Original Research

Validity of the Wattbike 3-Minute Aerobic Test:

Measurement and Estimation of V̇ O2max
Nicholas J. Hanson,1 Cory M. Scheadler,2 Dimitrios Katsavelis,3 and Michael G. Miller1
1
Department of Human Performance & Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan; 2Department of
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Kinesiology & Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky; and 3Department of Exercise Science & Pre-Health
Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska

Abstract
Hanson, NJ, Scheadler, CM, Katsavelis, D, and Miller, MG. Validity of the Wattbike 3-minute aerobic test: measurement and estimation
of V̇O2max. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 400–404, 2022—The Wattbike includes a 3-minute aerobic test (3mAT) along with an
estimation of V̇O2max. The estimation equation that is used is from a previous study using a different protocol and sedentary subjects.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether (a) the 3mAT is able to elicit V̇O2max, and (b) whether this estimation is accurate.
Thirteen cyclists (10 men; age: 29.2 6 10.0 years, height 178.7 6 8.3 cm, and mass 75.1 6 12.5 kg) with a range of experience
volunteered for this study. At the first visit, a self-paced V̇O2max (SPV) test was performed to obtain the “true” V̇O2max. At the second
session, subjects completed the 3mAT. Primary dependent variables included maximal values of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon
dioxide production (V̇CO2), heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). A repeated-measures analysis of
variance showed no difference (p 5 0.367) between V̇O2max values (3mAT estimation: 54.3 6 9.3 ml·kg21·min21, 3mAT measured:
52.5 6 8.7, SPV: 54.0 6 9.7). Paired-samples t-tests showed that HR (p 5 0.027) was higher in the SPV (184.7 6 10.6 vs. 180.9 6 6.3
b·min21), whereas RER and V̇CO2 were both higher in the 3mAT (1.29 6 0.10 vs. 1.19 6 0.06 and 4.92 6 1.01 vs. 4.62 6 0.98,
respectively; both p , 0.05). The intraclass correlation between the V̇O2max measured from the SPV and 3mAT was 0.96 (95% CI:
0.88–0.99, p , 0.001), and between the 3mAT measured and estimated values was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.71–0.97 p , 0.001). If an athlete
has access to a Wattbike, they can complete the 3mAT, receive their V̇O2max estimation, and be confident of its accuracy.
Key Words: cycling, endurance, SPV, GXT, prediction

Introduction instance of the test, instead suggesting a high, yet relatively con-
stant power output that is sustainable throughout the test. This
The Wattbike (Woodway USA, Waukesha, WI) is an electro-
requires a choice of power output and pacing that may be un-
magnetically and air-braked cycle ergometer that is designed for
familiar to athletes due to the 3-minute duration, causing high
both competitive cyclists and home or gym use. It has also been
variability in the accuracy of the estimate. Furthermore, to esti-
used for talent identification and elite development by British
mate V̇ O2max, the Wattbike first calculates the maximum minute
Cycling, and in the research setting, it has shown high levels of
power (MMP), which for the 3mAT is defined as the average
validity and reliability for measuring power (8,15,24). The
power achieved for the whole test, then this value is entered into
Wattbike comes paired with software that includes performance
a V̇ O2max estimate equation. Importantly, the study from which
tests, such as submaximal and maximal ramp tests, a functional
this equation is derived used sedentary subjects and had them
threshold power test, and a 3-minute aerobic test (3mAT). The
complete ramp-graded exercise tests, using variables such as age,
3mAT is of particular interest; the Wattbike software uses 3mAT
body mass, and the power output of the final minute of the ramp
test data to provide a post-test estimate of maximal oxygen
test (21); the 3mAT is not a graded exercise test and is likely only
consumption (V̇ O2max). Knowing one’s V̇ O2max could be bene-
used by active and athletic subjects.
ficial in determining training efficacy and future performance
Despite the commercial use of the Wattbike and its potentially
(17). In addition, the use of a metabolic cart to measure V̇ O2max
time- and cost-saving testing programs, it is not known if the
in a laboratory setting can be expensive. Multiple tests may be
V̇ O2max estimate from the 3mAT is accurate in cyclists with
warranted during a single season to assess training progress,
a range of training and experience. Therefore, the primary pur-
further adding to the cost. Having a relatively simple, inexpensive
pose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the estimate
test to estimate this important variable would be of benefit to
equation by the Wattbike using the 3mAT, by comparing this
individuals with a range of fitness levels.
