Transients 429

12
differential equation, several methods can be used to find out the complete
solution.

12.2 DC RESPONSE OF AN R-L CIRCUIT

Transients Consider a circuit consisting of resistance and inductance as shown in

Fig. 12.2.1. The inductor in the circuit is initially uncharged, and is in
series with a resistor. When the switch S is closed, we can find the
complete solution for the current. Application of Kirchhoff's voltage law
to the circuit results in the following differential equation
R

12.1 STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT RESPONSE

L
A
circuit having constant sources is_said to be in steady state if the
currentsand voltages do not change with time. Thus, circuits with
currents and voltages having constant amplítudeand constant frequency
FIG. 12.2.1
sinusoidal functions are also considered to be in a steady state. That
means that the amplitude
a steady state circuit.
or frequency of a sinusoid never changes in
V Ri +L E (1)
In a network containing energy storage elements, with change ir
excitation, the currents and voltages
of the
change from one state to other
state.
The behaviour voltageor current
when it is changed from or (2)
one state to another state is called thë
transient state. The time taken
for the circuit to change from one steady state to another steady state In the above equation, the current i is the solution to be found and
is called the transient time. The application of KVL and KOCL to the Vis the applied constant voltage. The voltage V is applied to the circuit
circuits containing energy storage elements results in differential, rather only when the switch S is closed., The above equation is a linear
than the algebraic, equations. When we consider a circuit containing differential equation of first order. Comparing the equation with non-
storage elements which are independent of sources, the response depends homogeneous differential equation
upon the nature of the circuit, and is called the natural response. The
storageetements deliver their energy to the resistances. Hend
response changes with time, gets 'saturated after some time, and is
the
Pr=K 3)
referred to as the transient response, When we consjder sources acting whose solution is
on a circuit, the response depends on the nature of such source or sources.
This response is called forced response. In other words, the complete
response of a circuit consists of two parts: the forced response and the - epKeP dt ce-Pt (4)
transient response. When we consider a differential equation, the complete where c is an arbitrary constant. In a similar way, we can write the
solution consists of two parts: the complementary function and the current equation as
particular solution. The complementary function dies out after short
interval, and is referred to as the transient response or source free
ceR/L +eR/L VRIL dt t Ru
response. The particular solution is the steady state response, or the
forced response. The first step to find the complete solution of a cirçuit
is to form a differential equation for the circuit. By obtaining the i = ce-(R/L): (5)
 430 Circuits and Networks
Transients 131

To determine the value is the base of the natural logarithms. The term L/R is called the time
of c in the above equation, we use the initial i
e
and is denoted by 7
conditions. In thè circuit shown in Fig. 12.2.1, the constant
t = 0. Att = 0", i.e. just
switch S is closed at
before closing the switch S, the current in the
inductor is zero. Since the inductor does not allow sudden
changes in sec
currents, at t = 0* just after the switch is closed, the current
zero.
remaing The transient part of the solutionis

Thus at t = 0, i = 0

Substituting the above condition in Eq. (5), we

have TC, i.e. at one time constant, the transient term reaches 36.8
At one
percent of its initial value.

it)= -"t - = = -

0368
Hence
C-R Similarly,
Substituting the value of c in Eq. 5, we get
i(27) = - R = - 0.135

e x p ( - £ ) "frasinF
i(37)= -
=
-0.0498
(6) i(5)= -R -
0.0067
After 5 TC, the transient part reaches more than 99 percent of its
The above equation onsists of two parts, the steady state part V/R, final value.
and the transient part (V/R) e " . When switch S is closed, the
response In Fig. 12.2.1, we can find out the voltages and powers across each
reaches the steady state value after some time interval as shown in
Pig. 12.2.2.
element by using the current.
Voltage across the resistor is

UR Ri = Rx

Vav1-(-E
Similarly, the voltage across the inductance is

1 2 4 5 TC
FIG. 12.2.2

Here the transition period is defined as the time taken for the current L exp(-)= Vexp-
to reach its final or steady state value from iis initial value. In the
transient part of the solution, the quantity L/Ris important in describing
The responses are shown in Fig. 12.2.3.
Power in the resistor is
the curve since is the time required for the current to reach from
its initial value of zero to the final value VIR. The time constant of a PR =
URi =

a(-))%
functioneis the time at which the exponent ofe is unity, where
-2ex(-£).*»(-))
432 Circuits and Networks
Transients 433

Solution By applying Kirchhoff's voltage law, we get

1530i =60
2i =4

The general solution for linear differential equation is

1 2 3 4 5 6 TC i = ce-Pt+e-Pt
FIG. 12.2.3
where P = 2, K = 4
Power in the inductor is

PL =
ULi =
V exp
i =cer3eae de
i = cea + 2

-
The responses are shown in Fig. 12.2.4.
() Att = 0, the switch S is closed.
Since the inductor never allows sudden changes in currents. At t = 0D
the current in the circuit is zero.
Therefore at t = 0*, i = 0

. 0 = c+ 2
c = 2
PA
Substituting the value of c in the current equation, we have

i =
2(1 - e) A

P Voltage across resistor UR = iR

= 2(1 - e ) x 30 = 60 (1 - e ) V
1 2 4 TC
FIG. 12.2.4

Example 1 A series R-L circuit with R = 30 2 and L = 15 H has a cons-

Voltage across inductor vz =L 1
tant voltage V= 60 V applied att = 0 as shown in Fig. E. 12.1. Determine = 15 x 2(1 - e-2) = 30 x 2e2 = 60e-2 V
the current i, the voltage across resistor, and the voltage across inductor.

30 2

M 12.3 DC RESPONSE OF AN R-C CIRCUIT

15 H Consider a circuit consisting of resistance and capacitance as shown in

60 V
Fig. 12.3.1. The capacitor in the circuit is initially uncharged, and is in
series with resistor. When
a the switch S is closed at t
0, we can
=

determine the complete solution for the current. Application of the

FIG. E. 12.1
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to the circuit results in the following
differential
equation.
434 Circuits and Networks Transients 435

R
V

FIG. 12.3.1
o1 2 4 5 6 TC
FIG. 12.3.2
V-Ri idt (1)
curve reaches 99 percent of its final
value. In Fig.
After 5 TC, the
the
By differentiating the above equation, we get
12.3.1, we can find out the voltage a c r o s s each element by using
current equation

0-Rd (2) Voltage across the resistor is

RC
or (3) UR = Ri =RxeVRC) ; UR =
Ve

Similarly, Voltage the capacitor is

The above equation is a linear differential equation with only the
across

complementary function. The particular solution for the above equation

is zero. The solution for this type of differential equation is
i ce-RC (4)
e-id
conditions.
Here, to find the value of c, we use the initial
at t 0. Since
In the circuit shown in Fig. 12.3.1, switch S is closed
=

Ve-i/RC
the capacitor never allows sudden changes in voltage,
it will act as a
R RCe-tRCc= -

circuit at t 0* is V/R
short circuit at t = 0*. So, the current in the
=

Att =
0, Voltage across capacitor is zero

At t =
0, the curTent i =R C V

Substituting this current in Eq. 4, we get Uc V(1 -eRC

The responses are shown in Fig. 12.3.3.

V
becomes
The current equation
-t/RC (5)

with time as shown in

When switch S is closed, the response decays
Fig. 12.3.2. UA
the time constant, and is denoted
In the solution, the quantity l/RC is
1 5 6 TC
by T,
FIG. 12.3.3

where f RC sec
436 Circuits and Networks Transients 437

Power in the resistor

PR = UR = Ve-tRC 'RC = e-2t/RC

R
Power in the capacitor i0
The solution for the above equation is i = c e
Pc =Uci =V(1-e1RC) e/Rc Att 0, switch S is closed. Since the capacitor does not allow sudden
R
changes in voltage, the current in the circuit is i VIR 20/10 2 A. = = =

( /RC e-2tURC) At t = 0, i = 2 A.
R

The responses are shown in Fig. 12.3.4 The current equation i = 2e

Voltage across resistor is uR = i x R =2e x 10 20e V

RC
Voltage across the capacitor is uc =
V 1-e

= 20 (1 -e)V

12.4 DC RESPONSE OF AN R-L-C CIRCUIT

Pa
Consider a circuit consisting of resistance, inductance and capacitance
as shown in Fig. 12.4.1. The capacitor and inductor are initially
1 2 3 4 5 6 TC uncharged, and are in series with a resistor. When switch S is closed at
FIG. 12.3.4 t 0, we can determine the complete solution for the current. Appli-
cation of Kirchhoffs Voltage Law to the circuit results in the following
Example 2 A series RC circuit consists of resistor of 102 and capacitor differential equation.
of V
of 0.1 F as shown in Fig. E. 12.2. A constant voltage
to the circuit at t = 0. Obtain the current equation. Determine the voltage
20 is applied
across the resistor, and the voltage across the capacitor.

10 2

20 V o1F FIG. 12.4.1

V-RiL (1)
FIG. E.12.2

By differentiating the above equation, we have

Solution By applying Kirchhoff's law, we get

0-RL 2
1001 dt =20
Differentiating with respect to t we get (3)
438 Circuits and Networks Transients 439

The above equation is a second order linear differential equation. D -

(K +jK)]\D (K, - jK2)li = 0

with only complementary function. The particular solution for the above The solution for the above equation is
equation is zero. Characteristic equation for the above differential
equation is i = eKt [c, cos K2t + C2 sin K2t]

The current curve for underdamped case is shown in Fig. 12.4.3

D D)=° (4)

The roots of Eq. (4) are

-
By assuming
K-and Ks = FIG. 12.4.3

Di= K1 + K2 and D2 Ki =K2 K2 is zero, when (R/2L) = 1/LC

Here K2 may be positive, negative or zero.
The roots are equal, and give the critically damped response as shown
ci in Fig. 12.4.4. Then Eq. 3 becomes
K2 is positive, when ( 1/LC
(D K i ) (D - K2)i = 0

Xhe roots are real and unequal, and give the over damped response
The solution for the above equation is
as shown in Fig. 12.4.2. Then Eq. 3 becomes
i = eKt (c1 + Cal)
[D -

(K1 + K2)]UD -

(K -

K)) i =0
The current curve for critically damped case is shown in Fig. 12.4.4.
The solution for the above equation is

i =
CjeK1+ K)t + C2 eKi-K)t
shown in Fig. 12.4.2.
The current curve for overdamped case is

FIG. 12.4.4

Example 3 The circuit shown in Fig. E. 12.3 consists of resistance,

inductance and capacitance in series with a 100 V constant source when
the switch is closed at t = 0. Find the eurrent transient.
FIG. 12.4.2 Solution Att = 0, switch S is closed when the 100 V source is applied
to the circuit and results in the following differential equation.
K2 is negative, when (R/2L)2< 1ILC

20 x10Jidt
Xhe roots a r e complex conjugate, and give the underdamped
response 100 20i (1)
á s shown in Fig. 12.4.3. Then Equation 3 becomesS
+
0.05 d *
440 Circuits and Networks Transients 441

S or
H=2000
20 2
L 0.05 H
100 V
At t = 0 =dt 2000 =c2 979.8 cos 0

20 F 2000 2.04
C2979.8
FIG. E 12.3 The current equation is

Differentiating the Eq. 1, we get i =e200 (2.04 sin 979.8t) A

05 +2020 103 =0
12.5 SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF R-L CIRCUIT

d'i di
+400 10i =0 Consider a circuit consisting of resistance and
inductance as shown in
dt? dt 0. At t 0, a sinusoidal voltage
Fig. 12.5.1. The switch, S, is closed at t = =

(D2+ 400D + 105)i =0 V cos (at + 6) is applied to the series R-L circuit, where V is the amplitude
of the wave and 6 is the phase angle. Application of Kirchhoff's voltage
law to the circuits results in the following differential equation.
D1, D2 = - a00 10
S
200 t y(200) 105
R
D = - 200 + J979.8
V cos (ot + 0)
D2 = - 200 j 9 7 9 . 8
3
Therefore the current
FIG. 12.5.1
i =e-Kt lc cos K2t + Ca sin K2t)]

i =e-200 lci cos 979.8t + C2 sin 979.8)] A di (1)

V cos (ot + 0) = Ri +L
dt
Att = 0, the current flowing through the cireuit is zero
i =0 (1) [c1 cos 0 + C2 sin 0)] cos (wt + 0)
Ci = 0
The corresponding characteristic equation is
= e-200t c2 sin 979.8t A
Differentiating, we have D cos(ot 8) (2)
For the above equation, the solution consists of two parts, viz. comple-
= C2 le-2001 979.8 cos 979.8t + e-2001 (-200) sin 979.8t))
mentary function and particular integral.
The complementary function of the solution i is
At t = 0, the voltage across inductor is 100 V
ie = ce-t(RIL)
(3)
d = 100 The particular solution can be obtained by using undetermined co
efficients.