BDB I

^AFLDMQCQDF

4.4 Cdtdr Bacdjdf`

Bdmdsd If``ris garupdjdf bdmdsd ydf` suldm bdfydj lipdtafjdf gafhdli

 bdmdsd jalud mdgpir kcam sacurum fa`drd li lufid. Jabardlddf bdmdsd If``ris
safliri tildj bisd capds ldri jamilupdf jitd samdri-samdri. Ldf tdfpd jitd sdldri,
mdc tarsabut gagbutumjdf pagbdmdsdf ydf` gafldcdg d`dr satidp krdf` bisd
gagdmdgi ldf gaf``ufdjdf bdmdsd If``ris laf`df bdij. Lidftdrd bdfydjfyd
gdtari ydf` mdrus libdmds uftuj gagpacdhdri bdmdsd If``ris, tafsas garupdjdf
gdtari utdgd ydf` mdrus lijudsi kcam satidp krdf`. Gdtari tarsabut dldcdm gdtari
ldsdr ydf` jabdfydjdf
jabdfydjdf krdf` gaf`df``d
gaf`df``dpfyd
pfyd sapaca. \afsas
\afsas safliri
safliri tarliri
tarliri ldri

 bargdodg-gdodg hafis, dftdrd cdif _igp

_igpca
ca ^r
^ras
asaf
aftt \a
\afs
fsaa, _i
_igp
gpca
ca ^dst 
^dst 
\afsa,, ^rasaft Eutura \afsa,
\afsa \afsa, ^rasaft ^areaot \afsa,
\afsa, _igpca Eutura \afsa,
\afsa, ldf
gdsim bdfydj cd`i. Djdf tatdpi, lildcdg gdjdcdm ifi, jitd mdfyd djdf gagbdmds
taftdf`
taftdf` sdcdm sdtu tafsas, yditu Eutura
yditu Eutura \afsa ydf` garupdjdf garupdjdf tafsas
ldsdr uftuj lipacdhdri.

4.2 Rugusdf Gdsdcdm

Ldri
Ldri pa
pafh
fhac
acdsd
dsdf
f cdtd
cdtdrr ba
bacd
cdjd
jdf`
f` li
lidt
dtds,
ds, li
lild
ldpd
pdtj
tjdf
df sabud
sabudm
m ru
rugu
gusd
sdf
f
gdsdcdm, yditu sabd`di barijut8

4. Dpdjd
Dpdjdm
m paf`artidf
paf`artidf ldri ^rasaft
ldri ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus tafsa, eutura
 pareaot tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa;
tafsa;
2. Bd`
Bd`dig
digdfd
dfd rugus
rugus  ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus tafsa, eutura pareaot 
tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa;
?. Bd`dig
Bd`digdfd
dfd paf`ufddf
paf`ufddf ldri  ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus tafsa, eutura
 pareaot tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa;

4
 

4.?. \uhudf

4. Qftuj gaf`atdmui dpd itu ^rasaft

itu ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus
o kftifukus tafsa, eutura
 pareaot tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa
2. Qftuj gaf`atdmui rugus ^rasaft
rugus ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus tafsa, eutura

 pareaot tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa

?. Qft
Qftuj
uj gaf`at
gaf`atdmu
dmuii paf`uf
paf`ufddf
ddf ldri
ldri  ^rasaft eutura tafsa, eutura okftifukus
tafsa, eutura pareaot tafsa,ldf eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa

BDB II

2
 

^AGBDMD_DF

2.4 ^rasaft Eutura \afsa

^rasaf
^rasaftt Eutur
Euturaa \afsa
\afsa Garupd
Garupdjdf
jdf baftuj
baftuj tafsas ydf
ydf`
` li`ufd
li`ufdjdf
jdf uftuj 
uftuj 
gafufhujjdf dtdu gafhacdsjdf sudtu ja`idtdf/paristiwd ydf` djdf tarhdli li gdsd
ydf` djdf ldtdf` ( eutura).
 eutura). _igp
_igpca
ca eutu
eutura
ra ta
tafs
fsaa  hu`d gaf``ufdjdf jdtd
–wicc/smdcc ‗ ldf –ba
–ba `kif` tk‗
tk‗ ydf` jaludfyd sdgd-sdgd gafydtdjdf paristiwd li
gdsd gafldtdf`. Djdf tatdpi, jaludfyd gagpufydi euf`si tarsafliri.