estimated value to the value obtained during a self-paced V̇ O2max
The methodology used to estimate V̇ O2max from the 3mAT is,
(SPV) test. The secondary purpose was to determine the ability of
however, questionable. Unlike the 3-minute all-out test (3 MT)
the 3mAT to elicit a true V̇ O2max compared to that obtained
that is well validated in other research in determining important
during the SPV. We hypothesized that the 3mAT V̇ O2max esti-
cycling performance variables such as critical power (6), the
mate would not be accurate, as it was derived from a different
3mAT instructions do not require a maximal effort at every
exercise test protocol and a dissimilar population. Our secondary
Address correspondence to Nicholas J. Hanson, njhanson@gmail.com. hypothesis was that the 3mAT would not elicit V̇ O2max during
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 36(2)/400–404 the test due to its reliance on subject power output choice and
ª 2019 National Strength and Conditioning Association pacing.

400

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 Wattbike 3mAT and V̇O2max (2022) 36:2
Methods
Experimental Approach to the Problem
This was a cross-sectional, repeated-measures study. At the first
laboratory visit, a 10-minute SPV was performed. For the second
visit, subjects were asked to complete a standardized warm-up
followed by the 3mAT. Paired-samples t-tests were used to
compare maximal values between conditions (SPV & 3mAT). A
repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
compare the V̇ O2max values between conditions (SPV, 3mAT
measured, and 3mAT estimated).
Subjects
The volunteers for this study were individuals with varying degrees
of cycling experience. A total of 13 subjects (3 women, 10 men)
completed the study. They were recruited from a university student
body and local cycling clubs. The average reported cycling experi-
ence was 12.1 6 13.4 years, and an average weekly distance covered
of 107.3 6 81.0 kilometers. There was a mean 6 SD age of 29.2 6
10.0 years, height of 178.7 6 8.3 cm, and mass of 75.1 6 12.5 kg.
The study was approved by the Human Subjects Institutional Re-
view Board of Western Michigan University. Subjects were informed
of the benefits and risks of the study and were read, in detail, the
informed consent document upon arrival to the laboratory at the first
session. If they agreed to participate, they were asked to sign and date
the form and answer questions about training and experience. In-
clusion criteria were that they be classified as “low risk” according to
the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines (22), have no
lower extremity injuries in the previous 6 months, and have recent
and consistent cycling experience.
Procedures
Session #1. After signing the informed consent form and determining
that subjects were eligible for participation, they were asked to
continue. Height and body mass were measured and recorded. The
SPV protocol (18), in which 5 two-minute stages were completed,
was used as the incremental exercise test. This protocol has been
implemented on both the cycle ergometer (1) and the treadmill (13)
and uses Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale (4). This
protocol has been tested in numerous studies and has been shown to
be a valid measure of V̇ O2max (13,14,16,19). During the 5 stages of
the test, subjects were asked to maintain RPE levels of 11, 13, 15, 17,
and 20, in that order. Throughout the test, they were free to alter
both pedal cadence and resistance.
Before the SPV, subjects were given a full explanation of the
RPE scale, and how to use it during the test. Subjects were allowed
to adjust the fit of the Wattbike as needed. They were shown that
the seat and handle bar can be adjusted up and down, as well as
forward or backward. They were allowed to use their cycling
shoes with cleats if desired. A familiarization was performed;
subjects spent time on the Wattbike practicing maintaining vari-
ous RPE levels until they were fully confident in their ability to
change work rate to match their perceived exertion. Subjects were
then allowed a rest period, until they felt as though they were
recovered enough to perform maximal exercise. They were fitted
with the heart rate (HR) monitor chest strap and headgear for the
metabolic system. The SPV lasted 10 minutes exactly.
Session #2. Upon arrival to the laboratory, subjects were fitted
with the HR monitor and performed a full 20-minute warm-up.
401
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This consisted of self-paced cycling at 70–90 rpm with two 6-
second sprint efforts within that timeframe, as suggested by the
manufacturer. After the warm-up period, they were fitted with
a HR monitor chest strap and the headgear for the metabolic cart
and performed the 3mAT. Subjects were emailed a link to an
online instructional video from the manufacturer and were asked
to watch before the laboratory visit, so that they were fully aware
of the protocol and requirements. The goal of this test is to
maintain the highest power output possible for 3 full minutes. For
both this test and the SPV, verbal encouragement was provided
throughout, and subjects were allowed to adjust the resistance
and pedal cadence as needed. The 2 tests were a minimum of 48
hours and a maximum of 1 week apart. Subjects were instructed
to maintain the same diet for the 24-hour period before each test.
