RAY OPTICS Chapter 9 Class 12

TAGORE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
VASANT VIHAR N. DELHI

PHYSICS CLASS XII (21 - 22)
CHAPTER - 9 : RAY OPTICS
SECTION - A : 2 MARKS QUESTIONS : 30 TO 50 WORD ANSWER

Q.1 Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this
telescope over a refracting telescope.
Ans.
Advantages:
(i) It is free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger aperture of mirror.
Q.2 Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position.
State two draw backs of this type of telescope.
Ans.
Draw backs:
(i) It is not free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) The image formed is inverted and fainter.
Q.3 .A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular glass prism from air undergoes
minimum deviation when angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle of prism. Calculate
the speed of light in the prism.
Ans. 3 3
Given, A = 600, i  A   600  450
4 4
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XII physics Important Questions and Answers (2021-2022) CHAPTER - 9 : RAY OPTICS
A
 300
For minimum deviation i1 = i2 = i and r1= r2=
2
sin i sin 450
 Refractive index of prism, n    2  1.41
sin r sin 300
c 3.0  108
Speed of light in prism, v =   2.13  108 ms 1
n 1.41
Q.4 Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its
magnifying power.
Ans.
v0  1 1
Magnifying power M D  
u 0  f e ve 
v  D
For diagram shown, ve = D, M   0 1  
u0  fe 
Q.5 In the figure given below, light rays of blue, green, red wavelengths are incident on an
isosceles right-angled prism. Explain with reason, which ray of light will be transmitted
through the face AC. The refractive index of the prism for red, green, blue light are
1.39, 1.41, 1.48 respectively. (use 2  1.41)
Ans. All light rays makes incident angle of 450 on face AC

For total internal refection at this angle (450),

1
the refractive index should be n   2  1.41
sin ic
nR  1.39  1.41  ic R  450
 Red colour light will transmit through the face AC
nG  1.41  1.41  ic G  450
 Green colour light will go grazing along the face AC
nB  1.48  1.41  ic B  450
 Blue colour light will go for total internal reflection from the face AC
Q.6 Define refractive index of a transparent medium.

A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of
the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
Ans. Refractive Index : Refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to
c
the speed of light in medium i.e., n 
v
Alternatively : It is defined as the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
sin i
refraction in medium i.e., n 
sin r
Q.7 Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type
telescope.
Ans. Advantages of Reflecting Telescope over Refracting Telescope:

(a) Less chromatic aberration (b) Less spherical aberration
(c) High resolving power (d) High intense image

Q.8 A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a concave lens
of focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens, find the
position of the final image formed by the combined system.
Ans.
The position of image formed by convex lens is

For convex lens u1 = - 30 cm, f1 = 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
         v1 = 15 cm
f1 v1 u1 v1 u1 f1  30 10 15
For concave lens u2 = 15 - 5 = + 10 cm, f2 = - 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
       0  v2 = 
f 2 v2 u 2 v2 u2 f 2 10  10
That is final image is formed at infinity.
Q.9 The near point of a hypermetropic person is 50 cm from the eye. What is the power of
the lens required to enable the person to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from the
eye?
Ans. 1 1 1
 
f v u
The corrective lens must form the image of letters of book placed at 25 cm (near point) of
hypermetropic eye.
That is u = - 25 cm, v = - 50 cm
1 1 1 1
   
f  50  25 50
 f  50 cm  0.5 m
1 1
Power, P    2D
f 0 .5
Q.10 (a) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(b) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
Ans. (a) The working of optical fiber is based on total internal reflection.
Statement: When a light ray goes from denser to rarer medium at an angle greater than
critical angle, the ray is totally reflected in first (denser) medium.
This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
(b) Conditions:
(i) Ray of light must go from denser medium to rarer medium.

(ii) Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle (i. e. i > C).
Q.11 One face of a prism with a refracting angle of 30° is coated with silver. A ray incident
on another face at an angle of 45° is refracted and reflected from the silver coated face
and retraces its path. Find the refractive index of the material of the prism.
Ans. Given, A = 30°

When ray is incident normally on the other face, it
retraces its path, so r2 = 0.
As, r1 + r2 = A  r1 = A - r2 = 30° - 0 =30°
i1 = 45°
sin i sin 450
Refractive index, n    2  1.41
sin r sin 30 0
Q.12 The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If
focal length of the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.
Ans. Given R1 =10 cm, R2 = -15 cm, f =12 cm

Refractive index n =?
1 n  1 1 
Lens-maker’s formula is,   2  1  
f  n1  R1 R2 
1  n2  1 1 
   1  
12  1  10  15 
 n = 1.5
Q.13 A ray of light, incident on an equilateral glass prism (ga = 3 ) moves parallel to the
base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray.
Ans. From the figure, we see r =30°

sin ia sin ia
We know, n ga   3
sin i g sin 30 0
 ia = 600
Q.14 An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
(a) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(b) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of
the mirror’s reflecting surface is painted black?

