PDF Dinamicas de Grupo para Jovenes y Adolescentes - Compress PDF

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds
Klgäilnds ka Hrupe pdrd Cþvagas y Dkebasnagtas

Ab pugte ka pdrtlkd
Astd klgäilnd negslsta ag rabbagdr ug orava nuastlegdrle neg prahugtds pdrd kdrsa d
negenar dgta ab hrupe. Ag ab èriubdrle sa axpegag bds lkads ka bes cþvagas seora ab hrupe,
su pdrtlnlpdnlþg ag ìb y bds axpantdtlvds qua tlaga seora asta prenase. Bds raspuastds sa
pegkräg ag neióg db `lgdb ka bd klgäilnd.
Eocatlve3
Neg astd klgäilnd sa pratagka negenar bds axpantdtlvds ka bes cþvagas, dsé neie dcustdr bds
ùturds klgäilnds d bds ganaslkdkas ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas.
Nuägke usdrbd3
Astd dntlvlkdk astä lgklndkd pdrd nudbqular tlpe ka hrupe y sa raneilagkd usdrbd db lglnle,
dgtas ka radblzdr nudbqular etrd dntlvlkdk hrupdb.
]renaklilagte3
4. â rap
rapdrt
drtaa bd `lnjd
`lnjd d ndk
ndkdd il
ilaio
aiore
re kkab
ab hhrup
rupe.
e.
?. â lgkl
lgklnd
nd d bes pdrtl
pdrtlnlpdg
nlpdgtas
tas qua ka
kaoag
oag rab
rabbagd
bagdrbd
rbd ag 4=-4
4=-411 ilgutes kkaa idgar
idgardd lgklvl
lgklvlkudb
kudb..
>. Qgd va
vazz rabba
rabbage
ge sa peg
pegag
ag ag nei
neióg
óg bds ras
raspuas
puastds,
tds, sa ra
raneila
neilagkd
gkd lr dpu
dpugtdgke
gtdgke bd
bdss rasp
raspuastd
uastdss
ag ugd plzdrrd pdrd slipbl`lndr bd negnbuslþg.
;. â ne
negnbuy
gnbuyag
ag qu
quìì tai
taids
ds sa vdg d trdtdr d be bdrhe kab pprenas
renase.e.
Kurdnlþg tetdb3 4j y iakld dprexlidkdiagta.
Idtarldbas ganasdrles3
êbe as ganasdrld bd `lnjd qua sa agnuagtrd d negtlgudnlþg, astd puaka liprlilrsa y

rabbagdrsa e jdnarbd klrantdiagta per erkagdker.
e rkagdker.
_aneiagkdnlegas3
Kaoa ietlvdrsa d bes cþvagas, qua sapdg qua sus lkads y ganaslkdkas vdg d tagarsa ag
nuagtd y qua, pdrd abbe, kaoag sar
s ar slgnares y axprasdr be qua radbiagta bas praenupd.
As ganasdrle ravlsdr tekds bds raspuastds y aipbadr dprexlidkdiagta bd ilsid ndgtlkdk ka

tlaipe ag ndkd dbuige pdrd qua sa slagtdg qua tekes lipertdg be ilsie.
4
Cesì Ndrbes _ekréhuaz Iabbdke

Kukds dgþglids
As iuy neióg, seorateke agtra bd hagta cevag, qua db `lgdblzdr ug preàser su nbdsa
prahugta3 ‒µDbhulag tlaga dbhugd kukd5’, pare gdkla raspegka per tlilkaz, ilake d radblzdr
ugd nuastlþg qua yd sa jd rasuabte e qua sad sagnlbbd e slipbaiagta sar ab nagtre ka
dtagnlþg.
Ab eocatlve
ilakes as qua bes
iagnlegdkes dbuiges puakdg bbavdr d ndoe asds nuastlegas slg glghuge ka bes
dgtarleriagta.
]renaklilagte3
D be bdrhe ka bd nbdsa, tekes bes dbuiges tagkräg bd eoblhdnlþg ka asnrlolr ag ug pdpab dbhugd
kukd qua ba puakd vaglr d bd iagta. Db `lgdblzdr bd nbdsa, ab preàser pdsdrä ug oeb e urgd
kegka bes dbuiges iataräg su pdpablte.
Qgd vaz ranehlkes tekes, sa asneharä db dzdr ug pdpablte neg bd kukd qua ab preàser baarä
ag dbte. Ag asa ieiagte, puaka eptdr slipbaiagta per raspegkar d bd prahugtd e jdnar
pdrténlpa db raste ka bd nbdsa pdrd qua raspegkdg abbes d bd kukd.
?

Klgäilnds pdrd reipar ab jlabe y nradr ab nblid ka

trdodce
Bd naoebbd
Astd klgäilnd sa radblzd pdrd nradr ug ouag diolagta ka trdodce y qua ab hrupe sa negeznd
ug pene iäs.
Eocatlve3
@eiagtdr bd negaxlþg kab hrupe, bd neg`ldgzd y nradr ug ouag nblid ka trdodce.
Nuägke usdrbd3
Nudgke dóg ge sa jd janje glghugd dntlvlkdk hrupdb y as ganasdrle èiagtdr bd negaxlþg kab
hrupe.
]renaklilagte3
4. â aba
abahlrä
hlrä d ug
ugdd pars
parsegd
egd ve
vebugtd
bugtdrld
rld ka ag
agtra
tra ab hhrupe
rupe qqua
ua sa
sadd ab/b
ab/bdd hrdgc
hrdgcare/d
are/d,, ilagt
ilagtrds
rds qu
quaa ab
raste kab hrupe sarä bd naoebbd.
?. Bes pdr
pdrtlnlp
tlnlpdgtas
dgtas ququaa èridg bd nanaoebbd
oebbd ka
kaoag
oag kls
klspega
pegarsa
rsa teke
tekess cugte
cugtess ka èrid ne negnìgt
gnìgtrlnd,
rlnd,
neie èridgke
èridgke bds ndpds ka ugd naoebbd y ab/b ab/bdd hrdgc
hrdgcare/d
are/d kaoa lgtagtdr sapdrdsapdrdrbes
rbes pdrd ‒lr
pabdgke bd naoebbd’.
>. Ndkd va
vazz qua ug lg
lgtahrd
tahrdgta
gta ka bd nnaoebb
aoebbdd sad sa
sapdrdk
pdrdkee kab hrup
hrupee sa negv
negvlarta
larta aagg hrdgc
hrdgcare/d
are/d y
kaoa dyukdr d pabdr bd naoebbd.
;. Nud
Nudgke
gke sa tar
tarilg
ilgaa bd klgäi
klgäilnd
lnd kao
kaoaa kdrs
kdrsaa ug tlaip
tlaipee pdrd qua ab hru hrupe
pe axp
axpras
rasaa quì ba jd
pdranlke bd dntlvlkdk y quì jd sagtlke ilagtrds bd radblzdod.
^l ab hrupe as iuy hrdgka puakag èridrsa vdrlds naoebbds.
Bd kurdnlþg tetdb ka astd dntlvlkdk as ka dprexlidkdiagta 41 ilgutes.
_aneiagkdnlegas3
Kaoa dnbdrdrsa dgtas ka aipazdr bd dntlvlkdk qua ge sa puaka sar vlebagte, eovldiagta
kaoa aipbadrsa bd ùarzd `éslnd pdrd sapdrdr d bes neipdôares, pare slaipra lgtagtdgke ge
jdnar kdôe.
As raneiagkdoba qultdr tekes bes eocates neg bes qua sa puakdg bdstlidr (neie iasds y
slbbds), qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa qultag bes zdpdtes pdrd ge plsdrsa y jdnarsa kdôe y, sl as
pesloba, radblzdr bd dntlvlkdk seora ugd nebnjegatd.
>

Agnuagtre d trdvìs ka eocates

â klvlka ab hrupe ag kes suohrupes. Bd prliard pdrta lgtrekunlrä ag ug sdne ug eocate
preple, per acaipbe3 ugds bbdvas, ugd pubsard, atn. \, d negtlgudnlþg, bd etrd pdrta kab hrupe
neharä ug eocate, ndkd uge, y ousndrä db kuaôe ka klnje eocate.
@lgdbiagta, ugd vaz agnegtrdke ab kuaôe, ndkd pdracd sa prasagtdrä db raste ka bes
neipdôares dpertdgke bd lgèridnlþg qua kasaag.
[aieras y aspardgzds
Ndkd neipegagta kaoa asnrlolr ag ugd jecd neg ug oebéhrdè, sus lgqulatukas, taieras y
aspardgzds seora dbhugd sltudnlþg qua jd vlvlke, vlva e astä vlvlagke. Qgd vaz `lgdblzdke, ab
èridker kaoarä lr kdgke bd pdbdord d dquabbes qua kasaag pdrtlnlpdr y ndkd uge sa lrä
prasagtdgke iestrdgke bd lgèridnlþg asnrltd.
D negtlgudnlþg, ab èridker be dgetdrä ag bd plzdrrd tekds bds eplglegas pdrd qua db

`lgdblzdr ab turge ka pdbdords puakd saôdbdr bds iäs `ranuagtas y kaodtlr seora ìstds.
As lipertdgta qua ag ab kaodta sa rapltdg sunaslvdiagta bes geioras ka bes dbuiges qua
dpertag lgèridnlþg pdrd ranerkdrbes.
µTulìg sey5 êy ye

Ab èridk
èridker
er dpe
dpertd
rtdrä
rä par
parlþk
lþklne
lnes,
s, ravlst
ravlstds
ds y kenuia
kenuiagte
gtess rautlb
rautlblzdo
lzdobas
bas (dkaiä
(dkaiäss ka
pahdiagte, neberas y pdpab / ndrtublgd).
Ka astd èrid ndkd neipegagta kaoa negstrulr ug nebbdha neg bd lgèridnlþg qua iäs ba
raprasagta ka teke ab idtarldb qua sa ba jd `dnlbltdke. @lgdbiagta, axpblndrä d sus
neipdôares per quì jd sabannlegdke asd lgèridnlþg y quì as be qua ba raprasagtd.
Bd pabetd prahugtegd
â jdnag vdrles aqulpes, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka parsegds qua taghd ab hrupe. â bas
`dnlbltdrä ugd pabetd y sarä ganasdrle ab use ka ug raprekunter ka ióslnd. Db lglnle ka bd
ióslnd bd pabetd lrä retdgke per ndkd neipegagta ka bes hrupes ka èrid qua ge pdra jdstd
qua ge nasa bd ióslnd.
Bd parsegd qua taghd bd pabetd ag ab ieiagte ag qua ge sa elhd seglke dbhuge kaoarä kanlr
su geiora y ugd prahugtd qua ba jdhd ndkd neipegagta kab hrupe.
Kaoaies negnratdr qua ab acarnlnle sa rapatlrä nuägtds vanas sa astlia epertuge pdrd qua
sa prasagtag bd idyer pdrta kab hrupe.
Ab parsegdca `diese
Ndkd neipegagta kaoa abahlr ug parsegdca `diese neg ab qua neipdrtd su geiora. D
negtlgudn
negtlgudnlþg,
dklvlgdr lþg,askabdg
nuäb kabdgta
ta ka teke ab hrupe, kaoa liltdr
su geiora. liltdr ka db parsegdca
parsegdca y ab raste
raste kaoarä
;

