fronts - logging and burning. Logging is an important
source of revenues for Brazil, a country that suffers from high unemployment and underemployment. In addition to
logging operations, Brazilians are cutting down and burning large tracts of land for cattle ranching and farming. (8) In
some cases, the cattle ranchers sell their land to agricultural interests, clear additional land for pastures, and sell the
lumber to the timber industry. The burning is increasing carbon dioxide emissions, and the destruction of the forests is
eliminating a huge carbon dioxide sink that could benefit the rest of die world. It is estimated that the burning of the
Amazone (9) account for 75 percent of Brazil’s greenhouse gas emissions,
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making Brazil one of the world’s top 10 (10) producer. In fact, Brazil pumps out 5. 38 percent of the world’s total
greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the huge logging potcnUal, many multinational logging firms have invested
heavily in the Brazilian rain forest, while critics of Brazilian policies have been clamoring for protection of the rain
forest.
2. In (1) the 1950s and early 1960s, prior (2) to the widespread internetworking that led (3)
to the Internet, most communication networks were limited (4) to their nature to only allow communications between
the stations (5) and the network. Some networks had gateways or bridges (6) connecting them, but these bridges were
often limited or built specifically (7) for a single use. One prevalent computer networking method was based on
the central mainframe method, simply allowing (8) many terminals to be connected via long leased lines. This
method was first used in 1953 by Project RAND to support researchers such as Herbert Simon, (9) from Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, when collaborating across the continent with (10) scientists in Santa Monica, California, on automated
theorem proving and artificial intelligence.
3. The universal fantasy about being a rock star, at least the tame part, goes something 0 like this: you make
wildly popular new music, see 1 the likeness splashed across magazine covers, and worry occasionally 2
about/of becoming old. But according to a new list of the fifty top-earning pop stars, old rock stars are enjoying the
3 momental success. Half the top ten earners are older than fifty, and two are 4 over sixty. Only one act has members
under thirty. The annual list reverses the common perception 5 of pop music. Not only is it not the province of
youth, it's also 6..............the province of CD sales, hit songs and music videos. While young stars 7 get their turn
on the charts, which rank popular artists, songs and albums, the real pop pantheon, 8 it seems, is an older group,
no 9 longer producing new hits, but re-enacting songs that are older than many of today’s pop idols.
"This always 10 came as a shock to fans,' said Joe Levy of Rolling Stone magazine. The biggest-selling artists aren't
the ones who make the most money. The artists learn the hard 11 way that money comes from concert tickets and
T-shirts, not selling records. That's the lesson - you build a brand over time, and you can sell the brand 12 instead if
you can’t sell the albums.' This means that, while it’s good to be in demand, it is 13 fine to be yesterday’s in-
demand performer. 14 While pop music glorifies the young and the new, it actually sells these qualities 15 on a
discount.
WORD FORMATION
1. Globalization (globe) is the ongoing process that deepens and broadens the relationships and independence
(depend) among countries.
2. A bath is not the same thing as sleep, but anything that lets you relax for a while is ................... (restore), too.
3. Not sick, Mai guessed, but probably hangover (hang) now that she drank a lot at the party last night.
4. These, students voluntarily spent their summer vacations helping the disadvantaged (advantage)
5. Mr. Joseph Tan is working in the criminal (crime) department. He always carrying out investigations.
6. Eating fish and lots of vegetables greatly increase your life expectancy (expect).
7. Her kindness to my children greatly. .................. (dear) her to me.
8. This chemical removes unsightly colours (colour) in order to restore wood to its natural colour.
9. The lawyer said that his defendant (defense) is accused of smuggling cigarettes into Long An province.
Fill each blank with ONE suitable word from the box and change its word form where necessary:
The Filming of Railway Number
payment use make expense imagine choice comparative scenic apparent
Central Station (10)....................since the last train left over twenty years ago, was the main location
(11)....................for Railway. This new film, in many ways a (12) ..................... of the 1970s classic of the same name,
was shot almost entirely in or around the station. (13) .................... to the enormous cost of the original, therefore, it
was quite a(n)(14)....................film to make. Money was saved by using technology in ways that were (15). back in
1975. For instance, instead of some big (16)...............the film crew probably (17). the actors by two to one. They
also avoided using (18)..............superstars, some of whom charge millions of dollar for just a few minutes’ (19) on
screen.
