1. Mention three applications of total internal reflection of light.

Glass prisms can be shaped to produce total internal reflection and as such are employed
in binoculars, periscopes, telescopes, and other optical instruments.

2. Two lenses of focal lengths 0.20m and 0.30m are kept in contact. Find the focal
length of the condition. Calculate

Focal length of each lens is given as and .

Focal length of the combination

Power of lens

Power of first lens

Power of second lens

Power of combination of lens

3. Which type of lens is used to correct myopia(short Sightedness)

A concave lens is used to correct short-sightedness (myopia). A short sighted person's

focus is focusing before the back of the eyeball. The concave lens pushes the rays of light
further apart so that they arrive together in proper focus at the back of the eye.

4. State laws of refraction

The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two media at the point of
incidence all lie on the same plane. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine
of the angle of refraction is constant. This is also known as Snell's law of refraction.
5. A prism of angle 60" produces angle of minimum deviation of 40° What is its
refractive index? Calculate the angle of incidence.

Refractive index=sin{(A+Dm)/2}/sin(A/2)

=sin {(60+40)/2}/ sin (60/2)=sin50°/sin30°

=0.766/ (1/2) =2×0.766=1.532. Hence angle of incidence =(60+40)°/2=50°

6. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case of compound microscope.

7. Derive the expression for refractive index of the material of the prism in terms of ngle
of the prism and angle of minimum deviation

In the given diagram, OP is the incidence ray, which is making the angle with normal, and is

the angle of emergence, which is represented by . A is the prism angle and is the refractive index
of the prism.
Now, We know that,
Prism angle, Angle of deviation, Angl of incidence, Angle of emergent.
In the case of minimum deviation,
 OP is the incidence ray, which is making the angle with normal, and is the angle of emergence,

which is represented by . A is the prism angle and is the refractive index of the prism.
Now, We know that,
Prism angle, Angle of deviation, Angl of incidence, Angle of emergent.
In the case of minimum deviation,

8. what is the nature of lens used to rectify myopia

Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable focal length. Concave lens
used diverges the rays of light entering the eye from infinity. Hence, it makes the rays of
light appear to come from the far point of the myopic eye.

9. write the two conditions for total internal reflection to takes place

For total internal reflection to occur, two conditions must be met: The index of refraction
must decrease across the boundary in the direction of light refraction. The angle of
incidence of the light ray must exceed the critical angle of the interface.
10. Derive the Lens Maker's formula

11.How does the power of a lens vary with its focal length

12. What is myopia and how to correct it

It is a defect in the human eye due to which it can see near objects clearly but
cannot see the fat objects clearly. It can be corrected by using a concave lens of
suitable focal length.
13. Drive an expression for equivalent focal length of two thin lenses kept in contact

14. What is total internal reflection? Mention two applications of optical fibres

The phenomena of complete reflection of light at the interface of two optical media when a ray of
light travelling in denser medium is called total internal reflection.

1. Optical fibre are used in telecommunication 

2. It is used to measure rate of flow of blood

15. Derive the lens maker’s formula for a convex lens

15. How the power of a lens related to its focal length

16. Name the type of lens which is used to correct Hypermetropia

Hypermetropia can be corrected using concave lenses.

17. Define critical angle

critical angle, in optics, the greatest angle at which a ray of light, travelling in one
transparent medium, can strike the boundary between that medium and a second of
lower refractive index without being totally reflected within the first medium.

18. Two lenses of power +1.5 D and -0.5D are kept in contact on their principal
axis. What is the effective power of the combination?

19. Deduce the relation between nu,v, and R for refraction at a spherical surface where the
symbols have their usual meaning
20. a blue ray of light enters an optically denser medium form air. What happens to its
fequency in denser medium

the frequency of light remains same

21. derive the expression for effective focal length of two thin ,lenses kept in
contact
22. The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a convex lens is 0.2m and 0.22m. Find the focal
length of the lens if the refractive index of the material of lens is 1.5. Also find the change
in focal length if it is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33

23. for which position of the object magnification of convex lens is -1

When the object is kept at 2f the magnification will be -1.

24. Derive write the ray diagram for formation of image in the simple microscope

25. arrive the relation between focal length nd radius of curvature of concave mirror

Radius of curvature is observed to be equal to twice the focal length for spherical
mirrors with small apertures. Hence R = 2f .

26. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of
refracting angle 60∘ so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other
face? The refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524.

27. how does the power of a lens related to its focal length
The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters, or D=1f,
where D is the power in diopters and f is the focal length in meters. Lens surface
power can be found with the index of refraction and radius of curvature.
28.mention the condition for total internal reflection
For total internal reflection to occur, two conditions must be met: The index of
refraction must decrease across the boundary in the direction of light refraction. The
angle of incidence of the light ray must exceed the critical angle of the interface.

29. A prism of refractive index 1.53 is placed in water of refractive index 1.33. If the
angle of the prism is 60o, calculate the angle of minimum deviation in water.

30.give the reasons for the following statements a) the sun is visible a little before
the actual sunrise and until a little after the actual sunset. b) Sky appears blue
It is because of atmospheric refraction. When the Sun is slightly below the horizon,
the light coming from it travels from less dense to more dense air and is refracted
downwards. Thus, the Sun appears to be raised and can be seen 2 min before
actual sunrise and 2 min after actual sunset.

31. Give the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a spherical concave
mirror.

Focal length of a spherical mirror is equal to half of the radius of curvature of spherical
mirror.

Focal length = radius of curvature/2

F = R/2
32. Why sky appears blue?

The sky appears blue to the human eye as the short waves of blue light are scattered more
than the other colours in the spectrum, making the blue light more visible.

33. Define power of lens. How does the power of a lens vary with its focal length?

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters, or D=1f, where
D is the power in diopters and f is the focal length in meters. Lens surface power can be
found with the index of refraction and radius of curvature.

34. Mention any three uses of optical fibers.

Lighting and decorations, communication, medical industry, broadcasting, defence, and

mechanical industries extensively utilise optical fibre.

35. Derive an expression for equivalent focal length of two thin lenses in contact.