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The Indonesian Accounting Review Vol. 8, No. 2, July – December 2018, pages 131 – 143
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Yulia Frischanita, Audit Report Lag in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
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The Indonesian Accounting Review Vol. 8, No. 2, July – December 2018, pages 131 – 143
with the regulations set. The audit committee, Women are more careful in analyzing financial
consisting of independent parties and does not reports so that they can improve the quality of
have a special relationship with the company, financial reports that can accelerate the audit
responds to any complaints relating to the process (Rianti and Sari, 2014). In addition,
accounting process and audit findings found women who serve as audit committee tend
by internal auditors. The audit committee to want higher insurance services so that
then provides recommendations to the board they could reduce errors in their financial
of commissioners regarding matters that must statements (Harjoto et al., 2015). If errors in
be done to improve the quality of financial financial statements can be reduced, the quality
statements and the appointment of competent, of financial statements will increase so that the
independent and integrity accountants. audit process can run faster and shorten audit
According to the General Guidelines for report lag.
Good Corporate Governance in Indonesia Women who serve as CEOs are also
(2006), the audit committee ensures that thought to be able to shorten the time in
financial statements are presented fairly submitting financial reports. According to
in accordance with generally accepted Harjoto et al. (2015), women are more sensitive
accounting principles and ensures that the to market pressure and shareholders who
company’s internal control structure is carried want financial reports to be published in a
out properly. If the audit committee is able timely manner. In addition, women focus on
to ensure that the company’s internal control their reputation so that female CEOs will tend
is good, the inherent risk and control risk to publish audited financial statements in a
are low so that financial misstatements are timely manner. In conclusion, the existence
also low. Several other studies mention that of female CEO and female audit committee
the number of audit committees has greater leader can reduce information asymmetry
strength in improving the quality of financial between managers and shareholders because
statements, so the misstatement is getting audited financial statements can be published
smaller (Rianti and Sari, 2014). The auditor immediately. From the above description, the
will also determine the low materiality level hypothesis can be formulated as follows:
in the financial statements, so that the audit
H3: Gender has a negative effect on audit report lag
evidence collected is getting more. Although
audit evidence needed is a lot, the evidence 3. RESEARCH METHOD
can provide confidence to the external auditor Population and Sample
that the financial statements are presented This study used 45 mining sector companies
fairly. This can reduce the time of the external listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange,
auditor to conduct substantive tests because 3 mining sector companies listed on the
the audit committee has guaranteed the Malaysia Stock Exchange, as the population
quality of the company’s financial statements and 17 mining sector companies listed on the
so that the auditor can work faster (Nelson Singapore Stock Exchange in 2012-2016 with a
and Shukeri, 2011). When the audit process total sample of 65 companies.
runs faster, the financial statements will also Sampling was conducted using a random
be published faster so that it can reduce the purposive sampling method, in which the
information asymmetry between managers and samples are chosen randomly after the
shareholders which causes a conflict of interest elimination process is carried out based on
between the two. From the description above, certain criteria. The purposive sampling criteria
the second hypothesis can be formulated as are as follows: (1) mining sector companies
follows: listed on the Stock Exchange in 2012-2016 in a
H2: Audit committee has a negative effect on audit row; (2) issuing financial statements audited by
report lag independent auditors or annual reports during
2012-2016; (3) submitting financial statements
The Effect of Gender on Audit Report for a period of 12 months; (4) submitting
Lag According to Jamilah et al. (2007), gender complete information on financial reports
is a concept that distinguishes behavioral and and annual reports. The samples that meet
emotional perspectives between men and the criteria for purposive sampling are then
women. Women tend to be more thorough randomly selected. Five companies are selected
and able to process information well than men. from each country, except Malaysia which is
only three companies. The final samples used
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Yulia Frischanita, Audit Report Lag in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
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The Indonesian Accounting Review Vol. 8, No. 2, July – December 2018, pages 131 – 143
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics of Audit Report Lag
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
ARL Indonesia 18 76.00 91.00 85.33 4.959
ARL Malaysia 23 80.00 99.00 86.22 5.893
ARL Singapure 6 77.00 97.00 86.33 6.919
Valid N (listwise) 47
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics of Institutional Ownership
Dependent Variable N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
INSTI_INDO 18 0.60 0.93 0.7739 0.12636
INSTI_SGR INSTI_MAY 23 0.15 0.78 0.5117 0.17647
6 0.17 0.64 0.4933 0.21097
Valid N (listwise) 43
Source: Processed data SPSS
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Yulia Frischanita, Audit Report Lag in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
(4.5). This can be seen from the magnitude female CEOs. Based on Table 5, number 0 has
of the minimum value, maximum, and mean a frequency of 17 or 94.4%, which means that
value. The three countries have the fewest about 94.4% of audit committees in Indonesian
audit committee members of 3 people. This companies are chaired by men, while number 1
is because there are regulations that require in the table above has a frequency of 1 or 5.6%,
every company to have an audit committee of which means that 22% of the audit committees
at least 3 people. However, Malaysia has the in Indonesian companies are headed by
most audit committee members of 7 people. women.
