Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences
University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710

Department of Languages and Literature

Essential Knowledge: Information Dissemination in Managing

Different Farm Machine Malfunctions

Lesther Callano Rubio

Eujanie Rose Nalasa Sarador
Adrian Keith Abarquez Sayod
Jason Barba Sia
Mark Rowence Jimenez Supiter

BSME 1A

Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering

GEC 15 (Purposive Communication)

November 2021
INTRODUCTION

The estimated fraction of tractors in use in developing nations concerning

potential demand implies that a large amount of this potential demand is not met by
locally made or assembled products or by imports from developed countries. In real
terms, farm machinery exported to or assembled in developing countries, with
transnational corporations as a major partner, is almost always beyond the means of
individual small-scale farmers, both at the point of purchase and during subsequent
routine operations of the equipment on the farm, trade statistics and other industry data.
Operating costs for small-scale farmers, such as energy, spare parts, and servicing, add
to their burdens, forcing a government offering assistance to interfere through control
and subsidy of spare parts, fuel, and community repair shops. Again, this has the effect
of limiting the number of units of agricultural equipment that can be deployed while
removing the manufacturer's full marketing and maintenance duty, to the extent that the
host government gets involved in such operations (UIA, 2020).

Traditional maintenance procedures cannot detect or prevent 82 percent of all

breakdowns. In addition, according to a Boeing study, 85 percent of equipment fails at
random, regardless of how well it is examined and repaired. Traditional maintenance
methods may fall short of achieving what IIoT technologies like machine learning are
set to achieve: a perfectly dependable plant environment and a world that never
breaks down. Machine learning-powered predictive maintenance may detect
deterioration tendencies and identify upcoming problems. Such data enhances
equipment availability, reducing downtime and resulting in the most significant
increases in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), ensuring that manufacturers
obtain the best lifetime return on investment. Industrialized machine learning delivers
real-time insight into plant asset health, identifying which assets are at danger of failure
(Brooks, M. 2019). In recent years, Internet of Things sensors that read production
data quickly and send it to a cloud platform have been deployed in a variety of
engineering fields. Different data, including as malfunctions and warnings, number of
items produced, pressure, temperature, waste, and energy, may be used at all stages
of production by (IoT) devices that read data instantaneously and send it to the cloud
platform (Kayar et al., 2021).

Agricultural operations will benefit from the advent of intelligent machines and
autonomous vehicles, which will boost efficiency while reducing environmental effect.
Such breakthroughs are currently possible thanks to innovative sensing and actuation
technologies, as well as better information and communication technology. However,
in order to fully benefit from these technological advancements, the old agricultural
machinery management approach must be reviewed. As a result, classic agricultural
operations planning approaches, particularly job-shop planning, must be augmented
with new planning features like route planning and sequential task scheduling.

Extension programs have been the key channel for spreading knowledge on
farm technology, supporting rural adult learning, and assisting farmers in increasing
their farm technical and managerial abilities in agricultural-dependent economies
(Danso-Abbeam , G. et al., 2018) The Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) and local government units (LGUs) have conducted
a variety of interventions targeted at enhancing rice farmers' productivity, including
extension services, distribution of high-yielding seed types, construction and
renovation of irrigation facilities, and provision of financing and crop insurance. The
DOST-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARRD) Techno Gabay Program (TGP) is one of the places where
farmers can get help. It aims to provide farmers, businesses, researchers, and other
stakeholders with science-based information and technology services. Agricultural
Extension was one of the services transferred to local government units (LGUs) by the
national government over 10 years ago. One of the key justifications for devolution was
that LGUs would be better managers of extension services due to their experience with
local agricultural circumstances, allowing them to tailor their services to the
requirements of their communities. Periodic assessments of the devolution process
revealed recurring issues such as LGUs' varied attitudes toward devolution, local
governments' failure to handle extension services as effectively as they could, and
disproportionately low budgetary allocations for agriculture services (Arcalas, 2021).

