ANALOG MODULATION

AM FM PM
AM FM PM
 4-2: Amplitude Modulators
Figure 4-7 Amplitude modulation with a diode.
Va

Vb Id

Low Level AM

Square-law modulation.
Id = (Va+Vb)2
Va Vb
 Note

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.

5.5
AM band allocation
4-3: Amplitude Demodulators
4-3: Amplitude Demodulators

Synchronous Detection
◼ Synchronous detectors use an internal
clock signal at the carrier frequency in the
receiver to switch the AM signal off and on,
producing rectification similar to that in a
standard diode detector.
◼ Synchronous detectors or coherent
detectors have less distortion and a better
signal-to-noise ratio than standard diode
detectors.
 4-3: Amplitude Demodulators

Figure 4-22 A practical synchronous detector.

4-4: Balanced Modulator

◼ A balanced modulator is a circuit that

generates a DSB signal, suppressing the
carrier and leaving only the sum and
difference frequencies at the output.
◼ The output of a balanced modulator can be
further processed by filters or phase-
shifting circuitry to eliminate one of the
sidebands, resulting in a SSB signal.
◼ Types of balanced modulators include
lattice, 1496/1596 IC, and the analog
multiplier.
 4-5: SSB Circuits

Figure 4-31 An SSB transmitter using the filter

 4-5: SSB Circuits

Figure 4-33 An SSB generator using the phasing method.

Representation of phase modulation in the time domain.
(a) Phase-modulated signal in the time domain.
(b) (b) Frequency-modulated carrier.
 Angle Modulation

The rate of this capacitance change is equal to the frequency

of the sound waves striking the mike, and the amount of
capacitance change is proportional to the amplitude of the
sound waves.
Frequency Modulation

◼ The modulating signal changes the freq.

fc of the carrier signal
◼ The bandwidth for FM is high
◼ It is approx. 10x the signal frequency
 Frequency modulation

5.18
 Phase Modulation (PM)

◼ The modulating signal only changes the

phase of the carrier signal.
◼ The phase change manifests itself as a
frequency change but the instantaneous
frequency change is proportional to the
derivative of the amplitude.
◼ The bandwidth is higher than for AM.

5.19
 Phase modulation

5.20
Addition of integrator to convert PM to FM.
Normalized amplitudes of carrier and sidebands as a function of modulation
index. The curves produced are representative of Bessel functions of the first kind.
 Note

The total bandwidth required for FM can

be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  is usually 4.

5.27
FM band allocation