If you are thinking of leaving your job, you may think that handing in your letter of 20_ RESIGN
resignation is the end of the matter. But an increasing number of companies now conduct 'exit ANNOY
interviews' with
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staff in an attempt to improve staff retention and communication. BEAR
For the employee, an exit interview may feel like an ideal opportunity to rant and rave about REFER
every little 21 annoyances that has troubled them since they got the job. But. 22 bearing in EMOTION
mind that you will probably still need a 23 reference from these people, it is best to avoid HONEST
getting angry or 24 emotional, and just answer the questions as calmly and with as much 25 WORK
honesty as possible. For employers, the exit interview is a rare opportunity to gather some EXIST
valuable information about the way staff perceive the internal 26 workplace of the company. OFFEND
27 Existing employees may not wish to cause 28 offense to the boss or damage their chances CLOSE
of promotion, so are unlikely to 29 enclose their real feelings about the company. However, TRUE
someone who has already resigned is more Vikety to be 30 trustworthy when giving their
opinions.
THE RIGHT TO PLAY TUTOR
The Right to Play (J. Roberts, hardback £18.99) goes right to the heart of current debate over CHILD
education. With more and more parents turning to private (31) tutors and children as young as ASSESS
seven taking national standard attainment tests, this book is a timely reminder that(32) FAIL
children should be, for the most part, a time of discovery and fun, free from the pressure of EDUCATE
continuous (33) assessments and the consequent threat of (34) failure In the first section, Ms CONCLUDE
Roberts examines how fashions in (35) education have changed over the last century, reaching NECESSARY
the (36) conclusion that parents should not be fooled into thinking that the most current SEE
ideology is (37) necessarily correct, as the chances are that it will swiftly be replaced by CONSTRUCT
a new trend. The second section builds on this (38)................................................. by offering ACADEMY
(39) constructive advice for parents who feel that doing well (40) academically is not the most
important thing in a child’s early years.
PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS
1. The ceiling fans were on, but unfortunately they only..................... the hot, humid air.
A. stirred up B. poured through C. turned into D. cut back.
2. Is shopping there expensive?
A. so high to B. so high as C. as high to D. as high as
3. When I go on trips, I consider sending her gifts .............. lieu of" postcards.
A. on B. in C. at D. during.
4. Tom reflected. .......... the results which his action might produce.
A. in B. about C. on D. no preposition is needed.
5. Helen fainted but the nurse gave her something that....................
A. brought her to B. came her round C. took her up D. got her round.
6. the double, she took the victim to the hospital.
A. In B. For C. On D. With.
7. That flowers are ................... everywhere is a sign of spring.
A. coming out B. breaking out C. taking over D. going over.
8. The boy is hyperactive. I put it ..................... wrong diet.
A. down with B. down to C. up against D. up with.
9.1 finished my homework a few days ahead. ................. the deadline.
A. of B. to C. by D. at.
10. A good dictionary is indispensable .................. any English majors.
A. to B. for C. at D. with.
Match each sentence with the most appropriate ending.
1. Science shows that there is an exception c a. for original ideas and clear presentation.
2. Val has a very relaxed attitude f b. for their teachers.
3. Theoretical knowledge is no substitute h c. to every rule.
4. Theo made no excuse j d. of his learning disability.
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5. Students are expected to show respect b e. in history and sociology.