The term "machinery failure" or "malfunction" usually refers to a machine that

has ceased to function as planned or designed. Machine failure, also known as
equipment failure, occurs when a piece of industrial machinery underperforms, either
completely or partially, or stops working as intended. The word "machine failure" can
refer to a variety of circumstances and severity levels. In this perspective, a failure
comprises not just catastrophic show-stopper errors that completely cease production,
but also any loss of utility within a machine. Because all systems decay and lose
effectiveness in some form or another over time, the tolerance threshold for machine
failure will vary depending on the conditions. At scale, even slight perceived losses of
usefulness might result in massive resource waste. Failure has to begin somewhere.
The following are some of the most common causes of machine failure, which can be
used to assess, plan for, and prevent future failures. Error with the operator. The same
can be said for industrial equipment if you've ever heard the tech support term
PEBKAC (Saz, 2007).

Despite intensive training, humans are nevertheless prone to making mistakes,

forgetting crucial training principles, laziness, exhaustion, and plain forgetfulness.
Failure can sometimes be attributed to the overuse and abuse of equipment by
machine operators. Simple mishaps, such as dropping a piece of equipment, can also
qualify. Wrong Amount of Maintenance. This might be due to insufficient maintenance,
but it can also be due to excessive maintenance, resulting in machine failure.
Infrequent maintenance might allow problems to go unchecked, leading to a domino
effect of failure, whilst frequent maintenance, on the other hand, brings disorder into
the system each time. When a technician opens up a piece of machinery, there is
always the risk of failure, whether it's breaking a panel, losing a screw, accidentally
jiggling a wire the wrong way, stripping a bolt... the possibilities are endless, and the
more times the equipment is touched, the more likely it is to fail (Fountas et al., 2015).
 Farmers must be made aware of the need for adequate provision of all
necessary facilities and knowledge dissemination, as well as government and
nongovernmental organization initiatives (Chaudhry et al., 2014). It was discovered
that only a small percentage of rural women use or have access to agricultural
information through electronic media such as online remote databases and Web-based
agricultural information sources. For example, if they wanted to learn about new
farming advancements and practices, they often went to the incorrect people, who
lacked sufficient, usable, and accurate knowledge, limiting their possibilities of
productive agriculture and food security (Odini, 2014).

Farmers must be confronted with a more holistic awareness of the various

options for their own agricultural practice in order to make effective choices (Cooreman
et al., 2020). The Chinese government has put considerable effort and money into
agricultural information distribution services during the last two decades. These
investments have tremendously aided the social and economic development of the
agriculture sector. Farmers can improve their income and economic situation by using
better practices, such as dealing with natural disasters, pests, trading, and marketing,
as well as increased awareness of government support and favorable policies, thanks
to easy access to information, knowledge, and expert support via ICT-based
information dissemination services (Zhang et al., 2016)
.
The government and other private organizations should provide adequate
workshops, training, and awareness to rice growers (Bernard et al., 2014). Sectoral
factors like the profitability of commodities, and factors internal to the farm such as
farm succession, influence the potential up-take of the innovation being demonstrated
regardless of the ‘quality’ of the demonstration event (Sutherland & Marchand, 2021)
Odini (2014) Women were hesitant to share information in certain cases, fearing that it
might be used against them, while others asked for favors before providing any
information. Researchers need the whole cooperation of the participant for the
research to progress and help. The methods of the research should be well furnaced
for the result to be reliable although lapses are inevitable but should be kept at
 minimum. We only looked at the interaction between facilitated discussion, surprise,
and reflection as fundamental variables derived from transformative learning theory,
which does not account for the whole complexity of the process (Cooreman et al.,
2020). Regardless of the 'quality' of the demonstration event, external factors such as
product profitability and internal farm characteristics such as farm succession influence
the potential uptake of the innovation being presented (Sutherland & Marchand, 2021).

Base on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Philippine

National Goals, our study covers 2 goals. First includes Quality Education for this study
will be producing publications that will give knowledge to the farmers. Second is the
Decent Work and Economic Growth because this study will provide sustainable
economic growth to the farmers and will make them work more decent. This study will
give a huge contribution to the said goals. The life of the farmers will be more easier.

There was a study conducted abroad that the "system of rice intensification"
(SRI) developed in Madagascar in the 1980s and 1990s allows resource-limited
farmers to achieve yields of up to 15 t paddy/hectare on infertile soils, with drastically
decreased irrigation rates and no external inputs. The findings highlight the
significance of integrated and interdisciplinary research, which combines strategic and
adaptive techniques to investigate and link biophysical and socio-economic aspects in
crop production. Such technologies would allow for the latent production potentials of
rice and other key cereal grain crops to be realized at no additional cost to farmers or
the environment. But somehow this was never caught the attention of the Philippines
because there is a lot of problems exist related to the main problem of this study.

