UCSP REVIEWER  is shared and contested
 is learned and transmitted through
Anthropology
 Study of human beings, their origin, and
their societies
Sociology
 The scientific study of a society, its
origin, development, networks, and
functions
Political Science
 Study of politics, its institutions, and
processes
Society
 A group of people living together in
organized communities, following
common laws, values, customs, and
traditions.
 “socius” “societas”, latin; companionship
 “societe”, French; fraternity
Individualism
 Margaret Thatcher
 The habit or principle of being
independent and self-reliant
 A social theory favoring freedom of
actions for individuals over collection or
state control
Social Institutions
1. Family- foundation of the society
2. Education- designated to preserve and
transfer cultural knowledge and identify
to the members of a society
3. Economy- responsible for the
production and the allocation of scarce
resources and services
4. Government- state policy and law is
enforced
5. Media- responsible for the circulation of
vital information among the members of
society
6. Religion- an organized collection of
beliefs intended to explain the meaning,
origin, and purpose of life and existence
Culture
 System of ideas, feelings, and survival
strategies shared in a particular group
Aspects of Culture
Culture…
 is dynamic flexible, and adaptive
socialization and enculturation
 is a set of patterned social interactions
 is integrated and at times unstable
 requires language and other forms of
communication
Material Culture
 Tangible
Nonmaterial Culture
 Intangible
 Can be seen or felt
Subculture
 Modified part of a culture
Counterculture
 A new culture wanting to destroy the
main culture
Ideal Culture
 Culture that an individual wants
Real Culture
 The culture that is happening
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
1. Norms: society’s standards of
acceptable behavior
2. Folkways: norms that they accept
3. Mores: folkways a society needs to
adhere strictly
4. Laws: formalized mores that are proven
5. Beliefs: scientific/ non-scientific
6. Symbols: illustrations
7. Language: system of symbols to
communicate
8. Values: guiding principles of individuals
9. Social Institutions: people come
together for a common purpose
Cultural Universals
 Cultures across the world that is the
same in pattern or trait
Ethnocentrism
 One’s own culture is SUPERIOR to
other cultures
Xenocentrism
 One’s own culture is INFERIOR to their
cultures
Cultural Relativism
 Viewing another culture by its own
context rather than assessing based
from your own
Hominization 1. Biological Inheritance- personality
 Evolutionary development of human formation build through genes passed
characteristics that made hominids from parents
 stage that people have found the first 2. Environment
signs of human development a) Geographic Environment
 AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRALENSIS -Personality formed through
Homo habilis location, climate, climate,
 “Handy man” topography
 Someone that can hold things b) Cultural Environment
Homo erectus -personality is formed through
 Knows how to stand culture around you
c) Social Environment
 Discovered fire
Homo sapiens Neandrathalensis -interactions happening in a
particular group
 similar to homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Status and Roles
 “modern man”
Status
Humanization
 A social position one holds in a group,
 Long process of improving the human’s
organization, or society
everyday living
 Everyone has status regardless of rank
Paleolithic Age
or power
 Greek words palaeo= “old” & lithic=
Achieved Status
“stone”
 A status that one earns or chooses to
Neolithic Revolution
take on
 Agricultural Revolution
Ascribed Status
 New stone
 A status that one is either born with or
 Start of slavery
takes on society
 Discovered wheel
Pair Status
Copper Age
1. Complementary
 Sumerians in Mesopotamia 2. Symmetrical
 People learned how to mine SOCIAL PROCESSES
Bronze Age Enculturation
 Sumerians discover bronze  Learns or adopts the culture followed by
Iron age his/her co-members of the society
 Hittites discover iron Acculturation
 Hittites won over Sumerians  Adapts to the influence of another
Democratization culture by borrowing many aspects of its
 Greeks discover democracy culture
 Learned how to choose a leader Assimilation
 Gun powder  Total takeover of the borrowed culture
Personality over the mother culture
 Individual difference in characteristic Cooperation
patterns of thinking, feeling, and  Two or more people work together for a
behaving common purpose
Identity Differentiation
 The fact of being who or what a person  Designation of each member of a
or thing is society with particular functions and
Determinants of Personality Formation
 roles intended for the society to achieve Reference Group
stability and order  People use a group as a standard by
Amalgamation evaluating its members and their
 Two society groups unite behavior
Stratification Aggregates
 “strata”; social class  Groups w/o interactions
 Hierarchal arrangement of social
categories that may evolve into social SOCIAL CONTROL AND CONFORMITY
groups Social Control
 Mechanisms by which the social
Conflict behavior of people is controlled to
 Struggle over values and claims to maintain order or to re-establish order
scarce status, power, and resources once rules have been broken
Competition Deviance
 Struggle between two or more people or  Nonconforming behavior
groups that can be translated into 1. Innovation-use of unadvised or
innovation sometimes illegal methods to achieve
Rights social goals
 Privileges and entitlements a person 2. Ritualism- strictly observing the norms
must enjoy in the attainment and yet tend to forget the primary reason
protection of his/her human dignity why they conform to it
Human Rights 3. Retreatism- escape form achieving
 Basic rights and freedom that belong to social goals because they cannot fulfill
every person in the world them
Dignity 4. Rebellion- usually observed in
 “dignitas” minorities promoting change and
 Worthiness of a human being introducing alternative values and
Common Good institutions
 Benefit or interests of all
Groups
 Number of people with similar norms,
values, and expectations who regularly
and consciously interact with one
another
Primary Group
 Small group characterized by intimate,
face-to-face association and cooperation
among the members.
Secondary Group
 Formal and impersonal group wherein
members have little intimacy or mutual
understanding
In-group
 People feel they belong in a close group
Out-group
 Members of an out-group feel as though
they should not have been in that
specific group.