6. Assessment is based on a combination g f. to her work.
7. Tests can reveal the extent d g. of coursework and exams.
8. Extra tuition can have a great influence i h. for experience.
9. Students will be given credit a i. on a student’s final exam grades.
10. Sharon is studying for a degree e j. for his being late.
Complete the sentences with the correct word below.
drawbacks cons minuses curse weaknesses buts
1. We need to consider the pros and cons before changing the assessment system.
2. A good teacher identifies each pupil’s strengths and weaknesses
3. We cannot yet tell whether a new curriculum will prove a blessing or a curse
4. Troy is the one who caused the explosion in the science laboratory, no ifs or buts about it.
5. I’m weighing up the pluses and minuses of doing a degree by distance learning.
6. Like all schemes, this one has benefits and drawbacks
Replace the expressions in colour in the sentences below with the following phrasal verbs. Make any
necessary changes.
suck up to / drop out of / pick up / drag on/ dumb down / count towards / swot up / kick out / clamp down on /
mess around
1. I’ve got tests all next week - I’ve really got to revise hard swot up
2. Todd stopped attending school at 16 because he considered schoolwork a waste of time drop out of
3. Does this term’s test mark contribute to our final grade? count towards
4. Apparently, the headmaster is going to implement punishments more strictly for truancy clamp down on
5. Just because Jilly cleaned the blackboard, it doesn’t mean she’s trying to make herself popular with the teacher suck up to
6. If you make too much noise in Mrs Skinner’s class, she’ll make you leave kick out
7. I can’t wait for the summer holidays - this term has seemed to last a long time drag on
8. So many of the students lacked basic numeracy skills that the course has been made simpler and easier dumb down
9. I couldn’t hear the teacher because the other kids were behaving badly mess around
10. Surely if Hannah were dyslexic, it would have been noticed long before now pick up
TRIOS
Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
1 chance
I think she's got a very good_of succeeding as a musician because she's very talented.
He took the job because it was his only_of earning a living.
By_. the two of us happened to be at the airport at exactly the same time.
2 excuse
Please_the terrible state of this room, I haven't had time to tidy it up.
I know that she’s under a lot of pressure, but nothing can_her terrible behaviour.
Would you_me for a moment - I need to leave the room and make a phone call.
3 late
Vanessa is tired because she’s had a lot of_nights recently.
There were lots of_arrivals at the party because of traffic problems.
Mike was in his_thirties when he finally found a career that he liked.
4 place
I’m having a party at my_next weekend, would you like to come?
If he keeps playing so badly, he will lose his_in the team.
This cafe is a very good_for meeting people.
5 meet
I expect we’ll_again one day, but bye for now.
The company’s service didn't_my requirements.
You’re going to_a lot of problems as you go through life.
6. dropped
My mobile phone is broken - I. .......................... it as I was getting out of the car.
Frank has ............................. plenty of hints that he would like to be our best man - why don’t we ask him?
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Teresa ............................. out of university in her second year because she wanted to travel the world.
7. further
Please visit our website if you require ....................................... information about any of our products.
After leaving school, Jason went on to study tourism at a .............................. education college.
Is it only 12 miles to the coast from your house? I thought it was.......................away.
8. put
There’s something strange about the new worker but I can’t ................................... my finger on it.
You deserve a good mark for your dissertation because you’ve..............................in so many hours of hard work.
The amateur dramatic society have decided to. ............................ on a production of My Fair Lady this winter.
9. terms
In... ............................ of number of hours spent at lectures and seminars, arts subjects are often less demanding than
the sciences.
It’s highly unlikely Sandra and Philip would go on holiday together as they haven’t been on speaking ............. since
their big fight.
There is nothing to be done about the reduction in our funding so we’ll just have to come to..............................with it.
10. course
The Christmas meal was a real feast - each.................................... was more delicious than the previous one.
I haven’t driven for years so I’m thinking of taking a refresher .................. before i get behind the wheel again.
The captain informed us that the ship was on ............................. and that we would reach our destination in two days’
time.