Ans. (a) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.
(b) No change in position of image but its intensity will get reduced.
Q.15 You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at
40 cm in front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus ‘I’ of L3. Find
the separations between L1, L2 and L3.
Ans. Given f1 = f 2 = f 3 = 20 cm
For lens L1, f1 = 20 cm u1 = – 40 cm, v1 = ?
1 1 1
By lens formula,  
v1 u1 f1
1 1 1
    v1  40 cm
v1  40 20
For lens L3, f3 = 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm, u3 = ?
1 1 1
By lens formula,  
v3 u3 f3
1 1 1
    u3  
20 u3 20
Thus lens L2 should produce image at infinity.
Hence, for L2, its object should be at focus.
The image formed by lens L1 is at 40 cm on the right side of lens L1 which lies at 20
cm left of lens L2 i.e., focus of lens L2.
Hence, the distance between L1 and L2 = 40 + 20 = 60 cm.
As the image formed by lens L2 lies at infinity, then, the distance between lens L2
and L3 does not matter.
Hence, the distance between L2 and L3 can have any value.
Q.16 Trace the path of ray (P) of light passing through the glass prism as shown in the
figure. The prism is made of glass with critical angle ic= 40°.

Ans. From the figure, the incident ray is normal to the surface of prism. So, incident angle = 0°.
Then, angle of refraction will be zero. It means that the ray of light will pass through the prism
undeviated, reaches the other end of prism. The second angle of incident = 45° (greater than
critical angle of prism). The ray of light undergoes the phenomenon of total internal reflection
and continues in the same manner.
Q.17 When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the
following, giving reasons:
(a) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident
light?
(b) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave?
Ans. (a) If the radiation of certain frequency interact with the atoms/molecules of the matter, they
start to vibrate with the same frequency under forced oscillations. Thus, the frequency of
the scattered light (Under reflection and refraction) equals to the frequency of incident
radiation.
(b) No, energy carried by the light wave depends on the frequency of the wave, but not on
the speed of the wave.
Q.18 A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC as shown in
the figure and emerges from the other refracting face AC as RS such that AQ = AR. If
the angle of prism A = 60º and refractive index of material of prism is 3 , calculate
angle θ.

Ans.
Given AQ = AR hence in ΔAQR

∠Q = ∠R = φ(Let)
A + 2φ = 180º (for ΔAQR)
60 + 2φ = 180
⇒ φ = 60 ⇒ ∠r1 = ∠r2 = 30º
This is the condition of minimum deviation
So Using relation
  
sin  A  m 
 2 
n
 A
sin  
2
given n = 3 and A = 60º
  
sin  60 0  m 
 2 
3 0
 60 
sin  

 2 
 m = 60º
Angle θ = 60º
SECTION - B : 3 MARKS QUESTIONS : 60 TO 100 WORD ANSWER

Q.1 Draw a plot showing the variation of power of a lens, with the wavelength of the
incident light. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 and of focal length 15 cm in air,
has the same radii of curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive
index 1.7, find the focal length of the lens in the liquid.
Ans. B
Refractive index, n  A  , where is the wavelength.
2
1  ng  1 1 
Power of a lens P = P     1  
f  na  R2 R1 
Clearly, power of a lens  (ng - 1). This implies that the power of a lens decreases with
1
increase of wavelength P  2 nearly .

