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SECTION A
1. By starting the sign convention and assumptions used, derive the relation between object distance
𝑢, image distance 𝑣 and focal length 𝑓 for a concave mirror, when it forms a real image of an
object of finite size.
2. Derive the relation between object distance 𝑢, image distance 𝑣 and focal length 𝑓 for a concave
mirror, when it forms a virtual image.
3. Establish the relationship between object distance, image distance and radius of curvature for a
common mirror.
4. Define magnification. Write the expressions for magnification for (i) a concave mirror and (ii) a
convex mirror. Express 𝑚 in terms of 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑓.
5. By stating the sign-convention and assumptions used, derive the relation between the distance of
object, distance of image and radius of curvature of a convex spherical surface, when refraction
takes place
(i) from optically rarer to optically denser medium and the image formed is real,
(ii) from optically denser to optically rarer medium and the image formed is real.
6. Derive the lens maker’s formula for a double convex lens. State the assumptions made and the
convention of signs used.
7. Discuss the phenomenon of refraction through a prism. Derive an expression for the angle of
deviation for a ray of light passing through an equilateral prism of refracting angle 𝐴.
8. Discuss the variation of the angle of deviation with that of the angle of incidence for a ray of light
passing through a prism. Derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of a prism
in terms of the angle of prism and the angle of minimum deviation.
9. Derive an expression for the angle of deviation of a small prism in terms of the refractive index
and the angle of the prism.
10. What is a simple microscope? Give its working principle. Write expressions for its magnifying
power when it forms final image at the least distance of distinct vision and at infinity.
11. With the help of a ray diagram, explain the construction and working of a compound microscope.
Write an expression for its magnifying power.
12. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope, showing the formation of image at
the near point of the eye. (ii) A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 𝑐𝑚
and eyelens of focal length 10 𝑐𝑚. An object is place at 6 𝑐𝑚 from the objective lens. (a) Calculate
magnifying power of compound microscope, if the final image is formed at the near point.
(b) Calculate the length of the compound microscope also.
13. What is an astronomical telescope? Give its construction. With the help of ray diagrams, explain
its working when it forms final image at least distance of distinct vision and at infinity. Deduce
expression for magnifying power when the final image is formed at infinity
.
14. With the help of labeled diagram, explain the construction and working of Cassegrain reflecting
telescope.
15. State some important advantages of reflecting type telescope over a refracting type telescope.
16. Explain the basic differences between the construction and working of a telescope and a
microscope.
17. The objective telescope 𝐴 has a diameter 3 times that of the objective telescope 𝐵.
(a) How much greater amount of light is gathered by 𝐴 compared to 𝐵.
(b) Show that the range of 𝐴 is three times the range of 𝐵.
(c) A telescope increases the brightness of the background to what is seen by unaided eye. Thus,
it facilitates observation by improving the contrast between a star and its background. Explain
this statement carefully.
SECTION B
5. The sun near the horizon appears flattered at sunset and sunrise. Why?
6. Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. Under what conditions does it take place?
Derive the relation connecting the refractive index and critical angle for a given pair of media.
7. What is a totally reflecting prism? How can it be used to (i) deviate a ray through 900 (ii) derive a
ray through 1800 and (iii) invert an image without the deviation of the rays.
8. What are optical fibres? On which principle do they work? How does light propagate through an
optical fibre? What is alight pipe?
9. What is meant by power of lens? Give and define its SI unit. Which type of lens has a positive
power and which one negative? Express power of a lens in terms of its refractive index and radii of
curvature.
10. Why do we use lens combinations in optical instruments? Write an expression for the total
magnification produced by combination of lenses.
11. What is an equivalent lens? Obtain an expression for the effect focal length of two thin lenses placed
in contact coaxially with each other.
12. What do you mean by scattering of light? What are elastic and inelastic scatterings?
13. Explain different phenomena of daily life which\fh are based on scattering of light.
14. What is a rainbow? Explain the formation of primary and secondary rainbow.
15. On what factors, does the normal shift through a refracting medium depend?
Ans: The normal depends on (i) the thickness of the refracting medium and (ii) its refractive index.
16. Does critical angle depend on colour of light? Explain.
Ans: Yes. As sin 𝑖𝑐 = 1/𝜇 i.e., 𝑖𝑐 depends on 𝜇, but 𝜇 depends on wavelength 𝜆. Hence 𝑖𝑐 depends
on colour of light.
17. The critical angle for glass-air interface is 𝑖𝑐 . Will the critical angle for glass-water interface be
greater than or less than 𝑖𝑐 ?
1
Ans: For glass-air interface; sin 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑎 . The critical angle 𝑖𝑐′ for glass-water interface is given by,
𝜇𝑔
1
sin 𝑖𝑐′ =𝑤 .
𝜇𝑔
Now 𝑤𝜇𝑔 < 𝑎𝜇𝑔 , therefore, sin 𝑖𝑐′ > sin 𝑖𝑐 or 𝑖𝑐′ > 𝑖𝑐 .
18. The focal length of an equiconvex lens is equal to the radius of curvature of either face what is the
refractive index of the lens material?