Generally, this study aims to disseminate information in managing different farm

machine malfunctions in Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines. The following specific
objectives are: tTo ascertain the difficulties of the farmers in managing different farm
machine malfunctions in Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines; tTo assess the
knowledge insufficiency in dealing with farm machine malfunctions in Valencia City,
Bukidnon, Philippines; tTo document the techniques and processes in handling different
basic farm machinery in Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines; tTo design publication
materials in managing different farm machine malfunctions in Valencia City, Bukidnon,
Philippines; tTo create publication materials in managing different farm machine
malfunctions in Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines; and tTo assess the effectiveness
of the publication materials in managing different farm machine malfunctions in Valencia
City, Bukidnon, Philippines. It is important to consider the various ways this can be
done, including owning the equipment, using custom hire services, renting, sharing, or a
combination of these options. Although most farmers prefer to own and operate their
equipment, it can be very expensive to do all tasks with owned equipment (Kime, L.,
2016).

There is an urgent need to organize and specify the pathways of this large
amount of information as prerequisites for subsequently turning it into knowledge and
decision support (Fountas , S. et al., 2015). Food and Agriculture Organizations of
United States, farmers already have a lot of knowledge about their environment and
agricultural systems, but extensions can bring them other knowledge and information
they do not have. Knowledge of the causes of damage to specific crops, general
principles of pest control, or the breakdown of fertilizers and compost to provide
phytonutrients is an area of knowledge that pathogens can bring to farmers in beneficial
ways. To apply this knowledge, farmers often need to acquire different kinds of new
skills. For example, technical skills to operate unfamiliar equipment, organizational skills
to lead group projects, ability to assess financial aspects of technical advice or farm
management. Skills for keeping records and allocating the use of agricultural resources
and tools. Sharing knowledge and skills with farmers and their families is an important
advisory activity and advisors must be thoroughly prepared. A farmer needs to identify
areas of skills and knowledge that farmers lack in their area and provide appropriate
learning experiences that allow farmers to master them.
HISTORY OF Essential Knowledge: Information Dissemination in Managing
Different Farm Machine Malfunctions

All crops for mankind's sustenance were grown and prepared by the strength of
human muscles in the beginning. Many centuries passed before the strength of animal
muscles was harnessed to relieve the suffering of humans. With the discovery of iron,
instruments were created that alleviated the strain on human muscles even more. The
transition from manual farming to modern power farming was sluggish at first, but with
the invention of the steel plow, internal-combustion engines, farm tractors, and other
modern farm machines, it has accelerated beyond our forefathers' wildest dreams. The
changes that have transpired over the last decade have had such a profound impact on
human values that one could ask what impact future agricultural machines will have on
our well-being. In fact, in the last hundred years, more agricultural progress has been
made than in the entire history of the world (Smith, H. P., 2015).

A maintenance service network's quick and dependable reaction to

malfunctioning agricultural machinery is crucial for the safety and stability of agricultural
produce during harvest. The goal of this study is to group a set of the provided
agricultural production areas into a set of service regions and assign a service facility to
each region's maintenance demands. The problem of service area districting is
described as a multi-objective mixed-integer program (MIP) that aims to reduce total
service distance between facilities and demand points while reducing service demand
overload in each service zone. We also employ modified contiguity requirements to
ensure that a single service region is geographically linked, meaning that one can travel
between any two places within the region without leaving it (Han et al., 2020).

Depending on the object's role and operating circumstances, durability is the most
significant feature of dependability, which comprises signs of failure-free,maintainability,
and preservation separately or in combination (both for the object and for its parts). At
this time, numerous methods, the most important of which is the statistical analysis of
connections loading, are used to improve the strength and longevity of machine
components connections, particularly agricultural ones. This method is based on the
accumulation of fatigue damage theory, followed by a computation of strength. Based
on this theory, known calculation methods for the durability of agricultural machine parts
frequently use data on the operation of the machine parts and units, its speed, the
surface relief processed by the machine in real-world operating conditions, as well as
the duration of the impact of various loads (Apazhev, et al., 2020).