11. go
Managing a small hotel will be a challenge but I’m sure we can make a ................ of it,
I’ve never been windsurfing before but I’d like to have a ............................. one day.
With exams coming up, and doing extra training for the basketball finals, it’s all ......................................... for me at
the moment.
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
1. It’s such a wonderful opportunity that we mustn’t miss it.
It’s too good an opportunity to miss.
2. “That’s a lovely new Ao dai, Mai” said her friend.
Mai’s friend complimented her lovely ao dai.
3. The chances are a hundred to one against you.
It’s most
4. The minister gave no precise figures about casualties.
The minister didn’t go into the number of casualties.
5. If nothing unfortunately happens, I’ll see you nest week.
All being well, I’ll see you next week.
6. Harry was close to winning the big race, ACE

7. They listened eagerly and attentively to the president’s speech, EARS

They were all ears to the president’s speech.
8. Why do I always get the boring jobs? DONKEY

9. I’m afraid there is no room in the concert hall tonight, BOOKED

I’m afraid the concert hall is fully booked tonight.
10. Don’t panic about something so trivial, MOUNTAIN
Don’t make a mountain out of a mole.
11.I’ve just noticed that the car has almost run out of petrol. HARDLY
I've just noticed that there’s hardly any petrol left in the car.
12. I didn’t know that cars were so expensive in this country. IDEA
I have no idea that cars worth so much in this country.
13. Don’t get depressed because of such a small problem.LET
It’s such a small problem that you shouldn’t let yourself be depressed by.
14. It is reported that he is now recovering in hospital. RECOVERY
He is reported to be making a recovery in hospital now.
15. Laura’s teacher says that she doesn’t have a serious enough attitude to her work. SERIOUSLY
Laura doesn't seem to be taking her work seriously to her teacher.
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16. He lost his job because he couldn’t do what was required. INABILITY
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He lost his job because of his inability to do what was required.
17. I haven’t got the energy to argue with you. BOTHERED
I can’t be bothered to have an argument with you.
18. What’s confusing you so much? LOT
What is it that's confusion?
19. It’s possible that Jacqueline’s schoolwork will suffer if she gets a Saturday job. ADVERSE
If Jacqueline gets a Saturday job, it might have adverse effect on her schoolwork.
20. It has been difficult for the children to accept their parents’ separation. COME
The children are finding it hard to come to terms with their parents’ separation.
21. It’s urgent that the new principal start to deal with the problems facing this school. GRIPS
The new principal will have to get to grips with the problems facing this schoolstraightaway.
22. We need to inspect further to discover how badly the building has been damaged. EXTENT
Further inspection is needed to discover the extent of the damage to the building.
23. Far stricter measures have been introduced to combat drug dealing. CLAMPING
The authorities are clamping down on drug dealing.
24. The jeweller examined the stones closely to see if they were genuine. LOOK
The jeweler took a close look of the stones to see if they were genuine.
17. They were on the point of cancelling the match when the opposition arrived. CALL
They were about to call off the match when the opposition arrive.
18. It’s waste of time to try and explain anything to Tony. WORTH
It’s not worth it to try and explain anything to Tony.
19. I never thought of going by train. OCCURED
The thought of going by train has never occurred to me.
20. He said he disapproved of people who smoke. EXPRESSED
He expressed his disapproval for people who smoke.
21. He is likely to come. PROBABILITY
In all probability there’s a high chance he’ll come.
22. The cause of explosion is still unknown. CAUSED
What has caused the explosion is still unknown.
23. The train is 5 minutes late in leaving. DUE
The train is due to leave 5 minutes ago.
24. The police caught the burglar in the process of committing the crime. RED
The police caught the burglar red handed.
25. My brother is not feeling terribly well these days. WEATHER
My brother is feeling under the weather these days.
26. I suddenly realized the meaning of a “freebie.” DAWNED
The meaning of a “freebie” suddenly dawned on me.
27. You look grumpy this morning. BED
You look like you got out of bed on the wrong side this morning.
28. She felt uncomfortable in the huge hotel. FISH
She felt like a fish out of water in the huge hotel.
29. I regret shouting at him. ONLY
If only I hadn’t shouted at him.
30. I was there when he admitted the truth. PRESENCE
There was my presence when he admitted the truth.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answers
The principle of use and disuse states that those parts of organisms’ bodies that are used grow larger. Those parts that
are not tend to wither away. It is an observed fact that when you exercise particular muscles, they grow. Those that
are never used diminish. By examining a man’s body, we can tell which muscles he uses and which he does not. We
may even be able to guess his profession or his recreation. Enthusiasts of ‘body-building’ cult make use of the
principle of use and disuse to build their bodies, almost like a piece of sculpture, into whatever unnatural shape is
 Thầy Tuấn ôn thi chuyên và luyện thi đại học 01663247755
demanded by fashion in this peculiar minority culture. Muscles are not the only parts of the body that respond to use
in this kind of way. Walk barefoot and you acquire harder skin on your soles. It is easy to tell a farmer from a bank
teller by looking at their hands alone. The farmer’s hands are horny, hardened by long exposure to rough work. The
teller’s hands are relatively soft. The principle of use and disuse enable animals to become better at the job of
surviving in their world, progressively better during their lifetime as a result of living in that world. Humans, through
direct exposure to sunlight, or lack of it, develop a skin color which equips them better to survive in the particular
local conditions. Too much sunlight is dangerous. Enthusiastic sunbathers with very fair skins are susceptible to skin
cancer. Too little sunlight, on the other hand, leads to vitamin-D deficiency and rickets. The brown pigment melanin
which is synthesized under the influence of sunlight makes a screen to protect the underlying tissues from the harmful
effects of further sunlight. If a suntanned person moves to a less sunny climate, the melanin disappears, and the body
is able to benefit from what little sun there is. This can be represented as an instance of the principle use and disuse:
skin goes brown when it is used, and fades to white when it is not.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How principles of use and disuse change people’s concepts of themselves.
B. The way in which people change themselves to conform to fashion.
C. The changes that occur according to the principle of use and disuse.
D. The effects of the sun on the principle of use and disuse.
2. The phrase ‘wither away’ is closest in meaning to:
A. split B. rot C. perish D. shrink.
3. The word those refers to:
A. organisms B. bodies C. parts D. muscles.
4. According to the passage, men who body build
A. appear like sculptures B. change their appearance
C. belong to strange cults D. are very fashionable.
5. From the passage, it can be inferred that the author view body building
A. with enthusiasm B. as an artistic form
C. with scientific interest D. of doubtful benefit.
6. The word ‘horny’ is closest in meaning to:
A- firm B. strong C. tough D. dense.
7. From the passage, it can be inferred that the principle of use and disuse enables organisms to
A. change their existence B. automatically benefit
C. survive in any conditions D. improve their lifetime.
8. The author suggests that melanin
A. is necessary for the production of vitamin D.
B. is beneficial in sunless climates.
C. Helps protect fair-skinned people.
D..Is a synthetic product.
9. In the second paragraph, the author mentions sun tanning as an example of
A. humans improving their local condition.
B. Humans surviving in adverse conditions.
C. Humans using the principle of use and disuse.
D. Humans running the risk of skin cancer.
10. the word ‘susceptible’ could be best replaced by
A. condemned B. vulnerable C. allergic D. suggestible.
When the first white men came to American, they found vast mounts of natural resources of tremendous value. Forests
covered a large part of the nation; later gas, oil and minerals were found in unbelievable amounts. There was a great
abundance of very fertile soil. Forests, prairies, streams and rivers abounded with wildlife. So vast were these
resources that it seemed that they could never be used up. So forests were destroyed to make way for farmland.
Grassland and prairies were plowed and harrowed. Minerals and oil were used in great quantities to supply a young
industrial nation. Almost every river became the scene of factories, mills and power companies. Mammals and birds
were slaughtered for food and sport.
