相反論述

doi:10.29549/YYWYLL.200809.0002
新地文學, (5), 2008

作者/Author： 許達然

頁數/Page： 10-36
出版日期/Publication Date：2008/09
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10 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ధ ྿ ൒

࠹ͅኢࢗ
Ķኢࢗᑕజநྋࠎฟ‫۞ٸ‬Ă൑ቁ‫ؠ‬ඍ९Ă֭ͷົϚ᏾ᄱ۞Ą఺ຍᏜኢࢗߏ̙ᕝ൴ण۞Ă
ያኢࢗ҃ᒔ଀۞ඕኢ‫׶‬ВᙊౌΞͽ࣒ԼĄķ
Simone Chambers,“Discourse and Democratic Practices,” in The Cambridge Companion to
Habermas, ed. Stephen K. White (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 248.

ѣኢࢗಶΞਕ͔൴̙Т៍ᕇ۞ኢࢗĂࠤҌ࠹ͅኢࢗĄ˘ᇹ۞͛ ώ
ᙱҺѣ̙Т۞ྋᛖć˘ᇹ۞ᛉᗟ˵ѣ̙Т۞ኢᕇĄPaul Ricoeur ૻአĈ
ĶᓁߏѣΞਕࠎ˞˘࣎ྋᛖ҃᜜᜕Ăͅ၆˘࣎ྋᛖĂྫྷ˘ֱྋᛖ၆
ኳ …… Ą ķ 1ˠ ̙ ่ ྋ ᛖ Ă ѣ ॡ ᔘ ࢋ ࠎ ҋ ̎ ۞ ྋ ᛖ ᜜ ᜕ Ă ѣ ॡ ኳ Ⴗ Ă
ԲෞĂᅺϋĂ‫ٯ‬ԩٕͅ၆Ҿ۞ྋᛖĄۤົт‫ڍ‬к̮Ăૄώ˯‫ؠۺ‬
Jean-François Lyotard ۞ િ޺Ĉ
Ķ˘࣎ˠ̙ΪਕᄲЇңְଐĂ҃ͷ˵ᑕ
ྍ ᄲ Ą ķ 2Joseph ConradĞ 1857-1924ğ ౅ ࿅ ΁ ̈ ᄲ ۞ ͹ ֎ ૻ አ ĈĶ ԧ

1
Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth:
The Texas Christian University Press, 1976), p. 79.
2
Jean-François Lyotard, “Presentations,” trans. Kathleen McLaughlin, in Philosophy in
France Today, ed. Alan Montefiore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.
133.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 11

˵ ѣ ᓏ ࢰ Ă ൑ ኢ т ң Ă ԧ ۞ ᓏ ࢰ ߏ ̙ ਕ జ ‫ ט‬ᑅ ۞ ᄬ ֏ Ą ķ 3ˠ ̙ Ϊ ѣ
ྖࢋᄲĂਕ ᄲĂ҃ͷ˵ ᑕྍᄲ΍ҋ ̎۞ྋᛖ‫ ׶‬ᏴፄĄң‫ ڶ‬ĂĶ ̙Тԭ
ፄ۞۩มΞਕࢋՐ̙Т۞ᄲ‫ځ‬Ąķ4Roland Barthes ࠤҌࢋՐۢᙊ̶̄
Ķ Բ ෞ ̚ ய ล ৺ ۞ ᄬ ֏ Ą ķ 5ᓾ ந ۞ ۢ ᙊ ̶ ̄ ᑕ ྍ ᆷ ΍ ҋ ̎ ۞ ᝝ ‫ ڱ‬Ă
၆ԩᝋ‫ރ‬ኢࢗĄRichard Rorty ‫៰ײ‬ĈĶឰԧࣇဘྏ˘ֱາ۞ຐ‫ڱ‬Ąķ6
‫׎‬၁Ă̙გߏ̙ߏۢᙊ̶̄Ăౌࢋ፾ϲ‫ޥ‬҂̙Т۞ຐ‫ڱ‬ĂᔖҺଫˢҾ
ˠኢࢗ۞ౝ֪ćಶည Maurice Blanchot ֤ᇹĶԧᄲྖĂҭԧ̙дҰ۞
ኢ ࢗ ྆ ᄲ ྖ Ą ķ 7ѣ ‫ ׶ ه ܫ‬ϲ ಞ Ă ࢋ ፾ ϲ ‫ ޥ‬҂ ۞ Ă ‫ ؠ ۺ‬Ᏼ ፄ Ă ဘ ྏ Ă
‫۞ܑࢗ׶‬ᝋӀĂѣయ Їᆷ ΍ ̙ Т۞֍ ྋĂᅺ ϋ֭ ԩ ᛉ ΁ࣇٙ ͅ ၆ ۞Ą
١඗జҾˠ۞ኢࢗፆᓂĂಶ੓ֽଂְ࠹ͅኢࢗĄ
ώ͛ဘྏଣ੅Ķˠ۞ࡊጯķĞhuman sciencesğ྆۞Ķ࠹ͅኢࢗ ķ
Ğcounter-discourseğĄԧຐАࠧ‫ͅ࠹ؠ‬ኢࢗĂ൒‫ޢ‬ᖎ̬Ҙ͞ଂȈ˝͵
ࡔ̚ཧ‫˟ז‬Ȉ͵ࡔ፬ᐽˠࣇ‫ޥ‬҂۞ࣰጯछ‫ົۤ׶‬ጯछᙯ‫ͅ࠹ٺ‬ኢࢗ
۞֍ྋĄд఺ֱ֍ྋ̚ĂԧΪໄࢗ੺ҹ೻۞ԲҿĂκ‫ࢮ׶ܚ‬ұ۞ኳႷă
ჯॲ೻‫׶؃‬ঔᇇॾႬ۞ࣰ‫ޥ‬ăFoucault ۞ͅᝋ˧ኢࢗăDerrida ۞ྋ
ၹăHabermas ͽϹ߹Җજ၆ԩ̙Ъநّ۞ኢࢗăBourdieu ͽ෪ᇈ˧
ณ၆ԩ෪ᇈᇷ˧Ă‫ ׶‬Baudrillard ၆ঐ෱ۤົ۞ͅຏĄ౵‫ޢ‬ĂԧტЪ
఺ֱ‫ޥ‬ຐछ۞࠻‫ڱ‬Ăᓁඕ၆࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ଣ੅Ą

3
Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, ed. Robert Kimbrough (New York: W. W. Norton,
1971), p. 37.
4
Alan Garfinkel, Forms of Explanation: Rethinking the Questions in Social Theory (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 25.
5
Roland Barthes, “What Would Become of a Society That Ceased to Reflect upon Itself?”
The Grain of the Voice, trans. Linda Coverdale (New York: Hill & Wang, 1985), p.197.
6
Richard Rorty, “Hilary Putanm and the Relativist Menace,” Truth and a Progress,
Philosophical Papers, Volume 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 56.
7
Maurice Blanchot, The Step Not Beyond, trans. Lycette Nelson (Albany: Sate University of
New York Press, 1992), p. 116.
12 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

˘ăĶ࠹ͅኢࢗķ۞ࠧ‫ؠ‬
Ķ࠹ͅኢࢗķᖎಏгᄲĂߏ၆ԩ͹߹ኢࢗăᝋ‫ރ‬ኢࢗă௚‫ڼ‬ኢࢗă
ٕೠᝋ۰۞ኢࢗĂᅺϋιࣇ۞៍ᕇĂᙹᖬ͹ጱ۞ຍᙊ‫ݭ‬ၗ۞Ωᙷኢ
ࢗ Ą ၆ ԯ Ķ ኢ ࢗ ༊ ઇ ၁ ኹ ķĂ ࢋ ଣ տ Ķ ኢ ࢗ ྆ ۞ វ ր ķ ۞ Michel
FoucaultĂ 8Ķ ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ķ ߏ ͅ ၆ Ķ ˠ ε Ν ҋ ͹ ّ ۞ ኢ ࢗ ķĂ ߄ ጼ ֹ ˠ
‫ ئ‬ଂ ఢ ౢ ۞ ኢ ࢗ Ą 9ι ԓ ୕ Ķ д ። Ϋ ̶ ‫ ڼ ߆ ׶ ژ‬Բ ҿ ̚ ࢦ າ ळ ར ĺ ৌ
நĻ۞ᄦүĄķ10၆Ω˘࣎‫઼ڱ‬ጯ۰ Michel PêcheuxĂĶ࠹ͅኢࢗķ‫ܧ‬
ҭଳ‫̙פ‬Т۞ϲಞ၆ԩֱ֤ૻ࢝ˠࣇ‫ޥ‬҂۞Ă˵ܑ྿၆ᝋ˧ፆү۞̙
Ą11၆઼࡚ጯ۰ Richard TerdimanĂ
ᄮТĞdisidentificationğ Ķ࠹ͅኢࢗķ
ߏࢋᙹᖬߊ‫۞ؠ‬ኢࢗĂͅāᝋĂ҃Ᏼፄ۞Ωγ۞ኢࢗĄ 12̙გߏ̦ᆃ
ኢ ࢗ ĂĶ ٙ ѣ ۞ ኢ ࢗ ౌ ळ ར д ຍ ᙊ ‫ ݭ‬ၗ ྆ ć ՟ ѣ ̚ ϲ ۞ ኢ ࢗ Ą ķ 13ߊ
൒՟ѣ̚ϲ۞ኢࢗĂಶΞਕѣྫྷ͹ጱ۞ຍᙊ‫ݭ‬ၗԩᏊ۞࠹ͅኢࢗĄტ

8
Michel Foucault, “The Formation of Objects,” “Remarks and Consequences” and “The
Description of Statements,” The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. A. M. Sheridan Simth
(New York: Harper Colophon Book, 1976 ), pp. 46, 74, 117.
9
Michel Foucault, “3 March 1982: Second Hour,” The Hermeneutics of the Subject:
Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981-82, ed. Fréderic Gros and trans. Graham Burchell
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 366; “The Discourse on Language,” trans.
Rupert Sayer, The Archaeology of Knowledge, pp. 227, 229. For a different translation of
“L’Ordre du discours,” see “The Order of Discourse,” trans. lan McLeod, in Untying the
Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, ed. Robert Young (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1981), pp. 65, 67.
10
Michel Foucault, “Question of Method,” in The Foucault Effect: Studies in
Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller (Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 1911), p. 79.
11
Michell Pêchus, Language, Semantics and Ideology: S tating the Obvious, trans. Harbans
Nagpal (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 158-159.
12
Richard Terdiman, Discourse/Counter-Discourse: The Theory and Practice of Symbolic
Resistance in Nineteenth-Century France (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 13,
149, 185.
13
Diane Macdonell, Theories of Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 59.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 13

Ъ఺ֱ࠻‫ڱ‬ĂԧࣇΞͽᄲĶ࠹ͅኢࢗķଳ‫ྫྷפ‬௚‫ڼ‬۰࠹ͅ۞ϲಞĂд
߆ ‫ڼ‬ăགྷ ᑻăۤ ົă‫྆ ̼ ͛׶‬Ăԩ‫ᙹ ࢋ ֭ ۋ‬ᖬЧ ჌ ā ᝋ͹ጱ ۞ ኢ ࢗ Ă
่̙ࢋࢦ‫ֱ֤ޙ‬జᑅ‫۞ט‬Ăᔘԓ୕‫ޙ‬ၹኢࢗ۞͹វّĄ

˟ă੺ҹ೻
࠹ͅኢࢗ۞͹คߏԲҿ‫׶‬ԩ‫ۋ‬Ą੺ҹ೻ᒢྋϠயᙯܼăᝋ˧ඕ
ၹă‫׶‬ล৺ᙯܼՙ‫ົۤؠ‬ԛј‫׶‬።Ϋ൴णĄ΁ᛚᛖٙநྋ۞ଐ‫ࢋޢڶ‬
ᚑᆖԲҿĄԲҿߏኳႷॡ΃ٙӔ۞યᗟ८͕Ą 14࠹ͅኢ̙ࢗΪೠ೪གྷ
ᑻă߆‫ڼ‬ă‫۞ົۤ׶‬ᙯᔣયᗟĂ҃ͷᔘኳႷ֭ԲҿĄࢋኳႷ֭Բҿᙯ
ᔣયᗟĂΪЯ࠻౅˞ኹኼˠ͹វّ۞ன၁Ą੺ҹ೻ૻአĶ၆˘̷ன‫ې‬
୮఼̙Ꮙ۞Բෞߏ֤ߊُ̙ٙ଀‫۞ז‬ඕኢ۞ԲෞĂ˵ߏُ̙ྫྷᝋ˧኏
ࡎ۞ԲෞĄķ 15୮఼̙Ꮙ۞Բෞߏᚑᆖ߄ጼ୮̙঻ଐ۞ᝋ˧ٙ͹ጱ۞
ኢࢗĄдԲҿ͹߹ኢࢗॡĂ੺ҹ೻၆ઐે۞ᔕኢଂ̙ឰՎĂԯҭ˚۞
ྐήԼࠎĶᚶᜈ֕Ұ۞ྮĂឰˠࣇᄲྖĄķ 16΁ᄬຍᗕᙯĈ(1)િ޺‫ܫ‬
‫ ه‬ᚶ ᜈ ֕ ҋ ̎ Ᏼ ፄ ۞ ྮ Ą Ҿ ˠ ࢋ ᄲ ̦ ᆃ Ă ಶ ጐ გ ᄲ Ν Ą (2)ᚶ ᜈ Ш ݈
ซĂឰٕആˠϔᄲ΍͕ᓏĄ࠹ͅኢࢗಶߏࠎ˞ˠϔ҃၆ԩङ‫۞ט‬ኢ
ࢗĄ৭дˠϔ۞ϲಞԲҿ֭‫ٯ‬ԩٙѣࢋჯ޺ன‫۞ې‬ᖞ๕˧ॡĂ੺ҹ೻
ഇ୕Ķଂ၆ᖞ͵ࠧ۞Բෞ҃൴னາ͵ࠧĄķ 17ࢋ͔ซĶາ͵ࠧķಶ̙
ΪࢋԲҿĂ ˵ࢋᙹᖬĂ ֭ӎ‫ؠ‬Ķᖞ ͵ࠧķĄЯѩĂ࠹ͅኢ ࢗ۞‫ޥ‬҂ߏ