 Picc/smdcc li`ufd
li`ufdjdf
jdf uftuj
uftuj gaf`uf
gaf`uf`jd
`jdpjd
pjdf
f mdc-md
mdc-mdcc sacdif
sacdif hdfhi/
hdfhi/rafo
rafodfd
dfd ydf`
ydf`
 bacug tdmu japdstidffyd, djdf tatdpi gafhacdsjdf cabim latdic dpd ydf` djdf
tarhdli.

Okftkm 8

  Ma wicc `k tk gdrjat 

Lid djdf par`i ja tkjk.

tkjk.

  I smdcc pmkfa yku tmis avafif` 

_dyd djdf gafacapkg dfld gdcdg ifi

Pa _mdcc

Pa

Ma Picc
_ma

Yku

It

\may

_mdcc hdrdf` li`ufdjdf. Bisdfyd _mdcc uftuj _ubhaot I ldf Pa (I smdcc…, Pa

smdcc….) ldf tildj uftuj ydf` cdif. \atdpi cabim sarif` krdf` pdjdi I wicc.. ldf Pa

?
 

wicc.. Hdli uftuj I ldf Pa bkcam pdjdi bdij wicc dtdu smdcc. _aldf`jdf _ubhaot
ydf` cdif saparti MA, _MA, I\, YKQ, \MAY, PA sagudfyd pdjdi Picc.

  Ba `kif` tk li`ufdjdf uftuj paristiwd ydf` cabim pdsti/hdfhi/rafodfd ydf`

jaguf`jifdf basdr tarcdjsdfd.

Okftkm8

 Pa dra `kif` tk stuly tk`atmar dt >5.?> pg

Jitd djdf bacdhdr barsdgd pujuc >5.?> gdcdg.

 \may dra `kif` tk cibrdry dt _ufldy

Garajd djdf par`i ja parpustdjddf pdld mdri gif``u


 I dg `kif` tk dirpkrt
dirpkrt tkfi`mt 
_dyd djdf ja bdfldrd gdcdg ifi

 \dfld Pdjtu (\iga _i`fdc)8

\dfld wdjtu ydf` bidsd li`ufdjdf ldcdg baftuj _igpca Eutura

\afsa dldcdm sabd`di barijut8

4. tmis detarfkkf (fdfti skra)

2. tk fi`mt (gdcdg fdfti)

?. tkgkrrkw (baskj)

<. ie (hijd)

1. baekra (sabacug)

5. detar (sasuldm)

0. ticc (mif``d)

=. faxt waaj (gif``u lapdf)

<
 

9. faxt _ufldy (mdri Gif``u lapdf)

4>.  skkf {sa`ard)

44. wmaf (jatijd)

42. wmica (jatijd, sacd`i)

4?. ds skkf ds (sa`ard sasuldm)

4<. uftic (mif``d, sdgpdi)

 Rugus ^rasaft Eutura \afsa

4.  Jdcigdt varbdc 

Jdcigdt varbdc dldcdm jdcigdt ydf` jdcigdt ydf` pralijdtfyd

gaf``ufdjdf/garupdjdf jdtd jarhd (Uarb).

d. ^ksitie/^ksitiva

_ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + varb I + kbhaot

_ubhaot + dg/is/dra + `kif` tk + varb I + kbhaj 

Okftkm 8

 Ma wi
wicc
cc wdto
wdtom
m mis
mis ed
edvk
vkri
rita
ta gk
gkvi
via.
a. (Lid
(Lid cd
cdji
ji-cd
-cdji
ji dj
djdf
df gafk
gafkft
ftkf
kf eicg
eicg
jasujddfyd ).