The plot is shown in figure.
Given fa =15 cm, ng = 1.5, nl = 1.7
Focal length of lens in liquid f l,

f l  ng   ng 
   1   1
f a  na   nl 
 1 .5   1 .5 
f l  15    1   1   63.75 cm
 1   1 .7 
Q.2 An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the focal length
and nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size
of the object.
Ans. Given u  v  90 …(i)

I v v
  2  v  2u ...(ii)
O u u
From (i) and (ii)
|u | =30 cm, | v | = 60 cm
By sign convention u = -30 cm, v = 60 cm
1 1 1
  gives
f v u
1 1 1
   f  20 cm
f 60  30
Since focal length is positive, so it is a convex lens.
Q.3 A convex lens is used to obtain a magnified image of an object on a screen 10 m from
the lens. If the magnification is 19, find the focal length of the lens.
Ans. V = 10 m ...(i)
Since image is formed on screen, so image is real and inversed.
v 10 10
m  19    u   m ...(i)
u u 19
From (i) and (ii) and lens formula
1 1 1
  gives
f v u
1 1 19
   f  0.5 m  50 cm
f 10  10
Q.4 A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. What is its focal length in water?
(Refractive index of air-water = 1.33, refractive index of air-glass =1.5).
Ans. Given, fa = 20 cm, ng = 1.5, nl = 4/3

1  ng  1 1 
Using lens makers formula    1  
f  na  R2 R1 
Focal length of lens in liquid fl,
f l  ng   ng 
   1   1
f a  na   nl 

 1.5   1.5  3 
f l  20    1   1  80 cm
 1   4 
Q.5 Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain). Write two important
advantages that the reflecting telescope has over a refracting type.
Ans.
Advantages :
(i) It is free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger aperture of mirror.
Q.6 Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing
through a glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms
of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation.
Ans. Let PQR be the principal section of the prism. The

refracting angle of the prism is A.
A ray of monochromatic light EF is incident on face
PQ at angle of incidence i1. The refractive index of
material of prism for this ray is n. This ray enters
from rarer to denser medium and so is deviated
towards the normal FN and gets refracted along the
direction FG. The angle of refraction for this face is
r1. The refracted ray FG becomes incident on face
PR and is refracted away from the normal GN2 and emerges in the direction GH. The angle of
incidence on this
face is r2 (into prism) and angle of refraction (into air) is i2 . The incident ray EF and emergent
ray GH when produced meet at O.
The angle between these two rays is called angle of deviation ‘‘.
OFG = i1 - r1 and OGF = i2 - r2
In FOG, is exterior angle
OFG OGF (i1 r1) (i2 r2 )
(i1 i2 ) (r1 r2 ) ...(i)
The normals FN1 andGN2 on faces PQ and PR respectively, when produced meet
at N. Let FNG 
In FGN, r1 r2 180...(ii)
In quadrilateral PFNG, PFN 90, PGN 90
A 9090360or A180...(iii)
Comparing (ii) and (iii), r1 r2 A ...(iv)

Substituting this value in (i), we get

i1 i2 A ... (v)
or i1 i2 A ... (vi)
sin i1 sin i2
From Snell’s law, n   ... (vii)
sin r1 sin r2
Minimum Deviation: From equation (v), it is clear that the angle of deviation depends upon
the angle of incidence i1. As the path of light is reversible, therefore if angle of incidence be
i2 , then angle of emergence will be i1. Thus for two angles of
incidence i1 and i2 , there will be one angle of deviation.
If we determine experimentally, the angles of deviation

corresponding to different angles of incidence and then plot i
(on X-axis) and (on Y-axis), we get a curve as shown in
figure.
Clearly if angle of incidence is gradually increased, from a small
value, the angle of deviation first decreases becomes minimum for a particular angle of
incidence and then begins to increase.
Obviously for one angle of deviation (), there are two angles of incidences i1 and i2 , but for
one and only one particular value of angle of incidence (i), the angle of deviation is the
minimum.
This minimum angle of deviation is represented by m. For minimum deviation i1
and i2 become coincident, i.e. ,i1 i2 i (say)
So from (vii) r1 r2 r (say)
Hence from (iv) and (vi), we get
r r A or r A / 2
A  m
and i i A m or i 
2
 A  m 
sin  
 2 
Hence from Snell’s law, n 
 A
sin  
2
Q.7 A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece
lens of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens.
Calculate the magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the
length of the microscope.
Ans. Given fo = 4 cm, fe = 10 cm

uo = – 6 cm
vo  D
Magnifying power of microscope, m   1  
uo  fe 

1 1 1
From lens formula,  
f0 vo u o
1 1 1 1 1 1
    
V0 f o uo 4 6 12
vo = 12 cm
12  25 
 1   =  2  3 . 5  7
 m  
6  10 
Negative sign shows that the image is inverted.
Length of microscope, L = vo ue L  v0  u 0
1 1 1
For eye lens,   , ve  25 cm mand f e  10 cm
f e ve u e
1 1 1 1 1 7
    
u e ve f e 25 10 50
50
 ue    7.14 cm ue 714
7
L  v0  u 0  12  7.14  19.14 cm
Q.8 Find the position of the image formed of the object 'O’ by the lens combination given
in the figure.
Ans. For first lens, u1 = -30 cm, f1 = +10 cm