14
Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction,”
Karl Marx Early Writings, trans. T. B. Bottomore (New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1963), pp. 49-50.
15
Karl Marx, “An Exchange of Letters,” in Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and
Society, ed. and trans. Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (Garden City, New York:
Anchor Books, 1967), pp. 211-212.
16
Karl Marx, “Preface to the First Edition,” Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol.Ⅰ,
trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Vintage Books, 1976), p. 93.
17
Marx, “An Exchange of Letters,” pp. 200-201, 207.
14 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ШĶ‫ޥ‬ຐଠ‫ט‬ķౄͅĄ 18࠹ͅኢࢗࢋ၁ኹ̖ѣຍཌྷĄШĶ‫ޥ‬ຐଠ‫ט‬ķ
ౄͅ۞ኢࢗϫᇾߏĶଯᖙ၁ᅫ۞ۤົᙯܼĄķ 19ព൒Ă੺ҹ೻ͽ࠹ͅ
ኢࢗઇࠎநኢ۞၁ኹĂኳႷॡ΃ٙӔன۞ᙯᔣયᗟĂԲҿ֭߄ጼᝋ
˧ĂࢋᙹᖬลᆸᙯܼĂഇ࠽྿јˠϔ۞ᙸ୕Ąԛ๕‫׽‬൒ౄˠĂҭˠல
ౣ˵Ξౄԛ๕Ą 20ኢࢗ๬ౄˠĂҭኢࢗߊ൒ߏˠࠎ۞Ăˠಶ˵ΞਕΩ
γᄦү࠹ͅኢࢗĂԲҿĂᙹᖬĂӎ‫ֹؠ‬ˠ‫ڇ‬ଂ۞ᝋ‫ރ‬ኢࢗĂଯᖙᖞ৩
ԔĂ൴னາ͵ࠧĂ೩ֻˠϔΩγ۞ᏴፄĄ
ˠϔ۞Ᏼፄߏঐੵᝋ˧۞ᑿϡĂଲ௲Ч჌ᝋ˧۞ೠଠĄᝋ˧ֹ ˠ
՞‫˞ڃ‬ᐝĄࡻ઼ࣰጯछᐒο೻ĞThomas Hobbes, 1588-1679ğᄮࠎˠ
ವՐᝋ˧۞ᇒ୕ࢋ‫ז‬Ѫॡ̖ઃͤĄ 21ҋΟͽֽĂᝋ˧జᑿϡĂౄј۞
ೋҖ͉к˞ĄٙͽĂࡻ઼Ϋछ Lord ActonĞ1834-1902ğдȈ˝͵ࡔ
ಶ ‫ ޙ‬ᛉ ĂĶ ࢋ ͧ ᘃ Ⴗ ೋ Җ Հ ᘃ Ⴗ ᝋ ˧ Ą ķ 22ԧ ࣇ ࢋ ᘃ Ⴗ ᝋ ˧ Ă Я ࠎ ᝋ
˧ߏҖજ۰̙ᜪҾˠ‫ٯ‬ԩಶҖֹ΁ҋ̎۞ຍԠ҃ጱ࡭ङ‫ט‬Ą 23дङ‫ט‬
۞ᝋ˧྆ĂҌ͌ѣα჌Ĉຍᙊ‫ݭ‬ၗ۞ăགྷᑻ۞ă࢕ְ۞ă‫۞ڼ߆׶‬ᝋ
˧Ăՙ‫ົۤؠ‬ඕၹĄ 24дۤົᙯܼ˯Ăᝋ˧۞ᇒ୕ᄦౄ኏ࡎĂࢋፆଠ

18
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology, ed. C. J. Arthur (New York:
International Publishers, 1973), p. 37.
19
Ibid., p. 58.
20
Ibid., p. 59.
21
Thomas Hobbes, Chapter XI: Of the Difference of Manner,” Leviathan, or Matter, Form,
and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, in Machiavelli. Hobbes, Great
Books of the WesternWorld, No. 23 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1952), part 1,
p. 76.
22
Lord Acton, “Inaugural Lectures on the Study of History, ” Lectures on Modern History,
ed. John Neville Figgs and Reginald Vere Laurence (London: Macmillan and Co., 1920), p.
24.
23
Max Weber, Economy and Society, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1978), p. 53.
24
Micheal Mann, “Introduction,” The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2: The Rise of Classes
and Nation-States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.1.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 15

˘̷۞൴णĄۤົᙯܼΒ߁Ъү‫׶‬኏ࡎĄۤົጯछ Lewis A. Coser ૻ

አĶ኏ࡎᓁߏ஝ঘᝋ˧Ąķ҃Ķ኏ࡎхд‫࠹̢ٺ‬ᇲ၆۞ဥវ̝ᝋ˧҂
រĄķ 25дȈ˝͵ࡔĂ੺ҹ೻۞࠹ͅኢࢗ೩ᏹ᝝۰д஝ঘᝋ˧۞኏ࡎ
̚Ă҂រ֭ԩᏊ௚‫ڼ‬۰۞ᝋ˧Ą

ˬăଂκ‫זܚ‬ঔᇇॾႬ
ည੺ҹ೻ĂࣰጯछଂȈ˝͵ࡔϐ‫˟ז‬Ȉ͵ࡔ݈ΗཧĂ˵፬ᐽԧ ࣇ
ኳႷĂԲҿĂઇ̙Т۞ĂࠤҌ࠹ͅ۞‫ޥ‬҂ĄኳႷ‫׶‬ԲҿΞᄲߏκ‫ࣰܚ‬
ጯछ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞͹คĄ΁િ޺ᘃႷ඗၆۞ᆊࣃĂ‫؃‬ٚ΁Ķૄώ‫ߏهܫ‬
၆࠹ͅ۞ᆊࣃ۞‫هܫ‬Ąķ26΁ᚑᆖԲҿٙᏜৌந‫׶‬྽ᇇĄдκ‫ֽ࠻ܚ‬Ă
Ķ ၆ ৌ ந ۞ ຍ Ԡ ᅮ ࢋ Բ ҿ —ឰ ԧ ࣇ Я ѩ ࠧ ‫ ؠ‬ԧ ࣇ ۞ Ї ચ —ৌ ந ۞ ᆊ
ࣃυืҌ͌ྏ඾˘ѨజኳႷĄķ 27κ‫ܚ‬Ѫ‫ޢ‬Ăࢮұᚶᜈ಴ࢦᘃႷ۞ၗ
‫ޘ‬Ą΁ૻአĶૄώ۞ᘃႷߏۢᙊ۞౹ؕ۰ķ 28ព൒Ă΁ͽĶநّ̼ķ
ྋᛖ‫ົ ۤ΃ܕ‬൴णॡĂ А‫ٱ‬඾Ķૄ ώ۞ᘃႷķĂ‫̖ޢ‬ઇந ّ۞‫ޥ‬҂Ą
‫ޥ‬҂‫ޢ‬Ăჯॲ೻‫؃‬೩΍̙Т۞࠻‫׶ڱ‬ೡᆷ۞ΞਕّĄ΁ᄮࠎĶԧࣇ֍
‫۞ז‬ՏІְౌΞਕߏҾ۞ᇹ̄ćԧࣇೡࢗ۞ՏІְ˵ౌΞਕߏҾ۞ᇹ
̄Ąķ 29ԧࣇ࠻˞̙υౌ࠹‫ܫ‬ćЯࠎԧࣇ֍‫۞ז‬ĂΞਕߏͯࢬ۞Ăٙ
ͽĂౌΞਕΩγ‫ޥ‬҂ĄԧࣇٕҾˠᆷү۞Ă˵ΞਕߏҾ۞ᇹ̄҃Ωγ

25
Lewis A. Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), pp.
134, 137.
26
Friedrich Nietzsche, “On the Prejudices of Philosophers, Part 1,” Beyond Good and Evil,
trans. Walter Kaufman (New York: Vintage Books, 1966), section 2, p. 10.
27
Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, in On the Genealogy of Morals. Ecce
Home, trans. Walter Kaufman and R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage Books, 1969),
section 24, p. 153.
28
Max Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans. and ed. Edward A. Shils and
Henry A. Finch (Glencoe, 1llinois: The Free Press, 1949), p. 7.
29
Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. C. K. Ogden (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), section 5, 634, p.153.
16 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

‫ޥ‬҂Ăઇ̙Т۞ኢࢗĄ‫׎‬၁Ăனд̙Т۞ኢࢗΞਕ෹෸࿅Νҋٕ̎Ҿ
ˠ۞‫ޥ‬҂Ą఺ֹ଀ঔᇇॾႬૻአĶ‫ޥ‬҂۞Їચߏԯଂ݈۞‫ޥ‬҂Ϲග‫ޥ‬
҂ֽ෗‫ؠ‬Ąķ 30ԧࣇ่̙ࢋ෹෸ҋ̎࿅Ν۞‫ޥ‬҂ĂՀࢋ෗‫ؠ‬Ҿˠ۞‫ޥ‬
҂Ă҃ઇҋ͹۞ኢࢗĂᅺϋૻΐдԧࣇ֗˯۞ᝋ˧Ą

αăFoucault
д˟Ȉ͵ࡔ۞‫ޥ‬ຐछ༊̚ĂኳႷᝋ˧‫׶‬ᝋ‫ރ‬ኢࢗ౵̙‫މ‬ঈ۞Ă̂
ໄߏ Michel FoucaultĄͽ ˭ ᖎ ࢗд Foucault ۞ ၹ ‫྆ ޥ‬Ăኢࢗăᝋ˧ ă
‫ۢ׶‬ᙊ۞ᙯܼĂͽ̈́΁࠹ͅኢࢗྻүඉரĄ
Foucault ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞͹คߏͅԩᝋ˧Ą΁Բҿ֭ࢋᙹᖬኢࢗᄦү
۞Ч჌ᝋ˧ ᙯܼ‫׶‬ङ‫ ט‬Ą΁ᄮࠎĈĶ дՏ࣎ۤົĂኢࢗ۞ ᄦүౌТॡ
޷໰˘ֱ඀ԔĂజଠ‫ט‬Ă߄ᏴĂ௡јĂ֭Г߹็Ąķ 31ኢࢗॲፂߊ‫ؠ‬
۞඀Ԕ‫׶‬໤ ‫݋‬ᄦүᝋ˧ ăۢᙊă‫ ׶‬ĶৌநķĂଂ҃ೠଠˠ ۞‫ޥ‬҂‫׶‬Җ
ࠎĄFoucault ૻአኢࢗΞயϠᝋ˧ĂĶ‫׎‬၁ಶߏ˘჌ᝋ˧……˘჌૲
ֽड़ᑕ۞‫ڌ‬ҘĄķ 32ኢࢗயϠड़ᑕĂЯࠎιᄦүᝋ˧Ą࠹၆۞Ăᝋ˧
፟ ጡ ˵ ᄦ ү ኢ ࢗ Ą 33౅ ࿅ ኢ ࢗ Ă ᝋ ˧ ᄦ ౄ ۢ ᙊ ĂĶ ՙ ‫ ۢ ؠ‬ᙊ ۞ ԛ ё ‫׶‬