Ma is `kif` tk adt dt rastdurdft tkfi`mt. (Lidf cdji-cdji djdf gdjdf li rastkrdf
gdcdg fdfti).

 b. Fa`dtie/Fa`dtiva
_ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + fkt + varb I + kbhaot
_ubhaot + dg/is/dra + fkt + `kif` tk + varb I + kbhaj 

Okftkm 8

1
 

 Ma wicc fkt wdtom mis edvkrita gkvia. (Lid cdji-cdji tildj djdf gafkftkf eicg
jasujddfyd )
 Ma is fkt `kif` tk adt dt rastdurdft tkfi`mt. (Lid cdji-cdji tildj djdf gdjdf li
rastkrdf gdcdg fdfti).

o. ^artdfyddf/Iftarrk`dtiva
Picc/smdcc + _ubhaot + varb I + kbhaot;
Dg/is/dra +_ubhaot + `kif` tk + varb I + kbhaj;
Okftkm8

 Picc ma wdtom mis edvkrita gkvia; (Dpdjdm lid djdf gafkftkf eicg jasujddfyd; )

 Is ma `kif` tk adt dt rastdurdft tkfi`mt; (Dpdjdm lid djdf gdjdf li rastkrdf

gdcdg fdfti;)

Jatardf`df

\k ba (Is, dg, dra)

   Dg li`ufdjdf uftuj

uftuj subhaj I 

   Is li`ufdjdf uftuj subhaj Ma, _ma,

_ma, It (subhaj tuf``dc)

   Dra li`ufdjdf uftuj subhaj

subhaj Yku, Pa, \may (subhaj hdgdj)

Baftuj Rugus Okftkm

^ksitie _ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + varb I + kbhaot I wicc `k tk Bdci faxt gkftm

_ubhaot + dg/is/dra + `kif` tk + varb I + kbhaj   I dg `kif` tk safl tma cattar 

faxt waaj 

 Fa`dtie _ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + fkt + varb I + kbhaot I wicc

wicc fk
fktt `k tk Bdc
dcii fax
axtt
gkftm.
_ubhaot + dg/is/dra + fkt + `kif` tk + varb I +
kbhaj  I dg fkt `kif` tk safl tma
cattar faxt waaj 

iftarrk`dtiv
iftarrk`dtivaa Picc/smdcc
Picc/smdcc + _ubhaot
_ubhaot + varb
varb I + kbhaot;
kbhaot; Picc I `k \k Bdci Faxt Gkftm

Dg/is/dra +_ubhaot + `kif` tk + varb I + kbhaj; Dg I `kif` tk safl tma cattar 

5
 

faxt waaj 

2. Jdcigdt Fkgifdc
 Jdcigdt Fkgifdc  dldcdm
  dldcdm jdcigdt ydf` pralijdtfyd bujdf garupdjdf jdtd

ja
jarh
rhdd gacd
gacdif
ifjd
jdf
f jd
jdtd
td ba
bafl
fldd (Fku
(Fkuf)
f),, jd
jdtd
td siedt
siedt (Dlh
(Dlhao
aoti
tiva
va)) dt
dtdu
du pa
pacaf
caf`j
`jdp
dp
(Okgpcagaft).

d. ^ksitie/^ksitiva
_ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + ba + Okgpcagat
_ubhaot + tk ba (is, dg, dra) + ba + Okgpcagaft
Okftkm 8

 \kfk wicc ba dt mkga tkfi`mt. (\kfk djdf bardld lirugdm gdcdg fdfti.)

 _ma is `kif` tk ba d tadomar. (Lid djdf/if`if gafhdli sakrdf` @uru.)

b.  Fa`dtie/Fa`dtiva
_ubhaot + wicc/smdcc + fkt + ba + Okgpcagat
_ubhaot + tk ba (is, dg, dra) + fkt + ba + Okgpcagaft
Okftkm 8

 \kfk wicc fkt ba dt mkga tkfi`mt. (\kfk tildj djdf bardld lirugdm gdcdg fdfti.)

 _ma is fkt `kif` tk ba d tadomar. (Lid tildj djdf gafhdli sakrdf` @uru.)

o. ^artdfyddf / Iftarrk`dtiva
Picc/smdcc +_ubhaot + ba + Okgpcagat;
\k ba (is, dg, dra) +_ubhaot + ba + Okgpcagaft;
Okftkm 8

 Picc \kfk ba dt mkga tkfi`mt; (Dpdjdm \kfk djdf bardld lirugdm gdcdg fdfti;)

 Is sma `kif` tk ba d tadomar; (Dpdjdm lid djdf gafhdli sakrdf` @uru;)

 ^af``ufddf _igpca Eutura \afsa

^rasaftt eutura tafsa li`ufdjdf

^rasaf li`ufdjdf uftuj gafydtdjdf
gafydtdjdf babardpd parbudtdf/
parbudtdf/
 paristiwd sabd`di barijut8

0
 

4. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gafydtdjdf parbudtdf ydf` djdf licdjujdf pdld wdjtu ydf`
djdf ldtdf`.

2. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gagbudt sudtu hdfhi pdld wdjtu ydf` djdf ldtdf`.

?. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gafufhujdf sydrdt.

<. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gagkmkf japdld sasakrdf` uftuj gacdjujdf sasudtu.

2.2. Eutura okftifukus tafsa 

 Euturaa Okftifuku
Eutur Okftifukuss tafsa dtdu eutura
dtdu eutura prk`rassiva tafsa dldcdm
tafsa dldcdm baftuj jdtd jarhd
ydf`
ydf` li`ufd
li`ufdjdf
jdf uftuj
uftuj gafydt
gafydtdjd
djdf
f djsi
djsi ydf`
ydf` djdf
djdf saldf`
saldf` tarhdl
tarhdlii pdld
pdld wdjtu
wdjtu
tartaftu li gdsd lapdf. Djsi tarsabut tacdm ligucdi tdpi bacug sacasdi pdld sddt
itu.
 Rugus Eutura
Eu tura Okftifukus
Ok ftifukus \afsa

^ksitie8 _ + wicc + ba + Uif`

Fa`dtie8 _ + wicc fkt + ba + Uif`

\dfyd8 Picc + _ + ba + Uif`

^ksitiva (+) Fa`dtiva(-) Iftrk`dtiva(;)

Yku wkf’t ba `kif` Picc yku ba `kif` tk
Yku wicc ba `kif` tk somkkc dt
tk so
somk
mkkc
kc dt sa
sava
vaf
f somkkc dt savaf
savaf k’ockoj tkgkrrkw
k’
k’oc
ocko
koj
j tkgk
tkgkrr
rrkw
kw k’o
’occkoj tkgkrrkw
gkrfif`
gkrfif` gkrfif` ;
Yku wicc ba wkrjif` … Yku wicc fkt ba Picc Yku ba wkrjif`
wkrjif`… …;
\may wicc ba lrivif` mkga … \may wicc fkt ba Picc \may ba lrivif`
lrivif` mkga… mkga …;
-_ma wicc ba cadrfif` gusio … _ma wicc fkt ba Picc
Picc _ma
_ma ba ca
cadr
drfi
fif`
f`
cadrfif` gusio… gusio …;
 ^af``ufddf Eutura Okftifukus \afsa

=
 

4. Qftu
Qftuj
j gafydtdjdf
gafydtdjdf jahdlidf/djt
jahdlidf/djtivitds
ivitds ydf` djdf saldf` tarhdli pdld
wdjtu ydf` spasieij li gdsd lapdf. _pasieijdsi wdjtu bidsdfyd lifydtdjdf
laf`df hdg (i.a. hdg bardpd jahdlidf itu barcdf`suf`).

Okftkm8

~ Gy ldu`mtar wicc ba wdtomif` \U dt ai`mt k’ockoj tkfi`mt.

tkfi`mt. (^utri
sdyd djdf saldf` fkftkf \U hdg = gdcdg ifi).
~ _ma wicc ba okpyif` tma gdtaridcs dt 4> k’ockoj tmis gkrfif`. (Lid
dj
djdf
df saldf
saldf`
` gage
gagekt
ktkj
kjkp
kpii gdta
gdtari
ri hd
hdg
g 4> pd
pd`i
`i if
ifi).
i). Dsug
Dsugsi,
si,
sajdrdf` bacug hdg 4> pd`i.
~ I wicc ba lisoussif` Af`cism witm gy ocdssgdtas dt 2 p.g. faxt
Erildy. (_dyd djdf saldf` gaflisjusijdf bdmdsd If``ris laf`df
tagdf-tagdf jacds sdyd hdg 2 skra Hugdt lapdf).

2. Qftuj gafydtdjdf
gafydtdjdf jahdlidf/dj
jahdlidf/djvitd
vitdss ydf` saldf`
saldf` tarhdli/ba
tarhdli/barcdf`s
rcdf`suf`
uf` li

gdsd lapdf, ydf` tariftarupsi kcam jahdlidf ydf` cdif. Ldcdg mdc ifi, ekrgucdfyd

dldcdm sabd`di barijut8

Pmaf + subhaot 4  + sigpca prasaft tafsa, subhaot 

subhaot 2  + eutura okftifukus
okftifukus
 _ubhaot 4 + eutura okftifukus + wmaf + subhaot 2  + sigpca prasaft
prasaft tafsa

Okftkm8

~ Pmaf
maf I dr
drri
riva
va mkg
mkga,
a, gy ldu
ldu`m
`mta
tarr wicc ba wdtomif`  \U. (Jatijd
sd
sdyd
yd tibd
tibd li ru
rugd
gdm,
m, pu
putr
trii sdyd
sdyd dj
djdf
df sa
sald
ldf`
f` fk
fkft
ftkf
kf \U).
\U). Gy
ldu`mtar pufyd mdbit fkftkf \U.
~ Pmaf
maf I odcc
odcc mig
mig tkf
tkfi`
i`m
mt, ma
ma wicc ba pcdyif` odrl witm mis eriafls.
(Jatijd sdyd tacpkf lid gdcdg ifi, lid saldf` gdif jdrtu laf`df
tagdf-tagdffyd). Ma pufyd mdbit gdif jdr
drttu sdgd
dgd tagdf-
tagdffyd tidp gdcdg.
~ I wicc ba wditif` ekr yku kutsila tma ocdss wmaf yku eifism ykur 
axdg.
axdg. (_dyd
(_dyd djdf
djdf saldf`
saldf` gafuf``u
gafuf``u li cudr
cudr jacds
jacds jatijd
jatijd jdgu
jdgu
sacasdi uhidf).

9
 

?. Hu`
Hu`d
d li`ufd
li`ufdjdf
jdf uftuj
uftuj gafydt
gafydtdjd
djdf
f lud jahdli
jahdlidf
df ydf`
ydf` tarhdl
tarhdlii pdld
pdld sddt
sddt

barsdgddf li gdsd lapdf. Ldcdg mdc ifi, `ufdjdf ekrgucd barijut8

Pmi
mica
ca + subh
bhaaot 4  + eutu
eutura
ra ok
okft
ftif
ifuk
ukus
us,, subh
subhao
aot 
t 2  + eutura
okftifukus
 _ubhaot 4  + eutura
tura okft
ftif
ifu
ukus
kus + wmic
wmicaa + subha
bhaot 2  + eu
eutu
tura
ra
okftifukus

Okftkm8

~ Pmica I wicc
wicc ba typif` dfkt
dfktma
marr fk
fkta
ta tk
tkfi
fi`m
`mt,
t, gy ed
edgi
gicy
cy wicc
ba wdtomif` \U if tm
tmaa ed
edgi
gicy
cy rk
rkkg
kg.. (_ag
(_agaf
aftd
tdrd
rd sdyd
sdyd saldf
saldf`
`
gaf`atij odtdtdf ydf` cdif, jacudr`d sdyd djdf saldf` fkftkf \U
li rudf` jacudr`d).
~ Pmica tma
tma pras
asiilaft wicc ba `ivif` mis spaaom
spaaom,, tma duliaf
duliafoa
oa wicc
ba cist
cistaf
afif
if`
` tk mig
mig odra
odraeu
eucc
ccy.
y. (_
(_ag
agaf
aftd
tdrd
rd pr
pras
asil
ilaf
af sa
sald
ldf`
f`
 barpildtk, pagirsd/mdlirif djdf saldf` gaflaf`drjdffyd laf`df
sajsdgd).
~ Gdca st
stulafts wicc ba pcdyif` drkufl wmica tma eagdca kfas wicc
ba omitomdttif`. (G
(Gur
uril
il cdji-c
cdji-cdj
djii dj
djdf
df sa
sald
ldf`
f` ba
barg
rgdi
dif-g
f-gdi
dif
f
sa
saga
gaft
ftdrd
drd guri
guril-
l-gu
guri
ril
l wdfi
wdfitd
td dj
djdf
df saldf
saldf`
` f`
f`kb
kbrk
rkc)
c).. Jdpd
Jdpdf
f
garajd bacdhdr yd;

<. Qftu
Qftuj
j gafydtdjdf
gafydtdjdf sudtu mdc dtdu jahdlidf
jahdlidf ydf` liydjifi/bafdr-bafdr
liydjifi/bafdr-bafdr

djdf sa`ard tarhdli.

Okftkm8

~ I tm
tmifj tm
tma su
suf wicc ba smifif` skk
 skkf.
f. (_dyd jird gdtdmdri djdf sa`ard
saldf` barsifdr).
~ Km fk!
fk! \ma
\ma ockul
ockulss dra vary
vary ldrj
ldrj dfl
dfl tmioj
tmioj.. It wicc ba rdifif` skkf.
(Km tildj! Dwdf sdf`dt `acdp ldf tabdc. Djdf sa`ard saldf` turuf
muhdfS
2.?. Eutura ^areaot \afsa

4>
 

 Eutura ^areaot \afsa dldcdm baftuj tafsa ydf` li`ufdjdf uftuj gafydtdjdf sudtu
jahdlidf ydf` djdf sacasdi li gdsd ydf` djdf ldtdf`. Jatijd jitd gaf``ufdjdf
\afsa ifi, jitd gagbdwd liri jitd ja gdsd ydf` djdf ldtdf` ldf gacimdt jagbdci
jahdlidf ydf` djdf sacasdi pdld sddt itu.

 Rugus Eutura
Eu tura ^areao
^ areaott \afsa

^ksitie8 _ + wicc + mdva + U?

Fa`dtie8  _ + wicc + fkt + mdva + U?

\dfyd8  Picc + _ + mdva + U?

^ksitiva (+) Fa`dtiva (-) Iftrk`dtiva (;)

Yku wicc mdva -Yku wi

-Yku wicc
cc fkt
fkt mdva
mdva -Picc Yku mdva
wkrjal …… wkrjal … wkrjal …

\may wicc mdva -\ma

-\may
y wi
wicc
cc fk
fktt md
mdva
va -Picc \may mdva
lrivaf mkga ….. lrivaf mkga … lrivaf mkga …

-_ma wicc mdva -_

-_ma
ma wicc
wicc fk
fktt mdv
dvaa -Picc _ma mdva cadrfal
cadrfal gusio …… cadrfal gusio … gusio …
 ^af``ufddf eutura pareaot tafsa, dftdrd cdif8

~ Qftu
Qftuj
j gafy
afydtdj
dtdjdf
df pra
ral
lij
ijsi
si bdm
dmwd
wd ja
jahd
hdli
lidf
df/d
/djt
jtiv
ivit
itds
ds dj
djdf
df su
sul
ldm
tarhdli/suldm sacasdi licdjujdf sabacug dtdu mif``d bdtds wdjtu tartaftu li
gdsd gafldtdf`..
~ Qftuj
Qftuj gafydtd
gafydtdjdf
jdf pralijs
pralijsii bdmwd ja`idt
ja`idtdf/
df/djt
djtivi
ivitds
tds djdf suldm
suldm tarhdli
tarhdli//
suldm
suldm sacasdi
sacasdi licdju
licdjujdf
jdf sabacu
sabacug
g jahdli
jahdlidf/
df/djt
djtivit
ivitds
ds ydf`
ydf` cdif
cdif li gdsd
gafldt
gafldtdf`
df`.. Fkta8
Fkta8 Ldcdg
Ldcdg jdta`k
jdta`kri
ri ifi,
ifi, jalud
jalud djtivi
djtivitds
tds licdju
licdjujdf
jdf kcam
kcam
subhaot ydf` sdgd.
~ Qftuj
Qftuj gafydtdj
gafydtdjdf
df bdmwd
bdmwd jahdli
jahdlidf/
df/djt
djtivi
ivitds
tds djdf
djdf tarus
tarus tarhdli
tarhdli/li
/licdj
cdjujd
ujdf
f
sdgpdi bdtds wdjtu tartaftu li gdsd gafldtdf`.