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Within a short time, the results were obvious. Floods caused millions of dollars’ worth of damage yearly. The very
fertile soil washed away or blew up in great clouds. The seemingly inexhaustible oil and minerals showed signs of
depletion. Rivers were filled with silt from eroding farms and wastes from factories. Many of the rivers were made
unfit for. fish. Several species of birds disappeared, and some mammals seemed on the verge of going. Furniture
timber shortages were predicted. In short, Americans soon came to realize that some sort of conservation program
must be set up, for future, as well as present. Americans were to share in the resources that are the heritage of every
American.
1. The title below that best expresses the main theme or subjects of this paragraph is:
A. What the first white men found in America
B. The cause of timber shortages
C. the loss of topsoil
D. The story of America resources.
2. It seemed to the early American settlers that
A. game was scarce
B. forests should not be cut
C. the natural resources were inexhaustible
D. there was a shortage of minerals.
3. The use of America’s natural resources by the early settlers was:
A. careless B. scientific C. unbelievable D. predicted.
4. Much of fertile soil of America has
A. sunk deep into the earth B. been eroded by wind and water
C. been covered by lakes D. become the scene of factories.
5. One reason many of the rivers are no longer suitable living places for fish is that
A. too many fish have been caught
B. floods have caused much damage
C. a conservation program has been set up
D. factories have dumped waste into the rivers.
6. Another word for “fertile” is
A. wet B. productive C. useful D. irrigated.
7. Another word for “slaughtered” is
A. killed B. caught C. reared D. wounded.
8. Another word for “depletion” is
A. redundancy B. reduction C. replenishment D. reaffirmation
9. Another word for “prairies” is
A. meadows B. plateaux C. high lands D. plateaus.
10. Another word for “verge” is
A. peak B. brink C. occasion
The beauty of cats
For most people, a domestic cat is a more or less beautiful, usually affectionate but rarely useful member of the
family. However, for the people who breed, show, or simply admire them, the pedigree aristocrats of the cat world can
easily become an obsession. As yet, there is a very much smaller range in the sizes and 5 shapes of cats compared with
dogs, which is not surprising when we consider that dogs have been selectively bred for hundreds, if not thousands, of
years to develop physical and temperamental characteristics that can be put to work for man as well as admired. By
contrast, all breeding of pedigree cats is for purely i aesthetic reasons.
Only a few pedigree cat breeds date back beyond the late nineteenth century, and most have been developed since the
1950s. To achieve acceptance, any new breed must be officially recognized by the national and international
organizations of ‘cat fanciers’ that regulate the breeding and showing of pedigree cats. To date, official recognition
has been given worldwide to more than 100 different is breeds. A fairly small number of these are what might be
called ‘natural’ breeds, with distinctive characteristics that appeared spontaneously, and then became established in
the cat population of a particular country or region. Examples include what is popularly known as the Persian, with its
long-haired coat; the Russian Blue, with its plush grey ‘double’ coat; the Siamese, with its slender body, long, narrow
face and distinctive colouring; and the Manx cat, with either no tail (a ‘rumpy’) or a small stump of a tail (a ‘stumpy’).
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More usually, new pedigree cat breeds are the result of meticulously planned breeding programmes designed to
establish or enhance attractive or unusual features occurring in non-pedigree cats. Without the intervention of the cat
jig breeder, many of these features would occur only rarely or would have simply disappeared through natural
selection. Even the so-called natural breeds have been considerably modified over the years by professional cat
breeders striving to match or improve on the breed ‘standard’, a detailed description of the various points (length and
colour of coat, body and head shape, etc.) according to which a particular breed is judged in competition.
The majority of cats, both wild and domestic, have fur that is of short or medium length. Long fur in cats can occur
either as the result of a ‘one-off’ genetic mutation, or through the inheritance of the recessive gene for long hair.