A True One 2,400 metabolic cart (Parvomedics, Sandy, UT) was
used to collect expired gases for both sessions. Flow and gas cali-
brations were performed immediately before each test. Fifteen-
breath moving averages were calculated, and the maximal value for
each variable was used for analyses (V̇ O2, carbon dioxide pro-
duction [V̇ CO2], respiratory exchange ratio [RER], and ventilation
[VE]). To determine whether the tests were truly maximal, the
following criteria were used: HR within 10 bpm of the age-
predicted HRmax or an RER of $1.10 (20). All subjects had an
RER of at least 1.10 in both conditions, except for one subject in the
3mAT. This subject did, however, meet the HRmax criterion.
A Garmin (Garmin, Ltd., Lenexa, KS) HR monitor chest strap
was used, which was paired with the Wattbike. The same Watt-
bike and metabolic cart were used for all testing sessions. A cus-
tom MatLab code (MathWorks, Natick, MA) was designed to
filter the cycling data provided by the Wattbike (cadence, speed,
power, and force).
Statistical Analyses
Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the maximal values
for HR, V̇ O2, V̇ CO2, VE, and RER between the 2 tests. Paired-
samples t-tests were also used to determine whether there was
a difference in maximal cycling variables (power, force, torque,
and cadence). A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used
to compare both the measured V̇ O2max value from the SPV to the
Wattbike estimation of V̇ O2max from the 3mAT (primary pur-
pose) and the measured value from the 3mAT (secondary
purpose).
Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to
show the degree of association between the variables. A Bland-
Altman method of comparison, which quantifies the bias and
random error for a variable (3), was used to determine the limits
of agreement (mean 6 1.96 SD) between the measured V̇ O2max
values obtained from the 2 tests (SPV and 3mAT).
Results
The one-way ANOVA showed that there was no difference (F
[2,24] 5 1.046, p 5 0.367, h2p 5 0.080) between the Wattbike-
estimated V̇ O2max (54.3 6 9.3 ml·kg21·min21) and the actual
values provided by the metabolic cart during both tests
(3mAT: 52.5 6 8.7, SPV: 54.0 6 9.7). Individual results for all
subjects can be seen in Figure 1. The ICC between the V̇ O2max
measured from the SPV and 3mAT was 0.96 (95% CI:
0.88–0.99), and between the SPV and the 3mAT estimated
value was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.70–0.97). These were both sig-
nificantly correlated (p , 0.001).
 Wattbike 3mAT and V̇O2max (2022) 36:2
Figure 1. Results of V̇O2max testing for all subjects; data
presented is in relative values. Bold, dotted line indicates the
mean value for each condition.
The Bland-Altman analysis shows an average difference be-
tween the V̇ O2max values (3mAT estimate and SPV) of 0.29
ml·kg21·min21; the 95% limit of agreement was between 210.77
and 111.34 (Figure 2).
There was no difference in absolute or relative V̇ O2max be-
tween the SPV and 3mAT. However, there were differences be-
tween the 2 tests in other variables (maximal values of V̇ CO2, HR,
and RER; Table 1). There were also differences between the
3mAT and the SPV for nearly all the cycling variables (maximal
values of cadence, speed, power, and force; Table 2).
Discussion
The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether the
estimation of V̇ O2max from the Wattbike, through use of the
3mAT in the included software, is valid. The results show that this
estimated value was not significantly different from the maximal
value recorded from the metabolic cart during the SPV, which is
considered the “true” V̇ O2max value in this study. The Bland-
Altman plot (Figure 2) shows that all but one subject fell into the
limits of agreement, which is 1.96 SD from the mean. The ICC
and the Pearson correlation coefficient also support the strong
relationship between the measured and estimated values of
V̇ O2max from the 3mAT. These findings are in contrast with our
hypothesis. The equation that is used by Wattbike to estimate
V̇ O2max using the MMP was derived from a ramp test protocol
with untrained subjects (21). The equations (separate for men and
women) also included variables for body mass and age. It is dif-
ficult to imagine how such an equation could be adequate in
estimating the V̇ O2max using the average power of a 3-minute
high-intensity cycling test with trained subjects. Both the protocol
and population are vastly different between that study and this
one. Scientific literature is full of evidence supporting population,
mode, style (ramp vs. graded), and intensity (maximal vs. sub-
maximal) specific equations to improve the estimation or pre-
diction of V̇ O2max (2,9–11). Despite the evidence suggesting the
equation is inappropriate for estimating V̇ O2max from the 3mAT,
a reasonable estimate was obtained. This is useful information for
cyclists that have access to a Wattbike for training; they can be
assured that if the test is completed properly, the V̇ O2max esti-
mation is sufficiently accurate.
The secondary purpose of this study was to determine the
ability of the 3mAT on the Wattbike to elicit a true V̇ O2max
compared with SPV. The results showed that there was no dif-
ference in the recorded maximal oxygen consumption between
the 2 tests. This suggests that the 3mAT, with a proper warm-up,
402
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Figure 2. Bland-Altman plot.
is able to elicit V̇ O2max values similar to that of an incremental
exercise test. This is also in contrast to our hypothesis.
Previous studies have seen submaximal V̇ O2 values during sim-
ilar high-intensity 3-minute cycle tests. Vanhatalo et al. (23) per-
formed a similar study with cyclists, where they were asked to
complete a traditional 3 MT on a Lode Excalibur Sport cycle er-
gometer. They compared the absolute measured V̇ O2max to the
value obtained from an incremental ramp protocol test (30 W·min2
1
) and found that the 3-minute cycling test produced a V̇ O2max
value that was significantly lower than the ramp test (4.05 6 0.61
vs. 4.18 6 0.66 L·min21). Dicks et al. (7) compared the measured
V̇ O2max value from a standard graded exercise test to 2 different 3
MT trials performed on the same day. They found that the V̇ O2max
from the first 3 MT (49.58 6 8.40 ml·kg21·min21) was significantly
lower than that found in the graded exercise test (53.52 6 8.01), but
there was no difference between the second 3 MT (53.43 6 9.49)
and the graded exercise test. Nearly identical results were shown in
another study by Clark et al. (5).
It should be clearly noted that the Wattbike 3mAT is different
from the “traditional” 3 MT. The 3 MT involves a set resistance,
and subjects are asked to produce an “all-out” effort for an entire
3 minutes. This maximal effort at each instance of the test is meant
to initially exhaust the stores of the immediate energy system
(high-energy phosphates) resulting in a drop in power output that
eventually levels out (critical power) and is solely maintained
through aerobic energy production. The Wattbike 3mAT also has
a test length of 3 minutes, but subjects are asked to maintain
a high, yet constant, power output, and cadence throughout. The
difference in the pacing strategy between the tests could partially
explain the difference results obtained. In the current study, 2
Table 1
Comparison of maximal metabolic variables between tests.*†
Variable SPV 3mAT p Effect size
Relative VȮ 2 (ml·kg21·min21) 54.0 6 9.7 52.5 6 8.7 0.122 0.46
Absolute VȮ 2 (L·min21) 4.03 6 0.90 3.94 6 0.89 0.167 0.41
VĊ O2 (L·min21) 4.62 6 0.98 4.92 6 1.01 0.003 1.03
VE (L·min21) 152.7 6 27.5 150.6 6 27.4 0.474 0.21
HR (b·min21) 184.7 6 10.6 180.9 6 6.3 0.027 0.70
RER 1.19 6 0.06 1.29 6 0.10 0.001 1.30
*SPV 5 self-paced VȮ 2max; 3mAT 5 3-minute aerobic test; HR 5 heart rate; RER 5 respiratory
exchange ratio.
†Values presented as mean 6 SD. Effect size given as Cohen’s d (small: 0.2, medium: 0.5,
large: 0.8). Bold font indicates significance (p , .05).
 Wattbike 3mAT and V̇O2max (2022) 36:2
Table 2
Comparison of maximal cycling variables between tests.*†
Variable SPV 3mAT
Cadence (rev·min21) 102.3 6 17.5 113.2 6 13.2
Speed (km·h21) 48.9 6 3.8 52.1 6 3.7
Power (W) 430.5 6 90.7 505.3 6 88.8
Force (N) 265.3 6 50.8 297.6 6 69.2
*SPV 5 self-paced VȮ 2max; 3mAT 5 3-minute aerobic test.