1 1 1
From lens formula,  
f1 v1 u1
1 1 1
    v1  15 cm
10 v1  30
This means that the image formed by first lens is at a distance of 15 cm to the right of first
lens. This image serves as a virtual object for second lens.
For second lens, f 2 = -10 cm, u2 =15 -5 = +10 cm
1 1 1
    v2  
 10 v2 10
This means that the real image is formed by second lens at infinite distance. This acts as an
object for third lens.
For third lens, f 3 = + 30 cm, u3 = 
From lens formulae,
1 1 1
    v3  30 cm
30 v3 

i.e., final image is formed at a distance 30 cm to the right of third lens.

The ray diagram of formation of image is shown in figure.
Q.9 Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation
1 1 1
  for two thin lenses kept in contact coaxially.
f f1 f 2
Ans. Power of lens: It is the reciprocal of focal length of a lens.

1
P (f is in metre)
f
Unit of power of lens: Dioptre.
An object is placed at point O. The lens A produces an image at I1 which serves as a virtual
object for lens B which produces final image at I.
Given, the lenses are thin. The optical centres (P) of the lenses A and B can be taken as co-
incident.
For lens A, we have
1 1 1
  ... (i)
v1 u f1
For lens B, we have
1 1 1
  ... (ii)
v v1 f 2
Adding equations (i) and (ii),
1 1 1 1
   ... (iii)
v u f1 f 2
If two lenses are considered as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then
1 1 1
  ... (iv)
v u f

From equation (iii) and equation (iv), we can write

1 1 1
 
f f1 f 2
Q.10 (a) A ray of light is incident normally on the face AB of a

right angled glass prism of refractive index aμg = 1.5. The
prism is partly immersed in a liquid of unknown
refractive index. Find the value of refractive index of the
liquid so that the ray grazes along the face BC after
refraction through the prism.
(b) Trace the path of the rays if it were incident normally on
the face AC.
Ans. (a) Given the refractive index of prism μga = 1.5 the ray will grazes along the face BC when
the angle of incidence i is equal to the critical angle for the glass and liquid interface

here i = 60° (from the fig.) and sin i = l
g
l   g sin i   l  1.5 sin 60 0   l  1.3

So the refractive index of the liquid is 1.3
(b) The angle of incidence for ray 1 and ray 2 on face BC is equal to 30°
For ray 1, The critical angle for glass-air interface is ic
 1
sin ic  a   0.66  ic  410
 g 1 .5
Now since the angle of incidence is smaller than the critical angle refraction will take
place as shown in figure
For ray 2 the critical angle for glass-liquid interface is

 l 1 .3
sin ic    0.866  ic  60 0
 g 1 .5
Now since the angle of incidence is smaller than the critical angle refraction will take
place as shown in figure.
Q.11 (a) A screen is placed at a distance of 100 cm from an object. The image of the object
is formed on the screen by a convex lens for two different location of the lens
separated by 20 cm. Calculate the focal length of the lens used.
(b) A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens-both the
lenses being of equal focal length. What is the focal length of the combination ?
Ans. (a)
Lens at position (1)

Object distance, u = –x, Image distance, v = (100 – x)
Using lens formula
1 1 1
 
f v u
1 1 1
  … (1)
f 100  x x
Lens at position (2)
Object distance, u = – (x + 20), Image distance, v = (80 – x)
Using lens formula
1 1 1
  … (2)
f 80  x x  20
Solving equation (1) & (2)
f = 24 cm.
(b) (both are of equal focal length = f )

equivalent power of combination
Peq = P1 + P2
1 1
Peq = 
f  f
1
Peq = 0 =
f eq
 feq = ∞
focal length of the combination is infinite.