Ans: Here. 𝑅1 = +𝑅, 𝑅2 = −𝑅 and 𝑓 = 𝑅.
1 1 1 1 1 1
As, 𝑓 = (𝜇 − 1) [𝑅 − 𝑅 ] Therefore 𝑅 = (𝜇 − 1) [𝑅 + 𝑅 ].
1 1
Or. 𝜇 = 1.5.
19. Why does bluish colour predominate in a clear sky?
Ans: Blue colour of the sky is due to scattering of sunlight by air molecules. According to
Rayleigh’s law, intensity of scattered light, 𝐼 = 1/𝜆4. As blue light has the minimum wavelength
so sky appears blue.
20. Why do clouds appear white?
Ans: Clouds have large particles like dust and water droplets which scatter light of all colours
almost equally. Hence clouds generally appear white.
21. Why should the objective of a telescope have large focal length and large aperture? Justify your
answer.
Ans: Large focal length of the objective increases the magnifying power of the telescope. 𝑚 =
𝑓0 /𝑓𝑒 . Large aperture of the objective increases the resolving power of the telescope. R.P. of a
telescope= 𝐷/1.22𝜆.
22. Suppose that the lower half of a concave mirror’s reflecting surface is covered with non-reflective
soot. What effect will this have on the image of an object placed in front of the mirror?
Ans: At first sight, it appears that the image will be half of the object, but taking the laws of
reflection to be true for all points of the mirror the image will be of the whole object. However, as
the area of the reflecting surface has reduced, the intensity of the image will be dim.
23. A microscope is focused on a dot at the bottom of a beaker. Some oil is poured into the beaker to a
height of 𝑦 𝑐𝑚 and it is found necessary to raise the microscope through a vertical distance of 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
to bring the dot again into the focus. Express refractive index of oil in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Ans: Real depth= 𝑦 𝑐𝑚; Apparent depth= 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑚.
Refractive index of oil, 𝜇 = 𝑦/(𝑦 − 𝑥)
24. A concave mirror and a convex lens are held in water. What change, if any, do you expect to find
in the focal length of either?
Ans: Focal length of a convex mirror is about half of its radius of curvature and it has nothing to
do with the external medium. It remans same in water.
1
The focal length of a convex lens depends on the refractive index as 𝑓 ∝ 𝜇−1, so focal length
increases when the convex lens is held in water.
25. Draw a graph showing the variation of linear magnification with image distance for a thin convex
lens. How can this graph be used for finding the focal length of the lens?
Ans: 𝑚 = (𝑓 − 𝑣)/𝑓
26. Which two of the following lenses 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 and 𝐿3 will you select as objective and eyepiece for
constructing best possible (i) telescope (ii) microscope? Give reason to support your answer.
Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A)
𝐿1 3D 8 cm
𝐿2 6D 1 cm
𝐿3 10 D 1 cm
Ans: (i) Telescope, 𝐿1 as objective and 𝐿3as eye piece.
Reason: The objective should have large aperture and large focal length while the eyepiece should
have small aperture and small focal length. Then the light gathering power and magnifying power
will be larger.
(ii) Microscope. 𝐿3as objective and 𝐿2as eyepiece.
Reason: Both the lenses of the microscope should have short focal lengths and focal length of the
objective should be smaller than that of the eyepiece. Magnifying power will be larger for short
focal lengths of objective and eyepiece.
27. Four double convex lenses, with the following specifications are available:
Lenses Focal length Aperture
A 100 cm 10 cm
B 100 cm 5 cm
C 10 cm 2 cm
D 5 cm 2 cm
Which two of the given four lenses, should be selected as the objective and eyepiece to construct
an astronomical telescope and why? What will be the magnifying power and normal length of the
telescope tube so constructed?
Write the advantages of reflecting type telescope over such a telescope.
Ans: For constructing astronomical telescope, lens. A should be used as objective because of its
large focal length and large aperture. Lens D should be used as its eyepiece because of its small
focal length and small aperture.
𝑚 = 20
Normal length= 100+5= 105 cm.
Advantages of reflecting telescope are:
(i) No chromatic aberration.
(ii) Bright image because there is no loss of intensity due to reflection and absorption by
objective.
Section C
1. A point ‘O’ marked on the surface of a glass sphere of diameter 20 cm is viewed through glass
from the position directly opposite to the point O. If the refractive index of the glass is 1.5, find
the position of the image formed. Also, draw the ray diagram for the formation of the image.
Hints:
2. Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in the figure below.
Hints: Three images formed due to three lenses. And final image is formed 30 cm to the right of
the third lens.
3. An equiconvex lens with radii of curvature of magnitude R each, is put over a liquid layer
poured on top of a prime mirror. A small needle, with its tip on the principal axis of the lens, is
moved along the axis until its inverted real image coincides with the needle itself. The distance
of the needle from the lens is measured to be ‘a’ On removing the liquid layer and repeating the
experiment the distance is found to be ‘b’.
Given that two values of distances measured represent the focal length values in the two cases,
obtain a formula for the refractive index of the liquid.
Ans: