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CONTENTS

1. Introduction & Definition 3

2. Who, Why & Where to use WLL 4

3. WLL classifications 5

4. How WLL Works 6-12

• PHS(Personal Handy Phone System)

• DECT(Digitally Enhanced Codeless Technology

• CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)

5. Benefits of using wireless local loop 13

6. Applications 14

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Introduction:-

Wireless networks are often mentioned as the most

economically feasible solution to serve dearth of
communication in developing countries. Many developing
nation loose formula of employing fixed cellular networks for
local loop and satellite transmission for long distance and
international communication has emerged.

Definition:-
WLL is a communication system that connects subscribers to
the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using radio
frequency signals as a substitute for conventional wires for all
or the part of connection between the subscriber and
telephone exchange. It enables many customers who are not
connected to fiber network to receive a multitude of voice,
data and internet services.

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Who, Why & Where to use WLL:-

Telecommunications service providers use wireless access

technology for enhanced communication services, fast
deployment low initial capital investment and fast financial
return, easier and lower cost maintenance, flexible capacity
planning, replacement of old wire line subscriber loops,
adding new local loop neighborhood mobility, wire line
backup and competitive local loop bypass.

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WLL classifications:-

Fixed WLL:-
That service is provided using a telephone instrument. The
fixed wireless terminal is wall mounted and provided with an
indoor type or outdoor type aerial. A short cable be connected
between aerial and wall set which be powered by an AC
supply.

Portable WLL:-
This is a service, which provides portability features to the
WLL subscriber. This is done by a portable handset, which
can be carried easily in the pocket when the subscriber moves
from one location to another.

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How WLL Works:-

Air interface technologies used

• PHS(Personal Handy Phone System)

• DECT(Digitally Enhanced Codeless Technology

• CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)

1. PHS:-
In order to communicate from any location a communication
network must be laid out across the country. Current mobile
communication system used PHS cellular method. In this
method the communication between two moving units called
mobile station or between one mobile unit &one stationary
unit. Each cellular service area is divided into small regions
called cells. Each cell contains an antenna and is control by a
small office called base station (BS). Each BS in turn is
control by MSC. This communicates between all the base
station & telephone central office.

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Wireless in Local loop connectivity:-

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Transmitting:-
To place a call from a mobile station, the caller enters a code
and presses the send button. The mobile station then scan the
band, seeking a setup channel with a strong signal and send
the data to the base station. The base station relays the data to
MSC. The MSC sends the data on a central telephone office.
If the call party is available a connection is made and the
result is relayed back to MSC. At this point MSC assign an
unused voice channel to the call and connection is established.

Receiving:-
When a mobile phone is called, the telephone central office
sends the number to MSC. The MSC searches for the location
of the mobile station by sending query signals to each cell in a
progress called paging. Once the mobile station is found, the
MSC transmits a ringing signal and then mobile station
answers, assigns a voice channel to the call, allowing voice
communication to begin.

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Handoff:-
It may happen that, during a conversation, the mobile station
moves from one cell to another. The MSC monitors the level
of the signal every few seconds. If the strength of the signal
diminishes, the MSC seeks a new cell that can better
accommodate the communication. The MSC then changes the
channel carrying the calls.

Hard Handoff:-
Early system used a hard handoff .In a hard handoff, a mobile
station only communicates with one base station. When the
MS moves from one cell to another communication must first
be broken with a previous base station before communication
with the new one.

Soft handoff:-
New system used a soft handoff .In this case a mobile station
can communicate with two base stations at a time. This means
during handoff, a station may continue with the new base
station before breaking from old one.

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2. DECT:-
Its infrastructure is highly cost effective in development,
another advantage is handset enabled flexibility of
frequency used which can scan 120 channels and select the
best in the real time using continuous channel allocation

3. CDMA:-
In multiple –access method, the available bandwidth of
link is shared in time, frequency or through code. In FDMA,
the bandwidth is divided into channels. In TDMA, the
bandwidth is just one channel that is timeshared. But, in
CDMA it is differ from FDMA because only one channel
occupies the entire bandwidth of the link & it differ from
TDMA, because all the station can send data simultaneously
there is no time sharing. So, one channel carries all
transmission simultaneously.

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Coding:-
CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the base
band data before transmission. The signal is transmitted in a
channel, which is below noise level. The receiver then used a
correlator to dispread the wanted signal, which is passed
through a narrow band pass filter. Codes take the form of a
carefully designed one/zero sequence produced at a much
higher rare than that of the base band data. The rate of a
spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.

The Spreading Process:-

WCDMA uses direct sequencing spreading, where
spreading process is done by directly combining the base
band information to high chip rate binary code. The spreading
factor is the ratio of the chip to base band information rate.
Spreading Factor =Chip rate / Data rate
CDMA spreading frequency, internal interference generated
by the system is the most significant factor in determining
system capacity and call quality. The transmit power for each

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user must be reduced to limit interference, however the power
should be enough to maintain the required S/N for a
satisfactory call quality. Maximum capacity is achieved when
every user S/N is at the minimum needed for acceptable
channel performance. As MS moves around the RF
environment continuously changes due to fast & slew fading,
external interference, shadowing and other factors.

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Benefits of using wireless local loop:-

• Multiple services can be delivered over WLL, ensuring

higher saving through bundled solution.
• WLL provides the base for intranets, Extranets and wide
area networks.
• For customers who are off net. It provides, faster
provisioning & service upgrade time for communication
services.
• For customer who are currently connected to Esat fixed
network, added resilience and/or overflow could be
offered through a wireless connection.
• It provides a more cost effective connectivity option for
customers who are some distance from Esat business
fiber network.
• It provides “always on” connectivity at a flat rate,
without additional dial up charger.
• Ideal for tele working or remote access to corporate
LANS.

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Applications:-

• Backlog elimination

• Ruler solutions

• High density

• Difficult topography

• Uncertain capacity demand

• Changing requirements

• Multimedia personal communication services

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