SECTION - C : 5 MARKS QUESTIONS : 100 TO 150 WORD ANSWER
Q.1 (a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1 to a rarer
n
medium of refractive index n2 , prove that 2  sin ic , where ic is the critical angle
n1
of incidence for the media.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of video signals using optical fibres.
Ans. sin i n2
(a) Snell’s laws is,   Constant ... (i)
sin r n1
Critical angle is the angle of incidence in denser medium for which angle of refraction in
rarer medium is 90° i.e.,
i =ic , r = 900
sin i n n
From (1), 0
 2  2  sin ic
sin 90 n1 n1
(b) Transmission of video signals using optical fibre.

An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light
signal may be transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of
energy.
It is a very long and thin pipe of quartz (n =1.7) of thickness nearly =10-4 m coated all
around with a material of refractive index 1.5. A large number of such fibres held
together form a light pipe and are used for communication of light signals.
When a light ray is incident on one end at a small angle of incidence, it suffers refraction
from air to quartz and strikes the quartz-coating interface at an angle more than the
critical angle and so suffers total internal reflection and strikes the opposite face again at
an angle greater than critical angle and so again suffers total internal reflection. Thus the
ray within the fibre suffers multiple total internal reflections and finally strikes the other
end at an angle less than critical angle for quartz-air interface and emerges in air.

As there is no loss of energy in total internal reflection, the light signal is transmitted by
this device without any appreciable loss of energy.
Q.2 Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope and write an expression for its
magnifying power.
The focal length of the objective and eye-lens of a compound microscope are 2 cm,
6.25 cm respectively. The distance between the lenses is 15 cm.
(a) How far from the objective lens, will the object the be kept, so as to obtain the
final image at the near point of the eye?
(b) Also calculate its magnifying power.
Ans. v0  1 1
Magnifying power M D  
u 0  f e ve 
v  D
For diagram shown, ve = D, M   0 1  
u0  fe 
v0 D L D
For image formed at infinity, ve = , M   .  .
u0 f e f0 fe
Given, f0 20 cm, fe 625 cm, L 15 cm, u0 ?

(i) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision
(D = 25 cm) :
For eye lens : Here ve 25 cm
1 1 1
  
f e ve u e
1 1 1 1 1 1
     
ue ve f e 25 6.25 5
 ue  5 cm
As, L | v0 | | ue | | v0 | L | ue | 15 5 10 cm

For objective lens:

1 1 1
 
f 0 v0 u 0
1 1 1 1 1 2
     
u0 v0 f 0 10 2 5
5
 u0    2.5 cm
2
That is distance of object from objective lens is 2 5 cm.
v  D 10  25 
Magnification, M   0 1     1    4  5  20
u0  fe  2.5  6.25 
(ii) When final image is formed at infinity :
In this case, L v0 fe v0 L fe 15 625 875 cm
For objective lens :
1 1 1
 
f 0 v0 u 0
1 1 1 1 1 2  8.75
     
u0 v0 f 0 8.75 2 2  8.75
 u0 259 cm, |u0|259 cm
v D 8.75 25
Magnification, M   0 .   .  13.5
u0 f e 2.59 6.25
Q.3 Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope, in the normal adjustment
position and write the expression for its magnifying power.
An astronomical telescope uses an objective lens of focal length 15 m and eye-lens of
focal length 1 cm. What is the angular magnification of the telescope? If this telescope
is used to view moon, what is the diameter of the image of moon formed by the
objective lens? (Diameter of moon = 3.5 × 106 m and radius of lunar orbit = 3.8 ×108 m).
Ans. f0
Magnifying power m   . It does not change with increase of aperture of objective lens,
fe
because focal length of a lens has no concern with the aperture of lens.
Drawbacks:
(i) It is not free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) The image formed is inverted and fainter.
(a) Given, f 0 =15 m, f e =1.0 cm =1.0 ×10- 2 m
f 15
Angular magnification of telescope, m   0   1500
f e 1.0  10  2
Negative sign shows that the final image is inverted.
Let D be diameter of moon, d diameter of image of moon formed by objective and r the
distance of moon from objective lens, then from Fig.