DEVELOPMENTS OF Essential Knowledge: Information Dissemination in

Managing Different Farm Machine Malfunctions

Certain mechanical and electrical components, such as generators, show

deterioration phenomena that might occur gradually or unexpectedly. The current
tendency in this field of study is to create malfunction detection indicators from analog
signals captured by operation supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), as well
as to create behavioral models of the equipment and to construct a series of status
indicators. When specific usual limits are surpassed, these models and indicators are
used to identify problems when operation SCADA are unable to detect an irregularity,
indicating that the component is beginning to degrade. The digital signals from
operation SCADA, on the other hand, have a high potential for supplying extra
information that might be utilized to identify future malfunctions. Detection must be
supported by a study of a component's remaining life so that the component's remaining
usable life before failure may be calculated before it loses functionality. If SCADA can
identify a problem and predict when a component will fail, the operator will have
important opportunity to respond before the component fails at the optimal moment.
This is especially crucial in difficult-to-access installations, such as offshore wind farms
(Rodríguez-López, M. A., et al., 2016)

Traditional maintenance procedures cannot detect or prevent 82 percent of all

breakdowns. In addition, a Boeing study, 85 percent of equipment fails at random,
regardless of how well it is examined and repaired. Traditional maintenance methods
may fall short of achieving what IoT technologies like machine learning are set to
achieve: a perfectly dependable plant environment and a world that never breaks down.
Machine learning-powered predictive maintenance may detect deterioration tendencies
and identify upcoming problems. Such data enhances equipment availability, reducing
downtime and resulting in the most significant increases in overall equipment
effectiveness (OEE), ensuring that manufacturers obtain the best lifetime return on
investment. Industrialized machine learning delivers real-time insight into plant asset
health, identifying which assets are at danger of failure (Brooks, , M., 2019). In recent
years, Internet of Things sensors that read production data quickly and send it to a
cloud platform have been deployed in a variety of engineering fields. Different data,
including as malfunctions and warnings, number of items produced, pressure,
temperature, waste, and energy, may be used at all stages of production by IoT devices
that read data instantaneously and send it to the cloud platform (Kayar et al., 2021).

The transfer of irrigation management to farmers is predicated on the premise

that it would result in better irrigation system management, allowing farmers to enjoy a
greater level of life than before the transfer. Irrigation systems in former homeland areas
have been financed and managed by the government, with limited farmer engagement
in scheme administration. As a result, among smallholder irrigation farmers, a
dependence syndrome has emerged. Furthermore, the irrigation schemes were
developed and built with the intention of being operated by individual commercial
farmers. However, the majority of farmers in irrigation schemes are not commercially
minded, and the infrastructural quality in most of these schemes has deteriorated.
According to the scenario shown above, a number of obstacles must be solved in order
for irrigation management transfer to result in actual farmer empowerment and, as a
consequence, contribute to poverty reduction (Machethe , C. L., et al., 2004).
CHALLENGES OF Essential Knowledge: Information Dissemination in Managing
Different Farm Machine Malfunctions

The challenge of understanding profoundly yearning issues in machine learning

and the objective of duplicating the elements of open-ended advancement in
manufactured life. A major issue with the objective work in machine learning is that
double-dealing may avoid the objective from being come to. Comparatively,
determination in advancement may in some cases act to dishearten expanding
complexity. (Lunner-Kolstrup , C. et al., 2018) Glitches aggravated the everyday work,
particularly when saving parts or benefits specialists were inaccessible. The sources
concluded that progressed cultivation innovation and mechanized frameworks had both
positive and negative sides. They detailed no steady mental strain caused by the
innovation and considered it a need for their future work. In any case, innovation and
robotized frameworks must be utilitarian, user-friendly, and dependable to maintain a
strategic distance from forcing potential mental strain (Oliveira , L. F., et al., 2021).