30
Martin Heidegger, “The End of Philosophy,” On Time and Being, trans. Joan Stambaugh
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002). p. 73.
31
Foucault, “The Discourse on Language,” in The Archaeology of Knowledge, p. 216. Also
cf. Rux Martin, “Truth, Power, Self: An Interview with Michel Foucault,” in Technologies
of the Self, ed. Luther H. Martin, et al. (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press,
1988), p. 14.
32
Michel Foucault, “Le Discours ne doit pas être pris comme……,” Dits et écrits:
1954-1988, ed. Daniel Defert et François Ewald (Paris: Gallimard, 1994), vol. 3, pp.
123-124; quoted in Arnold Ⅰ. Davidson, “Strategies of Discourse: Remarks Towards a
History of Foucault’s Philosophy of Language,” in Foucault and His Interlocutors,ed.
Arnold Ⅰ. Davidson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1977), pp. 4-5. Also cf.
Michel Foucault, “The Depoyment of Sexuality,” The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, trans.
Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), p. 101.
33
Michel Foucault, “7 November 1973,” Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Collège de
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 17

Ξਕ۞ቑᘞĄķ34Foucault ព൒ΐૻ˞κ‫ͅ࠹۞ܚ‬ኢࢗĈ
Ķۢᙊߏᝋ˧
۞̍‫……׍‬ᝋ˧ᆧΐĂۢᙊಶ˵ᆧΐĄķ35ᔵ൒Ăۢᙊ̙֭ඈТৌநĂ
ҭѣᝋ˧۞ ˠ‫౅ݒ‬࿅ኢ ٕࢗ‫ ͞΁׎‬ёᄦౄĶৌ நķĂࢋՀѣड़гङ‫ט‬
ˠĄ 36ᝋ˧ᖎৌ൑̙ٙдĂĶ͹ࢋߏᑅ‫۞ט‬ķĂߏĶᇷ˧ᙯܼ۞߉Җ‫׶‬
ο ཌ ķĂ ֹ Ķ ԧ ࣇ జ ҿ ᕝ Ă ఍ ჳ Ă ֭ ૻ ࢝ ̍ ү Ą ķ 37Հ Ξ ُ ۞ ߏ ᝋ ˧
ኢ ࢗ ՙ ‫ ̦ ؠ‬ᆃ ߏ Ķ ̳ ϒ ķĂ ࠤ Ҍ ՙ ‫ ؠ‬ˠ ۞ Ϡ ٕ Ѫ Ą 38 ٙ ͽ Ă Foucault
൑ኢтңౌࢋ੓ֽͅԩᝋ˧યᗟ‫׶‬ङ‫۞ט‬ᝋ˧ኢࢗĄ 39൒҃Ă΁࠹‫ܫ‬
Ϊࢋѣᝋ˧ಶѣሕд۞ԩ١ٕౄͅĄ 40Ϊࢋѣᝋ˧ኢࢗಶ˵ѣ࠹ͅኢ
ࢗĄд΁࠻ ֽĂĶ ኢࢗߏ‫ٯ‬ԩ۞г ͞‫ͅ׶‬ԩඉ ர۞΍൴ᕇ Ąኢࢗ็྿
֭ᄦౄᝋ˧Ăૻ̼ιăҭ˵ຫᗼ֭ᇷᜨιĂֹι਑ऴ֭ѣΞਕ‫ܡ‬ᇦ

France, 1981-1982, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 13.
34
Michel Foucault, “The Body of the Condemned,” Discipline and Punish, trans. Alan
Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), pp. 27-28; The Archaeology of Knowledge, p.
183.
35
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power, trans. Walter Kaufman and R. J. Hollingdale (New
York: Vintage Books, 1968), p. 266.
36
Foucault, “The Means of Correct Training,” Discipline and Punish, p. 194; “Two
Lectures,” and “Truth and Power,” Power/Knowledge, ed. Colin Gordon (New York:
Pantheon Books, 1980), pp. 93,131; also in Critique and Power : Recasting the
Foucault/Habermas Debates, ed. Michael Kelly (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994), p. 31.
37
Michel Foucault, “14 January 1976,” in “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the
Collège de France, 1975-76, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), pp. 15, 25.
38
Michel Foucault, “8 January 1975,” Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France,
1974-75, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 1999), p. 6.
39
Foucault, “Two Lectures,” Power/ Knowledge, p. 93; Critique and Power, p. 31;
“ Interview with Michel Fouacult,” in Power, Essential Works of Foucault,1954-1984, Vol.
3, ed. James D. Faubion (New York: The New Press, 2000), p. 284.
40
Michel Foucault, “The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom,” in Ethics:
Subjectivity and Truth, Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, Vol.1, ed. Paul Rabinow
(New York: The New Press, 1997), p. 292; “‘Omnes et Singulation’: Toward a Critique of
Political Reason,” in Power, p. 324.
18 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ι Ą …… Ξ ਕ ԛ ј ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ Ğ “reverse” discourseğĄ ķ 41΁ ‫ ކ‬ϯ ͽ ࠹

ͅኢࢗ‫ٯ‬ԩ ᝋ˧۞ՙ͕ ĈĶ Ϊࢋѣᝋ˧ᙯܼಶ ѣ‫ٯ‬ԩ۞Ξ ਕّĄԧࣇ
ϖ̙ਕజᝋ˧ᄵౝĈԧࣇᓁਕд˘‫۞ؠ‬ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăॲፂ˘࣎ᚑᖰ۞ඉர
ഴቤᝋ˧۞ೠ೪Ąķ 42ព൒ĂFoucault ૻአԧࣇᓁѣඉர‫ٯ‬ԩᝋ˧‫׶‬
ᝋ˧ኢࢗĄ
࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ۞ ඉ ர Ă Ҍ ͌ Ξ ଂ ̣ ͞ ࢬ ྻ ү Ĉ (1)Բ ҿ Ă (2)࣠ ‫ ژ‬ᝋ ˧
ᙯܼĂ(3)೬ᜨኢࢗ‫׶‬ଠ‫ט‬វր྆۞Ķଵੵ‫ޠ‬ķ
Ă(4)੽‫ޙͽۋ‬ၹ͹វϠĂ
ͽ̈́(5)ଂְĶ҂Οķ‫׶‬Ķրᙉķ۞ଣ੅Ăޭೇజᑅ‫ۢ۞ט‬ᙊĄ
ྫྷ੺ҹ೻˘ᇹĂFoucault ࠹ͅኢࢗྻү۞͹คߏԲҿĂኳયٙѣ
ଠ‫ט‬វրĄԲҿܑϯኳႷ۞ˠĶ̙‫ڇܫ‬Ăᅳர˞Ϭ࠼Ă֭ࢋՐՀк۞
ੈ ि ķć ҃ а ඍ ય ᗟ ۞ ˠ ࢋ Ķ ྫྷ Ҿ ˠ ۞ ኳ Ⴗ ᓑ ඕ д ˘ ੓ Ą ķ 43ઇ ࠎ ኳ
Ⴗ ۰ Ă Բ ҿ ߏ ࢋ ੠ ໖ д ። Ϋ ˯ ԛ ј Ă ၹ ౝ ԧ ࣇ ۞ Ķ វ ր ķĄ 44д Բ ҿ
྆ĂFoucault ᓁߏԯኢࢗ‫׶‬၁ᅫ۞ಞાాତд˘੓Ą 45‫ࢦڦ‬࿅Ν‫׶‬ன
д۞΁ԓ୕Ķд።Ϋ̶‫ڼ߆׶ژ‬Բҿ̚ࢦາӱརĺৌந۞ᄦүĻķ
Ăᗃ
୻ Ķ ৌ ‫ ׶‬઄ ۞ ኢ ࢗ ķĂ ᔘ ࣧ జ Ԯ ѡ ۞ ৌ ෪ Ą 46д ΁ ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ۞ ྻ ү ඉ
ர྆ĂĶ ԲෞĞԲҿğ ߏ੽‫ۋ‬Ăͅ ԩĂ̈́١඗ ன‫۞ې‬ˠ̝ ̍‫׍‬ĄԲෞ
ᑕྍϡд኏ࡎ‫׶‬ԩ‫ۋ‬࿅඀ܑ̚྿١඗۞͛ౢĄ……Բෞߏ၆ன‫߄۞ې‬

41
Foucault, “The Deployment of Sexuality,” The History of Sexuality, Vo l., pp. 100-101.
42
Michel Foucault, “Power and Sex,” in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other
Writings, 1977-1984, trans. Alan Sheridan and others (New York: Routledge, 1990), p.123.
For similar views, see his The History of Sexuality, pp. 95-96; “Powers and Strategies,” in
Power/Knowledge, p. 142.
43
Michel Foucault, “Polemics, Politics, and Problematizations: An Interview,” in The
Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York; Pantheon Books, 1984), p. 381.
44
Michel Foucault, Foucault Live (Interviews, 1966-84), trans. John Johnston (New York:
Semiotext(e), 1989), p. 64.
45
Michel Foucault, “Politics and the Study of Discourse,” in The Foucault Effect: Studies in
Governmentality.
46
Foucault, “Questions of Method,” in The Foucault Effect, pp. 79, 85; Power, p. 237.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 19

ጼĄķ 47ᓁ̝ĂFoucault ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞͹ࢋඉரߏĂд።Ϋ‫׶‬ॡ΃۞ਔ

ඛ྆ĂϡԲҿֽኳႷĂ߄ጼᝋ˧ኢࢗĂ‫ٯ‬ԩᝋ˧۞ፆᓂĂ١඗జೠଠĄ
١඗ङ‫ט‬Ăдඉர˯ࢋАྋ‫ژ‬ᝋ˧ᙯܼĄFoucault ᄮࠎԲҿᝋ˧
Ĉᝋ˧۞ྻүͽ̈́௚‫ڼ‬۰ྫྷజ௚‫ڼ‬۰۞ᙯܼĄ48
ಶߏྋ‫ژ‬Ķᝋ˧ᙯܼķ
΁ଂˬ ࣎ᆸѨ ֽ ̶ ‫ژ‬ᝋ˧ ᙯ ܼĈඉரă߆‫۞ ع‬ԫ μă‫ ׶‬ङ‫ ۞ ט‬ଐ ‫ڶ‬Ą
49
ᝋ˧౅࿅Ч჌ඉர‫׶‬ԫμેҖङ‫ט‬Ąᔵ൒тѩĂ΁ૻአĶՏ჌ᝋ˧
ᙯܼҌ͌ຍஉ඾ሕд۞‫੽ۋ‬ඉரĄķ 50ព൒Ăд࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ඉர˯Ă
Foucault ԯྋ‫֭ژ‬Բҿᝋ˧ᙯܼ༊ү੽‫ۋ‬ĂࢋᙹᖬЧ჌ᝋ˧۞ଠ‫ט‬Ą
ԯኢࢗ༊ү၁ኹ۞ Foucault ˵ࢋ੠տĶኢࢗ྆۞វրķĄ 51΁࠹
ͅ ኢ ࢗ ۞ ˘ ࣎ ඉ ர ߏ ೬ ᜨ ኢ ࢗ ‫ ׶‬ଠ ‫ ט‬វ ր ྆ ۞ Ķ ଵ ੵ ‫ ޠ‬ķĞ rules of
exclusionğ
Ą΁ᅺϋѣᝋ˧۞ˠϡĶଵੵ‫ޠ‬ķፆԘ֭ኹኼ՟ѣᝋ˧۞Ă
ͽ ჯ ޺ ன ‫ ې‬Ă ֭ ܲ ᜕ ҋ ̎ Ą 52 Ķ ଵ ੵ ‫ ޠ‬ķ ͹ ࢋ ѣ ˬ ჌ ͞ ‫ ڱ‬Ĉ ༰ ͤ
Ğprohibitionğă١ϋĞrejectionğă‫׶‬ડ̶ĞdivisionğĄௐ˘჌ĺଵੵ
‫ޠ‬Ļߏ༰ͤĂ˵ಶߏ̙ࣞҾˠܑ྿ĂٕΪࣞߙֱˠ၆প‫ؠ‬ᗟϫѣপᝋ
൴֏Ąௐ˟჌ĺଵੵ‫ޠ‬Ļߏ١ϋĈ˵ಶߏ̙᝘Ҿˠ۞ćֹҾˠᄲ۞ౌ

47
Foucault, “Questions of Method,” in The Foucault Effect, p. 84; Power, p. 236.
48
Foucault, Dits et ècrits, 3: 465; trans. in Thomas R. Flynn, Sartre, Foucault, and Historical
Reason, Vol. 2: A Post Mapping of History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,
2005), p. 72.
49
Michel Foucault, “The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom,” trans. J. D.
Gauthier, S. J., in The Final Foucault, ed. James Bernauer and David Rasmusen
(Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1988), p. 19; also “The Ethics of the Concern or Self as a
Practice of Freedom,” in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, p. 299.
50
Michel Foucault, “The Subject and Power,” in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow,
Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism an Hermencutics, second ed. (Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 1983), p. 225.
51
“The Formation of Object,” “Remarks and Consequences,” and “The Description of
Statements,” The Archaeology of Knowledge, pp. 46, 74, 117.
52
Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A.
M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), p. 16.
20 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