D d

r f0
D 3.48  10 6
 d  f0   15 m  0.137 m  1.37 cm
r 3.8  108
Q.4 Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed
on the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and
n2 . Establish the relation between the distances of the object, the image and the
radius of curvature from the central point of the spherical surface. Hence, derive the
expression of the lens maker’s formula.
Ans. Relation between u, v, n1 and n2 for a spherical surface: Let SPS’ be a spherical
refracting surface, which separates media ‘1’ and ‘2’. Medium ‘1’ is rarer and medium ‘2’ is
denser. The refractive indices of media ‘1’ and ‘2’ are n1 andn2 respectively (n1 < n2 ).
Let P be the pole and C the centre of curvature and PC the principal axis of spherical
refracting surface. O is a point-object on the principal axis. An incident ray OA, after refraction
at A on the spherical surface bends towards the normal CAN and moves along AB. Another
incident ray OP falls on the surface normally and hence passes undeviated after refraction.
These two rays, when produced backward meet at point I on principal axis. Thus I is the
virtual image of O.

Let angle of incidence of ray OA be i and angle of refraction be r i.e.

OAC = i and NAB = r
Let AOP =  , AIP =  and ACP = 
In triangle OAC,  =  + i or i =  -  ...(1)
In triangle AIC,  =  + r or r =  -  ...(2)
sin i n2
From Snell’s law,  ...(3)
sin r n1
If point A is very near to P, then angles i, r, , ,  will be very small, therefore
sin i = i and sin r = r
From equation (3)

i n2

r n1
Substituting values of i and r from (1) and (2) we get
   n2

   n1
Or, n1 ( - ) = n2 ( - ) ...(4)
The length of perpendicular AM dropped from A on the principal axis is h i.e. AM = h. As
angles  ,  and g are very small, therefore
tan  =  , tan  =  , tan  = 
Substituting these values in equation (4)
n1 (tan  - tan ) = n2 (tan  - tan ) ...(5)
As point A is very close to P, point M is coincident with P
AM h AM h AM h
 tan    , tan    and tan   
MO PO MI PI MC PC
Substituting this value in (5), we get
 h h   h h 
 n1     n2   
 PC PO   PC PI 
n1 n n n
or  1  2  2 ...(6)
PC PO PC PI
Let u, v and R be the distances of object O, image I and centre of curvature C from pole P.
By sign convention PO, PI and PC are negative i.e.
u = - PO, v = - PI and R = - PC
Substituting these values in (6), we get
n1 n n n
  1  2  2
 R u  R v
n1 n1 n2 n2
or   
R u R v
n2 n1 n2  n1
or  
v u R
Lens Maker’s Formula:

Suppose L is a thin lens. The refractive index of the material of lens is n2 and it is placed in a
medium of refractive index n1. The optical centre of lens is C and X’X is principal axis. The
radii of curvature of the surfaces of the lens are R1 and R2 and their poles are P1 and P2 . The
thickness of lens is t, which is very small.

O is a point object on the principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u.
The first refracting surface forms the image of O at I‘ at a distance v’ from P1. From the
refraction formula at spherical surface
n2 n1 n2  n1
  ...(1)
v' u R1
The image I’ behave as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second
surface, the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v.
The distance of virtual object (I’) from pole P2 is (v’ - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2 ) to
first medium (refractive index n1), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1 n n n
 2  1 2 ...(2)
v (v't ) R2
For a thin lens t is negligible as compared to v’ , therefore from (2)
n1 n2 n n
  2 1 ...(3)
v v' R2
Adding equations (1) and (3), we get
n1 n1  1 1 
  (n2  n1 )  
v u R
 1 R 2 
1 1  n2  1 1 
    1  
v u  n1  R1 R2 
1 1  1 1 
  n21  1   ...(4)
v u  R1 R2 
n2
Where, n12 = is refractive index of second medium (i.e. medium of lens) with respect to
n1
first medium.
If the object O is at infinity, the image will be formed at second focus i.e.
if u =  , v = f2 = f
Therefore from equation (4)
1  1 1 
 n21  1   ...(5)
f  R1 R2 
This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Maker’s formula.
If first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1n2 = n, therefore
equation (5) may be written as

1  1 1 
 n  1   ...(6)
f  R1 R2 
Q.5 Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain
why both the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope must have short
focal lengths.
Ans. Compound Microscope:

It consists of a long cylindrical tube, containing at one end a convex lens of small aperture
and small focal length. This is called the objective lens (O). At the other end of the tube
another co-axial smaller and wide tube is fitted, which carries a convex lens (E) at its outer
end. This lens is towards the eye and is called the eye-piece. The focal length and aperture
of eyepiece are somewhat larger than those of objective lens. Cross-wires are mounted at a
definite distance before the eyepiece. The entire tube can be moved forward and backward
by the rack and pinion arrangement.
Adjustment: First of all the eyepiece is displaced backward and forward to focus it on cross-
wires. Now the object is placed just in front of the objective lens and the entire tube is moved
by rack and pinion arrangement until there is no parallax between image of object and cross
wire. In this position the image of the object appears quite distinct.

Magnifying power of a microscope is defined as the ratio of angle () subtended by final
image on the eye to the angle () subtended by the object on eye, when the object is placed

at the least distance of distinct vision, i.e., Magnifying power M = ...(1)

As object is very small, angles  and  are very small and so tan  =  and tan  = . By
definition the object AB is placed at the least distance of distinct vision.
AB
   tan  
AE
AB
By sign convention EA = - D,   
D
A' B '
and from figure   tan  
A' E
If ue is distance of image A’B’ from eye-piece E, then by sign convention, EA’ = - ue
A' B'
and so,  
 ue
 A' B ' /( ue ) A' B ' D
Hence magnifying power, M    .
 AB /(  D ) AB ue
By sign conventions, magnification of objective lens

A' B ' v
 0
AB  u0
v D
 M  0. ... (2)
u0 ue
1 1 1
Using lens formula   , for eye-lens, (i.e. using f = fe , v = - ve , u = - ue ),
f v u
1 1 1
we get  
ue f e ve
v0  D D 
Magnifying power M   .  
u0  f e ve 
When final image is formed at the distance of distinct vision, ve = D

v  D
 Magnification, M   0 .1  
u0  fe 
For greater magnification of a compound microscope, fe should be small. As f0< fe , so f0 is

small. Hence, for greater magnification both f0 and fe should be small.

Q.6 Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical
telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic
features which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.
Ans. Astronomical Telescope:

Magnifying power of astronomical telescope in normal adjustment is defined as the ratio of
the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye, by the
object directly, when the final image and the object both lie at infinite distance from the eye.

Magnifying power, m  ... (1)

As angles  and  are small, therefore,   tan  and   tan .
 tan 
From equation (1), m   ... (2)
 tan 
A' B '
In A’B’E , tan  
B' E
A' B '
In A’B’O , tan  
B' O
tan  A' B ' / B ' E B ' O f
Put in equation (2), m     e
tan  A' B ' / B ' O B ' E f0
Where, OB’ = f0 = focal length of objective lens,
EB’ = - fe = focal length of eye lens.
Negative sign of m indicates that final image is inverted.
The diameter of objective is kept large to increase
(i) intensity of image, (ii) resolving power of telescope.
Distinction
S.No Telescope Compound Microscopes
1. Objective lens is of large focal length Both objective and eye lenses are of
and eye lens is of small focal length. small focal lengths but focal length of
eye lens is larger than that of objective
lens.
2. Objective is of very large aperture. Objective is of small aperture.

Q.7 (a) A point-object is placed on the principal axis of convex spherical surface of
radius of curvature R, which separates the two media of refractive indices n1 and
n2 (n2 > n1). Draw the ray diagram and deduce the relation between the distance of
the object (u), distance of the image (v) and the radius of curvature (R) for
refraction to take place at the convex spherical surface from rarer to denser
medium.
(b) Use the above relation to obtain the condition on the position of the object and
the radius of curvature in terms of n1 and n2 when the real image is formed.
Ans. (a) Figure shows the geometry of formation of image I of an object O on the principal axis of
a spherical surface with centre of curvature C, and radius of curvature R. The rays are
incident from a medium of refractive index n1, to another of refractive index n2. We take
the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be small compared to other distances
involved, so that small angle approximation can be made. In particular, NM will be taken
to be nearly equal to the length of the perpendicular from the point N on the principal
axis.
We have, for small angles,

MN
tan NOM =
OM
MN
tan NCM =
MC
MN
tan NIM =
MI
Now, for ΔNOC, i is the exterior angle. Therefore, i = NOM + NCM

MN MN
i= + ... (i)
OM MC
Similarly, r = NCM – NIM

MN MN
i= – ... (ii)
MC MI
Now, by Snell’s law, n1 sin i = n2 sin r

Also for small angles, n1i = n2r
Substituting i and r from Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
n1 n n  n1
 2  2 ... (iii)
OM MI MC
Here, OM, MI and MC represent magnitudes of distances. Applying the