2.<. Eutura ^areaot Okftifukus \afsa

44
 

 Eutura pareaot okftifukus tafsa dldcdm baftuj jdtd jarhd ydf` li`ufdjdf uftuj 
gaf`uf`jdpjdf bdmwd sudtu djsi djdf suldm barcdf`suf` sacdgd sajidf cdgd
 pdld titij wdjtu tartaftu li gdsd lapdf
 Rugus Eutura
Eutur a ^areaot
^area ot Okftifukus
Okftifu kus \afsa

^ksitie8  _ + wicc + mdva + baaf + Uarb+if`

Fa`dtie8  _ + wicc + fkt + mdva + baaf + Uarb+if`

\dfyd8 Picc + _ + mdva + baaf + Uarb+if`

^ksitiva(+) Fa`dtiva(-) Iftrk`dtiva(;)

-Yku wicc mdva baaf Yku

Yku wicc
wicc fk
fktt mdv
dvaa Pi
Picc
cc Yku
Yku mdva
mdva ba
baaf
af
wkrjif` …  baaf wkrjif` … wkrjif` …;

\may wicc mdva baaf \may

\may wi
wicc
cc fkt
fkt mdva
mdva Pi
Picc
cc \may
\may md
mdva
va ba
baaf
af
lrivif` mkga …  baaf lrivif` mkga lrivif` mkga …;
…

-_ma wicc mdva baaf _ma wicc fkt mdva Pi

Picc
cc _ma md
mdva
va baa
aaf
f
cadrfif` gusio …  baaf cadrfif` gusio cadrfif` gusio …;
…

42
 

BDB III

^AFQ\Q^

?.4 Jasigpucdf

\afsa  bardrti jdtd jarhd dtdu jugpucdf jdtd ydf` li`ufdjdf uftuj 
gaf`ajsprasijdf mubuf`df wdjtu. Li ldcdg jdcigdt fkgifdc tildj bisd lihdlijdf
jdcigdt pdsie. Jdcigdt djtie mdfyd ydf` pufyd kbhaj sdhd ydf` bisd lihdlijdf
jdcigdt
jdcigdt pdsie.  Eutura \afsa garup
garupdjdf
djdf baftuj
baftuj tafsas ydf` li`ufdjdf
li`ufdjdf uftuj 
uftuj 
gafufhujjdf dtdu gafhacdsjdf sasudtu ydf` djdf tarhdli li gdsd gafldtdf`
( eutura).
 eutura). _igpc
_igpcaa eutura
eutura libaf
libaftuj
tuj ldri varb-4 ( eutura
 eutura tafsa)
tafsa) dt
dtdu
du varb-? ( pdssiva
 pdssiva
vkioa).
vkioa ). _aodrd ugug eutura
ugug eutura tafsa li`ufdjdf uftuj gafydtdjdf8

4. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gafydtdjdf parbudtdf ydf` djdf licdjujdf pdld wdjtu ydf`
djdf ldtdf`.

2. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gagbudt sudtu hdfhi pdld wdjtu ydf` djdf ldtdf`

? .  Li`ufdjdf uftuj gafufhujdf sydrdt

<. Li`ufdjdf uftuj gagkmkf japdld sasakrdf` uftuj gacdjujdf sasudtu

4?
 

LDE\DR ^Q_\DJD

mttps8//gybck`fkpd.bck`spkt.okg/2>4=/44/gdjdcdm-bdmdsd-if``ris-sigpca-eutura.mtgc

mttps8//www.wkrlsgica.okg/paf`artidf-rugus-okftkm-jdcigdt-eutura-pareaot-

okftifukus-tafsa  
okftifukus-tafsa

mttps8//www.wkrlsgica.okg/paf`artidf-rugus-okftkm-jdcigdt-eutura-pareaot-tafsa

mttp8//lavdgackliod.okg/paf``ufddf-eutura-pareaot-tafsa-ldcdg-bdmdsd-if``ris/

mttps8//www.wkrlsgica.okg/paf`artidf-rugus-okftkm-jdcigdt-eutura-okftifukus-tafsa

mttp8//lavdgackliod.okg/paf``ufddf-eutura-okftifukus-tafsa-dtdu-eutura-prk`rassiva-
tafsa-ldcdg-bdmdsd-if``ris/

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