̙ზᇴֹٕҾˠᄲ˞˵ϨᄲĂࠤҌԮѡҾˠ۞ˠॾĄௐˬ჌ĺଵੵ‫ޠ‬Ļ
ߏડ̶Ĉ˵ಶߏϡ˟̶‫ڱ‬ԯְ‫ٕۏ‬ຍ֍‫׌‬ໂ̼ࠎৌ‫׶‬઄Ă၆‫׶‬᏾Ăр
‫׶‬ᗼĂᑕྍ‫̙׶‬ᑕྍćநّ‫׶‬ຌᜎćΪિ޺ҋ̎ٙᅮՐĂಈຑĂጾѣ
۞ߏৌă၆ăрăᑕྍăநّĄ̙ΪᄮࠎҾˠ۞ߏ઄ă᏾ăᗼă̙ᑕ
ྍă̙நّĂ֭ͷϡᝋ˧ă‫ޘט‬ăିֈր௚ă‫׶‬ጯఙ፟ၹඈ߉ͽᑅ˧
‫ࡗ׶‬ՁĄ53΁࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ඉரಶߏԲҿĶଵੵ‫ޠ‬ķ྆఺ֱ༰ͤă١ϋ ă
‫׶‬ડ̶Ăͽ߄ጼЇңĶវրķ
Ą΁ૻአĈ
Ķԧ۞યᗟߏࠧ‫ؠ‬ᔳӣ۞୮̙
ᘃႷ۞វրĂд֤វր྆ԧࣇߏβवćԧࢋ˞ྋ۞ߏనࢨ‫׶‬ଵੵ
Ğ limits and exclusionğķ ۞ វ ր Ă д ֤ 㝯 ր ྆ ԧ ࣇ ̙ ۢ ྽ ಶ ၁ ᅫ ྻ
ϡĄķ 54ೱήྖᄲĂ၆ FoucaultĂ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ྻүಶߏࢋ‫ٯ‬ԩĶనࢨ
‫ ׶‬ଵ ੵ ķĄ 55‫ ׎‬၁ Ă ˵ Ϊ ѣ д ඉ ர ˯ ၨ ā Ķ న ࢨ ‫ ׶‬ଵ ੵ ķ ̖ Ξ ਕ ྿ ‫ז‬
࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ϫ۞ĈኳႷĂ߄ጼĂᙹᖬᎫ૜۞ङ‫ט‬វրĄ
Foucault ࠹ͅኢࢗඉரᔘ౅࿅Ķ҂Οጯķ‫׶‬ĶրᙉጯķౄͅĂࢋ
ޭೇజᑅ‫ۢ۞ט‬ᙊĄ΁۞Ķ҂Οķ่̙ଣ੅ԛјኢࢗ۞ఢ‫׶݋‬ᖼត۞
Ķ఼ϡր௚ķĞarchiveğĂ˵̶‫ژ‬Ķ‫ޥ‬҂ሀёķĞepistemeğĂࢋኳયߊ
ј۞ְІĂ޶ଧజः՟۞ְ၁Ą 56Ω˘͞ࢬĂ΁ᔘࢋࡁտĶրᙉķଣ
Ğprobl é matiguesğͽ̈́Ķְଐ‫ࢬޢ‬ԆБ̙Т۞ࢬШķ
੅Ķѣયᗟّ۞ķ Ą
57
΁ ϡ Ķ ͵ ր ķĞ descentğ ੠ ໖ ࣧ ‫ ְ ܐ‬І ۞ к ᇹ ّ ă ‫ ן‬຋ ă ‫ ׶‬᏾ ᄱ Ă

53
Foucault, “The Discourse on Language,” The Archaeology of Knowledge, pp. 216-220,
227; “The Order of Discourse,” pp. 52-56, 64.
54
Michel Foucault, “On the Way of Writing History,” Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology,
Essential Works of Foucault, 1954 -1984, Vol. 2, ed. James D. Faubion and trans. Robert
Hurley, et al. (New York: The New Press, 1998), p. 289.
55
Foucault, “Rituals of Exclusion,” Foucault Live (Interviews, 1966-84), p. 71.
56
Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, pp. 48-49, 130, 191-192; The Order of Things:
An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), p. 251.
57
Foucault, “On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress,” in The
Foucault Reader, p. 343； “Nietzsche , Genealogy, History,” in Language, Counte-Memory,
Practice, trans. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simmon (Ithaca: Cornell University
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 21

ഇ‫ߙޞ‬჌णனĞemergenceğĄдĶ͵րķࡁտ͞ࢬĂ΁޽΍ֽĶຍγ
ְІķ
ă௟຋۞ઐमҖࠎ……᏾ᄱĂᄱጱ۞ෞҤăѣ৿ౝ۞ზࢍķ
ćࢋ
Ķ ̷ ᕝ ଂ ݈ జ ᄮ ࠎ ߏ ‫ ۞ ؠ ׽‬ķĄ 58΁ ۞ ͵ ր ࡁ տ Ă ࢋ Ķ ࢦ ‫ ޙ‬Ч ჌ ֹ ˠ
‫۞ڇئ‬វր ķĂ೬ᜨĶ൑Ѓͤࢦᖬ ۞ङ‫ט‬үԘ ķĂĶ ᓑЪᇃ౾۞ۢᙊ‫׶‬
г͞۞аጸͽ‫ޙ‬ϲ੽‫۞ۋ‬።ΫۢᙊĄķ 59д᎕ໂࢬ˯ĂFoucault ࠹ͅ
ኢ ࢗ ҂ Ο ‫ ׶‬ր ᙉ ۞ ࡁ տ ඉ ர ߏ Ķ ۢ ᙊ ۞ ౄ ͅ ķĞ the insurrection of
knowledgeğĂࢋޭೇĶజᑅ‫ۢ۞ט‬ᙊķĞsubjected knowlefdgeğĄ΁ે
ຍࢋଣ੅֭ޭೇ۞ۢᙊΒ߁።Ϋ˯జः՟Ăѣր௚ г జᄋት ۞ ۢ ᙊĂ
̫̪֞జᄮࠎ̙ЪॾĂ̙ૉໄ‫̼ه‬Ă̙ࡊጯĂѨඈ۞ۢᙊĄ 60౅࿅҂
Ο‫׶‬րᙉࡁտĂ΁ࢋޭೇజᑅ‫ט‬Ăజ‫ڡ‬ෛ۞ϔมۢᙊĄ
ੵ˞̰д̶‫ژ‬γĂ࠹ͅኢࢗγ‫۞ؼ‬ඉரߏĶ੽‫ۋ‬ķĄд Foucault
࠻ ֽ Ă ੽ ‫ ۋ‬Β ߁ ˬ ჌ Ĉ (1)ͅ ԩ Ч ჌ ԛ ё ۞ ፆ ଠ ć (2)ͅ ԩ Ч ჌ ԛ ё ۞
ࣤ ݇ Ă ֤ ֱ ࢝ ֹ ˠ ҋ ٙ Ϡ ய ۞ ‫ ڌ‬Ҙ ழ ᗓ ۞ ࣤ ݇ Ă ͽ ̈́ (3)ͅ ԩ ‫ٺ ڇ ئ‬
ҾˠĂ҃ವՐ͹វّĄ 61‫׎‬၁ΪѣᆹҖ఺ᇹˬ჌੽‫ۋ‬ඉரĂ࠹ͅኢࢗ
Ă̖ߏ߄ጼֹˠ‫ئ‬ଂ۞ኢࢗĄ62ல
̖Ξਕͅ၆ĶˠεΝҋ͹ّ۞ኢࢗķ
ౣĂ࠹ͅኢࢗࢋĶ၆ְІઇ።Ϋ҂၅Ăֹԧࣇਕૉၹјҋ̎Ăᄮᙊҋ

Press,1981), p. 142.
58
Ibid., pp. 146-147.
59
Ibid., pp. 148, 150; “Two Lectures”, Powe/Knowledge, p. 83. Also in “Society Must Be
Defended ”: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76, trans. David Macey (New York:
Picador, 2003), p. 7; Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucaul/Habermas Debate, p. 23.
60
“Two Lectures,” Power/Knowledge, pp. 81-82, 84; “Society Must Be Defended”, pp.7-8;
Critique and Power, pp. 20-21.
61
Foucault, “The Subject and Power,” in Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism
Hermeneutics, pp. 212 -213; “Intellectuals and Power: A Conversation between Michel
Foucault and Gilles Deleuze,” in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, pp. 207-208.
62
Michel Foucault, “3 March 1982: Second Hour,” The Hermeneutics of the Subject:
Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981-82. p. 366; “The Discourse on Language,” pp.
227, 229; “The Order of Discourse,” pp. 64, 67.
22 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

̎ߏԧࣇٙઇĂٙຐĂ‫׶‬ٙᄲ۞͹វĄķ 63ព൒ĂFoucault ۞੽‫ۋ‬ඉ

ரߏଳ‫פ‬၁ᅫҖજٕྻϡኢࢗͅ၆ፆଠĂࣤ݇Ă‫ئ׶‬ଂĂ่̙ഇ୕‫ۺ‬
‫ؠ‬ኢࢗ۞͹វّĂ˵ࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹҋ̎۞͹វّĄ
ᓁඕ Foucault ۞࠹ͅኢࢗĄ΁ᄮࠎ࠹ͅኢࢗߏۢᙊ̶̄ٙᑕྍ ઇ
ĶྫྷЧ჌ᝋ˧۞ԛёԩ‫ۋ‬Ąд఺ຍཌྷ˯Ă……நኢߏ၁ኹĄķ64‫׎‬
۞Ă
ĂࢋĶଣ੅ΞਕԼត۞Ąķ65д
၁Ă࠹ͅኢࢗߏ΁ࣰጯĶԲҿ۞̍үķ
࠹ͅኢࢗ྆Ă΁ԲҿЧ჌ङ‫ט‬វրĂྋ‫ژ‬ᝋ˧ᙯܼĂࢋᙹᖬᝋ˧ᙯܼĂ
೬ᜨኢࢗ྆۞Ч჌Ķనࢨ‫׶‬ଵੵķ
Ă၆ԩЧ჌௚‫݇ࣤ׶ڼ‬Ă١඗ ‫ ئ‬ଂĂ
ଣտ̙Т۞੓໚̈́ѣયᗟّ۞ĄFoucault ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ϫᇾ่̙ߏޭೇ
Ķజᑅ‫ۢ۞ט‬ᙊķ‫۞ۋ੽׶‬።ΫۢᙊĂՀࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹኢࢗ۞͹វّĄ

̣ăDerrida
Jacques Derrida ‫ؠۺ‬Ķ࠹ͅኢࢗķ
ĄຏೖĶҰజშ‫۞ې‬ኢࢗइҝķĂ
΁ଂΩ˘࣎֎‫͛࠻ޘ‬ώ‫׶‬ኢࢗĄ 66΁ᄮࠎĶ੽‫׶ۋ‬ᚮ‫˧۞ۋ‬ณ·႕˞
३ᆷ‫ͅ࠹׶׶‬३ᆷĞcounter-writingğĄ……‫ۋ‬ᝋֹ३ᆷ̢࠹၆ԩĄķ
67
д ΁ ࠻ ֽ ĂĶ ٙ ѣ ۞ ͛ ώ ౌ ̙ Т Ą …… Ξ ͽ ᄲ Ă Տ ࣎ ͛ ώ ౌ ࢋ Ր Ω
γ ۞ ீ ༗ Ą ķ 68˘ ࣎ ͛ ώ ˵ Ξ ਕ ጱ ࡭ Ķ ၆ ԩ ۞ ͛ ώ ķĂĶ ࠹ ͅ ३ ᆷ ķĂ

63
Foucault, “What Is Enlightenment?” in The Foucault Reader, p. 46.
64
Michel Foucault, “Introduction,” The Use of Pleasure, The History of Sexuality, Vol, 2,
trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), p. 9. Also cf. his “Practicing
Criticism,” Politics, Philosophy, Culture, p. 155.
65
Foucault, “Intellectual and Power: A Conversation between Michel Foucault and Gilles
Deleuze,” in Language, Counter- memory, Practice, pp. 207- 208.
66
Jacques Derrida, “Jacques Derrida,” in Imre Salusinszky, Criticism in Society (New York:
Methuen, 1987), p. 23.
67
Jacques Derrida, “Scribble (Writing-Power,” trans. Cary Plotkin, in Derrida Reader:
Writing Performances, ed. Julian Wolfreys (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998),
p. 50.
68
Jacques Derrida, “Is There a Philosophical Language?” in Points . . . Interviews,
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 23

ٕĶ࠹ͅኢ ࢗķĄ࠹ͅ३ᆷٕ࠹ͅ ኢࢗྫྷᝋ‫ ރ‬ኢࢗ੽‫ ٕۋ‬ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăдඉ

ர ˯ ‫ ׎‬၁ ಶ ߏ Ķ ྋ ၹ ķĂĶ ᓁ ߏ Т ॡ ѣ ඾ ‫ ّ ̷ ࢝ ۞ ؠ ۺ‬Ğ affirmative
exigencyğĄķ69఺̷࢝۞ඉரĂ̙გΨྋၹᔘߏΨ࠹ͅኢࢗĂૄώჟ
ৠౌߏԲҿĄ70дԲҿ྆Ă͛ጯ̶‫ߏ่̙ژ‬ྋၹĂDerrida ࠤҌᄮࠎĶྋ
ၹώ֗ಶߏ͛ጯ۞˘࣎ԛёĄķ 71ព൒Ăྋၹߏ΁࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ԛё‫׶‬
ྻүĄ
࠹ͅኢࢗࢋྋၹ ۞ ่̙ߏ ͛ ώ ۞࡚ጯĂՀߏ ኢࢗ ۞ ̰ टăඕ ၹ ă
ౢ඀ă‫׶‬ลᆸᙯܼĄDerrida ࠹‫ ܫ‬ĶՏ̼࣎͛‫ౌົۤ׶‬ᅮࢋ̰д۞Բ
ҿٕྋၹઇࠎ‫׎‬൴ण۞ࢦࢋొ̶Ąķ72࠹ͅኢࢗĶ̰д۞Բҿٕྋၹķ
၁ ᅫ ྻ ү ੓ ֽ ĂĶ ̙ ߏ ̚ ϲ ۞ Ă ι ̒ ࿰ Ą ķ 73ࢋ Ķ ̒ ࿰ կ ‫ ׽‬ඕ ၹ ‫ۏ ׶‬
ኳ‫ޘט‬ķ۞ Derrida ࠹ͅኢࢗ൑‫ࢋܧ‬Ķྋၹ၆ϲĂࢵАࢋᙹᖬপ‫ؠ‬ॡ
ม̰۞ลᆸᙯܼĄ‫ن‬ர఺჌ĺᙹᖬĻಶ˵Ԟ੃˞ĺ၆ϲĻ۞኏ࡎ‫׶‬ଂ
ᛳ ۞ Ğ subordinatingğ ඕ ၹ Ą ķ 74ࢋ ᙹ ᖬ ล ᆸ ᙯ ܼ ‫ ׶‬၆ ϲ ۞ ኏ ࡎ ಶ ˵
ࢋଣտஎᆸඕၹ‫׎׶‬ౢ‫݋‬ĄٙͽĂ࠹ͅኢࢗࢋྋၹĶд‫͉྆ޘט‬ᆉർ
ٕି୧Ăٕ‫ܡ‬ᘣϏֽࡁտ۞˘ֱඕၹĄķ 75ྋၹ˵ࢋ൴ଧᔳᖟдඕၹ

1974-1994, ed. Elisabeth Weber (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 216.
69
Derrida, “The Almost Nothing of the Unpresentable,” in Points, p. 83.
70
Barbara Johnson, “Translator’s Introduction,” in Jacques Derrida, Dissemination, trans.
Barbara Johnson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. xv.
71
Jacques Derrida, “Dialogue with Jacques Derrida: Deconstruction and the Other,” in
Richard Kearney, Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers (Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 125.
72
Ibid., p. 116.
73
Jacques Derrida, “Fragment of a Letter from Jacques Derrida to Jean Louis Houdebine,”
Position, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 93.
74
“Position,” ibid., p. 41; Jacques Derrida, “Paregon: Lemmata,” The Truth in Painting, trans.
Geoff Bennington and Ian Mcleod (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), p.
19.
75
Jacques Derrida, “The Villanova Roundtable: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida,” in
Deconstruction in a Nutshell, ed. John D. Caputo (New York: Fordham University Press,
24 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

྆۞ĂĶኳયଂࣖந‫ڼ߆׶‬ٙତٚ۞ౢ‫݋‬Ąķ 76ೱήྖᄲĂд Derrida

۞Բҿჟৠ྆Ă࠹ͅ३ᆷă࠹ͅኢࢗăٕྋၹࢋଣտ͹߹ኢࢗ྆۞ඕ
ၹٙᏲଂ۞ౢ‫݋‬Ăۤົă̼͛ăࣖநă߆‫۞ڼ‬ङ‫ט‬វրĂᙹᖬลᆸ‫׶‬
၆ϲᙯܼĄ

̱ăHabermas
Բෞ Foucault ۞Ķᙉրķ֭՟ঐੵᝋ˧ड़ᑕ۞ Jürgen Habermas
ଂ ְ Ķ Բ ҿ ந ኢ ķĂ ࢋ ଣ ੅ ࿅ Ν ‫ ׶‬ன д ˘ ֱ Ķ Ҿ ۞ Ξ ਕ ّ Ą ķ 77д ΁
۞Բҿநኢ྆Ă΁ͽĶϹ߹ҖજķĞcommunicative actionĂٕᛌ໛఼
Җજğࠎ͹ค൴೭ኢࢗ̈́࠹ͅኢࢗĂವՐΞਕ۞ЪநّĄ
Ϲ߹ Җજ͹ጱ۞ ኢٕࢗ࠹ͅ ኢࢗࢋᑭរ Ķ‫ކ‬Ⴭѣड़ ķĞٕᘦ༊ ğ
Ğvalidty-claimsğ۞યᗟ‫ົۤ׶‬ఢቑĄķ 78HabermasĶҖજ۞Ϲ߹ቑ

1997), p. 8.
76
Jacques Derrida, “Mochlos; or, The Conflict of the Faculties,” in Logomachia: The
Conflict of the Faculties, ed. Richard Rand (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992),
quoted in Richard Bernstein, “An Allegory of Modernity / Postmodernity: Habermas and
Derrida,” in The Derrida-Habermas Reader, ed. Lasse Thomassen (Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 2006). p. 82. Also Quoted in Jonathan Culler, On
Deconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 156.
77
Jürgen Habermas, “Some Questions Concerning the Theory of Power: Foucault Again,”
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, trans. Frederic Lawrence (Cambridge: The
MIT Press, 1995), pp. 267-284; William Outhwaite, “Habermas,” in The Blackwell
Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists, ed. George Ritzer (Oxford:
Blackwell, 2003), p. 232.
78
Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 1: Reason and the
Rationalization of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), p. 20;
“Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification,” Moral
Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber
Nicholsen (Chambridge: The MIT Press, 1990), p. 103; Georgia Warnke, “Communication
Rationality and Cultural Values,” in The Cambridge Companion to Habermas, ed. Stephen
K. White (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 128-129.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 25

ᘞ ķ (communicative category of action)Ξ ᄲ ߏ ΁ ඾ ү ྆ ౵ ࢦ ࢋ ۞ ந

ኢĄ 79ĶϹ߹Җજķ޽ϡᄬ֏໛఼۞ҖજĄՏ࣎ˠౌΞҋϤણᄃĶϹ
߹ҖજķĄдĶϹ߹Җ જķ྆ĂՏ ࣎ણᄃ۰ౌ Чҋߏ͹វ Ą΁ࣇЧҋ
൴ ֏ ॡ ˵ ᑭ ੅ ֭ ᑭ រ ٙ ᄲ ۞ Ĉ (1)ߏ ̙ ߏ ৌ ၁ Ğ ٕ ߏ ̙ ߏ ௑ Ъ ‫ְ ៍ މ‬
၁ ğĂ (2)ߏ ̙ ߏ ௑ Ъ ۤ ົ ఢ ቑ ĂĞ ۤ ົ ఢ ቑ ࢋ ѣ ड़ Ă ᅮ ࠻ ਕ ̙ ਕ ႕ ֖
Чˠ۞ӀৈğĂͽ̈́(3)ߏ̙ߏ‫م‬၁‫΁ٺ‬Ğсğ۞͕ဩĂٕٙᏜĶ͹៍
ৌ၁ķ(subjective truthfulness)Ăٕᄲ΍જ፟Ą 80ኢࢗ௑Ъ̙௑Ъ‫៍މ‬
۞ְ၁ٕ͹៍۞ৌ၁Ăఢቑѣ՟ѣड़ౌᅮࢋЪந۞ྋᛖĄ 81ࢋѣЪந
۞ྋᛖĂHabermas পҾ ૻአϹ߹நّĞcommunicative rationalityğĄ
Ϲ߹நّܑனдᓾந۞੅ኢĂ̢࠹ٚᄮ‫׶‬நྋĂԛјĶ఼̢͹ॾķ
Ğ intersubjectivityğĂ ҃ В ֳ Ϡ ߿ ͵ ࠧ Ğ lifeworldğĄ 82΁ ࠹ ‫ ܫ‬д к ̮
ۤົᓄᗔ۞ᓏࢰ̚ĂᓁߏΞͽԱ‫ז‬நّĄ 83΁ͽϹ߹நّߛၹኢࢗĄ
ͽĶϹ߹நّķ͹ጱણᄃϹ߹Җજ۞ˠ‫ޙ‬ϲπඈ۞̢જᙯܼĂ̙҃ߏ

79
Davide Ingram, Habermas and the Dialectic of Reason (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1987), p. 31.
80
Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1, pp. 99, 101; “What is Universal
Pragmatics,” Communication and the Evolution of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), p. 3; “Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of
Philosophical Justification,” in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, p. 65.
81
Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of
Society, p. 106; “The Self Reflection of the Cultural Sciences: The Historicist Critique of
Meaning,” Knowledge and the Human Interests, trans. Jeremy Shapiro (Boston: Beacon
Press, 1971), p. 176. For a discussion, see Thomas McCarthy, “Reflection on
Rationalization in The Theory of Communicative Action,” in Habermas and Modernity, ed.
Richard J. Bernstein (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985), pp. 183- 185.
82
Habermas, “An Alternative Way out of the Philosophy of the Subject: Communicative
versus Subject-Centered Reason,” The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, p. 324;
“Some Further Clarifications of the Concept of Communicative Rationality,” On the
Pragmatics of Communication, ed. Maeve Cooke (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), p. 315.
83
Jürgen Habermas, “The Unity of Reason in the Diversity of Its Voice,” Postmetaphysical
Thinking, trans. William Mark Hohergarten (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992), p. 117.
26 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ϡᓾտϫ۞۞ĶΑϡநّķٕĶ̍‫׍‬நّķ‫ޙ‬ϲ͹វ၆‫މ‬វ۞ଠ‫ט‬ᙯ
ܼĄ 84΁ͽநّ͹ጱϹ߹ҖજĂͽϹ߹நّߛၹЪந۞ኢࢗĄ
Ϲ߹ҖજΞͽܳјВᙊĂЪந̼ВТຍԠĂͽ̈́ᑒӄ͹វّ۞ ‫ޙ‬
ၹĄ෦ኜ நّ ۞ Ϲ ߹Җજ ග ણ ᄃ۰፟ ົ ܑ ྿΁Ğ сğ၆ଐဩ ۞ ྋ ᛖĂ
΁Ğсğ۞ၗ‫ޘ‬ăኳႷăᅮࢋĂଂ҃྿‫ז‬ĶԠᙸ۞Тຍķ
ĞVerstandigungğ
ă
Вᙊă‫׶‬ྋăࠤҌЪүĄ 85ੵ˞ࢬ၆ࢬ۞໛఼γĂϹ߹Җજ˵Ξֹܳ
Ğwill formationğ۞Ъந̼Ą86Հࢦࢋ۞ĂHabermas
ᔕኢ‫׶‬ĶຍԠԛјķ
ᄮࠎĶϹ߹Җજߏۤົ̼۞ಫ̬Ąķ87ЯѩĂ΁ԓ୕౅࿅ĶϹ߹Җજķ
‫ؠۺ‬ҋԧຍᙊ۞͹វّĂͽ̈́дۤົ̢જᙯܼ˯࣎Ҿ۞͹វّĄд΁
۞ၹຐ̚Ă ౅࿅ĶϹ߹ ҖજķĂˠ۞Ķ͟૱ຍ ᙊķдĶϠ ߿͵ࠧ۞̰
дതϔķĞthe internal colonization of the lifeworldğ྆Ă‫ܧ‬ҭ̙Г͚
ᗓ৔༤҃ͷѣ௚Ъਕ˧Ą 88дϹ߹Җજ྆Ă΁࠹‫ܫ‬ણᄃ۰౅࿅Ķ఼̢
͹ॾķĂ̖Ξਕჯ޺͹ វ‫׶‬͹វ۞ ̢જ̢೎ᙯ ܼĄᓁ۞ֽ ࠻ĂϹ߹Җ

84
Jürgen Habermas, “Crisis Tendencies in Advanced Capitalism,” Legitimation Crisis, trans.
Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975), p. 89; Communication and the Evolution,
trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), p. 148. Also cf. Thomas McCarthy,
The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1981), p. 328;
“Introduction,” in Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, p. xvi.
85
Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action. Volume 1: Reason and the
Rationlization of Society, p. 86; “Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,”
Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, p. 87; “Interview with Jürgen
Habermas,” in Detlef Hoster, Habermas: An Introduction, trans. Heidi Thompson
(Philadelphia: Pennbridge Books, 1992), p. 97.
86
Simone Chambers, “Discourse and Democratic Practices,” in The Cambridge Companion
to Habermas, p. 235.
87
Jürgen Habermas, “Reflections on Communicative Pathology,” On the Pragmatics of
Social Interaction, trans. Barbara Fultner (Cambride: The MIT Press, 2001), p. 131.
88
Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action. Volume 2: Life World and
System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason, trans. Thomas. McCarthy (Boston: Beacon
Press, 1987), p. 335.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 27

જ่̙Ξֹܳ࣎ˠ၆Ҿˠ‫۞ົۤ׶‬நྋĂՀᆧΐҋԧᄮᙊĂଂ҃‫ؠۺ‬
ҋԧ۞͹វّĄ
ࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹ͹វّĂଂङ‫ט‬វրྋ‫ٸ‬΍ֽĂԧࣇ˵ΞͽϹ߹Җજࠎ ͹
คଂְ࠹ͅኢࢗĄHabermas ଂϹ߹நّăۢᙊ‫׶‬ӀचᙯܼĂͽ̈́Ķྋ
‫۞ٸ‬ў኷ķˬ͞ࢬֽ൴೭࠹ͅኢࢗĂࢋӎ‫ؠ‬Զຫˠ͹វّ۞ኢࢗĄ΁
ͅ၆ֹ࢝ˠึଂ۞ି୧͹ཌྷĞdogmatismğ
ĄЯѩĂ΁۞࠹ͅኢࢗͽĶ̬
ˢநّķĞcommitted reasonğ‫ٯ‬ԩି୧͹ཌྷ۞ኢࢗĂഇ࠽ˠ۞ҋ͹Ą
89
ΩγĂЯࠎӀचᙯܼٕў኷ᇆᜩۢᙊ۞൴ण‫׶‬͹វّ۞ԛјĂ΁۞
࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ˵ ࢋ ଂ ۢ ᙊ ‫ ׶‬Ӏ च ඕ Ъ ۞ ᜜ ᙋ ĂĶ ੠ ໖ ። Ϋ ྆ జ ᑅ ‫ ۞ ט‬၆
ྖĂ֭ࢦ‫ֱ֤ޙ‬జᑅ‫۞ט‬Ąķ 90ೱήྖᄲĂ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞Ϲ߹நّࢋᔘ
ࣧ࿅Ν‫׶‬னдజᑅ‫۞ט‬ኢࢗĂࢦາ၆ྖĂԯˠଂ‫ޥ‬ຐ‫۞ޘט׶‬կႯྋ
‫ ٸ‬΍ ֽ Ą Habermas ᄮ ࠎ ˠ ౌ ᑕ ѣ Ķ ྋ ‫ ۞ ٸ‬ў ኷ ķĞ emancipatory
interestğĄ ЯѩĂ΁િ޺ĶᚑඥԲҿ۞ۤົநኢྫྷྋ‫۞ٸ‬ў኷ߏѣ̰
дᙯా۞Ąķ 91ᚑඥ۞ԲҿΞֹྋ‫۞ٸ‬ў኷дĶ՟ѣङ‫۞ט‬Ϲ߹ķ̚
၁னĄ 92ᓁ̝Ă΁Բҿநኢ྆۞࠹ͅኢࢗͽϹ߹நّᅺϋି୧͹ཌྷĂ
ࢦ‫ޙ‬జᑅ‫۞ט‬ኢࢗĂࢋ၁னྋ‫۞ٸ‬ў኷Ă‫ޙ‬ၹ͹វّĄ

˛ăBourdieu
Pierre Bourdieu ˵‫ڦ‬ຍ‫ז‬ኢࢗ‫ͅ࠹׶‬ኢࢗĄ΁ଂĶ෪ᇈ۞˧ณķ

89
Jürgen Habermas, “Dogmatism, Reason, and Decision: On Theory and Praxis in Our
Scientific Civilization,” Theoy and Practice, trans. John Viertel (Boston: Beacon Press,
1973), p. 258.
90
Jürgen Habermas, “Knowledge and Human Interests: A General Perspective,” Knowledge
and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 315.
91
Jürgen Habermas, “Life-forms, Morality and the Task of the Philosopher,” in Autonomy
and Solidarity, ed. Peter Dews (London: Verso, 1986), p. 198.
92
Jürgen Habermas, Toward a Rational Society, trans. Jeremy Shapiro (Boston: Beacon Press,
1970), p. 113.
28 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

Ğsymbolic powerğ۞֎‫៍ֽޘ‬၅ኢࢗĄᔵ൒΁̙পҾ೩‫ז‬Ķ࠹ͅኢ
ࢗķ఺ЩෟĂҭ‫ݒ‬ଂĶ෪ᇈᇷ˧ķĞsymbolic violenceğă౹ү‫׶‬ಞા
ˬ࣎ࢬШֽଣ੅࠹ͅኢࢗĄͽ˭ᖎࢗ Bourdieu ၆ኢࢗ‫ͅ࠹׶‬ኢࢗ۞
࠻‫ڱ‬Ą
ኢࢗϤ෪ᇈ۞˧ณٙၹјĄ෪ᇈ۞˧ณߏĶϡ͛фᄦүְଐ۞ ˧
ณĄ……˘჌ዌପٕणன̏གྷд֤྆۞ְଐ۞˧ณĄķ 93ѣ඾Ķ෪ᇈ
۞ྤώķ۞Ķ෪ᇈ˧ķ۞ኢࢗᄦౄĶְ၁ķĂ˵ΞਕᔳᎍĶְ၁ķĄೠ
೪෪ᇈ˧۞ˠΞਕӀϡኢࢗᄦౄ၆ҋ̎ѣӀ۞Ķְ၁ķٕĶЪந̼ķ
ҋ̎гҜ۞ ៍ᕇĄ෪ᇈ ۞ྤώ෸к ۞ˠĂΞਕ ՆᇤĶְ၁ ķĂֹ଀Г
ౄᝋ˧ᙯܼ۞෪ᇈ˧˵෸ૻĄ΁ࣇૻ๕ᄦүኢࢗĂ᛿Ꮾҋͽࠎϒ༊ٕ
ϒ ௚ ۞ ៍ ᕇ Ą 94 ೠ ೪ ᖳ ՗ ෪ ᇈ ˧ ۞ ˵ ೠ ೪ ᝋ ˧ ኢ ࢗ Ă ҋ ј ဥ វ ٕ ล
ᆸĂ҃ࣝዼҾ۞ဥវٕลᆸĄ൒҃ĂдЇңۤົĂ෪ᇈ˧̝มౌᙱҺ
ົ͔൴኏ࡎĄ 95Bourdieu ᄮࠎĶϹ߹ҖજĂညᖃ‫ۏ‬Ϲೱă߄ጼă‫͛׶‬
фĂЯࠎᓁߏѣङ‫۞ט‬ΞਕّĂಶా૲඾˵ѣ኏ࡎ۞ΞਕّĄķ 96ࢋ
ԩᏊङ‫۞ט‬ኢࢗĂ̙Т۞෪ᇈ˧д኏ࡎ̚ಶΞਕயϠ࠹ͅኢࢗĄ
౹үΞਕၹј࠹ͅኢࢗĄ၆࠷‫͛ޥ‬ᘹۤົጯ‫͛׶‬ᘹ౹ү۞
BourdieuĂ ౹ ү ߏ ܑ ࢗ ‫ ׶‬൴ ଧ ĈĶ ࢋ ܑ ࢗ Ă ൴ ଧ ֭ ̙ ߏ І ̈ ְ Ą д ఺
ຍཌྷ˯Ăԧࣇ̖ਕኘ‫ז‬౹үĄķ 97࣐ࡶܑ̙ࢗγд۞ன෪‫̰׶‬д۞͕
நĂ̙൴ଧ͹ጱ۞៍‫׶ه‬எᆸඕၹಶ̙ზ౹үĄྕ൒Ăܑࢗ̏གྷ̙ट
‫˞ٽ‬Ăࢋซ˘Վ൴ଧಶՀΐӧᙱĄҭү۰൑ኢтңౌҌ͌Ξܑࢗٙ៍

93
Pierre Bourdieu, “Social Space and Symbolic Power,” In Other Words; Essays toward a
Reflexive Sociology, trans. Matthew Adamson (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990),
p. 138.
94
Ibid., pp. 135- 136.
95
Ibid., p. 137.
96
Pierre Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans., Richard
Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 191, 237.
97
Bourdieu, “The Intellectual Field: A World Apart,” In Other Words, p. 149.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 29

၅‫׶‬ຏ‫۞זצ‬ĄBourdieu ᄮࠎĈĶࢋਕૉт၁г࠻֍֭ೡᆷ͵ࠧĂҰ
଀ᐌॡౌ఍நྫྷ˘ਠჟቁ۞ந‫࠙ه‬ᛈĂᘀᗔă৴ใăៅ᝹ăᙱീ۞ְ
ଐĄķ 98т၁۞ೡᆷߏāౄ۞ኢࢗ۞ӎ‫ؠ‬ćࡶஎ˘ᆸΝ൴ଧĂܑ྿ҋ
̎۞ந‫ه‬Ăᅺϋ̙̳̙ཌྷ۞ᝋ๕ĂಶՀΐૻ࠹ͅኢࢗ෪ᇈ۞˧ณĄ
࠹ͅኢࢗࢋԩᏊ۞͹ࢋߏ෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧Ąᄲ‫ז‬෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧ĂٚᄮĶ‫ޝ‬
̙ಈᝌࠧ‫ؠ‬ķ۞ Bourdieu ֭ ՟ ‫ځ‬ቁࠧ ‫ؠ‬Ą 99࠹ ၆ ‫ ځ ٺ‬ព ۞ăۡ ତ ۞ ă
‫ ׍‬វ ۞ăᖻវ ᇷ ˧Ă෪ᇈ ۞ ᇷ ˧ߏં ྅ ۞ĂᔳЄ ۞ă࠻ ̙֍ ۞ ᇷ ˧ Ă
ѣ඾μӻ۞ඉர‫۞્؎׶‬ङ‫͞ט‬ёĄ఺෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧дۤົ˯జᐵᄮć
జ ௚ ‫ ۞ڼ‬ˠ֭ ̙ ၅ᛇ Ă‫ ݒ‬Ϥ ‫ٺ‬Ķ ௫ّ ķĞ habitusğ ۞ ᙯ ܼĂ ̙ ҭТ ຍ
҃ͷତ‫צ‬Ą 100дྻү˯Ă෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧౅࿅ఢቑăۤົᙯܼăགྷᑻă‫ڱ‬
‫ ޠ‬ă ‫ ޘ ט‬ă ି ֈ ă ͛ ̼ ய ‫ ݡ‬Ğ cultural goodsğă ຍ ᙊ ԛ ၗ Ğ Bourdieu
ᄮࠎຍᙊԛၗߏĶϒ௚̼۞ኢࢗķĦlegitimizing discourseħğăͽ̈́Ϲ
߹ Җ જ ҃ ၁ ன Ą 101д ઼ छ ௚ ‫ ̚ ׍ ̍ ڼ‬Ă ෪ ᇈ ۞ ᇷ ˧ ត ј ۤ ົ ଠ ‫ ט‬Ą
Bourdieu ᄮ ࠎ Ķ д Ї ң ઼ छ Ă ෪ ᇈ ۞ ᇷ ˧ ၹ ј ۤ ົ ፟ ‫ ט‬Ğ social
menchanismsğ ͽ ቁܲˠ ϔ ึଂ ۞௫ ّ Ąķ 102൒ ҃ Ă ˠΞ ϡ෪ ᇈ ۞˧

98
Pierre Bourdieu, “Meanwhile, I Have Come to Know All the Diseases of Sociological
Understanding, “in Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Chamboredon, and Jean-Claude Passeron,
The Craft of Sociology, ed. Beate Krais and Richard Nice (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
1991), p. 259.
99
Pierre Bourdieu and Loic J. D. Wacquant, “For a Socioanalysis of Intellectuals: On Homo
Academicus,” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 34 (1989): 5.
100
Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 191, 195; The
Logic of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 128;
Language and Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1991), p. 51.
101
Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 191, 237; The
Logic of Practice, pp. 126, 133; “Manet and the Institutionalization of Anomie,” The
Field of Cultural Production, ed. Randal Johnson (New York: Columbia University Press,
1993), p. 250.
102
Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” The Logic of Practice, pp. 129-130; “Structures,
30 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ณ၆ԩ෪ᇈ ۞ᇷ˧Ąϡ ෪ᇈ۞˧ณ ଂְ۞࠹ͅ ኢࢗࢋ೬ᜨ ĈĶ ̳൒ᇷ

˧̙Ξਕ۞ॡ࣏Ă෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧ߏ໢‫ં۞׶‬྅۞ᇷ˧͞ёĄķ103ι٨ᑝ
઼छ‫݇ࣤ׶‬۰ӀϡЧ჌ඉரĞΒ߁ኢࢗğ߉Җ෪ᇈᇷ˧۞͞ёĄι˵
ಓᏹˠࣇଂ෪ᇈᇷ˧۞ۤົଠ‫ט‬Ăజሕொᐵ̼۞໢࿼௫ّྋ௲΍ֽĂ
҃ઇΩγ۞‫ޥ‬҂Ąд ᎕ໂ ຍ ཌྷ ˯Ă࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗࢋᙹ ᖬ ෪ ᇈᇷ˧ ۞ ङ ‫ט‬Ă
ԓ୕‫ޙ‬ϲĶംّ۞࡚ᇇķĞintellectural virtueğĄBourdieu ᄮࠎĶ̙֭
ߏ࡚ᇇਕ‫ޙ‬ϲҋϤ۞ംّ৩Ԕć҃ߏҋϤ۞ംّ৩Ԕ‫ޙ‬ϲംّ࡚ᇇĄķ
104
д৿ͻҋϤംّ৩Ԕ۞ۤົĂࢋ೬ᜨĂԩ١Ăᙹᖬ෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧ಶՀ
ᓞ֙Ă˵Հᅮࢋՙ͕‫݌׶‬ঈĄέ ៉дതϔ௚‫ڼ‬ॡഇ‫ރ׶‬ᝋ௚‫ڼ‬ॡഇĂ
ౌѣүछላ൒ଂְ࠹ͅኢࢗĂ၆ԩЧ჌෪ᇈᇷ˧۞ङ‫ט‬Ăഇ࠽‫ޙ‬ϲം
ّ৩Ԕ‫࡚׶‬ᇇĄ
࠹ͅኢࢗ˵Ξଂ࠹̢ᚮ‫۞ۋ‬Ķಞાķ
ĞchampĂfieldğ۞֎‫ֽޘ‬ଣ
੅Ą͛ጯĂည߆‫ڼ‬ăགྷᑻăۤົă̼͛ඈன෪֤ᇹĂ˵ߏ֎ ˧ ۞ ಞાĄ
ಞાౌ஝ঘ̙Тّኳ۞ྤώăᝋ˧ᙯܼă‫׶‬ඉரĂ҃ણᄃ۰ౌࠎгҜ
҃ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ą 105Տ࣎ಞાΞᄲౌߏĶ๕˧۞ಞાķĞfield of forcesğăĶ੽
Ą 106͛ጯಞાĂྫྷ‫۞΁׎‬ಞા˘ᇹĂ‫צ‬
Ğfield of strugglesğ
‫۞ۋ‬ಞાķ
‫ז‬γд۞ᑅ˧‫̰׶‬д۞஝‫ט‬Ăᔘࢬ၆઼छ፟ጡăЧ჌ଠ‫ט‬វրăξಞ

Habitus and Practices,” Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 78, 82.

103
Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” Outline of a Theory of Practice, p. 196; The Logic of
Practice, p. 133..
104
Pierre Bourdieu, “Postscript: For a Corporatism of the Universal,” The Rules of Art, trans.
Susan Emanuel (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 347.
105
Bourdieu, “The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed,” The
Field of Cultural Production, p. 30; Moishe Postone, Edward LiPuma and Craig Calhoun,
“Introduction: Bourdieu and Social Theory,” in Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, ed. Craig
Calhoun, Edward LiPuma and Moishe Postone (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1993), pp. 5- 6.
106
Bourdieu, “The Field of Cultural Production,” p. 30; “The Intellectural Field: A World
Apart,” In Other Words, p. 142.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 31

፟‫ט‬ă‫׶‬ঐ෱۰Ğ᝝۰ğ۞̼͛ਕ˧Ăᅮࢋ੽ം‫˧֎׶‬Ą 107д੽ം‫׶‬
֎˧۞͛ጯಞા྆Ăү۰ౌϡ̼͛ྤώ‫׶‬෪ᇈ˧ณ‫פۋ‬జٚᄮĂԓ୕
ү‫ݡ‬జ‫ؠۺ‬Ąҭ௚‫ڼ‬۰Ξਕ߉ण෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧ᄮΞჯ᜕ன‫۞ې‬ኢࢗĂՙ
‫ؠ‬ү‫׶็߹۞ݡ‬гҜĂឰֶ‫ܢ‬௚‫ڼ‬۰۞ᜦҫ͛ጪĄ108ЯѩĂ͛ጯಞા
൑ΞᔖҺ۞ົயϠԲҿன‫ͅ࠹۞ې‬ኢࢗĄ࠹ͅኢࢗͽ̙Т۞ந‫ه‬ăࢲ
Ğ collective
ॾă‫׶‬ඉரԩᏊᜦᝋ‫׶‬Ч჌ԛё۞ፆଠĂ߄ጼĶะវ۞ᄱᄮķ
misrecognitionğ ‫ ߹ ׶‬Җ ۞ ૶ ܸ Ă ֭ ١ ϋ Ї ң ԛ ё ۞ ᄵ ೊ (ּ т Ч ჌
Ķረķ)Ą109ιࢋࡎពĶ࠹ளّķ
Ğdifferencesğ
ăĶপঅķ
Ă‫׶‬ԩ‫ ॾ ّ ۋ‬Ą
110
࠹ͅኢܑࢗ྿̙Т۞ந‫ه‬ăᆊࣃ៍ă‫׶‬পኳॡĂᔘഇ୕д͛ጯಞા
Ą 111͛ጯಞા྆Ă‫פۋ‬జ‫۞ؠۺ‬
ವՐ࠹၆۞ҋ͹Ğrelative autonomyğ
ү۰ͽ̙Т۞পኳ၆ԩᜦᝋኢࢗॡĂ‫ޝ‬ҋ൒۞˵ૈዳ͹វຍᙊĄ

ˣăBaudrillard

107
Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production, pp. 30, 40- 42, 184- 185; Pierre Bourdieu
and Loic J. D. Wacquant, “The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The Chicago
Workshop),” An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1992), pp. 105-106; David Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre
Bourdieu (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 127; Pierre Bourdieu,
Science of Science and Reflexivity, trans. Richard Nice (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 2004), p. 47.
108
Bourdieu, “Modes of Domination,” The Logic of Practice, p. 131; Randal Johnson,
“Editor’s Introduction: Pierre Bourdieu on Art, Literature and Culture,” The Field of
Cultural Production, pp. 41-42.
109
Bourdieu, “The Production of Belief: Contribution to an Economy of Symbolic Goods,”
The Field of Cultural Production, p. 81; “The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The
Chicago Workshop),” An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, pp. 109- 110; Swartz, Culture
and Power, pp. 121, 124- 126.
110
Bourdieu and Wacquant, “The Purpose of Reflexive Sociology (The Chicago Workshop)”
pp. 100, 103.
111
Bourdieu, “Field of Power, Literary Field and Habitus,” The Field of Cultural Production,
p. 164; “The Purpose of Reflexiv Sociology (The Chicago Workshop),” pp. 100, 103.
32 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

Jean Baudrillard Բҿঐ෱ۤົĄߊ൒ѣ‫ڦ‬ຍܑࢬ۞ኢࢗಶᅮࢋஎ

ˢ‫ޥ‬҂۞࠹ͅኢࢗĄ΁۞࠹ͅኢࢗ˘͞ࢬ٨ᑝঐ෱ ۤ ົॡ‫ ۞ إ‬ᅅ ঙĂ
Ω˘͞ࢬԲҿᝋ˧௑ཱི۞૞ፖĄ
дঐ෱ۤົĂBaudrillard ຏໄĈĶҰυืྫྷវր̺ඕҭ˵ͅԩ ‫׎‬
‫߿҃ڍޢ‬඾Ą߿඾Ұυืຐԧࣇ̏གྷ߿࿅౵ᗼ۞˞Ąķ112ࢋଂְ࠹ͅ
ኢ ࢗ ͽ ၆ ԩ ྫྷ វ ր ̺ ඕ ۞ ‫ ڍ ޢ‬ĂĶ Ұ Ϊ ਕ ͽ ˘ ࣎ ᙸ ഀ ၆ ԩ Ω ˘ ࣎ ᙸ
ഀĂͽ˘჌፬ซ၆ԩΩ˘჌፬ซĄķ 113Baudrillard ᇓᇗĈĶӎ‫۞ؠ‬ኢ
ࢗĞnegative discourseğߏۢᙊ̶̄۞ௐ˟࣎छĄķ 114఺ͽ࠹ͅኢࢗ
ٕӎ‫۞ؠ‬ኢࢗ‫ޙ‬ၹ۞Ķௐ˟࣎छķѣ඾Բҿ۞‫ޥ‬҂Ăӎ‫ؠ‬ঙྒ۞ॡ‫إ‬
‫׶‬ຏ‫צֳ۞ء‬Ăഇ୕੠Րˠ͛ჟৠᆊࣃĄ̙Ϊۢᙊ̶̄Ă̂ி̼͛˵
߄ጼঐ෱ۤົĄٙͽĂBaudrillard ሄ៍гᄮࠎĈĶ࠹ͅኢࢗ૟‫ז‬఍జ
᝘֍Ąι่̙ߏழᅈঐ෱ۤົĂ̙ढĶ୺ᓠ۞ᆊࣃķ‫׶‬Ķ‫ۏ‬ኳ˯۞႕
֖ķ۞ംّኢࢗĂ҃ͷனд˵ߏдĶ̂ி̼͛ķ྆۞Ą……൑Ѓͤг
ͅ ᖬ ଠ ෦ Ą ķ 115 Ω γ Ă ΁ ˵ ࢋ ͽ ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ၆ ԩ ᄦ ౄ Ķ ྫྷ ᝋ ˧ ࠹ Ҭ
Ğresemblanceğ۞௑ཱིķ۞ᝋ˧ኢࢗĄ116΁ā͕͛ф௑ཱི۞ኢࢗᄦౄ
ᝋ˧Ăᝋ˧˫ᄦౄ࠹Ҭ۞௑ཱི෪ᇈ֭ેҖᝋ˧Ă̙ᕝೈᒖĂ֤ಶ՟Ԇ
՟˞˞Ąព൒Ăдঐ෱ۤົĂBaudrillard ԓ୕ۢᙊ̶̄ͽ࠹ͅኢࢗ၆
ԩ‫ܬ‬ᄞˠхдᆊࣃ۞ঐ෱̼͛‫׶‬ϡ௑ཱིᄦౄᝋ˧۞ኢࢗĂವՐௐ˟࣎
छĂͽҺజॡ‫׶إ‬ᝋ˧ঐ෱ଫĄ

112
Jean Baudrillard, Cool Memories IV: 1995- 2000, trans. Chris Turner (London: Verso,
2003), p. 2.
113
Ibid., p. 43.
114
Jean Baudrillard, The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures, trans. Chris Turner
(London: Sage Publications, 1998), p. 196.
115
Ibid., p. 195.
116
Jean Baudrillard, “ The Procession of Simulacra,” Simulations, trans. Paul Foss, Paul
Patton and Philip Beitchman (New York: Semiotex (e), 1983), p. 45.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 33

˝ă̈! ඕ
ᓁඕ఺ቔൺ͛Ąԧຐᖎࢗ࠹ͅኢࢗү۰ВТ۞ၗ‫هܫ׶ޘ‬Ăໄ ߁
࠹ͅኢࢗ۞̰உ‫׶‬ඉரĂ֭ͽ࠹ͅኢࢗ၁ᅫྻү̚۞‫ּ̄࣎׌‬Ẵّ
͹ཌྷ‫ޢ׶‬തϔࡁտĂઇඕԍĄ
࠹ͅኢࢗү۰ВТ۞ၗ‫ߏهܫ׶ޘ‬፾ϲ‫ޥ‬҂ĂநംԲҿĂࢋԼ ត
Ğ nonconformistsğĄ
ॡ‫إ‬Ăྋ‫ٸ‬ՁᎨĄ൑ႷĂ΁ࣇ ౌߏĶ ̙ ޷ ఢቑ۰ ķ
Ķ̙޷ఢቑ۰ķĂдۤົጯछ Robert K. Merton ࠻ֽĂĶࢋԼតဥវ۞
ఢቑķĂ҃ϡ྽ᇇ˯৭଀ҝཙ۞ఢቑֽആ΃Ą 117ࢋ኏৔ఢቑ۞თ‫ט‬Ă
΁ࣇિ޺፾ϲ۞‫ޥ‬҂Ą၆΁ࣇĂࣰ‫ޥ‬ຍᏜ඾ĶኳႷૻΐд֗˯۞ᆊࣃ
៍ Ą ķ 118 ࣰ ‫ ۞ ޥ‬᎕ ໂ ࢬ Ă Gilles Deleuze ᄮ ࠎ ߏ Ķ Բ ҿ Ĉ ঐ ੵ ਜ਼ ೊ
(demystification)۞ԠຽĄķ 119ᓾԲҿநኢ۞ Max Horkheimer ࠤҌૻ
አԲҿߏࠎ ˞ӎ‫ؠ‬Ą΁ ᄮࠎĈĶ ӎ‫᜔̈́ ͽڱ͞۞ؠ‬యٙѣ ണचˠᙷ‫׶‬
‫ܡ‬ᘣҋϤ۞൴णౌߏ΍ҋ၆ˠ۞‫هܫ‬Ąķ120၆ˠ۞‫̙هܫ‬Ϊߏܑϯˠ
ᑕѣநّĂ˵ࢋͽநّԲҿĂ᜔యĂӎ‫ؠ‬࿁ࡦநّ۞࠻‫ڱ‬ăኢࢗăఢ
ቑăүࠎă‫ޘט׶‬Ąિ޺̬ˢ۞ϲಞĂ፾ϲг‫ޥ‬҂ĂԲҿĂ֭ࢋӎ‫ؠ‬
᜔ٙయ۞៍‫ه‬ă௫ّăͽ̈́ङ‫۞ט‬វր‫ྻ׶‬үĂಶଂְ࠹ͅኢࢗĄଂ
ְ࠹ͅኢࢗĂErnesto Laclau ‫ ׶‬Chantal Mouffe ୮̙Ꮥ֏Ă่̙ࢋĶቁ
ᄮਕૉӔன ะវҖજ۞ ኢࢗଐ‫ڶ‬ķĂՀࢋĶࠎ ͅ၆̙πඈ ‫׶‬Լត‫ئ‬ଂ