For the rural poor in developing countries, mobile phones considerably lower
communication and information expenses. Since 2007, there has been a proliferation of
mobile phone-based applications and services in the agricultural sector, providing
information on market prices, weather, transportation, and agricultural techniques via
voice, short message service (SMS), and the internet.5 This not only provides new
opportunities for rural farmers to obtain information on agricultural technologies but also
to use ICTs in agricultural extension systems. While such programs are novel, they are
not without their drawbacks, and it's unclear whether they'll be able to take the place of
present agricultural extension systems. Furthermore, because many of these programs
are still in the early stages of development, empirical evidence of their performance is
mostly anecdotal. Strenuous impact studies are required to assess the influence of such
services on farmers' knowledge, adoption, and welfare, as well as their cost-
effectiveness (Act, P. P. S., 2014)
 Farmers and farm people may also face excessive workload, time pressure,
equipment breakdown, problems information new technology, and dangerous running
situations on an everyday foundation which may also affect their fitness and safety.
Modern arable farms these days use technologically superior tractors, harvesting
machines, and devices with gadgets that bodily manipulate the machines. Likewise, on
many dairy farms, traditional pipeline and parlor milking has been changed via way of
means of computerized milking systems (AMS), and the information for the cows are
made in pc programs. Vacation and time far from the farm are limited, particularly on
cattle farms. However, a few research have proven that AMS implementations on
dairies may also lessen everyday workloads, bodily burden, and exposures to damage
risks. Advanced generation and automatic structures can also additionally beautify farm
operators’ enjoyment of manage and versatility of their day-by-day work. However, it
can additionally be mentally straining for farm operators to learn, manage, and take care
of superior generation and automatic structures and cope with viable technical failures.
In brief, technologically superior devices and machinery, in addition to superior
computer-managed automatic structures, can also additionally pose opportunities in
addition to demanding situations for farm operators, and in preference to being a green
tool, even pose a capacity pressure factor (Lunner-Kolstrup et al., 2018).

The fourth business revolution, normally called Industry 4. zero, may be defined
as the subsequent degree of production, wherein virtual integration and clever
engineering are used to convert the manner machines talk with every different and
human. The increase of Industry 4. zero has brought about a development of the whole
production industry [13], giving start to the so-referred to as Smart Spaces and, extra
specifically, Smart Factories. The principal characteristic of Smart Spaces is to display
programs and processes, which includes electricity intake or kingdom of sensors and
actuators, in a described controlling area. In particular, the time Smart Factory refers to
a brand new method to business production, wherein IoT technology is used to
manipulate the producing process, at the same time as a gathering, analyzing, and
replacing information. Strictly related to the clever manufacturing unit is the idea of
Smart Machine. These IoT-primarily based machines encompass controllers, add-on
sensors, and use real-time facts from their additives and different machines to achieve
self-attention and self-assessment. Self-attention permits machines to make diagnostics
concerning viable malfunctioning additives, at the same time as self-assessment
permits the gadget to configure their settings properly, primarily based totally on their
operating history. For such purpose, community architectures and verbal exchange
protocols, each stressed out and wireless, are used to coordinate sensors and actuators
for extra complicated business programs. Industrial robots play a key function within-
side the Smart Manufacturing environment, wherein operations which include
assembling, welding, spray painting, and so forth are merged with IoT technology to
assure interplay amongst more than one gadget and robot, assuring dependable and
green production (Romeo et al., 2020).

THE FUTURE OF Essential Knowledge: Information Dissemination in Managing

Different Farm Machine Malfunctions

A future where the Filipino farmers increase the use of technology to produce a
better and efficient agricultural product and once again be a top exporter in the
competition. Benard et al., (2014) recommend that the government and other private
organizations should provide rice farmers with adequate workshops, training, and
awareness. Workplace interventions could enhance the protective role of work
experience by implementing engaging training methods such as behavioral modeling in
the use of machinery to add to the learning of safe practices and behaviors (Caffaro et
al., 2017). The right knowledge and information should be accessed by the farmers for
them to improve and learn the right way, and be cost-efficient in growing their crops.

The objective of the Philippine Department of Agriculture is to transform small-

holder agriculture and fisheries into a diversified rural economy that is dynamic,
technologically advanced, and globally competitive. Modern agricultural technology was
created with two goals in mind: the first was to maximize yields, and the second was to
maximize economic profit (Rehman et al., 2017). Because of their limited seasonal use,
the operators claimed that remembering how the machinery and technology work can
be challenging. According to the operators, easily available and clear information, such
as a fast guide on 'How to run this machine' on the data box monitor, would be a
valuable feature (Karttunen et al., 2018). Several studies have demonstrated that as
farms get more technologically advanced and automated, well-functioning management
systems become even more crucial.

Zhang et al. (2016) believe that, in the future, the elements of technology, the
enabling environment, and people working together will be required for the successful
development and deployment of Agriculture information dissemination systems.
Accurate information dissemination to local farmers is a must, correction leads to
growth, and the growth of Filipino farmers is the growth of the nation.
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