Dklvlgd qulìg as qulag

Astd klgäilnd astä pagsdkd pdrd cuhdr nudgke jdy ug agnuagtre agtra kes hrupes ka
parsegds klstlgtds (as lgklàragta ab góiare ka lgtahrdgtas ka ndkd hrupe). [laga ugd
iatekebehéd pdranlkd db `diese cuahe ka iasd µTulìg as qulag5, kegka sa ganasltd
dvarlhudr db parsegdca e`ranlìgkesa lgèridnlþg.
Acaipbe3
Ab hrupe D, èridke per nlgne njlnds, e`rana ug kdte seora ndkd ugd ka abbds slg kasvabdr d
qulìg partagana asd lgèridnlþg.
„ Qgd sa kaklnd d bd negtdolblkdk.
„ Qgd tlaga ug tdtudca égtlie.
„ Qgd sdoa ltdbldge y `rdgnìs.
„ Qgd usd bagtlbbds.
„ Qgd tlaga iunjd iages akdk qua ab raste.
Neg astds nlgne plstds, ab hrupe O, èridke per tras njlnes, kaoa dvarlhudr d nuäb ka bds
njlnds nerraspegka ndkd kdte, kdgke ug rdzegdilagte kab perquì jdg bbahdke d asd
negnbuslþg.
Nudg
Nudgke
ke yd jd jdyd
ydgg dn
dnar
artd
tdke
ke bd
bdss ne
neio
iolg
lgdn
dnle
lega
gas,
s, sa
sarä
rä ab hr
hrup
upee D ab qu
quaa dklv
dklvlg
lgaa bd
bdss
pdrtlnubdrlkdkass kab hrupe O.
pdrtlnubdrlkdka
Hdrdodte
Ag astd tìnglnd, ndkd lgklvlkue teid ug pdpab y ug bäplz. Kaoag kloucdr ug paquaôe hdrdodte
seora be qua qulardg, pare qua sad slhgl`lndtlve ka dbhe qua bas husta e dpdslega. Ab raste ka
bes neipegagtas kaoa dvarlhudr qua végnube tlaga ndkd hdrdodte
h drdodte neg ab neipegagta.
Acaipbe3
„ Qg neipegagta kloucd ugd idgzdgd.
„ Ab raste ka neipegagtas tlaga qua lgtulr nuäb as su jeooy taglagke ag nuagtd ab klouce ka
bd idgzdgd. ]uaka qua ba agnd
agndgta
gta neiar idgzdgds,
idgzdgds, pare tdiolì
tdiolìgg puaka
puaka sar ug `dg ka bes
prekuntes Dppba e qulzäs trdodca neie klatlstd.
1

Klgäilnds pdrd iacer

Klgäilnds iacerdr
dr bd neiugl
neiuglndnlþg
ndnlþg y bes neg`blnt
neg`blntes
es
lgtarparsegdbas
Bd jlsterld
Astd klgäilnd slrva pdrd jdnar ra`baxlegdr d bes dbuiges seora bds jlsterlds qua bas bbahdg,
yd
jdysadg seora
vdrlds sus neipdôares
varslegas u etresjlsterld
seora bd ilsid taids yneie
qua bd pebétlnd.
abbes kaoagBdtagar
lkad su
as preple
jdnarbas var quay
nrltarle
tagar nulkdke neg nraarsa y raprekunlr teke be qua eyag.
Eocatlve3
@eiagtdr ugd ouagd neiuglndnlþg y ugd ra`baxlþg nrétlnd dnarnd ka bd lgèridnlþg qua bas
bbahd.
Nuägke usdrbd3
]uaka usdrsa ag nudbqular tlpe ka hrupe, pare astä aspanldbiagta lgklndkd ag dquabbes ag
bes qua jdyd ilaiores lipubslves qua tlagkag d kdr bd eplglþg seora ug taid e negtdr ugd
lgèridnlþg qua bas jd bbahdke slg ra`baxlegdrbd.
]renaklilagte3
4. â ab
ablhag
lhag ; e 1 veb
vebugtdr
ugtdrles
les y ssaa bas llgvlt
gvltdd d sdbl
sdblrr ka bd nbdsa d teke
tekess iag
iages
es d 4.
?. â abl
ablha
ha ugd jls
jlster
terld
ld nert
nertdd y sa ba nua nuagtd
gtd d ab vebu
vebugtd
gtdrle
rle qua sa jd qua quakdk
kdkee (db `lgd
`lgdbb ka asta
dpdrtdke puakas var ug acaipbe ka jlsterld).
>. Qgd vaz bbdd jd asnunj
asnunjdke
dke ab pr
prliar
liar veb
vebugtdr
ugtdrle,
le, asta kkaoa
aoa negt
negtärsa
ärsabd bd d etre vebu
vebugtdrl
gtdrlee ka bes qua
astdodg ùard, kaspuìs asta vebugtdrle sa bd negtdrä db slhulagta y dsé sunaslvdiagta jdstd qua
ge quakag iäs vebugtdrles.
;. @lgdb
@lgdbiagta
iagta ssaa vuab
vuabva
va d baa
baarr ag dbte bd jl jlsterl
sterldd pdrd ququaa tekes bbdd asnun
asnunjag
jag y ra`
ra`baxl
baxlegag
egag seseora
ora be
qua bas jd bbahdke y be qua bas jdg negtdke d sus neipdôares.
Astd dntlvlkdk puaka rapatlrsa tdgtds vanas jdhd `dbtd pdrd qua tekes bes ilaiores kab
hrupe puakdg pdrtlnlpdr.
Bd kurdnlþg dprexlidkd ka bd dntlvlkdk as ka uges >= ilgutes per hrupe.
0

@ete preyannlþg
Ab klgdilzdker klvlka db hrupe per suohrupes, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka pdrtlnlpdgtas ag bd
dntlvlkdk.
Ba e`rana d ndkd suohrupe ugd ètehrd`éd y bas plka qua, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, asnrlodg quì
sunaklþ dgtas ka bd ète, quì enurra ag ab ieiagte ka bd ète y quì pdsdrä kaspuìs.
Nudgke jdydg dndodke, uge d uge neipdrta neg sus neipdôares su gdrrdnlþg. Kaodtag agtra
tekes a lgtagtdg bbahdr d ugd sltudnlþg neióg.
Ndkd suohrupe ablha d ug neipdôare qua axpeghd kabdgta ka bes kaiäs neipdôares.
Klsnuslþg3 ab klgdilzdker kaoa huldr ab kaodta pdrd qua ndkd uge puakd dpblndr astds
sltudnlegas d su vlkd kldrld.
]dslve, dhraslve y dsartlve

Ab `dnlbltdker klrlha ugd bbuvld ka lkads seora bd dsartlvlkdk.
Kaspuìs, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, ndkd uge kaoa pagsdr ag bd parsegd iäs suilsd qua
negezndg y dgetdr ndrdntaréstlnds seora su neipertdilagte.
â bas plka qua sa bavdgtag tekes y dntóag ka ug bdke db etre kab dubd e sdbþg neg ugd
dntltuk suilsd, utlblzdgke axnbuslvdiagta ab baghudca ge varodb.
8

Ab `dnlbltdker bas plka qua sa quakag qulates, neie astdtuds, dkeptdgke haste suilse. Pd
neiagtdgke y teidgke getd ka nþie ab hrupe jd ndrdntarlzdke asta neipertdilagte.
D negtlgudnlþg, sa ndiold ka neipertdilagte suilse d dhraslve. ]ravldiagta, jdg ka

dhraslvd..
asnrlolr ka idgard lgklvlkudb bds ndrdntaréstlnds ka bd neiuglndnlþg dhraslvd
Ka guave, jdg ka quakdrsa pdrdblzdkes y ab `dnlbltdker lrä neiagtdgke y plklagke bd

nebdoerdnlþg kab hrupe pdrd teidr getd.
Bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe vdg teidgke dslagte y abdoerdg, ag hrupe, ugd blstd ka
neipertdilagtes ka ugd parsegd dsartlvd, seora teke ag rabdnlþg d bd negkuntd ge varodb.
Etrd vaz, jdg ka ievarsa per ab dubd teidgke ugd dntltuk dsartlvd y ag slbagnle. Ab
`dnl
`dnlblbltd
tdke
kerr ra
rapl
plta
ta ab pakl
paklrb
rbas
as qu
quaa sa qu
quak
akag
ag ne
neie
ie as
astd
tdtu
tuds
ds y teid
teidrr ge
getd
td ka
kabb
neipertdilagte ge varodb.
Ab `dnlbltdker klrlha ug kaodta ag ab qua sa dgdblzdg bes klstlgtes astlbes neiuglndtlves y

nþie sa jdg sagtlke bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ka bd klgäilnd ag ndkd uge ka abbes.
]estarleriagta, sa lgtrekunag sltudnlegas ag bds qua ab neipertdilagte as dsartlve y sa

prdntlndg. [diolìg, sa puakag usdr acaipbes ka sltudnlegas ag bds qua prdntlndr ab astlbe
dsartlve.
Bd bloartdk
â èridg suohrupes, ag ùgnlþg kab tdidôe kab hrupe.
Ab klgdilzdker neilagzd d jdobdrbas ka bd bloartdk a lgtrekuna bd klgäilnd.
]er hrupes, kaoag doerkdr bes slhulagtas taids3
-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté blora.
-Qg ieiagte ka vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté eprlilke.
-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua eprlié d etrds parsegds.
Kaspuìs ka qua tekes bes lgtahrdgtas ka ndkd suohrupe jdydg neipdrtlke sus axparlagnlds
neg bes kaiäs, abdoerdg agtra tekes ugd ka`lglnlþg pdrd bd pdbdord bloartdk y etrd, pdrd
epraslþg.
[ekes bes suohrupes axpegag sus ka`lglnlegas y sa prekuna ug kaodta jdstd qua bbahuag d
ug dnuarke ag neióg.
Ab `d
`dnl
nlblbltd
tdke
kerr kaoa
kaoarä
rä ag
ag`d
`dtl
tlzd
zdrr nþ
nþie
ie do
doer
erkd
kdrr as
aste
tess dspa
dspant
ntes
es ag ra
rabd
bdnl
nlþg
þg ne
negg bd
neiuglndnlþg dsartlvd.
:

Klgäilnds pdrd bd ra`baxlþg hrupdb a lgklvlkudb

Ab kdke
Astd klgäilnd sa radblzd pdrd negenar bd sltudnlþg dntudb kab hrupe y qua bes cþvagas
ra`baxlegag seora klnjd sltudnlþg y jdhdg ug kaodta pdrd pegar ag neióg tekes bes pugtes
ka vlstd.
Eocatlve3
_a`baxlegdr seora bd sltudnlþg dntudb kab hrupe y iacerdr bds rabdnlegas agtra bes ilaiores.
Nuägke usdrbd3
Astd dntlvlkdk astä lgklndkd pdrd hrupes qua yd bbavdg ug tlaipe cugte y tlagag ugd
trdyanterld neióg.
]renaklilagte3
4. â asn
asnrlo
rloag
ag 0 prahu
prahugtd
gtdss seora ab as
astdk
tdkee kab hrup
hrupee ag ug pdpab (d
(dbb `lgdb ka ast
astaa dpdr
dpdrtdke
tdke
puakas var ug acaipbe ka prahugtds).
?. â kls
klspega
pegagg tekes bbes
es ilai
ilaiores
ores ka
kabb hrup
hrupee ag nérnu
nérnube
be dbra
dbrakake
kakerr ka bds pprahug
rahugtds.
tds.
>. Qge ka be
bess ilaio
ilaiores
res nei
neilagzd
lagzd ttlrdgk
lrdgkee ab kdke y raraspeg
spegklagk
klagkee d bd prahugtd
prahugtd neg aabb góia
góiare
re qua
nerraspegkd y dsé sunaslvdiagta jdstd qua tekes bes ilaiores jdydg raspegklke db iages ugd
prahugtd.
;. Ab lg
lgstrun
strunter
ter kkaoa
aoa lr dg
dgetdgk
etdgkee bds prahu
prahugtds
gtds y ra
raspua
spuastds
stds..
1. @lgdbi
@lgdbiagt
agtaa sa dgdb
dgdblzd
lzdgg hru
hrupd
pdbia
biagta
gta tekd
tekdss bds ras
raspu
puast
astds
ds qua sa jdg kdkkdkee dgt
dgtaa ugd
ugd ils
ilsid
id
prahugtd y sa radblzd ug kaodta seora quì sa pekréd iacerdr y nþie iacerdrbe.
Astd dntlvlkdk puaka kurdr ag tetdb uges <= ilgutes.
Kdke, pdpab neg prahugtds y pdpab y oebl pdrd dpugtdr bds raspuastds.
Acaipbes ka prahugtds3
4. µTuì jdna qqua ua aabb hrup

hrupee sa tdiodb
tdiodbaa5
aa5 µµJdy
Jdy ddbhe
bhe qqua
ua di
diagdna
agdna su as
astdolb
tdolblkdk5
lkdk5
?. µGe
µGess nei
neiugluglndi
ndieses su
su`ln
`lnlag
lagtai
taiagt
agtaa ag ab hr
hrupe
upe55
>. µNþ
µNþie
ie ssebu
ebunle
nlegdi
gdies es gguas
uastres
tres neg
neg`bl
`blntes
ntes55
;. µTu
µTuìì as
as bbee qqua
ua ges uga nei neiee hhrup
rupe5
e5
1. µ^doa
µ^doaies
ies ppaklraklr dyukd nudgk
nudgkee ast
astdies
dies iidb5
db5 µµdd qul
qulìg
ìg rranurr
anurrlies5
lies5
0. µTu
µTuìì pua
puake ke dpdpert
ertdrdr db hrup
hrupee pdrd uugd
gd ia
iacer
cer ra
rabdn
bdnlþg
lþg55
Astliubdgke ab pagsdilagte nrétlne
Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe bdgzdrä ugd sarla ka prahugtds y huldrä bd negvarsdnlþg kab hrupe.
]uakag sar3 ^l puklards abahlr sar dbhulag, µqulìg saréds5 ^l vas d ugd parsegd rdydgke ab
<

nenja ka etre y ge ba kacd ugd getd, µnþie dntudréds5 ^l ùasas rlne, µnþie hdstdréds ab
klgare5 ^l vas d dbhulag dnesdgke e idbtrdtdgke d etrd parsegd, µquì jdréds5
Klsnuslþg3 kanlrba d bes glôes y dkebasnagtas nþie kaoag pagsdr e dntudr ge rasubtd
aàntlve. ]er ase, astd klgäilnd qua puaka hagardr kaodta, e`ranarä iaceras rasubtdkes.
Bd jlsterld ka Cudg y Cudgd

Bes pdrtlnlpdgta
pdrtlnlpdgtass sa slagtdg ag nérnube
nérnube y sa vdg pdsd
pdsdgke
gke bd pabetd
pabetd ka idgard
idgard droltrdrld
droltrdrld y
räplkdiagta. Kaoag nradr kes jlsterlds. Ag prliar buhdr, bd ka Cudgd y kaspuìs, bd ka Cudg.
Ndkd vaz qua d dbhulag ba tend bd pabetd, kaoa dôdklr dbhe iäs d bd jlsterld kab parsegdca kab
qua sa astì jdobdgke. Dsé, sa vd nradgke ugd jlsterld agtra tekes.
Nudgke jdydg abdoerdke bds kes jlsterlds, sa dgdblzdg bes vdberas rabdnlegdkes neg ndkd uge
ka bes parsegdcas. µJdg axlstlke klàragnlds rabdnlegdkds neg ab hìgare ka ndkd uge ka bes
pret
pretdh
dheg
eglst
lstds
ds55 ]d
]drd
rd td
tdb,b, ab `d
`dnl
nlblbltd
tdke
kerr ka
kaoa
oa as
astd
tdrr pa
pagk
gkla
lagt
gtaa se
seor
oraa qu
quìì dkcatlves
dkcatlves y
y
abaiagtes sa agugnldg seora ndkd uge.
ûparvlvagnld ag bes Dgkas

Ab lgstrunter klvlka db hrupe ag nudtre aqulpes y sa bas axpblnd qua jd enurrlke ugd trdhakld
ag bes Dgkas nudgke ug dvlþg sa astrabbþ. Bes suparvlvlagtas tuvlareg qua ranurrlr d bd
dgtrepe`dhld pdrd suoslstlr.
Ag ug prliar ieiagte, tagkräg qua kanlklr qulìgas kaoag ierlr pdrd sar neilkes.
Qgd vaz teidkd astd kanlslþg, sa kaodtlrä per quì pdrta kab nuarpe kaoag neiagzdr d
neiìrsabe.
Klgäilnds ka Lgtablhagnld Aienlegdb

¡[ó vdbas!
Ab klgdilzdker paklrä kes vebugtdrles. Kaoaräg dodgkegdr bd sdbd ilagtrds sa axpblndg bd
klgäilnd db raste kab hrupe.
â klvlka ab hrupe ag kes suohrupes. Ab hrupe 4 kaoa dglidr y ietlvdr db prliar vebugtdrle,
db sahugke vebugtdrle be trdtdräg ka idgard lgklàragta. Ab hrupe ? jd ka dntudr ka ugd
idgard gautrd dgta ab prliar vebugtdrle y kasdglidr db sahugke.
Agtrd ab prliar vebugtdrle y sa ba plka qua bdgna bds iegakds lgtagtdgke qua ìstds agtrag
ag ab nérnube ka bd ndrtublgd qua sa agnuagtrd d uges ? iatres ka klstdgnld.
â raplta neg ab sahugke vebugtdrle.
_a`baxlþg seora ab rasubtdke y nþie sa jdg sagtlke bes vebugtdrles. Ab klgdilzdker

lgtrekuna ab aànte ]lhidblþg y
]lhidblþg y sa kaodta.
4=

Ab klnnlegdrle ka bds aienlegas

Bd parsegd agndrhdkd ka negkunlr ab hrupe bas prepegkrä bd lkad ka radblzdr ug klnnlegdrle
ka aienlegas rakdntdke per abbes ilsies.
]drd tdb, kaoag rasarvdr tlaipe ka trdodce. Ka idgard qua sad ugd tdrad iäs d radblzdr ag
asa hrupe.
â preievaräg aspdnles ka ra`baxlþg pdrd jdobdr ka aienlegas e olag, ab klgdilzdker

prepegkrä ugd aienlþg ag negnrate y, agtra tekes, abdoerdräg ugd ka`lglnlþg ka bd ilsid.
Klsnuslþg3 ab rasubtdke as ug klnnlegdrle abdoerdke agtra tekes ka ieke qua puakdg tagarbe
y trdodcdr ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
Bdzdrlbbe
Ab klgdilzdker paklrä qua sa nebequag per pdracds. Qgd vaz qua astì janjds, rapdrtlrä d
ndkd ugd ka abbds, ug dgtl`dz e pdôuabe.
Qgd ka bes lgtahrdgtas ka bd pdracd, sa tdpdrä bes eces ka tdb idgard qua ge vad gdkd.
Bd parsegd qua ge tlaga bes eces tdpdkes, kaoarä huldr d su neipdôare ag ùgnlþg ka bds
þrkagas qua vd klnlagke ab klgdilzdker. ]er acaipbe3 vdies dgkdgke, ternaies d bd
karanjd/lzqularkd,
karanjd/lzqularkd, sdbtdies, nerraies, atn.
Ag glghóg ieiagte, pekrä tendr d su neipdôare. êbe sa pekrä klrlhlr d ìb, jdobägkeba.
]dsdke ug tlaipe, sa ndioldg bes rebas. Ag asta pugte, as lgtarasdgta qua ab klgdilzdker
ndiold bds þrkagas e bds raplta ka idgard kaserkagdkd pdrd qua glghuge sa aspara be qua
kaoa lr jdnlagke.
_a`baxlþg `lgdb ka teke ab hrupe ag ab qua axprasdräg nþie sa jdg taglke y sl jdg neg`ldke
ag su neipdôare.
Bd hrdg jlsterld neipdrtlkd

Ag astd klgäilnd sa ousnd negenar d bd etrd parsegd iakldgta ugd puastd ag neióg ka
dgìnketds. ^lrva pdrd iacerdr bd nradtlvlkdk, bd aipdtéd
aipdtéd y
y bd lgtardnnlþg agtra lgklvlkues.
Iatekebehéd3
Aiplazd ugd parsegd negtdgke ab prlgnlple ka dbhugd dgìnketd qua ba jdyd sunaklke ag dbhóg
ieiagte ka su vlkd. Ag ug ieiagte kdke, katlaga su jlsterld y naka bd pdbdord d etrd
parsegd pdrd qua bd negtlgóa dkdptdgke dbhugd dgìnketd suyd d bd jlsterld kab prliare.
âhulrä dsé sunaslvdiagta jdstd qua bd jlsterld bbahua d bd óbtlid parsegd, bd nudb kaoarä
pegar ab pugte `lgdb.
Acaipbe3
44

]arsegd 43 \e vlvéd ag ug odrrle juilbka kegka dpagds suoslstédies ag ndsd neg ab paquaôe
suabke ka il pdkra. Qg kéd…
]arsegd ?3 Ia negnaklareg ugd oand pdrd astukldr klsaôe hrä`lne ag Astdkes Qglkes. Dbbé
negené d…
]arsegd >3 Il [eoy, ab nudb agnegtrì ag iakle ka bd ndbba tlrltdgke ag ugd genja hìblkd y ia
dpagþ tdgte qua kanlké dkeptdrbe.
Hrdnlds d astd jlsterld neipdrtlkd, sa kakuna qua bd parsegd uge as ka erlhag juilbka y qua
per tdgte peslobaiagta ge jdyd taglke tdgtds epertuglkdkas neie bd ]arsegd ?, bd nudb
astuklþ ag Astdkes Qglkes y per be tdgte sapd lghbìs. @lgdbiagta, bd ]arsegd > ges astä
kasnuorlagke qua tlaga ugd idsnetd y qulzäs ugd sagslolblkdk aspanldb jdnld bes dglidbas.
Klgäilnds ka Neg`ldgzd
Bd astdtud
â èridräg pdracds ka idgard dbadterld neg ab eocatlve ka qua bas tequa trdodcdr ka
idgard negcugtd d parsegds qua ge sa negezndg iunje agtra sé.
Qgd ka abbds dkeptdrä ab reb ka astdtud y ab etre, kaoarä tdpdrsa bes eces neg ugd vagkd.
Nudgke yd sa bes jdyd tdpdke, ab qua jdna ka astdtud teidrä ugd pesturd. û neipdôare,
kaoarä tendrbe neg ab eocatlve ka dklvlgdr bd pesturd qua jd teidke y, pestarleriagta,
liltdrbe.
Be liltdrä slg qua su neipdôare qulta bd pesturd y nudgke nrad jdoar tarilgdke, ab
`dnlbltdker ba qultdrä bd vagkd ka bes eces pdrd qua per sé ilsie puakd neipdrdr ab
rasubtdke.
â raplta ab acarnlnle, pare ndioldgke ka rebas.

Avdbudnlþg3 prahugtdr d bds pdracds quì reb bas jd pdranlke iäs `änlb, sl sa jdg sagtlke
nþiekes neg ab negtdnte `éslne agtra neipdôares, atn.
Pdrldnlþg3 ag vaz ka per pdracds, jdnarbe per paquaôes hrupes (ka > e ; parsegds) y qua
sebe uge jdhd ka astdtud. Dsé, bes kaiäs puakag jdobdr agtra abbes y neiagtdr. Ka astd
idgard, bd neiuglndnlþg saréd etrd kliagslþg qua sa tagkréd ag nuagtd ag bd avdbudnlþg.
Bes seglkes ka bes dglidbas

Astd klgäilnd as lkadb pdrd bes prliares ieiagtes ka ug hrupe, puas sarvlrä pdrd qua bes
ilaiores sa negezndg y neipdrtlr ugds rlsds cugtes.
4?

Ab klgdilzdker be lgtrekunlrä neie ugd klgäilnd ka prasagtdnlþg y ab eocatlve as qua ndkd

uge sa dpragkd bes geioras ka sus neipdôares.
Neiagzdrä ab klgdilzdker klnlagke su geiora a liltdgke ab rulke ka ug dglidb. ]er acaipbe3

ia bbdie ^drd y ‒iuuuuu’.
D negtlgudnlþg, bd slhulagta parsegd sa prasagtdrä y dôdklrä ab seglke ka dglidb qua ba

husta y tagkrä
geioras y rulkesqua
sarärapatlr
ndkd vazabidyer.
ka su dgtarler neipdôare. Ka astd idgard, bd blstd ka
^l ugd parsegd sa aqulvend, teke ab hrupe kaoarä aipazdr kaska ab prlgnlple.
Avdbudnlþg3 pdsdkes uges ilgutes, prahugtdr d dbhulag nþie sa bbdidg sus neipdôares, ugd
vaz qua jdydg teidke etre dslagte e olag, sa agnuagtrag radblzdgke etrd tdrad neg ab
eocatlve ka neipreodr sl sa jdg dpragklke bes geioras ka sus neipdôares.
Bes dglidbas nlahes

Astd klgäilnd as iuy dtrdntlvd pdrd bbavdrbd d ndoe ag aspdnles dipbles y dolartes, neie ab
pdtle ka bd asnuabd e ndgnjds kapertlvds. Kaoa dpblndrsa nudgke sa tlaga iunjes lgklvlkues,
neie nbuoas kapertlves e hrupes ka trdodces neg iunjes ilaiores.
â trdtd ka qua tekes bes lgklvlkues sa klspeghdg ag ugd pdrta kab aspdnle y nlarrag bes
eces. Qg ieglter sa dnarndrä d abbes y ba klrä db eéke ab dglidb qua ba nerraspegka liltdr
(vdnd, rdgd, narke, atn.) y, ugd vaz qua astìg tekes dslhgdkes, ab ieglter pltdrä ug slbodte.
Ab eocatlve as qua, iakldgta bd liltdnlþg ka bes seglkes, bds parsegds d bds qua sa ba ùareg
dslhgdkes ug dglidb sa raógdg. Ab prliar hrupe ka parsegds-dglidbas qua behra cugtdrsa
rasubtd bd hdgdkerd.
Klgäilnds ka Blkardzhe
Ab nérnube ndioldgta
â paklrä d bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe qua sa peghdg ag nérnube y sa teiag ka bds idges.
Kaspuìs, sa bas klrä qua vdydg èridgke klstlgtds `lhurds, astdgke uglkes ka bds idges. ]er
acaipbe3 ug trläghube, ugd astrabbd, ugd ndsd, atn.
Klsnuslþg3 be radbiagta lipertdgta ka astd klgäilnd ge as ab rasubtdke ka bds `lhurds, slge

nþie `buya bd neiuglndnlþg y nuäbas seg bds parsegds qua teidg bd lglnldtlvd d bd jerd ka
radblzdr bes acarnlnles. ]drd `lgdblzdr, kaoa jdoar ug aspdnle ka ra`baxlþg ag ab qua sa
doerkag astes taids y tekes bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe taghdg bd epertuglkdk ka axprasdr
su eplglþg.
Dvlegas ka pdpab
4>

Klvlklr db hrupe ag suohrupes. Ndkd uge ka abbes, kaoa abahlr d ug békar.
â bas kd ?= ilgutes pdrd qua ndkd hrupe klsaôa su iekabe preple ka dvlþg y negànnlega
vdrles, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka lgtahrdgtas.
]er hrupes, ndkd lgtahrdgta tlaga ugd epertuglkdk ka dtarrlzdca.
Hdgd ab aqulpe qua iäs dvlegas jdyd bdgzdke ka idgard nerrantd d bd plstd ka dpragklzdca.
Klsnuslþg3 ag ab ie ieia
iagt
gtee ka rara`b
`bax
axlþ
lþg,
g, sa prprah
ahug
ugtd
tdrä
rä d be bess bébéka
kara
rass qu
quìì td
tdra
rads
ds
kasaipaôdreg kurdgta
kurdgta ab tlaipe ka negstrunnlþg y, tdiolìg, d bes ilaiores kab hrupe nþie
sa slgtlareg d be bdrhe ka bd klgäilnd, sl ùareg asnunjdkes, quì tuvlareg ag nuagtd pdrd
abahlr ab békar, atn.
Negtdgke d nlahds
^ltudr d bes klstlgtes ilaiores
il aiores kab hrupe ka idgard dbadterld.
Ìstes kaoag negtdr jdstd ug góiare katarilgdke (per acaipbe, ?=) ka èrid erkagdkd.
Kaoag
qua jdnarbe
enurrd, slg neiagzdr.
kaoag qua kes parsegds astìg klnlagke ab ilsie góiare d bd vaz. Ag ab ndse ka
Klsnuslþg3 d iaklkd qua bbavag ug rdte, sa neipreodrä nþie jdy ugd idyer negaxlþg ag ab
hrupe. Jaies ka kastdndr bd lipertdgnld ka astd negaxlþg perqua radbiagta ge sa astä
vlagke gl tlagag per quì agnegtrdrsa narnd.
Etres neiagtdrles3 ra`baxlegdr seora bd lipertdgnld ka bd erhdglzdnlþg, tdgte per pdrta

kab békar neie agtra bes ilaiores kab aqulpe.
Klgäilnds ka trdodce ag aqulpe
[ìnglnd 0.>.1
â trdtd ka ugd klgäilnd qua slrva pdrd hagardr lkads nradtlvds.
nradtlvds. Ag hrupes ka 0 parsegds,
bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa raógag dbrakaker ka ugd iasd pdrd hagardr lkads rabdtlvds d ug taid
qua jdoéd slke dnerkdke pravldiagta.
D ndkd uge ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa bas e`rana ugd jecd ag obdgne kegka tlaga qua dpugtdr
tras lkads oravas, kdke qua sþbe tlaga nlgne ilgutes pdrd pekar asnrlolrbds.
Qgd vaz jdg pdsdke bes nlgne ilgutes, pdsdräg su jecd db neipdôare, kegka sa rapatlrä ab
prenase ka asnrlolr tras lkads guavds ag nlgne ilgutes.
Qgd vaz sa jd neipbatdke teke ab nlnbe y jdg nlrnubdke tekds bds jecds, sa klspegkrä ka 4:
lkads ag ndkd jecd.
Ab hbeoe darestätlne
4;

sltudnlþg3
â prepega db hrupe ugd sl tudnlþg3
‒Qg iataerlte nda ag ab enìdge nradgke ugd ebd hlhdgta qua kacd suiarhlkes tekes bes
negtlgagtas kab pbdgatd.
^lg aiodrhe, tó y etrds nlgne parsegds es agnegträls seoravebdgke ab ]drqua Gdnlegdb kab
[alka ag ug hbeoe. Kaspuìs ka ugds jerds, neilagzd d parkar dlra pare vals ugd lsbd. Ab idr
astä
d ugebbage
ka beskaenupdgtas’.
tlouregas jdiorlagtes y bd óglnd èrid ka qua ab hbeoe bbahua d bd lsbd as tlrdr
â kaoa astdobanar ug kaodta pdrd kanlklr qulag sarä ab qua dodgkega ab hbeoe. Ndkd uge ka
bes pdrtlnlpdgtas tlaga ug reb dslhgdke3 ug sdnarketa, ugd parleklstd ka bd pragsd resd, ugd
agàriard, ug dsaser pebétlne, ug preàser ka akundnlþg prlidrld y ugd ùgnlegdrld kab
Lgstltute Gdnlegdb ka Astdkéstlnd.
Jdy qua nuipblr bds prai

prailsds
lsds ka qua3 sels bes óglne
óglness supa
suparvlvl
rvlvlagta
agtass y jdy qua dsahurdr bd
negtlg
negtlgudn
udnlþg
lþg ka bd asp
aspanl
anla6
a6 kao
kaoaa tei
teidrs
drsaa bd ka
kanls
nlslþg
lþg ugä
ugägli
glidia
diagta
gta66 glg
glghug
hugee ka bes
pdrtln
pdrtlnlpd
lpdgta
gtass pu
puaka
aka dod
dodgke
gkegdr
gdr veb
vebugt
ugtdrl
drldia
diagta
gta ab hbe
hbeoe
oe y tek
tekes
es kao
kaoag
ag axp
axpega
egarr sus
drhuiagtes.
Iakldgta astd pruaod sa pratagka dgdblzdr ab prenase ka teid ka kanlslegas ag hrupe y var
bes prenases ka neiuglndnlþg, dsé neie dgdblzdr bd ndpdnlkdk ka neepardnlþg y ka pegar ag
präntlnd bd dyukd, bd lhudbkdk. â puakag eosarvdr tdiolìg bd lglnldtlvd y ab blkardzhe.
Nesds ag neióg
â plka d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas qua sa klstrlouydg ag hrupes ka dbrakaker ka 1 parsegds.
âhulkdiagta, sa bas klna qua kaoag agnegtrdr 4= nesds qua taghdg ag neióg agtra tekes
abbes.
Ge puakag kasnrlolr nesds ka vastliagtd, gl kab trdodce gl tdipene dnarnd ka bd dgdteiéd.
Kaoag teidr getd ka dquabbds nesds qua tlagag ag neióg y dgetdrbds pdrd pegarbds buahe ag
ab hrdg hrupe.
Klgäilnds hagardbas
_eb pbdylgh
Astd klgäilnd suaba utlblzdrsa ag dbhugds tardplds ka hrupe y pratagka jdnar qua bes
ilaiores ab hrupe dpragkdg bd iacer idgard ka dntudr dgta katarilgdkds sltudnlegas d
trdvìs ka bd axparlagnld tdgte prepld neie vlndrld (eosarvdgke d sus neipdôares).
Eocatlve3
41

senldbas y
Iacerdr bds jdolblkdkas senldbas y bd rasebunlþg ka preobaids ka èrid a`lndz.
Nuägke usdrbd3
Astd tìnglnd astä aspanldbiagta lgklndkd ag hrupes ag bes qua jdg surhlke neg`blntes
kaolkes d bd `dbtd ka jdolblkdkas neiuglndtlvds y
neiuglndtlvds y senldbas ka sus lgtahrdgtas.
]renaklilagte3
4. â jdna ugd bbuvld ka lkads ka tekes bes ilaiores kab hrupe seora bds sltudnlegas qua bas
hustdréd raprasagtdr iakldgta reb pbdylgh y sa ablha ugd iakldgta negsagse (db `lgdb ka asta
dpdrtdke puakas var ugd blstd neg acaipbes ka sltudnlegas seora bds qua jdnar reb pbdylgh).
?. Bd prliard parsegd qua prepuse ab taid sarä ab prliar dnter y kaoarä abahlr db raste ka
dnteras qua jdhdg `dbtd pdrd raprasagtdr bd sltudnlþg.
>. ]rliare sa axpblndrä ka èrid katdbbdkd bd sltudnlþg, jdnlagke ugd aspanla ka huleg (ge jdna
`dbtd asnrlolrbe) y axpblnägkeba d tekes bes dnteras nuäb as ab pdpab ka ndkd uge. Ab raste ka
ilaiores kab hrupe saräg bes eosarvdkeras y kaoaräg astdr iuy dtagtes y teidr getd seora bd
dntudnlþg ka sus neipdôares.
;. â lgtarpratd ab pdpab raprasagtdgke be qua ndkd dnter jdréd sl sa agnegtrdrd ka varkdk ag asd
sltudnlþg.
1. Nudgke tarilgd bd dntudnlþg bes dnteras kaoag axprasdr be qua jdg sagtlke y bes eosarvdkeras
kaoag vdberdr neg àakodnf tdgte pesltlve neie gahdtlve ab ieke ka dntudr ka sus neipdôares.
0. Db `lgdb kab teke ab lgstrunter kaoa kdr ugds pdutds pdrd rasebvar asd sltudnlþg negnratd ka bd
idgard iäs a`lndz pesloba jdnlagke tdiolìg ka dnter sl as ganasdrle.
Bd sanuagnld puaka rapatlrsa jdstd qua sa jdhd ka èrid þptlid e neg etres dnteras.
]drd qua bes dnteras puakdg vdberdrsa d sé ilsies saréd ótlb hrdodr bd saslþg ka reb pbdylgh.
Ab prenaklilagte neipbate puaka kurdr uges <= ilgutes.
_aneiagkdnlegas3
Ge kaoag abahlrsa sltudnlegas qua jdydg prekunlke preobaids ranlagtaiagta pdrd ge

ndbkadr ab diolagta.
Kaoa axpblnärsa d bes eosarvdkeras nþie sa kd àakodnf ka

àakodnf ka idgard dsartlvd pdrd qua ge
jlardg bes sagtlilagtes
sagtlilagtes ka
ka sus neipdôares.
Acaipbes ka sltudnlegas seora bds qua jdnar reb pbdylgh3
 Qg neipdôare sa agtard ka qua etre jd astdke jdobdgke idb ka ìb d sus aspdbkds.