117
Robert K. Merton, “Continuities in the Theory of Reference Groups and Social
Structure,” Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1957), p. 361.
118
Josef Pieper, Leisure: The Basis of Culture, trand. Alexander Dru (New York: The New
American Library, 1963), p. 98.
119
Gilles Deleuze, Nietzsche et la philosophie (Paris: P. U. F., 1962), p. 121; quoted in
Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, trans. L. Scott-Fox and J. M. Harding
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 153.
120
Max Horkheimer, “On the Concept of Philosophy,” Eclipse of Reason (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1947), p. 187.
34 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ᙯܼ҃ጬ੽Ąķ 121д఺ຍཌྷ˯Ă࠹ͅኢࢗ˵ၹјሕд۞Ķྋ‫ٸ‬ኢࢗķ
Ğliberatory discourseğĄ 122࠹ͅኢࢗү۰Ă·႕඾၆ˠ۞‫͕ܫ‬Ăͽந
ّԲҿ֭ࢋӎ‫ؠ‬Ķ‫ܧ‬நّķĂഇ୕ˠଂङ‫ט‬ྋ‫ٸ‬΍ֽĂ‫ޙ‬ၹ͹វّĄ
В Т ѣ ඾ Բ ҿ ‫ ׶‬ԩ ‫ ۋ‬ჟ ৠ Ă Ҙ ͞ ‫ ޥ‬ຐ छ ଂ ੺ ҹ ೻ ‫ ז‬Baudrillard
Чϡඉர౹ౄ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞̰टĄ࠹ͅኢࢗᙷҬ۞̰உ൑‫ܧ‬ԩᏊЧ჌ङ
‫۞ט‬ኢࢗĂᙹᖬ̙Ъந̙̳ཌྷ۞ᝋ˧ᙯܼĂವՐ‫ޥ‬ຐ‫׶‬ன‫۞ې‬ྋ‫ٸ‬Ą
д˘ώ 1938 ѐ΍‫ࡁۍ‬տĮࢭ‫׻‬࿅඀į۞३྆Ă߆‫ڼ‬ጯ۰ George Pette
μЪг̺ઙ࠹ͅኢࢗВѣ۞ྋ‫ٸ‬ў኷ĈࢋঐੵĶᄦౄග˘ֱˠ૲ֽೌ
ၝăࡴᙱă‫׶‬ζԝĂҭගΩγ˘ֱˠ૲ֽҋϤăੑಱăᝋ๕ă‫ض׶‬჊
۞‫ޘט‬Ąķ123Яࠎᝋ˧ᄦౄೌၝăࡴᙱă‫׶‬ζԝĂ࠹ͅኢࢗౌࢋԲҿ
֭ͅԩᝋ˧ᙯܼ‫׶‬ᝋ˧ड़ᑕĄ
࠹ͅኢࢗдඉர˯Ă‫ޥ‬ຐछ۞ྻү̙֭ԆБ࠹ТĄ੺ҹ೻ଂ઱ ‫ۏ‬
Ϋ៍ăϠயᙯܼă‫׶‬ล৺੽‫ࢬ࣎ˬۋ‬ШֽԲҿ֭ͅԩགྷᑻăۤົă‫׶‬
ล৺۞ᑅ࢝‫݇ࣤ׶‬ଐ‫ڶ‬Ąκ‫ܚ‬ăࢮұăჯॲ೻‫؃‬ă‫׶‬ঔᇇॾႬኳႷ֭
Բҿૻ‫۞ّט‬ந‫׶ه‬ᆊࣃ៍Ă҃‫ޥ‬҂‫۞΁׎‬ΞਕّĄFoucault ྋ‫ژ‬ᝋ
˧ᙯܼ۞ፆᓂĂ೬ᜨኢࢗ۞నࢨ‫׶‬ଵੵ‫ޠ‬ĞΒ߁༰ͤă١ϋă‫׶‬ડ̶ğ
Ă
੠տኢࢗ۞఼ϡր௚ă‫ޥ‬҂ሀё‫׶‬યᗟ۞րᙉĂԓ୕၁னĶۢᙊ۞ౄ
ͅķĂޭೇజᑅ‫ ۢ۞ט‬ᙊĄ΁‫ ੺׶‬ҹ೻˘ᇹĂ ԯ࠹ͅኢࢗ ࠻ү੽‫۞ۋ‬
၁ኹĂͅԩЇңԛё۞ೠଠăࣤ݇ă‫ึ׶‬ଂĄ١඗ึଂ۞ Derrida ࠹
ͅኢࢗ ඉரߏ ྋ ၹĄੵ˞ ྋ ၹ ͛ώγĂ΁ᔘ γ‫ ᙹ ࢋ ؼ‬ᖬ၆ϲă኏ࡎ ă
ลᆸᙯܼăඕၹăౢ‫݋‬ă‫׶‬Ч჌ङ‫ט‬វրĄΩγĂଂϹ߹Җજ۞៍ᕇĂ
Habermas ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞ඉரͽϹ߹நّᑭរኢٕࢗҖજߏ̙ߏᘦ༊Ą
΁ͽĶ̬ˢ۞நّķ၆ԩି୧ኢࢗĂࢋࢦ‫ֱ֤ޙ‬జᑅ‫۞ט‬ந‫ه‬Ă၁ன

121
Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Social Strategy: Toward a Radical
Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1985), p. 153.
122
Ernesto Laclau, Emancipation (s) (London: Verso, 1996), p. 18.
123
George Pette, The Process of Revolution (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1938), p. 36.
 າгኢෞ̝ొ! 35

ଂᔴᛳᙯܼྋ‫ٸ‬΍ֽ۞ў኷Ą˵‫ࢦڦ‬ྋ‫ٸ‬ў኷۞ Bourdieu ۞ඉரߏ

൴೭෪ᇈ۞˧ณĄ΁ૻአͽ෪ᇈ۞˧ณଂְ࠹ͅኢࢗĂт၁ܑ྿࠷
‫ޥ‬Ă൴ଧ֭ णனĶ࠹ள ّķĂͽԩᏊ෪ᇈᇷ˧ ፟‫ૻ׶ט‬๕ ኢࢗĂ೬ᜨ
௫ّ˭ะវ۞ᄱᄮ‫׶‬ᝋ˧ड़ᑕĄ҃ྫྷ Bourdieu ˘ᇹ٨ᑝ߹Җ۞૶ܸĂ
Baudrillard ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ۞ ඉ ர ඾ ࢦ д ଠ ෦ ঐ ෱ ۤ ົ ۞ ঙ ྒ ‫ ׶‬ᝋ ˧ ۞ ૻ
‫ّט‬Ą̙გߏ֤Ҝ‫ޥ‬ຐछĂ˵̙გϡ̦ᆃඉரĂ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞̰உ͹ࢋ
ౌߏኳႷĂԲҿĂྋၹĂ֭ᙹᖬЧ჌ፆᓂăࣤ݇ă̈́ᑅ‫۞ڇ‬ᝋ˧ᙯܼ
‫׶‬෪ᇈ۞ᇷ˧Ăԓ୕၁னྋ‫۞ٸ‬ў኷Ą
ѣ඾ྋ‫ٸ‬ў኷۞࠹ͅኢࢗĂԲҿ‫׶‬ԩ‫ۋ‬Ă่̙૱ࢋࠎ၁ᅫҖજ ᜜
᜕Ăѣॡᔘྫྷ̼͛ăۤົă‫ྻڼ߆׶‬જඕЪд˘ ੓Ą၆ Edward SaidĂ
ĶԲෞ૱‫ͅ׶‬ԩా੓ֽĄԲෞ˘‫ͅࢋؠ‬၆Ч჌ԛё۞ᇷࢅăङ‫ט‬ă‫׶‬
ၑბĄι۞ۤົϫᇾߏࠎˠᙷ۞ҋϤயϠ՟ѣૻ‫(۞ّט‬noncoercive)
ۢ ᙊ Ą ķ 124ଂ ఺ ֎ ‫ ࠻ ޘ‬Ă ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ၁ ኹ ̚ ۞ ˘ ჌ ߏ Ķ ‫ ޢ‬ത ϔ ࡁ տ ķ
(postcolonial studies)ć Ϊߏ࠹ͅኢࢗࢋĶ≳ੵതϔķ(decolonization)
۞ቑಛͧྵᇃĂ඀‫̂ྵͧ˵ޘ‬ቪ˞Ąྕ൒Ă࠹ͅኢࢗࢋঐੵЧ჌ᝋ˧
‫׶‬෪ᇈᇷ˧۞ड़ᑕĂޭೇజᑅ‫ۢ۞ט‬ᙊ‫׶‬ந‫ه‬Ą҃Ķ‫ޢ‬തϔࡁտķࢋ
ࢦ ‫ ޙ‬జ ത ϔ ۞ ። Ϋ Ă а ᕩ ֭ ࢦ ௡ జ ത ϔ ۞ ͛ ̼ Ą 125ࢋ ‫ ٯ‬ԩ ෪ ᇈ ۞ ᇷ
˧ĂವՐ՟ѣૻ‫ۢ۞ّט‬ᙊ۞ّ̃͹ཌྷ˵Ξᄲߏ࠹ͅኢࢗ۞၁ኹĄ126
ّ̃͹ཌྷ߄ጼ֭ࢋၨāͭᝋ‫۞ޘט‬Ķതϔķ
Ăͽ̈́၆ّ̃۞Ч჌‫ڡ‬ෛă

124
Edward W. Said, The World, The Text, and the Critic (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1983), p. 29.
125
Edward W. Said, “Themes of Resistance Culture,” Culture and Imperialism (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), pp. 209-210, 212, 215-216; Lisa Lowe, “Decolonization,
Displacement, Disidentification: Asian American ‘Novels’ and the Question of History,”
in Cultural Institutions of the Novel, ed. Deidre Lynch and William B. Warner (Durham:
Duke University Press, 1996), pp. 106-107.
126
Beate Krais, “Gender and Symbolic Violence: Female Oppression in the Light of Pierre
Bourdieu’s Theory of Social Practice,” in Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, pp. 172- 173.
36 ! າг͛ጯ! ௐˬ‫ཱི؞ࡌ !ס‬

ଵϋă‫׶‬ᑅၴĄ127дྻү˯Ẵّ͹ཌྷ۞࠹ͅኢࢗࢋĶᙹᖬгᆷķ
Ğwrite
subversivelyğĂ ͽ ઇ ࠎ Ķ ˘ ჌ ੽ ‫ ͞ ۋ‬ё ķĄ 128ல ౣ Ă ଂ ࠹ ͅ ኢ ࢗ ۞ ͹
ў࠻Ẵّ͹ཌྷࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹّ̃۞ҋ͹ّć‫ޢ‬തϔࡁտࢋ‫ޙ‬ၹజതϔ۰۞
ҋ͹ّĄ‫׎‬၁ĂЇңѣ඾Բҿ‫׶‬ԩ‫ۋ‬ჟৠ۞࠹ͅኢࢗ௣ໂϫᇾౌдವ
Րྋ‫ٸ‬Ăഇ୕‫ޙ‬ၹኢࢗ۞͹វّͽ̈́ኢࢗ྆͹֎‫׶‬ˠϔ۞͹វّĄ

ధ྿൒! 現任東海大學講座教授，在歷史研究所教歷史社會學、台灣社
會史、近代歐洲社會和思想史等課程 Ą

127
Irene Diamond and Lee Quinby, “Introduction,” in Feminism and Foucault: Reflections
on Resistance, ed. Irene Diamond and Lee Quinby (Boston: Northeastern University Press,
1988), p. xi.
128
Judith Lowder Newton, “Power and the Ideology of ‘Woman’s Sphere’,” in Feminisms:
An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price
Herndl (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), p. 777.