Longhaired cats were well-established in Persia (now Iran) and Turkey long before 36 the ancestors of most modem
long-haired show cats were taken to Europe and America towards the end of the nineteenth century. Today’s pedigree
longhairs of Persian type have a cobby (sturdy and rounded) body, a very luxuriant long coat, short, thick legs, a round
head, round face, very short nose, and large round, orange or blue eyes. There are separate show classes for Persians
of different colours. Also shown in their own classes are various non-Persian longhairs, Turkish Van.
Short-haired pedigree cats can be divided into three main categories: the British Shorthair, the American Shorthair,
and the Foreign or Oriental Shorthair. To the uninitiated, British and American Shorthairs appear to be no more than
particularly fine examples of the non-pedigree family cat. The reality is that selective breeding programmes have
achieved a consistency of conformation and coat characteristics in the different pedigree lines that could never be
achieved by chance. Pedigree British Shorthairs have a cobby body, a dense, plush coat of a specified colour, short
legs, round head, a somewhat short nose, and large round eyes of a designated colour. By comparison, pedigree
American Shorthairs have larger and less rounded bodies, slightly longer legs, and a less round head with a square
muzzle and medium-length nose.
The third main group of pedigree cats are the Foreign or Oriental Shorthairs. Some of these breeds, notably the
Siamese, Korat, and Burmese, did indeed originate in the East, but today these terms are used to describe any breed, of
whatever origin, that displays a range of certain specified physical characteristics. Foreign and Oriental cats have a
slim, supple body, a fine, short coat, long legs, a wedge-shaped head, long nose, large, pointed ears, and slanting eyes.
Finally, also included within the pedigree short-hairs, are various miscellaneous breeds which have been developed to
satisfy a perhaps misplaced delight in the unusual. Examples include the Scottish Fold, with its forward-folded ears,
the Munchkin, with its short, Dachshund-like legs, and the apparently hairless Sphynx.
Questions 1-6 Complete the table below
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.

Features Coat Body Legs Head Nose Eyes

Persian luxuriant and cobby thick round very short round

longhairs long

British dense and cobby short round rather short round

shorthairs plush

American dense and less rounded slightly less round medium-length

shorthairs plush longer

Foreign
shorthairs fine and short slim and long wedge-shaped long slanting
supple
Questions 7-11
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
7 What name does the writer give to breeds such as Russian blue and Siamese?
8 What is the name given to the description of physical features by which a pedigree cat is judged?
9 In which century were long-haired cats first exported from Persia?
10 What class of cat does the Chinchilla belong to?
11 What remarkable characteristic do Scottish Fold cats have?
Questions 12 and 13
Choose the correct letters, A, B, C or D.
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12 The distinctive features of most pedigree cats are the result of
A enhancing characteristics that appear naturally in cats from a particular region.
B using breeding schemes to promote features which are found in non-pedigree cats.
C genetic changes which occurred spontaneously in some cats in the late nineteenth century.
D a misplaced pleasure in producing unusual looking cats.
13 The writer's main purpose in this article is
A to outline the history of breeding pedigree cats.
B to criticize the practice of producing odd characteristics in cats.
C to classify the different breeds of pedigree cats.
D to compare the respective practices of cat and dog breeders.
You are going to read a magazine article about a scientific expedition. Six paragraphs have been removed from the
article. Choose from the paragraphs -G the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you
do not need to use.
So many species of fungi, so ripe for the discovery
In the Maya Mountains in Belize, Timothy J. Baroni stepped out of his tent and checked his gear: hunting knife, heavy
boots, tackle box, sharp machete and two cigars. ‘All set,’ he said. ‘Let’s go find some fungi.’ With that, Dr. Baroni
and two colleagues, Dr. D. Jean Lodge and Dr. Dan Czederpiltz, plunged into the Central American jungle.
The three are mycologists -mushroom experts - who spent ten days in August searching for new species in the
mountains of southern Belize. The ridge they were exploring, Doyle’s Delight, is 15 kilometers east of the
Guatemalan border and was named for its resemblance to the prehistoric setting of Arthur Conan Doyle’s novel The
Lost World.
1G
There were other researchers on the multinational expedition - a Belizean ornithologist, a British botanist, an
American reptile specialist - but the mushroom experts have the best odds of finding a new species. Dr. David L.
Hawksworth, the British mushroom expert, extrapolating from the ratio of fungi to vascular plants (six species of
fungi for every plant) in several sets of data, has estimated the existence of 1.5 million species of fungi on earth.
2B
Fungi are neither plants nor animals; they were only recognized as their own distinct kingdom in the 1970s. In 1983,
research revealed that fungi are actually more closely related to animals than to plants. However, scientists can’t agree
on how many species of fungi have been identified - estimates range from 74,000 to 300,000.
3E
The mushroom experts find new species by conscientiously following a workaday schedule, even in the jungle. Here,
they spent mornings in the field collecting 20 to 30 specimens each day. In the afternoon they returned to their lab, a
3-meter by 3-meter screen tent, to process their specimens.
4A
On the first morning at Doyle’s Delight, Dr. Baroni didn’t get 10 minutes down the trail before
coming upon an intriguing specimen of bolete, a mushroom with pores instead of gills under its cap. He put his face
up to the fungus, then pulled back to celebrate. ‘That's outstanding. Yes!’ he said, pumping his elbow like a champion
golfer sinking a winning putt. ‘That's worth the helicopter trip right there.’
5F
A fungus, said Dr. Czederpiltz, a Forest Service mycologist based in Madison, Wisconsin, is ‘just a mass of threadlike
cells.’ The part we see, the mushroom, is merely the fruiting body - like the apple on a tree. The body of the fungus is
made up of those thread-like cells, known as mycelium, that are so small they can grow right through what we
perceive as solid objects, like wood, leaves or toe-nails. Fungi are not, however, what you’d call a glamorous field of
research.
6D
Despite this lack of recognition, his enthusiasm is undimmed. ‘This jungle is full of fungi,’ he added as he crept
slowly down a steep ridge. ‘They’re all around us.’
A Each mushroom was then measured, precisely described, and noted for color. Then it was slowly baked for 24 hours
in Dr. Lodge’s field oven, a custom-made butane-powered drying rack.
B 'Only 5 to 10 per cent of those have been discovered and named,’ said Dr. Baroni, a biology professor at the State
University of New York at Cortland. (About 90 per cent of the world’s 300,000 species of flowering plants have
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already been described.) Dr. Baroni, Dr. Lodge and two other mycologists not on this trip are in the final year of a
four-year survey of tropical fungi in the Caribbean and Central America. So far they alone have discovered more than
100 new species.
C And of course the role of fungi in the development of various medicines adds to this. Most famously, the fungus
Pénicillium was refined into penicillin, the first antibiotic effective against bacterial infection.
D This means that they are seldom in the spotlight. ‘We’re always trying to drum up support for mushrooms,' said Dr.
Czederpiltz. 'But it’s an uphill battle. Cute, pretty or furry things tend to get all the attention.'
E Whatever the real figure, new species are added almost daily to the list of those that have. Last year, one journal,
Mycotaxon, published details of 258 new or renamed fungi. From 1980 to 1999, an average of 1,100 new species were
found and described every year.
F Their prey are small, fragile and sometimes hidden, so fungi hunters spend a lot of time on their hands and knees in
search of finds like that one. 'The tree guys, they’ll get a couple kilometers down the trail,’ said Dr. Baroni. ‘Some
days we won’t get out of earshot of camp.’
G Towering palms and strangler figs, their trunks wrapped in a green shag of ferns and mosses, rise and converge in a
leafy canopy that keeps the moist forest floor in perpetual dusk. The place is so remote that the British Army’s jungle
training unit dropped the expedition members and a reporter in by helicopter.