Based on Table 6, it can be seen that the
Gender gender of both CEO and Chair of the Audit
Based on Table 4, number 0 has a Committee in Singapore are 100% male.
frequency of 14 or 77.8%, which means that This can be seen from the number 0 having a
about 77.8% of mining sector companies in frequency of 23 or 100%.
Indonesia are chaired by male CEOs, while Based on the descriptive table above it
number 1 in the table above has a frequency can be seen that the gender of both CEO and
of 4 or 22.2%, which means that 22% of mining Chair of the Audit Committee in Malaysia are
sector companies in Indonesia is chaired by 100% male. This can be seen from the number 0
Table 3
Descriptive Statistics of Audit Committee
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
COMMITTEE_INDO 18 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.000
COMMITTEE_SGR 23 3.00 4.00 3.43 0.507
COMMITTEE_MAY 6 3.00 7.00 4.50 1.643
Valid N (listwise) 43
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 4
Descriptive Statistics of the Gender of CEO in Indonesia
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
.00 14 77.8 77.8 77.8
1.00 4 22.2 22.2 100.0
Valid
Total 18 100.0 100.0
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 5
Descriptive Statistics of the Gender of the Chair of Audit Committee in Indonesia
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
.00 17 94.4 94.4 94.4
1.00 1 5.6 5.6 100.0
Valid
Total 18 100.0 100.0
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 6
Descriptive Statistics of the Gender of CEO and the Chair of Audit Committee in Singapore
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
0 23 100.0 100.0 100.0
Valid 0 23 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 7
Descriptive Statistics of the Gender of CEO and Chair of Audit Committee in Malaysia
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
0 8 100.0 100.0 100.0
Valid 0 8 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Processed data SPSS
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The Indonesian Accounting Review Vol. 8, No. 2, July – December 2018, pages 131 – 143
Table 8
Results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Model Unstandardized Standardized T Sig.
Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) INSTI 96.505 4.268 22.610 0.000
-9.511 4.364 -0.353 -2.180 0.035
1 COMMITTEE -1.419 1.009 -0.203 -1.407 0.167
GENDER_CEO 0.846 3.242 0.043 0.261 0.795
GENDER_LEADER -2.542 5.451 -0.066 -.0466 0.643
Sig. F 0.126
Adjusted R Square 0.074
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 9
One Way-Anova Test
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 9.222 2 4.611 0.143 0.867
Within Groups 1421.246 44 32.301
Total 1430.468 46
Source: Processed data SPSS
Table 10
Descriptive Statistics of One Way-Anova
ARL N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Indonesia 18 85.33 4.959 1.169
Singapore 23 86.22 5.893 1.229
Malaysia 6 86.33 6.919 2.824
Total 47 85.89 5.576 0.813
Fixed Effects 5.683 0.829
MODEL a
Random Effects 0.829
Source: Processed data SPSS
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Yulia Frischanita, Audit Report Lag in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
audit report lag. The following is a discussion audit report lag. It is because each country
of each variable: already has an audit committee charter that
regulates the duties of the audit committee.
Institutional Ownership has a negative effect In general, the task of the audit committee
on Audit Report Lag is to ensure that financial statements are
From the results of data processing with fairly presented in accordance with generally
SPSS 21 in Table 8, the sig value is 0.035 > 0.05 accepted accounting principles and ensure
and the t value is -2.180, so it can be concluded that the company’s internal control structure
that H1 is accepted, which means that is carried out properly, so that the audit
institutional ownership has a negative effect committee members only carry out tasks
on audit report lag. that have objectives as stated on the audit
This is in accordance with the hypothesis committee charter. In addition, when viewed
that institutional investors oversee company from the companies’ annual reports under
management and encourage more optimal study, the audit committee has a different
supervision with the aim that shareholder number of meeting variants. PT. Central Omega
prosperity is guaranteed (Suparsada and Putri, Resources Tbk., which has three members
2017). Institutional investors need financial of audit committee, meets 8 times during a
reports as a decision-making tool and as a tool to financial reporting period with attendance rate
monitor manager’s actions. Investors, through of 100%. Malaysia Smelting Berhad, which has
the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS), seven members of audit committee, meets five
will support the existence of management that times with attendance rate 100%. The audit
seeks to show information and the condition committee conducts meetings to discuss if
of the company, so investors demand that there are problems found in the preparation
managers immediately publish their financial of financial statements. More meetings need
statements in a timely manner. In addition, the to held and all members attend the meeting,
company also has an obligation to investors to so that the problems in preparing financial
immediately publish its financial reports timely statements can be addressed immediately, the
in accordance with the General Guidelines for financial reports can be completed quickly,
Good Corporate Governance in 2006. So, the and the financial statements tend to be correct.
higher the institutional ownership, the faster However, if the company has a large number
the company to submit its financial statements. of audit committee members but the frequency
The results of this study are in line with the of meeting is rare and not attended by all
results of research conducted by Suparsada members, then the problems in preparing
and Putri (2017) but are not in line with the financial statements are not immediately
results of research conducted by Alfraih (2016) resolved and the preparation of financial
which state that institutional ownership does statements becomes long. So it is suspected that
not affect the duration or speed of audit report there are other factors in the audit committee,
lag. in addition to the number of members that are
able to influence audit report lag. The results of
Audit Committee has no effect on Audit
this study are in line with the results of research
Report Lag
conducted by Nelson and Shukeri (2011) and
Based on Table 8, the sig value is 0.167>
Tias and Triani (2014). However, the results
0.05, so it can be concluded that that H2 is
of this study are not in line with the results of
rejected, which means that the audit committee
research conducted by Ika and Ghazali (2012)
has no effect on audit report lag. According
and Rianti and Sari (2014).
to data, most mining sector companies have
audit committee consisting of 3-4 people, Gender has no effect on Audit Report Lag
although there is one company that has a The results of data processing using
total of 7 people, that is, in Malaysia Smelting SPSS 21 in Table 8 show that GENDER_CEO
Berhad, but the period of time the company has a sig value of 0.795 > 0.05 and GENDER_
submits financial statements is 77 days. While LEADER has a sig value of 0.643 > 1.5, so it
PT. Central Omega Resources Tbk. only has can be concluded that H3 is rejected, which
audit committee consisting of 3 people but can means that both the gender of CEO and the
submit its financial statements within 76 days gender of the chair of audit committee do not
after closing the book. affect the audit report lag. Gender of CEO
The audit committee has no influence on does not affect the audit report lag because
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The Indonesian Accounting Review Vol. 8, No. 2, July – December 2018, pages 131 – 143
there are regulations that require public exceeding the specified time period, the
companies to submit financial statements companies are threatened to be delisted from
within four months after the company closes the Securities Exchange board. So, mining
the book, so that both female and male CEOs sector companies in Indonesia, Singapore and
will submit financial reports before that period Malaysia will submit their financial statements
because there are regulations that bind. In before 120 days after the close of financial year.
addition, from the study sample there was
only one company led by a female CEO, that 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
is, PT. Toba Bara Sejahtera Tbk. So, it does not It can be seen that partially only the variable
reflect a significant difference between gender of institutional ownership that has an influence
differences. Meanwhile, the gender of the chair on audit report lag, while the variables of audit
of audit committee has no influence on audit committee and gender have no influence on
report lag because all the research samples audit report lag. Based on the results of the
during the study period had male audit One Way Anova test, it can be seen that there is
committee leaders, but only one company that no difference in the average audit report lag in
had female audit committee leader, that is, PT. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Dian Swastika Sentosa Tbk. in 2013. So, this Suggestions for further research are: (1)
does not reflect the difference between male audit report lag occurs due to a long audit
and female audit committee leader. process related to auditor size, therefore it
is suggested that further research use the
There is no difference in the mean values of auditor size as an independent variable that
Audit Report Lag in Indonesia, Malaysia and is thought to affect audit report lag; (2) this
Singapore. study measures the audit committee using the
One Way-Anova test is used to determine number of the members only, while there are
whether or not there are differences in the other audit committee attributes, such as the
average in two or more kinds of population. frequency of meetings which is also expected
Before conducting a one way ANOVA test, to affect the audit report lag. So, it is suggested
the data tested must be normally distributed, that further research use the frequency of
the data must be homogeneous, the data have audit committee meetings as a measurement
the same variance, and the tested sample must of an audit committee or an independent
be independent. From the results of the One variable; (3) the data of the gender of the CEO
Way Anova test in Table 9, it can be seen that and the chair of the audit committee are less
the value of sig is 0.867 > 0.05, so it can be varied, so it would be better if the sample or
concluded that H0 is accepted, which means research period are expanded so that more
that there is no difference in the average audit data on gender difference can be obtained
report lag among the three countries: Indonesia, and the results of the study would be better.
Singapore and Malaysia. This is evidenced by In addition, in this study gender is only seen
the mean value of audit report lag in table 10, from the highest level of conservatism between
where Indonesia has a mean value of 85 days men and women, so it is suggested that further
and 86 days for Malaysia and Singapore. research add other factors in measuring gender,
The absence of an average difference such as competency levels, work experience or
among the three countries is allegedly due to professional background, to get more optimal
the regulation of the submission of financial results; and ( 4) based on the results of the
statements. In Indonesia the Financial Services classical assumption test, it can be seen that
Authority Regulation Number 29 / POJK.04 there are several data outliers because they
/ 2016 concerning Annual Report of Issuer or have extreme values, so it is recommended
Public Company, in Malaysia regulation in that further research use other test tools such
Malaysia Stock Exchange Listing Requirement as data polling so that no data is wasted or the
Chapter 9.23 (a) and in Singapore regulation in data used is not biased.
Singapore Stock Exchange Listing Requirement
Chapter 2 Number 707 concerning the Annual
Report, equally stipulate that public companies
must submit their financial statements at
maximum of four months after the close of
the company’s financial year. If the public
companies submit their financial statements
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