Cartesian sign convention, OM = – u, MI = + v, MC = + R
Substituting these in Eq.( iii), we get
n2 n1 n2  n1
  ... (iv)
v u R
Equation (iv) gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of
refractive index of the medium and the radius of curvature of the curved spherical
surface. It holds for any curved spherical surface.
(a) Figure (a) shows the geometry of image formation by a double convex lens. The image
formation can be seen in terms of two steps:
(i) The first refracting surface forms the image I1 of the object O [Fig.(b)].
(ii) The image I1 acts as a virtual object for the second surface that forms the image
at I [Fig.(c)].
n n n  n1
Applying 2  1  2 to the first interface ABC,
v u R
n2 n n  n1
we get  1  2 ... (i)
BI1 OB BC1
A similar procedure applied to the second interface ADC gives,

n n n  n1
 2  1  2 ... (ii)
DI1 DI DC 2
For a thin lens, BI1 = DI1. Adding Eqs.( i) and (ii), we get

n1 n  1 1 
 1  n2  n1    ... (iii)
OB DI  BC1 DC2 
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., OB → ∞ and DI = f, Eq.( iii) gives

n1  1 1 
 n2  n1    ... (iv)
f BC
 1 DC 2 
The point where image of an object placed at infinity is formed is called the focus F, of the
lens and the distance f gives its focal length. By the sign convention,
BC1 = + R1,
DC2 = – R2
1 1 1 
So Eq.( iv) can be written as  n21  1   ... (v)
f  R1 R2 
n2
Where, n21 
n1
Equation (v) is known as the lens maker’s formula. It is useful to design lenses of desired
focal length using surfaces of suitable radii of curvature. Note that the formula is true for a
concave lens also. In that case R1 is negative, R2 is positive and therefore, f is negative. From
Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
n1 n n
 1  1 ... (vi)
OB DI f
Again, in the thin lens approximation, B and D are both close to the optical centre of the lens.
Applying the sign convention,
BO = – u, DI = +v, we get
1 1 1
  ... (vii)
v u f
Equation (vii) is the familiar thin lens formula.

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TAGORE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

VASANT VIHAR N. DELHI

SECTION - A : 2 MARKS QUESTIONS : 30 TO 50 WORD ANSWER

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 1

Ans. All light rays makes incident angle of 450 on face AC

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 2

For total internal refection at this angle (450),

Q.6 Define refractive index of a transparent medium.

Ans. Advantages of Reflecting Telescope over Refracting Telescope:

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 3

The position of image formed by convex lens is

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 4

Ans. Given, A = 30°

Ans. Given R1 =10 cm, R2 = -15 cm, f =12 cm

Ans. From the figure, we see r =30°

Q.14 An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 5

Ans. (a) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 6

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 7

Given AQ = AR hence in ΔAQR

SECTION - B : 3 MARKS QUESTIONS : 60 TO 100 WORD ANSWER

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 8

Ans. Given u  v  90 …(i)

Ans. Given, fa = 20 cm, ng = 1.5, nl = 4/3

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 9

Ans. Let PQR be the principal section of the prism. The

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 10

Substituting this value in (i), we get

If we determine experimentally, the angles of deviation

Ans. Given fo = 4 cm, fe = 10 cm

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 11

Ans. For first lens, u1 = -30 cm, f1 = +10 cm

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 12

i.e., final image is formed at a distance 30 cm to the right of third lens.

Ans. Power of lens: It is the reciprocal of focal length of a lens.

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 13

From equation (iii) and equation (iv), we can write

Q.10 (a) A ray of light is incident normally on the face AB of a

l   g sin i   l  1.5 sin 60 0   l  1.3

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 14

Lens at position (1)

(b) (both are of equal focal length = f )

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 15

SECTION - C : 5 MARKS QUESTIONS : 100 TO 150 WORD ANSWER

(b) Transmission of video signals using optical fibre.

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 16

Given, f0 20 cm, fe 625 cm, L 15 cm, u0 ?

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 17

For objective lens:

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 18

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 19

Let angle of incidence of ray OA be i and angle of refraction be r i.e.

From equation (3)

Lens Maker’s Formula:

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 20

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 21

Ans. Compound Microscope:

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 22

By sign conventions, magnification of objective lens

When final image is formed at the distance of distinct vision, ve = D

For greater magnification of a compound microscope, fe should be small. As f0< fe , so f0 is

Tagore International School Vasant Vihar Page 23

Ans. Astronomical Telescope: