Assignment 1

LESSON 1
1. Use approximately one page to write up your findings from your set task.
were you surprised at the similarities and/or differences?
I have interviewed a person that belongs to Pakistan. It is found by him that In
Pakistan, the family is the basis of society and includes a broad range of connections.
On a daily level, one's extended family are very important, and the overwhelming
majority of Pakistanis live in multigenerational homes with three, four, or even five
generations living together (including grandparents, uncles, siblings and cousins).
Family connections are important for individuals to live economically in Pakistan due
to the poor socioeconomic status of the majority of the population.
Pakistani households are patriarchal and patrilineal by nature. As a result, the senior
man is the household's leader, followed by the senior female, and then the children.
People are mainly connected with their father's family, and after marriage, a lady will
move in with her husband's family and become one of them.
In most Pakistani families, men are the primary source of income. When both a
husband and wife work, the woman's money is considered her legitimate property
and does not have to be spent on the maintenance of the house, according to Islamic
tradition. In traditional households, a male is seen to be solely responsible for
providing for his wife, children, and any extended family members who live with
them or live elsewhere. This may vary depending on the family's economic situation,
but in general, males are expected to work for the family while women are supposed
to care after the house and the family's overall well-being in Pakistan.
God's blessings include parents. Both the father and the mother are crucial in the
upbringing of a kid. Both parents, in my view, should have the following essential
qualities for their toddler's growth.
The most important aspect is education, which is a basic need for a child's effective
development. For example, if a mother is qualified, she will instil excellent manners
in her kid and raise him or her to be obedient, disciplined, and polite. Parents who are
educated instil responsibility and duty in their children. The whole credit for a child's
achievement belongs to his parents' instruction. The majority of successful and
wealthy people credit their achievement to the education provided by their parents.
Qualified parents instil in their children a sense of responsibility for their

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responsibilities, dedication to work, patriotism, and a dynamic personality. Since
their parents have invested all of their time, money, and attention into the
development of their children, it is the children's most important duty to be obedient
to them, and when they are in the stages of adolescence and youth, their parents may
be feeble and weak, so they should assist them in their daily activities, and similarly,
if either of their parents is ill, they should assist them. If one of them passes away,
they should prepare for a burial in accordance with his faith or will.

In summary, no one can replace the parents' love and devotion, as well as their
gentleness and compassion.
2. Outline similarities and differences between three different types of
families (e.g. foster family, nuclear family, single parent family, adoptive
family, gay/lesbian family etc). Write approximately one page.

The nuclear family is also known as the conjugal family or the propagation family.
Nuclear families are made up of husband and wife and their children. This is
prevalent in industrial cultures, although it is not the most frequent family type in the
globe, despite contemporary progress expanding the practise. The non-conjugal
family, according to certain anthropologists, is a second kind of nuclear family. One
parent with dependent children makes up this kind of nuclear family. 
Extended family: the most prevalent kind of family in the world is the extended
family. Grandparents, married kids, and grandchildren make up at least three
generations of extended families. One or more of the children in the household has
been adopted. Any family structure may be an adoptive family. Children (and adults)
may refer to their parents as "true parents" rather than "birth parents." make it
obvious that the adoptive parents are the legal parents of the kid since they are the
ones who are parenting him or her. Intervene if other kids taunt an adopted youngster
by saying things such, "that isn't your actual mother." don't immediately presume that
a child's issues are related to his or her adoption.
Family with a single parent: a family unit in which one parent is responsible for
parenting one or more children on their own.
A single parent household is often made up of a woman and her children. A single
woman gives birth to one out of every four children.

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 3. Describe ways in which the loss of a parent can impact upon the stability
of a family system. Write half a page.

Each family member has a certain function to perform, as well as members of the
system are expected to react to one another in accordance with their position and
connection. Maintaining the same pattern of behaviour inside a system may result in
family system equilibrium (but also to dysfunction). For grieving children, the loss of
a parent is a very traumatic life event. When a parent passes away, the whole structure
is thrown into disarray. Grieving family members become uninterested and/or
incapable of acting as they did before. People must not only deal with their sorrow,
but also with the reality that an important member of their family has passed away.
A higher incidence of mental illness and psychosocial difficulties has been shown in
many studies among afflicted youngsters.
In stable developed countries, approximately three to four percent of children are
impacted by the death of a parent before the age of eighteen. The death of one or both
parents has been linked to a greater level of vulnerability for children, both in the
short and long term. Several studies have shown that impacted children are more
likely to experience mental health issues and risks to their emotional well-being, such
as worry, sadness, and a sense of powerlessness over their lives. Increased somatic
symptoms and the development of stress sensitivity have also been related to the loss
of a parent. According to Scandinavian research, the loss of a parent during childhood
or adolescence is linked to an elevated mortality risk throughout childhood, youth,
and early adulthood. The loss of a parent while a kid is young is linked to a higher
long-term risk of suicide. A child's post-bereavement issues may manifest themselves
at school as concentration difficulties or behavioural issues.
Some children live with their surviving parent when a parent dies, while others live
with someone else, such as a stepmother, stepfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle, sibling,
foster parent, or adoptive parent. A surviving parent or any significant other who
takes on a parenting role is referred to as a caregiver.
 Lesson 2
 Define substance abuse and how traumatic events can lead to substance
abuse. Write half a page.
Many families may face a crisis as a result of substance abuse. The misuse of alcohol,
psychotropic substances, and other chemicals may lead to substance use disorders.

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This includes individuals who have symptoms related to drug addiction,
pharmaceutical side effects, or exposure to hazardous chemicals.
 How traumatic events lead to substance abuse
Trauma or trauma-related mental health problems, such as PTSD, are often the
catalysts for substance addiction. Many individuals who have been damaged by a
terrible incident may resort to drugs or the bottle to deal with their emotions of dread
or shame. This is referred to as self-medication. Painkillers, marijuana, and
benzodiazepines are just a few examples of the medications or drinks they will take to
cope with any discomfort caused by the trauma exposure. These drugs offer
temporary comfort by numbing emotional pain or allowing the individual to forget
about unpleasant thoughts for a short amount of time.
The issue is that these drugs wear off, leaving you with very low emotions and often
severe withdrawal symptoms. This has the potential to exacerbate the consequences of
traumatic illnesses. To re-experience pleasant, mind-altering effects, one must take
the substances again (and again). This is often the start of the addiction cycle.
According to many research, drug use started after trauma exposure in up to 75% of
instances of adolescents with substance use problems. Unsure of how to deal
successfully, young people may resort to drugs or alcohol to "feel better." A kid who
suffers four or more traumatic incidents in their early years – such as numerous
episodes of physical abuse – is believed to be five times more likely than the general
population to become an alcoholic, and up to 46 times more likely to become an
injectable drug user.
Nearly 75% of women in drug treatment had suffered sexual or emotional trauma in
their lives, making them particularly vulnerable to PTSD and trauma-induced
addiction. More than half of the women who are addicted had been physically abused.
Recent study also indicates that traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may make quitting
drugs and alcohol more difficult. They are more prone to develop drug cravings if
they are exposed to memories of the traumatic incident. Difficult emotions or
memories may also stimulate drug cravings, making it difficult for individuals who
haven't dealt with their trauma to recover effectively.

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  How might migration to another country impact upon a family’s values and
structure? Write approximately half a page.
The likelihood of one or more family members migrating will have an impact on
how the family operates and how responsibilities are distributed within it. Family
structure will be influenced by the absence of certain family members, whether
permanent or temporary, in both destination and origin regions. The family must
adapt its structure as a result of the change, for example, in the duties of family
members who are left behind. Furthermore, there is always the possibility that adult
children's move to cities will have an impact on the health of their elderly parents in
rural regions.
Although there is a lot of familial migration, most individuals move on their own.
The breaking of a family into two or more households that are geographically
separated between village and destination regions is the direct effect of one or more
family or household members migrating to the family structure (Wahyuni 2000).
When children from a rural family move to urban regions, the size of the household
in the rural area shrinks. If an individual migrant from a rural region joins a
household in an urban area, the size of the urban household will rise; alternatively, if
the migrants live alone as a single person or in a non-familial household, the number
of non-familial households in urban areas would increase. The reunification of
relatives from rural regions in metropolitan areas will alter the family structure. The
movement of children to the city may not have an impact on the village's family
structure. However, when heads of home or their spouses move from rural to urban
regions, the household size and family structure are reduced. In remote regions, the
family will de facto become a single-parent household. A de facto single-parent
household may endure for decades, according to this research. The majority of
migrants questioned had spent several years in a divided family. When the
remainder of the family members move to join the household head in urban regions,
or the household head returns to the village permanently, the split home created by
migration of the household head or spouses will come to an end. The family's ability
to operate as a socialization agent and an economic unit will be impacted by the
division at home. To fulfil its purpose in society, the family must modify each
family member's role.

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  How can divorce affect the relationship between children under the age of
eighteen and their parents? Also, what are some of the issues raised between
children and parents when a parent finds another partner? Write one page.
Children with divorced or separated parents have more behavioural issues, and the
marital issues that comes with it puts the child's social competency at danger.
Conflict between parents is often followed by less love, less attentiveness, and a
greater tendency to discipline their children after a divorce, leaving their children
feeling emotionally unstable. These kids are more prone to see their social
environment as unpredictable and uncontrolled. Children who fight and steal at school
are much more likely to come from broken families than children who are well-
behaved.
Children's ability to manage conflict is harmed by divorce. When compared to their
peers, divorced children may get worse grades and may even quit school.
Children may feel ignored, sad, or distracted as a result of increasing disagreement
between their parents, to name a few possibilities. Less interest in academics in high
school may eventually lead to a lack of desire in continuing their education in general.
Separation anxiety in younger children may manifest itself in the form of weeping or
clinginess. This is, of course, a developmental milestone that typically occurs between
the ages of 6 and 9 months and lasts until 18 months.
According to a 2019 research, children bear the brunt of their parents' divorce. While
the BMI of children may not indicate an immediate effect, it may be "substantially"
higher over time than that of children who have not experienced divorce. These
consequences are most noticeable in children who have been separated from their
parents before the age of six.
Children suffer from cognitive dissonance and allegiance conflict when their parents
argue, according to studies. This is simply a fancy way of expressing that they are
uneasy about being in the middle, unsure whether to support one parent over the
other.
This may manifest as a strong desire for "fairness," even if it is detrimental to their
own growth. Increased stomachaches or headaches may also be a sign of discomfort
in kids.

As children get older, the allegiance struggle may worsen, leading to a complete
separation from one parent. Sleep problems affect children of all ages, and this may

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lead to weight gain. This is related to regression, but it also includes things including
nightmares or the belief in monsters or other mythical creatures, which may cause
anxiety around sleep.
 Write half a page summarising your findings from your set task.
It's typical for the death of a family member or loved one to throw a family's
equilibrium off. At a time when emotions are running high, everyone is tired, and
tough choices must be made, disagreements are almost unavoidable. I interviewed
my friend who lost his father recently. The findings are as follows.
There are a variety of reasons why families struggle to adjust to new dynamics when
a loved one passes away. He told that as his father passes away, it impacts not just
individual family members, but also how my family operates. Me and my siblings
may act out of character, views got grow strong, and riffs had been build up in the
heat of emotions that may come out in unexpected ways.
People's reactions to the loss of a loved one may be influenced by factors like as
their connection with the dead, their age, and their position in the family. Obviously,
a loved one's mother or kid has reacted differently than our relative or close friend.
Furthermore, it is found that our grandmother have many more common experiences
than a younger one. The eldest sibling may feel obligated to assume leadership, and
so on. These different, existing relationships all have an effect on how we mourn,
and they may cause tension among family members who don't recognise these
distinctions.
It is common for family members to gather immediately after a death, which may be
both helpful and consoling, but sometimes painful. It's not uncommon for families,
particularly those who don't spend much time together, to find the unexpected
closeness unsettling. This may exacerbate an already stressful situation and lead to
disputes and fights, particularly when it comes to funeral arrangements or personal
possessions.
 Lesson 3

1. Using your research from your set task, write a 1000 word essay on the
treatment/therapy –

Explain how the treatment(s) worked.

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 Families as well as significant others have a critical role in the treatment of
schizophrenia patients. We recognize that schizophrenia is a difficult disease to
manage, and therefore that family members and others must frequently shoulder
additional responsibilities and make adjustments to assist manage the illness and
support the individual with schizophrenia.
Family behaviour therapy
Family members provide care and support to many individuals with schizophrenia.
Most people want to assist, but caring for someone with schizophrenia may put a
family under a lot of stress.
Family therapy is a method of assisting you and your family in dealing with your
illness. It entails a series of casual encounters over a six-month period.
Meetings may cover the following topics:
 discussing schizophrenia-related facts
 looking for methods to help someone with schizophrenia
 choosing how to deal with practical issues brought on by schizophrenia
symptoms
Family therapy may be a beneficial experience for everyone since it allows all
family members (and significant others) to express and examine each other's ideas,
feelings, and relationships. Through this open conversation, we may get a better
knowledge and respect of one another. This may help people strengthen their
relationships and find methods to assist one another, making life easier for everyone
involved.
Education, stress reduction, emotional processing and regulation, and organised
problem resolution are common components of family therapy for schizophrenia.
The group would collaborate to get a better understanding of the disease and how to
treat it. This aids in the promotion of empathy and emotional support, as well as the
modification of any existing harmful communication habits.
At Priory, we urge individuals in intimate connections to assist one other throughout
family therapy.
We collaborate with individuals who have schizophrenia and those who care about
them to promote mutual understanding of the mental health condition and to
facilitate constructive conversations about family dynamics and relationships.

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 Families may educate themselves on schizophrenia and how it affects the person
they care about by exchanging information. Families leave our meetings feeling
empowered, having learned new tools to assist their loved one on the path to
recovery.
The positives of the treatment(s)
Family communication
If the individual with schizophrenia is admitted to the hospital, the family will work
with a therapist to get answers to any concerns they may have. They'll also work
with the therapist to figure out the best long-term treatment for the individual with
schizophrenia, as well as how family therapy will function in the future, throughout
the sessions.
Information exchange and education
The family will collaborate to learn more about the disease and how they might
assist in its treatment. This is a crucial stage since families may be a valuable
resource in reducing symptoms.
Any special requirements that the individual with schizophrenia may have will be
discussed throughout the session. The family will talk about the needs, explore a
variety of options for solutions or assistance, and come up with a comprehensive
plan to assist the individual.
Improvements via collaboration
The patient progressively regaining responsibilities is emphasised throughout this
period. There may be duties given to the individual that are initially low-demanding
but gradually grow more challenging.
Families will also collaborate to understand how to assist and maintain the
individual throughout this period so that escalations or psychotic episodes are
avoided.
Family therapy has been shown to be helpful for children and young people who are
impacted by:
 issues in infancy (sleep, feeding and attachment)
 Child and adolescent conduct issues, such as attentiveness and overactivity,
as well as behavioural challenges
 Anxiety, sadness, sorrow, bipolar disorder, and suicidality are examples of
emotional issues.

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  Enuresis, encopresis, recurring stomach discomfort, poorly managed asthma,
and diabetic medication misuse are all examples of body-related issues.
 Anorexia, bulimia, and obesity are examples of eating disorders.
Family therapy has been shown to be helpful for individuals and families dealing
with the following issues:
 problems in relationships
 psychiatric issues
 violence in the home
 Anxiety and sadness are examples of mood disorders.
 Abuse of alcohol and other drugs
 schizophrenia
 adaptation to a long-term physical ailment
The negatives of the treatment(s)
If one or more members of the family refuse to engage in family therapy, it may lead
to problems. Consider it this way: even if it's harmful, families want homeostasis
(balance). This implies that everyone in the family has a responsibility to perform in
maintaining the family's structure. When some family members desire to alter their
habits but others don't, the family structure begins to shift, causing unconscious
and/or conscious worry as the previous "balance" is thrown off. Some issues to
consider:
If you don't have a supporting family structure, you and/or other members of your
family may be exposed to unpleasant and painful problems that you were previously
ignorant of. This may be extremely intense, leaving you feeling lonely and
emotionally exhausted (note that this may be temporary if your family is willing to
stick with counselling)
Once family therapy starts, it may be difficult to view family circumstances the
same way you used to, and your perceptions may be altered—which may lead to
negative emotions, particularly if other members of your family refuse to participate
in treatment or deny harmful family patterns.
As harmful habits and behaviours become more evident, family problems may
momentarily worsen. When problems are exposed and examined in treatment, they
tend to become worse before they get better.
Is it still used today? If yes, how? If not, why not?

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 Yes, behavioural family therapy is still used today to deal with people issues.
Because it is the best way to heal a problems in relationships, psychiatric issues,
violence in the home, Anxiety and sadness, Abuse of alcohol and other drugs and
schizophrenia.
2. Write a brief report – up to 500 words explaining what sexual abuse is and
ways that families can be supported to deal with sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse is when a woman, man, or kid is compelled to engage in sexual
activity or perform a sexual act without their permission. Abuse of a woman, man,
or kid by a man, woman, or child is referred to as sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse is a kind of violence perpetrated by an assailant against someone they
believe to be weaker than themselves. It is a crime done with the intent of
dominating and humiliating the victim, rather than stemming from an uncontrolled
sex desire.
Women are the most common victims of sexual assault, a reality that underscores
their societal status as second-class citizens even in the twenty-first century. In a
patriarchal culture, sexual assault is another way of oppressing women.
Sexual violence is a societal phenomena that occurs in every culture that tolerates
violent conduct and gender imbalance, including includes Israel. Thousands of
women seek assistance from rape crisis centres following an assault, and statistics
indicate that one in every three women will be sexually abused at some point in their
lives.
There are many things you can do to assist your kid in coping with the consequences
of sexual abuse. The most essential thing is to provide them love, attention, and a
feeling of security. Here are a few key points:
Tell the kid that you believe them and that they did the right thing by informing you.
Explain that it is not their fault and that they are not in danger.
Ascertain that they understand you are not to fault for what has occurred.
Allow them to have as much say as possible in the choices that are made concerning
them. Allow them to experience and express the full spectrum of emotions that they
may be experiencing. Making sympathetic comments like "I can understand why
you are upset about this, since it shouldn't have happened to you," or "I can see why
you are angry about this, because it shouldn't have happened to you," may be
extremely helpful in a child's rehabilitation.

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 Tell the kid that from now on, you will do all in your power to protect and support
them. Remember that your job as a caretaker is to be kind, understanding, and safe.
Your kid looks to you for guidance. It's critical to look for yourself in order to
prioritize your child's safety. That involves figuring out a method to process your
emotions and responses to the abuse without jeopardising your child's safety. It
won't be simple, but with the proper help, it can be done.
Consider meeting with a counsellor on a one-on-one basis. Individual therapy allows
you to concentrate only on yourself and your problems, without having to worry
about how your kid may respond to your feelings.
Create a support system for yourself. It may be trusted relatives and friends, or a
support group with whom you haven't previously interacted.
Set boundaries. Dealing with these feelings may take a long time and be exhausting.
Make time for things that aren't related to the abuse.
To maintain your mind and body in good condition, practice self-care.
 Lesson 4
1. Present your family genogram from your set task. You may choose to draw
it and scan it, draw it within a word document, or present it as a drawing.

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 2. Briefly describe the purpose of a family genogram. In what situations might
a family genogram not be very helpful? Write half a page.
A genogram resembles a family tree in structure, yet it serves a completely different
function. A genogram contains information on family members' ties and
interactions. A symbol represents each person in the genogram. They're linked by
lines that indicate the kind of connection they have with the other entities.
It is the place where a family therapist begins to comprehend a family. The
genogram is a visual depiction of the family's history as well as a map of the family's
current status and structure. It enables the family therapist to quickly organise huge
quantities of data on the family. We may examine the processes that operate on a
family unit by looking at the linkages between family ties across time. There are
clear current impacts and transgenerational trends. They aid in the clarification of
family dynamics.
In treating a critical patients, the genogram might not be helpful because one issue
with genograms is that they are not always reliable. The individual creating the
genogram must depend on information from family members or friends, and that
information may be inaccurate. Everyone has a distinct perspective on things and
has a skewed memory of the past.
3. Choose three common family problems and using a paragraph for each,
explain how they can affect relationships within a family.
1. Divorce: When parents’ divorce, it results in a second divorce between
the parents and their children. The main consequence of divorce (and the
parental conflict that accompanies divorce) is a deterioration in the
parent-child connection. 1) Most parents face two sets of issues right
after a divorce: adjusting to their own intrapsychic conflicts and adjusting
to their position as a divorced parent. For divorced moms, the stress of
divorce tends to impair, if not destroy, the parent-child connection.While
a “decline in the closeness of the parent-child connection buffers most of
the link between parental divorce, marital conflict, and offspring's
psychological health in adulthood,” parental divorce makes it more
difficult for children to trust their parents. Children from divorced
households are more likely than children from married homes to have
unfavourable interactions with their siblings.

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 This is not helpful to the family's growth when it goes through a nasty
divorce. It ruins and degrades family connections, mental health, and,
most importantly, the welfare and interests of children who are often
triangulated and/or parentalized in parental disputes.
2. Alcohol abuse by parent: Within a family, alcohol misuse and
alcoholism may ruin a marriage or create a gap between family members.
That implies that individuals who drink may deplete family finances,
create conflicts, neglect children, and generally harm the health and
happiness of others they care about. 60-70 percent of married couples
that get into violent fights misuse alcohol. Family members may acquire
codependency symptoms over time, unintentionally perpetuating the
addiction even if it hurts them.
3. Loss of a parent: When a parent passes away, the whole family structure
is thrown into disarray. Grieving family members become uninterested
and incapable of acting as they did before. Families must not only deal
with their sorrow, but also with the reality that an important member of
their family has passed away. Children who have lost a parent are more
likely to have mental health problems (such as depression, anxiety,
somatic complaints, and post-traumatic stress symptoms), have shorter
schooling, poorer academic achievement, worse self-esteem, and engage
in more sexual risk behaviours.
4. Using your notes from your set task, explain how a mother having an extra-
marital affair might affect her children? Write half a page.
Children whose mother have been unfaithful frequently experience strong emotions
of wrath, worry, guilt, humiliation, sorrow, and bewilderment, regardless of their
age. Acting out, regressing, or withdrawing are all possibilities. They may feel
compelled to reclaim the unfaithful parent's affection or to take care of the betrayed
parent. Children may feel worried, afraid, and rejected if they believe they have
become less important or that their parent is spending less time with them. Bed-
wetting, clinging, thumb-sucking, and other attention-seeking habits are all
indications of these emotions.
When older children learn that their parents are having extramarital relationships,
they frequently take it personally. Whether at home or at school, these youngsters
may act out. Children believe that when a cheating parent lies, he or she is lying not

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 just to the spouse but also to the kid. Similarly, if a parent claims that she is having
an affair because she is unhappy in her relationship, the kid believes that they are a
part of the parent's misery. Acting out is a child's method of expressing their
displeasure with their parent.
 Lesson 5
1. Use up to half a page to describe the services you discovered in your set task.
Where you surprised by your findings?
In my locality, I have found an educational support services to parents and child. It
main purpose is to educate and enlighten the general public on the significance of
improving outcomes in children's education and care. They also provide governments,
businesses, and families access to the most up-to-date research to ensure that NQF
policy and service delivery are consistent throughout the nation.
Care, education, health services, community development activities, and family
services are all provided through locally dispersed centres.
Students, schools, and families get direct assistance from Education Support Services.
Their programme offers evaluation and intervention to children with special needs,
and it is appropriate for students who might benefit from an assessment or a block of
direct educational assistance from a Speech Language Pathologist (SLP) or
Psychologist.
Their Educational Support Services team is made up of educators, occupational
therapists, and a physiotherapist who work together to provide a transdisciplinary
service that supports students' and young people's holistic development in order to
maximize their learning results.
They provide their services either on-site at school or at clinic. When schools use their
individual speech therapy, they may also hire a staff member to help with capacity
development and long-term student support. For e-services, schools/families must
also supply a PC or laptop with sufficient internet access to run the software they
provide.
Before sessions may begin for school-based services (when continuing services are
paid by schools), the principle or principal's delegate must sign a service agreement.
The Educational Support Services and the school's responsibilities are outlined in this
document.

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 2. Describe the pros and cons of three different types of support a family or its
members could seek in your locality or country. Write half a page for each.
Support service Pros cons
Educational Increase understanding of oneself and others a trade-off between quantity
support service gain knowledge about human growth and and quality. Students may tend
conduct in the family throughout the course of to take program for granted if
one's life; they get free education.
gain interpersonal skills for current and future
family responsibilities
understand marital and family patterns and
processes
Increases individuals' self-esteem as well as
self-discipline, and their school conduct and
disciplinary suspensions.
Nursery care Easy to access Attending a daycare centre is
Get social often associated with sickness.
Increasing communication abilities. Less one-on-one attention.
Increased self-reliance and self-assurance. Waiting lists are a frequent
Developing New Skills occurrence.
Structure and routine. Childcare programmes may be
Immune system development. very expensive.
Become a 'School Ready' student. Staff turnover in childcare
Getting ready to be lifelong learners. centres is common, making it
difficult for children to
establish healthy bonds.
Parenting skills Enhance parental empowerment and Cultivates a herd mentality
competency No set method of raising
Enhance child behaviour children
Enhance social connections Not one size fits all
Enhance parent child interaction

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3. Outline three different types of family problems where family counselling may
be more beneficial than trying to resolve the problems within the family. Explain
why you think counselling would help in each case. Write half a page for each.

1. Loss of a parent
Loss may be tough to comprehend for children of all ages. Young children have a
hard time comprehending that death is irreversible. In addition, older children may
develop anxieties of losing other loved ones or be unsure of how to communicate
unpleasant feelings. Counselling is essential for children to
Confirm their emotions.
Assist them in processing difficult emotions such as rage, sorrow, fear, and
bewilderment.
Allow them to express themselves in a safe atmosphere. Teach them how to
respect their grief.
Support family members and caregivers who are attempting to assist a grieving
kid.
Assist with the adjustment to the death of a loved one.
2. Divorce
Counselling may assist with separation and divorce problems by reducing the
effect on children and other family members.
 Assisting in the understanding of what has occurred.
 Allowing for growth and change.
 Providing closure and perspective.
3. Abuse – sexual, physical, mental
A family counselling is essential to assist you or your kid in a variety of ways.
Counsellors can all change, develop, and heal ourselves, but the majority of us
will need assistance at some point.
They Assist you and your kid in working through the issues that are troubling you
the most, one little step at a time, so that the whole process is less scary. Our
natural instinct is to try to 'put the abuse behind us,' to forget - or even deny - that
it ever occurred. This is why victims of child sexual abuse may suffer difficulties
or symptoms that they don't understand.

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 Assist you and your kid in comprehending the complicated and perplexing
feelings that occurred during and after the sexual abuse.
Assist you and your kid in overcoming the consequences of the past so that you
may have better lives in the future.

 Lesson 6
1. Describe the range of family therapy services available within your locality or
nearest city you discovered from your set task. Do you consider the number of
services to be adequate? Write half a page.
The Bicton and Mt Lawley areas of Perth, Western Australia, are home to the Child &
Family Therapy Counselling Service. People residing in Perth and Fremantle's
neighbouring areas may readily use the Counselling service. Children Counselling,
Parenting Support and Family Counseling, Relationships & Couple Counselling,
Adult Mental Health, Trauma Therapy, and Clinical Supervision are all areas of
expertise at Child & Family Therapy Counselling Service. The Australian Association
of Social Workers (AASW) and the Australian Association of Family Therapists'
Codes of Ethics govern the counselling and family therapy services (AAFT)
2. Outline some of the main differences between individualistic and family
approaches to therapy. Write approximately half a page.
Individual therapy is for a single individual and is entirely focused on that person's
treatment requirements. The emphasis of family therapy is on a whole family or a
group of family members. Both kinds of treatment may be helpful, and a person may
participate in both individual and family therapy at the same time. A person may, for
example, visit with an individual therapist once a week and then meet with a family
therapist later that week, biweekly, or on another schedule.
In terms of the treatment's emphasis, individual and family therapy vary. Individual
therapy is when there is just one patient and the treatment is entirely focused on him.
If a person is in therapy for anxiety, for instance, the sessions will be focused on
coping with his anxiety and the difficulties it may create in other aspects of his life.
On the other hand, family therapy includes many individuals at the same time. For
example, a complete family may be in treatment at the same time or several family
members may attend a therapy session at the same time.
The emphasis of the sessions is frequently the distinction between individual and
family therapy, although some sessions are still started because of the difficulties of

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one family member. If a person is dealing with a problem, family therapy may help
his family members better understand his issue, develop new coping strategies, and
discover how they may assist him. Family therapy sessions may also assist family
members understand how they are contributing to or hindering an individual's journey
toward recovery.

3. Use a paragraph for each to describe the three main ideas behind Adlerian
family therapy.
The following are the three main concepts that underpin Adlerian family therapy:
1. Atmosphere of the Family: The manner in which family members interact
with one another is referred to as the family environment, and it differs from
one family to the next. Parents serve as role models for their children, and
their connection sets the tone for how they are seen by their offspring. Family
values are those that both parents uphold and are an important component of
the family environment. Each kid will inevitably acquire an opinion about
these values, which will serve as a template for how they believe the world
should be.
2. Constellation of the Family: The family system is the constellation of the
family. It is made up of both immediate and extended family members. Birth
order is important in the family structure, according to Adler. He was
especially interested in the following five birth positions: firstborn, lastborn,
middle child, second of two children, and lone child. It's not so much about the
posture as it is about how the kid interacts with it. Adlerian family therapists
are interested in how each kid interacts with other family members based on
their family status and how they see themselves in relation to those other
family members. As a result, the family constellation is defined by the
connections within the family, as well as the perception of family values and,
as a result, the family environment. Adlerain family counsellors may inquire
about the parents' descriptions of each kid in order to begin forming a picture
of the family's connections. From here, genograms of the kid with the issues
may be asked to show their perspective of the family structure. These are seen
as a starting point for the customer to express their own perspective on life.
3. Incorrect or faulty objectives: The goals in this section are those that are
focused with day-to-day behaviour. Previous research focused on defining

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 several kinds of erroneous objectives as reasons for children's misbehaviour.
As main motivators, Dreikurs (1940) identified vengeance, attention seeking,
power conflicts, and demonstrations of inadequacy. Dreikurs and Soltz (1964)
devised a system for recognising objectives based on a combination of
Defining the misbehaviour of the kid;, comprehending the parents' perspective
on the misbehaviour; and the child's reaction to the parents' disciplinary
action.
4. Compare and contrast multigenerational and experiential family therapy.
Write up to one page.
Multigenerational family therapy attempts to assist family members of all generations
communicate in a non-aggressive and non-anxious manner, allowing for both unity
and healthy separation when required. It sees today's family problems as a result of
generational trends. As a result, this method focuses on family facts, which may help
to organise recurrent generational habits.
Bowenian family systems theory, which stresses the significance of family
functioning in influencing the members' individual actions, is the foundation for
multigenerational family therapy.
While Experiential family therapy is a kind of family therapy that uses activities, role-
playing, guided imagery, props and expressive arts, and other forms of active
involvement to treat hidden and subconscious problems in the family. The primary
aim of any experiential family therapy is to promote individual liberty while also
fostering a feeling of interconnectedness or belonging among all family members.
Another aim is to assist the family in encouraging the individualization of each family
member.
 Lesson 7
1. Submit the table from your set task.
Family therapy Problem view Therapeutic goals Change process
model
Multigenerational Symptoms caused To resolve family of Insight-driven
by shared process origin issue Facilitate issue
of family Decrease in family resolution for current
projection process
projection, transactions
unaddressed

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 conflict and losses
loyalty
Experiential Non-verbal Open and clear Facilitate direct
messages send communication communication
signals expressing Real expressions of
current feelings
communication Relational and
dimensions within individual growth
system
Brown model Unresolved family High self- Survey using genogram
of origin problem differentiation and timeline
or loss impair Cognitive Catalyse process of
functioning lead to functioning change
poor Emotional re
differentiation,
anxiety, triangles
conflicts.
Structural Family structure Reclassify structure Shift interaction
impact Parental leadership patterns to join family
malfunctioning authority Map structure
hierarchy Clear and flexible Tasks as well as
Maladaptive subsystems directives
reaction to
developmental
changes

2. Use a paragraph for each to outline the three main ideas behind structural
family therapy.
1/ Family Organization: The fundamental principles that regulate interactions
between family members are referred to as the family structure. Observing the
family's interactions during counselling is the greatest way to observe it. Counselors
can identify recurring patterns and issues by monitoring the family process. The

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family hierarchy is also taken into account when determining if it is appropriate and
beneficial.
Within the family system, Minuchin found a variety of patterns of behaviour,
including: Conflict avoidance: when one person's confrontational behaviour is met
with silence. Complementary: when one person's actions generate the opposite
reaction from another.
Symmetrical: when one person's actions cause another to act in a similar way. The
latter is often linked with violent relationships in which each party adopts a strong
position from which they will not budge.
2/ Subsystems of the Family: Each family is divided into subsystems and is called a
major system. Following are some of the subsystems that have been identified:
Parents: mother and father spousal (husband and wife) Siblings are children who are
related to each other. Grandparents, family, and the community
Family members act in ways that are essential for the family system and its different
subsystems to operate well. Within each subsystem, family members will have
various roles, and each subsystem will have its own set of laws and methods of
operation. Structural family therapists evaluate whether these subsystems, especially
the parent and child subsystems, are sufficiently independent of one another. If a kid
exerts themselves on the spousal subsystem, for example, family structure issues may
arise.
3/ Boundaries are emotional boundaries set to protect family members' honesty and
dependability, as well as the family structure and its subsystems. At one extreme, they
may be stiff, and at the other, they can be diffuse.
Rigid Boundaries are a kind of boundary that is set in stone. These are also known as
"disengagement." These barriers are impassable and may harm connections between
family members and subsystems. A sense of isolation often develops, which may
spread to community subsystems.
Diffuse Boundaries are a kind of boundary that is difficult to define. This is also
known as entanglement. Boundaries are hazy in this instance, and others may cross
them. One family member may force themselves on another to the point where both
parties lose their freedom. Overprotective parents, for example, unintentionally foster
dependency in their children, suffocating their communal connections.
Boundaries that are Healthy. These lines are in the middle of the two extremes. They
allow family members to feel that they are both a part of the family and individuals.

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Individual members of these families may accomplish psychological development and
have a strong sense of togetherness. They also have the tools to deal with difficulties.
3. Use a paragraph for each to describe the three main techniques used in
strategic family therapy.
Family issues are not viewed as indications of a broken family structure in strategic
therapy, as they are in transgenerational and structural therapy. Instead, they are seen
as something that exists and has to be addressed. Problems are both actual and
symbolic of how the family system works. Client-described problematic behaviours
are also seen as the client's efforts to resolve them.
This method prioritises action or experience above understanding, which isn't seen to
be necessary for transformation. The counsellor gives orders and helps the family
change their relationships. There is no need to address previous issues; instead, the
emphasis should be on current issues. As a result, therapy is solution-oriented, focuses
on the process rather than the substance, and is usually short. Within the family
structure, hierarchies, power, and control are also regarded essential. Counsellors use
their understanding of functioning family systems to work with families to restore
appropriate hierarchies. Rather of focusing on rules, problems are addressed as they
are. Interventions take precedence over ideas in this approach. The counsellor is
interested in how the family is organised, how authority is distributed, and how
various family members interact and communicate.
4. Briefly outline the main techniques used in constructionist approaches to
family therapy.
To gain understanding of how families and their members build their lives, social
constructionists emphasise the significance of many diverse viewpoints in treatment.
Cultural background, developmental stages, gender, and the impact of mental illness
are among them. Counsellors use a collaborative approach, emphasising empathy and
the therapeutic connection, as well as the importance of language in transformation.
5. What are the main advantages of an integrated approach to therapy? Write
up to half a page.
Therapy is an excellent method to deal with life's ups and downs, as well as self-
esteem problems and mental health challenges. There are many kinds of treatments
from which to select. One of the numerous approaches is integrative treatment.
Integrative counselling’s main benefit is its adaptability and emphasis on the entire

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person. Because various methods are used, treatment may be customized to suit a
wide range of needs and problems.
Integrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which complementary theoretical
perspectives and treatments are carefully chosen to suit the requirements of clients.
This implies that integrated treatment can adapt to the individual's requirements in a
manner that other therapies can't. Integrative treatment is acclaimed for its
adaptability and personalised emphasis. Other methods may be restricted to a
particular strategy or collection of treatments, making them less adaptable to
individual requirements.
Any society may benefit from integrative treatment. It may be utilised with people of
all ages and stages of development, and in both group and individual settings. When
dealing with numerous issues or diagnoses, an integrated strategy is also beneficial.
 Lesson 8
1. Submit the checklist you designed in your set task.
Checklist for family history
What is your age?
Yes No
Do you have any long-term health issues, such as heart disease,  
diabetes, renal illness, blood disorders, or lung disease, or does
anybody in our family?

Have you or anybody in your family ever had any health  

problems, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or
asthma?

Is there anybody in your family who has been diagnosed with  

cancer, a stroke, Alzheimer's/dementia, a hereditary birth defect,
or osteoporosis?

When they were diagnosed, how old were they?  

Is it safe to say that their diseases are under control? How have  
they been/were they treated?

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2. Why is it important to take a history of the mental health of family members?
Write half a page.
Because a recorded family health history provides health care providers with the
background knowledge they need to provide you and your family with proper
preventative health care, correct diagnosis, and medical treatment for a variety of
possible illnesses.
Creates a medical reference for important information that may be required in an
emergency when family members are too stressed to provide correct information or
patients are too sick to recall.
Helps parents decide whether or not to have children due to the danger of passing on
specific hereditary concerns.
Allows a person to take an active part in their health by attempting to alter their
lifestyle.
Encourages frequent monitoring of recognized family diseases by raising knowledge
of early warning signals.
3. How might drug or alcohol use impact on the therapeutic relationship? Write
half a page.
Because drug usage frequently outweighs the therapeutic relationship, the user will
devote less time and attention to sustaining the connection, enabling numerous
harmful aspects to emerge.
Due to intense emotions of shame, guilt, and fear of criticism, someone who starts to
use alcohol or other drugs excessively may not be publicly upfront about their usage.
They may believe that others will not understand or accept the circumstance, leading
to a desire to keep their loved one in the dark. They may tell you lies about:
Where they are
Who they're hanging out with.
The happenings of the day
Why are they acting so strangely?
Why is money missing?
At times, the level of concealment will rise problems in treatment and counselling.
Any relationship may be severely strained as a result of this.
4. Why must the counsellor understand the religious beliefs of the different
family members? Write half a page.

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Counsellors must recognize that their clients' religious value systems may influence
the presenting problems since religion may affect a broad variety of human concerns.
Counsellors are often relied upon to address value disputes in couples and families,
which may occur within religious organizations as well as between generations.
Equally essential, counsellors should investigate and comprehend the impact of their
own religious beliefs on their own lives and clinical judgements. Therapy is not a
value-free process, but it is possible to provide ethical counselling if counsellors are
aware of how their own values intersect with their personal and professional life.
Everett L. Worthington proposed a model that looks at religious commitment as a
predictor of client behaviour in counselling situations. Clients who are more
religiously committed, for example, are more inclined to seek out counsellors who
share their beliefs. Assessing a client's degree of religious devotion may also help
counsellors better understand how clients will react to difficulties in session and how
they will see the counsellor in general. As a result, counsellors may wish to evaluate
their clients' religious identification as well as religious commitment. In fact,
obtaining an identity without first determining the degree of devotion and dedication
to the religion would restrict the counsellor’s ability to operate outside of religious
preconceptions.
5. Discuss some of the reasons why it might be important to interview family
members both individually and together
Together interview is essential for the physician that may help the conversation of an
agenda item by asking for everyone's opinion on the issue or situation. These other
views, particularly those linked to family dynamics, may expand the physician's
diagnostic evaluation.
While when discussing diagnostic and therapeutic choices with family members,
particularly with teenage patients or sensitive topics like drug misuse and sexual
histories, the physician must be cautious to prevent possible breaches of patient
confidentiality. The patient's right to privacy must always be maintained. When other
people are present, some patients may be hesitant to provide honest information
regarding sensitive or humiliating topics. After the family interview has addressed the
problems and agendas of the family members, it is best to interview the patient alone.
The physical examination is an ideal time to speak with the patient one-on-one about
personal or confidential matters.
 Lesson 9

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1. Outline the family and problem you chose in your set task.
Problem: father is an alcoholic
2. Using the family you created and the problem you assigned to them, choose
the type of family therapy you consider to be most appropriate to assist them in
resolving the problem. Explain why you chose this therapy to be most
appropriate (You may also choose an integrated approach). Write one page.
Solution-focused therapy is best to deal with this problem. This strategy focuses on
resolving the family's issues rather than on how they arose. The substance user such
as father, his or her family, and the therapist attempt to come up with methods to
assist the user quit using drugs and alcohol, as well as decide what a drug-free
household might look like.
In contrast to problem-solving, solution-focused treatment focuses on creating
solutions to fulfil a patient's objectives. Patients are urged to identify methods that are
presently beneficial to them as well as what they may do in the future to accomplish
their objectives within this framework.
It is a successful method for helping father with a history of drug addiction identify
and utilise their personal strengths, in addition to other kinds of treatment. It may also
assist individuals in concentrating on particular objectives, which may or may not be
linked to their drug addiction.
Solution-focused therapy is a patient-centered, goal-oriented approach that aims to
improve patients' self-esteem and feeling of empowerment.
Many individuals who are recovering from addiction have felt helpless in their
condition. Solution-focused therapy attempts to give father a sense of control by
highlighting how he may utilise their own talents to achieve their desired outcomes.
The patient and counsellor will address the patient's expectations and treatment
objectives before starting SFBT sessions. This may include larger objectives like
remaining clean and continuing therapy as part of an addiction treatment programme.
Patients may also specify more precise objectives. This may range from obtaining a
job following therapy to figuring out how to cope with specific triggers effectively.

3. Why is it important to engage the family members when deciding upon a

therapeutic approach? Write up to half a page.
Family members may offer useful information about how the patient is doing at home
as well as can assist patients in adhering to treatment suggestions. They may also

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assist in keeping track of drug side effects, as well as prodromal and residual
symptoms.
Involvement of family members is a necessary but difficult component of successful
treatment. Clients who are more engaged with their therapists and counsellors are
more likely to endorse treatment objectives, participate more actively, stay in
treatment longer, as well as report greater satisfaction.
4. Discuss some of the multicultural issues which may affect the usefulness of
family therapy which is based upon the nuclear family. Write up to half a page.
Throughout one's life, race or ancestry may have an impact on one's health. According
to studies, certain ethnic groups are more susceptible to certain health issues. In
disadvantaged groups, cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS, and osteoporosis are all
more common. Furthermore, certain individuals of race are more vulnerable to
problems like eating disorders or food insecurity.
Multicultural characteristics may influence how a person is treated medically, or if
they are treated at all. Health and health issues are seen differently in different
cultures, which may create a troublesome dynamic in medical therapy. Physical
aggression may result from misunderstandings and/or ignorance of cultural
differences, necessitating medical care. Minorities are also less likely to seek medical
and mental health care, according to studies, which may be due to fear, stigma,
prejudice, or other reasons. Many minorities may not be able to get treatment at all.

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