†Values presented as mean 6 SD. Effect size given as Cohen’s d (small: 0.2, medium: 0.5, large:
0.8). Bold font indicates significance (p , .05).
distinct pacing strategies were seen in the 3mAT. Studies have
shown that although a maximal effort can be given for 3 full
minutes, there is typically a corresponding drop in power output
(23). Upon visual analysis of the pacing strategy, we found that 8
of our subjects were conservative and gradually increased their
power or did not alter it greatly. The other 5 subjects started with
a very high power output and steadily declined throughout the
test. Examples of these 2 pacing strategies can be viewed in
Figure 3. Regardless of pacing strategy, they were not as extreme
as those typically seen with the 3 MT, and as such, allowed for the
attainment of V̇ O2max.
Another important difference between this study and previous
studies included the structure of the warm-up period. We have
previously suggested that gradually increasing the work rate may
prime the aerobic system to allow for maximal oxygen con-
sumption to be reached during subsequent all-out exercise (12).
Our study included a full warm-up of 20 minutes followed by
a brief rest period and 3 minutes at a very high intensity, all self-
paced while allowing subjects to view the elapsed time. Vanhatalo
et al. used a set warm-up work rate of 100 W (duration of warm-
up not reported), followed by rest; then they asked subjects to
pedal with no resistance for 3 minutes followed immediately by 3
minutes with an all-out effort. Their subjects were not allowed to
see the elapsed time at any point; they also had no control over
resistance, only the pedal cadence. It seems that the length and
intensity of the warm-up may be very important in eliciting a true
V̇ O2max during a 3-minute test. Dicks et al. (7) asked subjects to
perform a 3 MT, followed by a short break, and then a square-
wave 3 MT. The first 3 MT was preceded by 5-minute warm-up
and 5 minutes of rest. After this trial, they performed an active
recovery (3 minutes) followed by the square-wave 3 MT. Seem-
ingly, the first 3 MT served as a proper warm-up and allowed the
aerobic system to be fully primed for a maximal effort in the
subsequent 3 MT. The results support previous research from our
laboratory investigating pacing strategy in supramaximal “all-
out” exercise, that is, pacing strategy is not a concern provided the
work completed before “all-out” is of sufficient intensity and
duration. A warm-up is critical before a 3mAT if the goal is to
accurately measure (or estimate) maximal oxygen consumption.
Noting the exception of V̇ O2max, the 3mAT results were not
similar to the SPV. Nearly all the cycling variables provided by the
Wattbike (cadence, power, force, and speed) were all higher in the
3mAT compared with the SPV. The length of time was different
between the 3mAT and SPV (3 vs. 10 minutes, respectively);
however, if the warm-up is included in the 3mAT, then there is
a total of 23 vs. 10 minutes. In addition, the SPV requires the
subjects to be at a maximal intensity for only 2 minutes, whereas
the 3mAT requires 3 full minutes. The 3mAT and SPV had similar
levels of oxygen uptake, yet the 3mAT produced a significantly
higher maximal RER. This is likely due to the higher volume of
carbon dioxide exhalation, despite similar ventilation, that may
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p Effect size
0.020 0.75
0.012 0.82
0.014 0.80
0.180 0.39
Figure 3. Three-minute aerobic test power profiles; light line
shows a subject with a conservative pacing strategy, and the
dark line shows a different subject with an aggressive strategy.
have been secondary to hydrogen buffering. This would occur if
the 3mAT required greater anaerobic energy production con-
tributions. A more gradual use of anaerobic capacity in SPV could
allow for maximal oxygen consumption to be obtained without
reaching such drastic V̇ CO2 and RER levels. This suggests that if
the major goal is to determine V̇ O2max, the SPV may elicit less
discomfort, which would be beneficial and appealing to some
individuals.
Practical Applications
Although V̇ O2max is not the single most important predictor
of endurance performance, it is an extremely useful value to
implement into an endurance training cycle. By comparing the
3mAT with the SPV, we were able to show that the 3mAT is
able to elicit a true V̇ O2max, and the estimation that is given
upon completion of the test was appropriate. However, in
achieving V̇ O2max, the 3mAT did require more overall testing
time (130% longer with warm-up included), greater anaero-
bic contributions (as shown by higher V̇ CO2 and RER),
reached greater power outputs (;17%), and could therefore
be more stressful for the subject compared with the SPV
protocol. Ultimately, if an athlete has access to a Wattbike
cycle ergometer, they can complete the 3mAT, receive their
V̇ O2max estimation, and be confident of its accuracy.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by an internal university grant. There were
no professional relationships with companies or manufacturers
that could affect the results of this study. The results of this study
do not constitute endorsement by the authors or the NSCA. The
authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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