 Qg neipdôare ba jd prastdke dbhe jdna tlaipe d etre y asta ge sa be jd kavuabte.
 Qg preàser ta bbdid bd dtagnlþg, ab cevag ba ranrlilgd y sa nrad ugd klsnuslþg.
 Qg neipdôare ba jdna ugd oreid pasdkd d etre.
 [a agtards ka qua tu hrupe ka dilhes astä pbdgadgke jdnarba dbhe idbe d etre neipdôare.
40

Bls
lstd
td ka kl
klggäiln
äilnds
ds pdr
drd
d pr
prdn
dntl
tlnd
ndrr bd ne
neiu
iuggln
lndn
dnlþ
lþgg
dsartlvd
4- Karanjes dsartlves
Eocatlves
Kasdrrebbdr ab dutenegenlilagte.
Dpragkar d jdnar vdbar bd eplglþg parsegdb pdrtlagke ka ugd sltudnlþg ka raspate.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka 0= ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per suohrupes.
Idtarldbas ganasdrles
@ebles y oebéhrdè pdrd ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe plka qua ndkd lgtahrdgta kab hrupe, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, asnrlod ag
ug èble bes karanjes qua negslkard qua tlagag ag ab äiolte `dilbldr, ab bdoerdb y kagtre ka
bd senlakdk.
â klvlka ab hrupe ag suohrupes, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka pdrtlnlpdgtas y sa bas plka qua
lkagtl`lquag nlgne karanjes qua taghdg ag neióg ag bds ärads iagnlegdkds dgtarleriagta
(`dilbld, trdodce y senlakdk).
]dsdke ab tlaipe qua jdydg dnerkdke pravldiagta, ndkd hrupe axpega sus negnbuslegas. â
preplnld ab kaodta ag hrupe.
Ab `dnlbltdker bas plka qua, ka guave, sa peghdg per hrupes y plagsag quì karanjes tlagag
bds parsegds qua rekadg ab negtaxte `dilbldr, bdoerdb y bd senlakdk ag hagardb.
Qgd vaz qua jdydg `lgdblzdke, sa kaodta nþie sa puaka raspatdr d bes kaiäs, jdnlìgkeges
raspatdr.
?- Asndbdkd
48

Eocatlve
]rdntlndr bd neiuglndnlþg ag ugd sltudnlþg ka tagslþg.
[laipe ganasdrle
<= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
@ebles y oebéhrdè pdrd ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker prasagtd ab eocatlve ka bd klgäilnd y huéd ugd teriagtd ka lkads seora

sltudnlegas ag bds qua ges sagtlies ag tagslþg.
D negtlgudnlþg, ka`lga bd neiuglndnlþg dsartlvd y prasagtd ugd sarla ka negsaces y

`þriubds. â raneilagkd prdntlndr neg ug pdr ka acaipbes.
Ndkd uge, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, asnrloa ugd sltudnlþg (radb e jlpetìtlnd) qua bas prekuznd
tagslþg y ag bd qua ba hustdréd prdntlndr bd neiuglndnlþg dsartlvd.
â èridg suohrupes ka agtra ; y 0 pdrtlnlpdgtas. Ndkd uge, ag ab suohrupe, neipdrtlrä bd

sltudnlþg neg sus neipdôares.
Kagtre kab suohrupe, sa èridräg kes `lbds ka idgard qua ag ug bdke jdyd ugd pdracd y ag
ab etre, ab raste ka lgtahrdgtas kab suohrupe. Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe kaslhgdrä ugd `lbd
neie ‒klsputdkerd’ ag bd qua ka lzqularkd d karanjd jdorä ug hrdklagta ka hrdkes ka
klsputd, kab iäs bava db iäs savare.
Ag bd etrd `lbd astäg ab vebugtdrle y su neipdôare. Ab vebugtdrle kaoa kasnrlolr bd sltudnlþg

ka astrìs qua ablhlþ a lrä raspegklagke d ndkd klsputdker per turge, raspegklìgkeba ka
idgard dsartlvd.
Ab neipdôare kab vebugtdrle ba e`rana dpeye y sa dsahurd ka qua bes klsputdkeras

neipragkag be qua astä axpeglagke ab vebugtdrle. Dkaiäs, e`rana àakodnf db vebugtdrle
seora nþie sa astä kasagvebvlagke.
â prekuna ug kaodta neg ab hrupe hrdgka ag ab qua sa lkagtl`lquag bes abaiagtes quì jdg
eostdnublzdke bd neiuglndnlþg y quì jarrdilagtds y astrdtahlds sa jdg utlblzdke.
4:

^l sa klspega ka iäs tlaipe, sa raplta bd klgäilnd ndioldgke bes rebas ka ndkd uge kagtre
kab suohrupe pdrd qua puakdg axparliagtdr klstlgtes pugtes ka vlstd.
>- @etepreyannlþg
Eocatlves
]ariltlr qua ndkd parsegd sa axprasa bloraiagta.

Lkagtl`lndr nþie ndkd uge sa lkagtl`lnd.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka ?= ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe3 lbliltdke.
Buhdr
]er ndkd suohrupe, ugd ètehrd`éd ka dbhe qua kì pla d qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas lidhlgag ugd
sltudnlþg. Dkaiäs, èbles, oebéhrdès y ugd plzdrrd neg retubdker e tlzd.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab klgdilzdker klvlka db hrupe per suohrupes, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka pdrtlnlpdgtas ag bd
dntlvlkdk.
Ba e`rana d ndkd suohrupe ugd ètehrd`éd y bas plka qua, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, asnrlodg quì
sunaklþ dgtas ka bd ète, quì enurra ag ab ieiagte ka bd ète y quì pdsdrä kaspuìs.
Nudgke
tekes a jdydg dndodke,
lgtagtdg bbahdr duge
ugdd sltudnlþg
uge neipdrta neg sus neipdôares su gdrrdnlþg. Kaodtag agtra
neióg.
Ndkd suohrupe ablha d ug neipdôare qua axpeghd kabdgta ka bes kaiäs neipdôares.
Klsnuslþg3 ab klgdilzdker kaoa huldr ab kaodta pdrd qua ndkd uge puakd dpblndr astds
sltudnlegas d su vlkd kldrld.
4<

;- ]dslve, dhraslve y dsartlve
Eocatlve
Klsnarglr agtra bes klstlgtes tlpes ka neiuglndnlþg.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka 4?= ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
@ebles, oebéhrdès y ugd plzdrrd neg retubdker e tlzd.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker klrlha ugd bbuvld ka lkads seora bd dsartlvlkdk.
Kaspuìs, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, ndkd uge kaoa pagsdr ag bd parsegd iäs suilsd qua
negezndg y dgetdr ndrdntaréstlnds seora su neipertdilagte.
â bas plka qua sa bavdgtag tekes y dntóag ka ug bdke db etre kab dubd e sdbþg neg ugd
dntltuk suilsd, utlblzdgke axnbuslvdiagta ab baghudca ge varodb.
Ab `dnlbltdker bas plka qua sa quakag qulates, neie astdtuds, dkeptdgke haste suilse. Pd
neiagtdgke y teidgke getd ka nþie ab hrupe jd ndrdntarlzdke asta neipertdilagte.
D negtlgudnlþg, sa ndiold ka neipertdilagte suilse d dhraslve. ]ravldiagta, jdg ka

asnrlolr ka idgard lgklvlkudb bds ndrdntaréstlnds ka bd neiuglndnlþg dhraslvd.
Ka guave, jdg ka quakdrsa pdrdblzdkes y ab `dnlbltdker lrä neiagtdgke y plklagke bd

nebdoerdnlþg kab hrupe pdrd teidr getd.
Bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe vdg teidgke dslagte y abdoerdg, ag hrupe, ugd blstd ka
neipertdilagtes ka ugd parsegd dsartlvd, seora teke ag rabdnlþg d bd negkuntd ge varodb.
Etrd vaz, jdg ka ievarsa per ab dubd teidgke ugd dntltuk dsartlvd y ag slbagnle. Ab
`dnl
`dnlblbltd
tdke
kerr ra
rapl
plta
ta ab pa
pakl
klrb
rbas
as qu
quaa sa qu
quak
akag
ag ne
neie
ie as
astd
tdtu
tuds
ds y te
teid
idrr ge
getd
td ka
kabb
neipertdilagte ge varodb.
Ab `dnlbltdker klrlha ug kaodta ag ab qua sa dgdblzdg bes klstlgtes astlbes neiuglndtlves y

nþie sa jdg sagtlke bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ka bd klgäilnd ag ndkd uge ka abbes. ]estarleriagta,
?=

sa lgtrekunag sltudnlegas ag bds qua ab neipertdilagte as dsartlve y sa prdntlndg. [diolìg,

sa puakag usdr acaipbes ka sltudnlegas ag bds qua prdntlndr ab astlbe dsartlve.
1- Jlsterld nebantlvd
Eocatlves
Neipdrtlr sagtlilagtes
sagtlilagtes neg
neg ab raste ka neipdôares.
Nradr ugd jlsterld ag neióg.
@ertdbanar bes végnubes y rabdnlegas.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka >= ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
Qg evlbbe ka bdgd.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe lgtrekunlrä ab taid ag nuastlþg. Astd tìnglnd as dpblndoba ag
klstlgtes äioltes y ieiagtes per bes qua pdsd ug hrupe. Be lipertdgta as qua jdyd
neg`ldgzd y ndkd uge puakd axprasdrsa neg bloartdk. ]er acaipbe, puaka usdrsa neie
kasdjehe, axpraslþg aienlegdb, pdrd narrdr ug hrupe, atn.
Negslsta ag qua bd parsegd qua tlaga ab evlbbe ka bdgd neipdrtd neg ab hrupe dquabbe qua
kasaa y qua sa quaka neg ab axtraie kab evlbbe.
D negtlgudnlþg, kaoa pdsdr ab evlbbe db neipdôare qua qulard.
Ìsta kaoa neiagtdr be qua qulard y dhdrrdr ab evlbbe. D negtlgudnlþg, sa be pdsdrä d etre
neipdôare.
Bd klgäilnd dndod nudgke jdydg pdrtlnlpdke tekes.
Bd ra`baxlþg `lgdb kaoa lr dneipdôdkd kab taclke qua gdna agterge d ug aqulpe y bds
rabdnlegas qua surhag kagtre kab ilsie.
?4

0- > pdses jdnld bd dsartlvlkdk
Eocatlve
]rdntlndr bd dsartlvlkdk.
[laipe ganasdrle
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
^dbd e dubd dipbld.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker axpega bes tras pdses qua negkunag ab kläbehe dsartlve. Axprasdr bes
sagtlilagtes, seblnltdr quì quarraies qua enurrd y kanlr nþie ges sagtlrédies trds ab
ndiole.
â axpegag sltudnlegas netlkldgds ag bd vlkd parsegdb y bdoerdb qua suabag hagardr neg`blnte
y, agtra tekes,
tekes, sa rasuabvag d trdvìs kab kläbehe
kläbehe dsartlve.
Etres neiagtdrles3 puaka radblzdrsa prliare ag suohrupes e ka idgard lgklvlkudb y

kaspuìs, rasebvar y kaodtlr bds sltudnlegas neg ab raste ka neipdôares.
8- Eostänubes
Eocatlves
Lkagtl`lndr bes eostänubes qua dpdranag ag ab prenase neiuglndtlve.
Abdoerdr jarrdilagtds a lgstruiagtes pdrd sebvagtdrbes.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka ;1 ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe
Lbliltdke.
??

Buhdr
^dbd e dubd dipbld.
]dses d sahulr3
Ab klgdilzdker lgtrekuna bd klgäilnd axpblndgke qua tlagag qua pagsdr ag sltudnlegas ag bds
qua ge sa jdg sagtlkes sdtlsànjes neg ugd negvarsdnlþg e prenase neiuglndtlve.
Ndkd parsegd neipdrta neg ab hrupe y, agtra tekes, sa lkagtl`lndg quì abaiagtes e
sltudnlegas negkucareg db `rdndse.
D negtlgudnlþg, sa raprasagtd neg iéilnd dbhuge ka bes acaipbes axpuastes. ]uaka sar ka
idgard lgklvlkudb e hrupdb.
Bd parsegd nuye acaipbe sa astä radblzdgke, kaoa dbtardr ab astdke ka bds `lhurds jdnld bd
]drd `lgdblzdr, sa radblzd ug kaodta ag ab qua ndkd uge puakd axprasdr su eplglþg y
sagtlilagtes.
:- Kläbehe kloucdke
Eocatlve
]etagnldr bd nradtlvlkdk y bd aipdtéd
aipdtéd..
Qsdr ab klouce neie iìteke ka axpraslþg.
[laipe ganasdrle
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke. As lipertdgta qua sa negezndg agtra abbes.
Buhdr
^dbd e dubd dipbld.
Neberas (retubdkeras e bäplnas) y pdpab negtlgue.
?>

]dses d sahulr3
Ndkd parsegd neharä ug neber. Nudgke tekes be taghdg, kaoag èridr pdracds neg parsegds
qua taghdg ug neber klstlgte db suye.
â sagtdrä per pdracds, ag`ragtdkes y ag iakle tagkräg ug treze ka pdpab negtlgue.
Kaoag ka kloucdr dbhe qua qulardg neipdrtlr neg asd parsegd e kanlrba.
Kurdgta asta tlaipe ge astä pariltlke jdobdr. ]uaka utlblzdrsa ióslnd rabdcdgta qua
negtrlouyd d bd nradnlþg ka ug nblid nþieke.
Ab klgdilzdker kaoa astdr db tdgte ka nþie `buyag bds rabdnlegas y nþie vdg jdnlagke bes
klouces.
_a`baxlþg `lgdb seora be qua jdg sagtlke y, nþie, be jdg axprasdke d trdvìs kab klouce.
[diolìg, seora nþie sa jdg sagtlke slg pekar jdobdr ilagtrds kloucdodg.
<- Epeslnlþg dsartlvd
Eocatlve
Dpragkar d kanlr ‒ge’.
[laipe ganasdrle
>= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta
dprexlidkdiagta..
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
^dbd e dubd dipbld.

]dses d sahulr3
Ab klgdilzdker lgtrekunlrä bd klgäilnd axpblndgke qua kagtre ka bd dsartlvlkdk rasubtd
lipertdgta d kanlr qua ge sl ge ges dpatana jdnar dbhe.
â lgtrekunag klstlgtds sltudnlegas kab kéd d kéd ag bds qua puaka enurrlr qua radbiagta ge
ges dpataznd dnuklr. ]er acaipbe3 dneipdôdr d ug dilhe d neiprdr bes rahdbes ka Gdvlkdk
ugd tdrka ag bd qua ab nagtre neiarnldb astdrä bbage ka hagta.
h agta.
?;

Ka idgard lgklvlkudb, bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe rakdntdg nþie dntudrédg ag asd sltudnlþg y
quì ba klrédg d su lgtarbenuter.
Agtra tekes, odce bd suparvlslþg kab `dnlbltdker, abdoerdg quì pekrédg kanlr ag asds
sltudnlegas.
4=- Blora
Eocatlve
@eiagtdr bd nejaslþg kab hrupe d trdvìs ka bd ra`baxlþg ka ug taid katarilgdke.
[laipe ganasdrle
Dbrakaker ka ;= ilgutes.
[didôe kab hrupe

Lbliltdke.
Buhdr
^dbd e dubd dipbld.
Glghuge ag aspanldb.
]dses d sahulr3
â èridg suohrupes, ag ùgnlþg kab tdidôe kab hrupe.
Ab klgdilzdker neilagzd d jdobdrbas ka bd bloartdk a lgtrekuna bd klgäilnd.
]er hrupes, kaoag doerkdr bes slhulagtas taids3
-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté blora.
-Qg ieiagte ka vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté eprlilke.
-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua eprlié d etrds parsegds.
Kaspuìs ka qua tekes bes lgtahrdgtas ka ndkd suohrupe jdydg neipdrtlke sus axparlagnlds
neg bes kaiäs, abdoerdg agtra tekes ugd ka`lglnlþg pdrd bd pdbdord bloartdk y etrd, pdrd
epraslþg.
[ekes bes suohrupes axpegag sus ka`lglnlegas y sa prekuna ug kaodta jdstd qua bbahuag d
ug dnuarke ag neióg.
?1

Ab `d
`dnl
nlblbltd
tdke
kerr ka
kaoa
oarä
rä ag
ag`d
`dtl
tlzd
zdrr nþ
nþie
ie do
doer
erkd
kdrr as
aste
tess ds
dspa
pant
ntes
es ag ra
rabd
bdnl
nlþg
þg ne
negg bd
44- Neiuglndnlþg ge varodb
Eocatlves
_anegenar ab ievlilagte y bes hastes

h astes nerperdbas.
[laipe ganasdrle
[didôe kab hrupe

Iäxlie >= parsegds.
Buhdr
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr.
[drcatds neg `rdsas neiugas, èbles y oebéhrdès.
]dses d sahulr3
Bd klgäilnd as slipba y astdrä klrlhlkd per ugd parsegd. Astd agtrahdrä d ndkd dbuige ugd
tdrcatd neg `rdsas neie3 ‒idôdgd lrì db ekegtþbehe’, ‒ia dhrdkþ nagdr neg bes ustakas
dyar’ e ‒ge ia dhrdkd be qua klnas’.
Bes pdrtlnlpdgtas kaoag trdtdr ka liltdr astds `rdsas neg ab nuarpe per dbhuges ilgutes. D
negtlgudnlþg bes eosarvdkeras kaoaräg asnrlolr ag ugd jecd be qua nraag qua qulara kanlr ab
‒dnter’.
4?- ]arspantlvd
Eocatlves
Plsudblzdr bd parspantlvd ka etrds parsegds.
[laipe ganasdrle
[didôe kab hrupe

> parsegds.
?0

Buhdr
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr.
@ebles y oebéhrdès.
]dses d sahulr3
â nebend d bes tras pdrtlnlpdgtas dbrakaker ka ug eocate, y sa bas plka qua asnrlodg ug
orava kasnrlpnlþg ka ugd pdrta kab eocate. Iäs tdrka ndkd uge baarä ag vez dbtd be qua jd
asnrlte.
â trdtd ka kdr d agtagkar qua be qua ndkd parsegd kasnrloa e be qua parnloa kapagka ka bd
parspantlvd qua tlaga, y ka qua ge tekes vaies ab iugke ka bd ilsid èrid.
Dqué ta kace ug vékae neg bds klgäilnds iäs kastdndkds3
jttps3//yeutu.oa/`XZ1pOa4s:=
Blstd ka klgäilnds ka ietlvdnlþg pdrd usdr ag hrupes y

aqulpes
D negtlgudnlþg, pdsdies d var klstlgtds klgäilnds y tìnglnds qua puakag sar usdkds pdrd
lgnraiagtdr bd ietlvdnlþg ka bes aqulpes. As iuy lipertdgta tagar ag nuagtd nuäbas seg bes
eocatlves ka ugd klgäilnd nudgke sa dpblnd pdrd eotagar ab idyer ragklilagte ag bd ilsid.
4- Ab dbdiora pabdke
Eocatlves3
Behrdr dglidr ab hrupe.
Negtrloulr d bd negnagtrdnlþg ag ieiagtes ka klsparslþg.
[laipe ganasdrle3
[ralgtd ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe3

_akunlke, neie iäxlie klaz parsegds.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
?8

Glghuge.
]dses d sahulr3
4- â ba plka d ug neipdôare qua sa vdyd ka bd jdoltdnlþg.
?- Ab raste ka bes neipdôares, sa slagtdg ag nérnube y sa nehag ka bds idges. Ab `dnlbltdker

nuagtd qua ab nérnube ùgnlegd neie ug nlrnulte abìntrlne y qua jdy ug dbdiora pabdke. Agtra
tekes, ablhag qulìg ùgnlegdrä neie dbdiora pabdke.
>- Nudgke jdg teidke bd kanlslþg, sa ba plka db neipdôare qua astä ùard ka bd sdbd qua
agtra. Ab `dnlbltdker ka hrupe ba axpblnd qua ab hrupe as ug nlrnulte abìntrlne y qua ag ìsta
jdy ug dbdiora pabdke. Kaoarä usdr su lghagle pdrd kasnuorlr qulìg as.
Klsnuslþg
Ge axlsta ug rasubtdke nerrante e óglne ag astd klgäilnd. Ab `dnlbltdker kaoa prastdr
dtagnlþg d nþie sa kasdrrebbd bd dntlvlkdk y nþie as bd pdrtlnlpdnlþg ka bes klstlgtes
ilaiores kab aqulpe. D ieke ka ra`baxlþg `lgdb, puaka prahugtdrbas nþie sa jdg sagtlke
ndkd uge d be bdrhe kab acarnlnle.
Etres neiagtdrles
Astd klgäilnd rasubtd iuy ótlb ag ieiagtes ka klsparslþg y astrìs pdrd hagardr ug
diolagta rabdcdke y klstagklke agtra bes lgtahrdgtas ka ug hrupe.
?- êgkae ka Ietlvdnlegas
Eocatlves3
Neiagzdr d negenarsa.
Negenar bds ietlvdnlegas ka bes neipdôares qua negèridg ug hrupe.

[laipe ganasdrle3
Iakld jerd, dprexlidkdiagta. Ag ùgnlþg kab tdidôe kab hrupe.
[didôe kab hrupe3

Nudbqular hrupe, be lkadb as qua sadg
s adg iäs ka klaz parsegds.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble, nuolarte e db dlra blora.
]dpab y oebéhrdè pdrd ndkd parsegd.
?:

]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe negtaxtudblzdrä, d ieke ka prasagtdnlþg, qua ndkd vaz qua
lglnldies ugd dntlvlkdk guavd, bd jdnaies per ug ietlve. Bas paklrä d bes lgtahrdgtas kab
hrupe nuäb jd slke bd ietlvdnlþg qua bas jd janje astdr dbbé.
?- Ka idgard lgklvlkudb, bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe raspegkaräg d ugd sarla ka prahugtds ka
asta tlpe3 µper quì ja vaglke d astd dntlvlkdk5, µnuäb as il astdke ka äglie jey5, µquì
aspare eotagar ag ab kéd ka jey5, µquì astey klspuaste d dpertdr ag ab kéd ka jey5
>- [eke ab iugke neipdrta neg ab raste kab hrupe, sus lgqulatukas y quì jd raspegklke d
bds prahugtds qua pbdgtaþ ag ug prliar ieiagte ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe.
Klsnuslþg3
As lipertdgta qua bd parsegd qua klrlcd bd dntlvlkdk, sapd hastlegdr ka idgard dkanudkd bes
neiagtdrles ka bes klstlgtes ilaiores kab hrupe.
Etres neiagtdrles3
â puaka dôdklr dbhóg eocate, neg ab `lg ka qua sa raspata ab turge ka pdbdord ka ndkd
neipdôare.
eocate. As kanlr, bd óglnd parsegd qua puaka jdobdr as bd qua tlaga ag su idge tdb
>- Pebugtdrles pdrd èridr ug hrupe
Eocatlves3
Iestrdr bd lipertdgnld ka nradr bd ietlvdnlþg ag ab hrupe.
]agsdr idgards ka kaspartdr ab lgtarìs y bd lgqulatuk ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas dgta ugd tdrad
katarilgdkd.
[laipe ganasdrle3
Tulgna ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe3

_asubtd lgklàragta.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble y nþieke.
Glghuge ag aspanldb.
?<

]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker paklrä, slg kdr glghugd axpblndnlþg, vebugtdrles pdrd radblzdr ugd dntlvlkdk.
?- Nudgke jdyd sdblke ab góiare ka vebugtdrles raquarlkes (asta góiare vdrldrä ag ùgnlþg
kab góiare ka lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe), prahugtdr db raste per quì ge sdblareg.
>- ]rahugtdr d bds parsegds qua sa e`ranlareg vebugtdrlds per quì be jlnlareg.
;- _a`baxlegdr, ag hrupe, seora bds lgqulatukas y bes taieras qua puakag axparliagtdr bds
parsegds dgta ugd sltudnlþg katarilgdkd. Dkaiäs, as lipertdgta ra`baxlegdr seora quì
astrdtahlds sa puakag utlblzdr pdrd ietlvdr d qua bds parsegds sa prastag neie vebugtdrles
d radblzdr ugd dntlvlkdk.
Klsnuslþg3
As geridb qua slg sdoar quì dntlvlkdk vdg d radblzdr y slg glghóg tlpe ka ietlvdnlþg per
pdrta kab `dnlbltdker, ge sa prasagtag vebugtdrles. ]er abbe, jdy qua negnlagnldr db hrupe
seora quì jarrdilagtds sa puakag utlblzdr pdrd nradr ug nblid pdrtlnlpdtlve.
;- Ab bdze
Eocatlves3
Duiagtdr bd ietlvdnlþg kab hrupe d trdvìs kab trdodce ag aqulpe.
@eiagtdr bd nejaslþg kab hrupe.
[laipe ganasdrle3
;1 ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe3
Ab hrupe ge kaoa supardr bds 41 parsegds.

Buhdr3
^dbþg dipble.
Bdze e nerkab.
]dses d sahulr3
4- â nradg kes hrupes neg ab ilsie góiare ka pdrtlnlpdgtas. â bas kd bd erkag ka qua ge
puakag jdobdr d be bdrhe ka bd klgäilnd.
>=

?- Qgd vaz qua yd astìg klvlklkes, sa pega ug bdze e nerkab ka ug bdke d etre ka bd
jdoltdnlþg d bd dbturd ka bd nlgturd ka bd parsegd iäs dbtd kab hrupe. Dkaiäs, sa idrndrä
ugd bégad per ab suabe qua ge sa pekrä plsdr.
>- Klspegag ka >= ilgutes pdrd pdsdr ka ug bdke db etre kab sdbþg, pdsdgke per agnlid kab
nerkab y slg plsdr bd bégad idrndkd ag ab suabe.
Klsnuslþg3
Ab aqulpe hdgdker sarä ab qua jdydg pdsdke tekes sus lgtahrdgtas dgtas ka ug bdke d etre y
nuipblagke bds gerids. Ag ndse ka qua jdydg pdsdke bes tralgtd ilgutes y glghuge jdyd
dndodke, hdgd ab aqulpe qua iäs ilaiores sa agnuagtrag db etre bdke.
[rds bd `lgdblzdnlþg, sa radblzdrä ugd ra`baxlþg ag hrupe pdrd var nþie sa jdg sagtlke y quì
eostänubes jdg taglke qua supardr pdrd dbndgzdr ab eocatlve.
1- µTuì ia dpertd ab hrupe5
Eocatlves3
_a`baxlegdr seora bes pugtes ùartas y kìolbas seora ab trdodce qua sa radblzd ag asa hrupe.
@eiagtdr bes ranuarkes ietlvdkeras.
[laipe ganasdrle3
>= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta
dprexlidkdiagta..
[didôe kab hrupe3

â puaka jdnar ag nudbqular hrupe, lgnbuse ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
Buhdr3
Buhdr ka trdodce.
]dpab y oebéhrdè.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Asnrlolr ag ug pdpab klaz nesds ouagds qua dpertd bd aiprasd y ab trdodce ag aqulpe
kagtre ka bd ilsid.
Klsnuslþg3
^l sa radblzd ag hrupe, ge ka idgard lgklvlkudb, sa preplnldrä ug aspdnle pdrd qua ndkd uge
puakd neipdrtlr
pdrd idgtagar dbtdsubdeplglþg y varkanuäbas
ietlvdnlþg seg bes pugtes qua ab aqulpe jd ka trdodcdr iäs
bes lgtahrdgtas.
>4

0- Bliltdnlegas parsegdbas
Eocatlves3
_andpdnltdr ag bes pugtes kìolbas ka ndkd uge.
Neipreodr qua tekes tagaies bliltdnlegas y qua, radbiagta, ge seg tdg hrdvas.
]agsdr astrdtahlds y quì jarrdilagtds sa puakag utlblzdr pdrd iacerdrbes.
[laipe ganasdrle3
;1 ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta
dprexlidkdiagta..
[didôe kab hrupe3

_asubtd lgklàragta. D idyer ndgtlkdk ka parsegds, iäs tlaipe.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble qua pariltd qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
]dpab y oebéhrdè.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe plka qua ndkd parsegd asnrlod ag ug pdpab tras bliltdnlegas e
pugtes kìolbas ka ndkd uge. Ge sa pegkrä ab geiora ag asa pdpab. [rds uges ilgutes,
raneha tekes bes pdpabas.
?- Klstrlouya astes pdpabas ka idgard dbadterld ka idgard qua ndkd parsegd, jdyd ranlolke
uge.
>- ]er erkag, ndkd parsegd vd bayagke bes pugtes kìolbas qua dpdranag ag ab pdpab neie sl
ùardg preples. Dkaiäs, puakag axdhardrbes. D bd vaz qua bes klna, neiagtd quì astrdtahlds
puaka usdr pdrd nerrahlrbes e nþie pekréd iacerdrbes.
Klsnuslþg3
Neg astd klgäilnd, sa e`ranaräg pugtes ka vlstd guaves seora preobaids qua ges dàntdg
ka idgard parsegdb. Dkaiäs, sa rapdrdrä ag qua tekes tagaies kaàntes.
8- Bes dspantes kastdndkes ka bd vlkd
Eocatlves3
]agsdr ag bds ietlvdnlegas parsegdbas.
>?

[laipe ganasdrle3
Palgta ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta
dprexlidkdiagta..
[didôe kab hrupe3

â puaka dkdptdr d hrupes paquaôes y hrdgkas.
Buhdr3
Glghuge.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe paklrä qua teke ab iugke plagsa quì >= sahugkes ka su vlkd
quarrédg vebvar d vlvlr ag ab jlpetìtlne ndse ka qua sþbe bas quakdrd asa aspdnle ka tlaipe
ka vlkd.
?- _a`baxlegdr ag asa hrupe. ^l ab pagsdilagte as égtlie y sl ge sa qulara neipdrtlr neg ab

raste kab hrupe, bd parsegd ge kaoa sagtlrsa eoblhdkd.
>- Ab `dnlbltdker pekrä huldr bd ra`baxlþg neg bds slhulagtas prahugtds3 µTuì klna tu
abannlþg dnarnd ka tl neie parsegd5, µquì tdbagtes e pdslegas astäs kasnulkdgke5
Klsnuslþg3
Bd tdrad kab `dnlbltdker ag astd klgäilnd as dbagtdr d bds parsegds d qua bunjag per sus
suaôes y qua plagsag sl astäg dntudgke ka bd idgard nerrantd ag ùgnlþg d be qua radbiagta
kasadg ag su vlkd.
:- Astdr djé
Eocatlves3
Astliubdr bd klsnuslþg y bes pagsdilagtes qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe taghdg seora bd
ietlvdnlþg y bd negnlagnld.
[laipe ganasdrle3
Iakld jerd dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe3

â puaka dkdptdr d hrupes paquaôes y hrdgkas.
>>

Buhdr3
Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 glghuge.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Klvlklr db hrupe hrdgka per aqulpes. Ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka lgtahrdgtas saräg per
pdracds e olag, per hrupes ka > þ ; parsegds.
?- Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe bdgzdrä prahugtds seora ab buhdr kegka asa hrupe ag negnrate
trdo
trdodc
dcd.
d. As ka
kanl
nlr,
r, se
seor
oraa bd e`
e`ln
lnlg
lgd,
d, ab du
dubd
bd e bd as
asnu
nuab
abd,
d, at
atn.
n. [d
[dio
iolì
lìg,
g, se
seor
oraa bd
bdss
ndrdntaréstlnds ka bes klstlgtes lgtahrdgtas e olag, ka bds tdrads qua radblzd ndkd uge ka
abbes.
Klsnuslþg3
Hdgd ab aqulpe qua iäs prahugtds negtasta ka idgard nerrantd. â puaka dbagtdr bd
pdrtlnlpdnlþg neg dbhóg praile.
<- µNþie ia vag ils neipdôares5

Eocatlves3
@eiagtdr bd ietlvdnlþg d glvab lgklvlkudb y bd nejaslþg kab hrupe.
[laipe ganasdrle3
Qgd jerd, dprexlidkdiagta.
[didôe kab hrupe3

_asubtd lgklàragta. D idyer ndgtlkdk ka parsegds, iäs tlaipe.
Buhdr3
Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 seoras, pest-lt ka kes neberas klstlgtes y oebéhrdè.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe, agtrahd ug geiora per ndkd uge ka bes lgtahrdgtas neg ab
geiora ka ndkd uge ka abbes. â agtrahdräg db dzdr, slg qua gdkla ranlod ab seora neg su
preple geiora.
?- â trdtd ka qua bes klstlgtes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe, vdydg asnrlolagke ag ug pdpab dbhe
pesltlve y dbhe gahdtlve ka asd parsegd. Ndkd ugd ka abbds ag ab neber kab pest-lt qua jdyd
>;

klnje ab `dnlbltdker. ]er acaipbe, bd nesd ouagd ag ug pest-lt varka y bd idbd ag ug pest-lt
rece.
>- [ekes vdg dôdklagke neiagtdrles seora tekes sus neipdôares.
;- âgtdkes ag nérnube, sa ba agtrahd d ndkd parsegd su seora. ]er turges, ndkd uge dorlrä
ab suye y baarä ag vez dbtd bds getds qua jd ranlolke. Neipdrtlrä neg ab raste ka neipdôares
nþie sa jd sagtlke.
Klsnuslþg3
As lipertdgta qua ab `dnlbltdker preplnla bd lgtardnnlþg agtra bes neipdôares. Tua taghdg bd
epertuglkdk pdrd axprasdrsa y qua puakdg kanlrba d sus neipdôares per quì jlnlareg asa
neiagtdrle ag ab pest-lt.
Etres neiagtdrles3
As raneiagkdoba qua bes neiagtdrles gahdtlves sa dneipdôag neg nþie pekrédg iacerdr
asa dspante pdrd qua dsé, ge sad agtagklke neie ugd nrétlnd.
4=- Nradnlþg ka ug behe
Eocatlves3
@eiagtdr bd nejaslþg hrupdb.
Nradr ug abaiagte lkagtl`lndtlve kab hrupe.
Duiagtdr bd ietlvdnlþg d glvab hrupdb.
[laipe ganasdrle3
[didôe kab hrupe3

â puaka usdr neg hrupes paquaôes y hrdgkas.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble ag ab qua tekes puakdg sagtlrsa nþiekes trdodcdgke.
Qgd ndrtublgd hrdgka y neberas (bäplnas, retubdkeras, plgturds ka kakes, atn).
]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab `dnlbltdker
abdoerdr e`rana
ug behetlpe qua basbd lkagtl`lqua
ndrtublgd dbneie
hrupe y bas axpblnd qua tlagag 41 ilgutes pdrd
hrupe.
>1

?- ]dsdke ab tlaipe, sa prahugtdrä d bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe sl astäg sdtlsànjes neg ab
trdodce radblzdke, sl sa jdg sagtlke asnunjdkes per sus neipdôares, atn.
Etres neiagtdrles3
Ab rasubtdke `lgdb puaka pegarsa ag ug sltle vlsloba kab dubd e bd e`lnlgd pdrd qua be taghdg
prasagta. Dkaiäs, puaka neiagzdr d usdrsa neie abaiagte lkagtl`lndtlve kab hrupe.
44- Asnuke ka drids
Eocatlves3
Ietlvdr d qua bes dbuiges negstruydg vdberas ierdbas.
ierdbas.
[laipe ganasdrle3
0= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta
dprexlidkdiagta..
[didôe kab hrupe3

Hrupes paquaôes e hrdgkas.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble qua pariltd d bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe rauglrsa ag suohrupes.
Oebéhrdès, èbles y idrndkeras
]dses d sahulr3
4- â klvlka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ag suohrupes y sa bas axpblnd qua seg pdrta ka ugd `dilbld ka
bd Akdk Iakld.
Iakld. Kaoag klsaôdr su preple asnuke ka drids ag bes qua pbdsidräg sus vdberas y
dsé pekar neiuglndrbes d sus kasnagklagtas.
?- Ab èridker bas lgklndrä d ndkd suohrupe qua iuastra su asnuke ag slbagnle y ab raste
kaoarä lgtarpratdr su slhgl`lndke.
>- @lgdbiagta, ndkd dbuige neiagtd oravaiagta bes vdberas qua jd quarlke pbdsidr ag su
asnuke.
4?- Lgtahrdrsa db hrupe
Eocatlves3
Ietlvdr bd lgtahrdnlþg hrupdb.
>0

[laipe ganasdrle3
[didôe kab hrupe3

Hrupes hrdgkas.
Buhdr3
Aspdnle dipble qua pariltd qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe kaspbdzdrsa.
Glghuge.
]dses d sahulr3
4- Ab èridker raóga d tekes bes pdrtlnlpdgtas y bas klna qua sa pdsaag per bd nbdsa, per
kegka pra`lardg. [rds ug ilgute, ab èridker klna ag vez dbtd ug góiare qua lgklndrä ab
tdidôe ka bes hrupes qua kaoag èridr. ^l klna > sa èridrdg hrupes ka tras parsegds.
?- ^l ugd parsegd quakd sebd kaoarä radblzdr ugd dntlvlkdk neie ndgtdr, odlbdr e liltdr6
slaipra taglagke ag nuagtd qua kaoa sar dbhe pesltlve y qua dglia db lgklvlkue.
jttps3//yeutu.oa/l`CI;OToOFh
Klgäilnds ka duteastlid pdrd dkebasnagtas

Be lkadb as neiagzdr d trdodcdr bd duteastlid kaska bd prliard lg`dgnld6 pare dóg dsé, aste
tdiolìg puaka sar iuy ótlb ag bd dkebasnagnld. Ag astd sannlþg ta trdaies vdrlds klgäilnds
klsaôdkds aspané`lndiagta pdrd sar utlblzdkds per dkebasnagtas y cþvagas dkubtes.
„ Blstd ka d`lridnlegas
Bds d`lridnlegas seg ugd ka bds jarrdilagtds iäs pepubdras pdrd neiodtlr bd odcd
duteastlid ag dkubtes y dkebasnagtas. Astd klgäilnd sa odsd ag asnrlolr agtra klaz y valgta
`rdsas pesltlvds seora uge ilsie, y rapatlrbds d kldrle jdstd qua bbahua ug pugte ag qua
jdydg slke lgtarlerlzdkds.
Bds `rdsas kaoag astdr nagtrdkds ag ab ùture, y sar negstrulkds ka èrid pesltlvd. Ka
astd idgard, bd pasregd puaka nagtrdrsa ag dquabbe qua qulara negsahulr, y iagtdblzdrsa ka
qua sus iatds seg radbiagta dbndgzdobas. Dsé, dbhuges acaipbes pekrédg sar bes slhulagtas3
„ ‒êy ndpdz ka jdobdr neg kasnegenlkes neg neg`ldgzd’.
„ ‒Jdhe acarnlnle tekes bes kéds y ia slagte iacer negilhe ilsie’.
>8

„ ‒Ils getds iacerdg pene d pene perqua astukle d kldrle’.
Qgd vaz qua sa jdyd neipbatdke bd blstd, be lkadb as baarbd kes e tras vanas ag vez dbtd tekes
bes kéds, praàrlobaiagta dgtas ka lr d bd ndid e gdkd iäs kaspartdrsa.
„ ]räntlnd ka dutednaptdnlþg
Qge ka bes jäoltes qua iäs kdôdg bd duteastlid as ab ka neipdrdrsa neg etrds parsegds. Ge
lipertd be olag qua be jdhdies teke, be dtrdntlves qua sadies e bds jdolblkdkas qua
dkqulr
dkq ulrdie
dies3
s3 sla
slaipr
ipraa jdo
jdorä
rä dbh
dbhula
ulagg iac
iacer
er qua ges
gesetr
etres.
es. ]e
]err ase
ase,, pdr
pdrdd neg
negsah
sahulr
ulr ug
dutenegnapte d pruaod ka odbds as ganasdrle dpragkar d dnaptdrsa d uge ilsie tdb y neie
as.
Qgd ka bds iaceras klgäilnds pdrd negsahulrbe negslsta ag ndioldr ab ène ka guastrds
neipdrdnlegas. Ag buhdr ka nagtrdrges ag nþie etrd parsegd as iacer qua gesetres,
pekaies aipazdr d neipdrdrges neg nþie ardies jdna ug tlaipe. ]er acaipbe, sl ug
dkebasnagta astä nulkdgke su klatd pdrd parkar pasepase,, ag buhdr ka ilrdr ètehrd`éds ka
iekabes sarä iunje iäs ótlb qua sa `lca ag bds suyds preplds ka jdna iasas.
]drd
pdrd iacerdr
radblzdr bd
ugdduteastlid ka èrid iäs Astd
klgäilnd astrunturdkd. aàntlvd, sa puaka
negslstlréd ag utlblzdr
jdnarsaasta ilsie neie
prahugtds prlgnlple
bds
slhulagtas ag rabdnlþg d klstlgtds ärads ka bd vlkd3
„ ‒µTuì puake jdnar jey pdrd sar iacer qua dyar5’
„ ‒µAg quì ia astey asèrzdgke y nþie vd d dyukdria d iacerdr5’
„ ‒µTuì ja janje jey pdrd sagtlria erhubbese ka ié ilsie5’
„ ]dses jdnld bd neg`ldgzd

Astd klgäilnd
klgäilnd astä pagsdkd pdrd utlblzdrsa
utlblzdrsa nudg
nudgke
ke bd pars
parsegd
egd tlaga qua ag`ragtdrsa
ag`ragtdrsa d ug
preobaid
pdrtas. Agpare su duteastlid
bd prliard, astä iäs
ab lgklvlkue odcdqua
tlaga ka ra`baxlegdr
be qua saréd kasadoba.
seora ugdAstä klvlklkd
sltudnlþg agagbd tras
qua
negslhulard ag`ragtdrsa d ug rate y sdblr vlnterlese kab ilsie.
Bd sahugkd pdrta lipblnd pagsdr seora bd sltudnlþg dntudb, ag bd qua bd neg`ldgzd ge astä tdg
abavdkd neie kaoaréd6 y astukld ldrr nuäbas seg bds klàragnlds ag nudgte d
pagsdilagtes, sagtlilagtes
sagtlilagtes y
y dnnlegas neg bd prliard.
]er óbtlie, ag bd tarnard pdrta kab acarnlnle ab cevag kaoa ra`baxlegdr seora nþie puaka
dbndgzdr ab ilsie astdke iagtdb qua tagéd ag bd prliard sltudnlþg ag bd qua jd pagsdke.
µTuì prahugtds saréd ótlb jdnarsa5 µJdy dbhugd dntlvlkdk qua pekréd dyukdrba d ndioldr su
astdke ka äglie5
>:

„ Bd iacer varslþg ka tl ilsie
Astd klgäilnd ka duteastlid astä klsaôdkd pdrd qua qulagas bd radblzdg puakdg ra`baxlegdr
seora sus èrtdbazds y kdrsa nuagtd ka tekes bes rdshes pesltlves qua tlagag nudgke astäg
ag su iacer ieiagte. ]drd abbe, utlblzd ugd jarrdilagtd negenlkd neie sterytabblgh .
µAg quì negslsta

sltudnlþg ag bd quabdnegslkardg
präntlnd5 Oäslndiagta,
qua astuvlardbdneipertägkesa
parsegd tlaga neie
qua trdtdr ka ranerkdr
bd iacer varslþg kaugd
sé
ilsid. Ilagtrds bd astä gdrrdgke, su eocatlve as lkagtl`lndr bes neipertdilagtes y vdberas
qua negslkard lipertdgtas, y qua astdodg prasagtas kurdgta dquabbd sltudnlþg.
Qgd vaz tarilgdkd bd gdrrdnlþg, ab lgklvlkue kaoa ra`baxlegdr seora nþie puaka dpblndr
ases neipertdilagtes y vdberas d bes rates d bes qua sa astä ag`ragtdgke dntudbiagta. Db
jdnarbe, ba sarä iunje iäs `änlb sagtlr neg`ldgzd ag sé ilsie y dntudr d pasdr ka bds
kl`lnubtdkas kab prasagta.
„ Dgtas ka ierlr
Ab
segeocatlve ka astd ydntlvlkdk
sus eocatlves, as negsahulr
ka quì idgard astägqua qulagas bdneg
negantdkes radblzdg sa kag Ka
sus vdberas. nuagtd
astdkaidgard,
nuäbas
pekräg kasdrrebbdr ug pbdg ka dnnlþg qua vdyd dnerka neg su parsegdblkdk y qua bas dyuka d
negvartlrsa ag qulagas qularag sar radbiagta.
Astd klgäilnd ka duteastlid as iuy sagnlbbd3 sa trdtd ka nradr ugd blstd ka dntlvlkdkas e
behres qua d bd parsegd ba hustdréd bbavdr d ndoe dgtas ka ierlr. Dkaiäs ka aste, ag bd
sahugkd pdrta tdiolìg kaoa lgtagtdr lkagtl`lndr per quì qulara negsahulr ndkd uge ka bes
abaiagtes ka bd blstd.
Ka astd idgard, dkaiäs ka nbdrl`lndr sus vdberas, ab pdrtlnlpdgta pekrä tdiolìg tagar ug
idpd qua ba lgklqua nuäb as ab slhulagta pdse ag bd negstrunnlþg ka su duteastlid.
„ Iekl`lndr bes pagsdilagtes gahdtlves
Bd óbtlid klgäilnd ka duteastlid qua vdies d var astä axtrdékd ka bds agsaôdgzds ka bd
pslnebehéd pesltlvd. û eocatlve as dyukdr d bes cþvagas y dkebasnagtas d dnaptdr sus `dbbes
y bes rates d bes qua sa ag`ragtdg, ka tdb idgard qua astes ge taghdg ug lipdnte gahdtlve
seora su dutenegnapte.
Bd klgäilnd ag sé as iuy sagnlbbd. Ag prliar buhdr, bd parsegd tlaga qua kasnrlolr ugd
sltudlnþg qua jdyd dàntdke gahdtlvdiagta d su duteastlid. ]er acaipbe, pekréd kanlr dbhe
neie ‒ug dilhe ia jlze aspardr kurdgta iäs ka 41 ilgutes’. Kaspuìs, tagkrä qua
lkagtl`lndr quì lkads gahdtlvds surhlareg kurdgta ab ieiagte. ^lhulagke neg ab acaipbe, ab
lgklvlkue pekréd jdoar pagsdke qua su dilhe ge ba raspatdod.
Bd óbtlid pdrta kab acarnlnle as bd iäs lipertdgta. Ag buhdr ka kacdrsa bbavdr per su culnle
lglnldb y bds aienlegas qua asta prevend, ab lgklvlkue tlaga qua sar ndpdz ka ilrdr
><

eocatlvdiagta d bd sltudnlþg y pagsdr ag etrds peslobas axpblndnlegas pdrd be qua jd

enurrlke qua ge ba bbavag d nraar qua as pene väblke e qua jdy dbhe idb ag ìb.
Astd klgäilnd as iuy ótlb pdrd kasdrrebbdr ugd jdolblkdk negenlkd neie ‒`baxlolblkdk
nehgltlvd’, uge ka bes `dnteras iäs lipertdgtas pdrd tagar ugd ouagd duteastlid y glvabas
dbtes ka olagastdr.
„ D qulìg ba hustd qulìg
Astd dntlvlkdk as lkadb pdrd pbdgtadrbd agtra bes dkebasnagtas. Ag abbes bd astìtlnd y bd
lidhag suaba sar ug abaiagte nbdva d bd jerd ka jdobdr ka duteastlid.
D ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta sa ba agtrahd ugd jecd neg ab geiora

geiora ka ug neipdôare.
neipdôare. Ndkd uge kaoa
asnrlolr bds tras nesds qua iäs ba hustd ka asd parsegd. [ekes tlagag qua abahlr tras
ndrdntaréstlnds `éslnds e parsegdbas qua ba hustag kab neipdôare qua ba jd tendke.
Buahe ab idastre cugtdrä tekds bds jecds, y baarä ag èrid dgþglid y ag vez dbtd ndkd uge
ka bes dtrloutes. Ab janje ka qua sad dgþglie dbagtdrä d axprasdr be qua ag etre ndse ge sa
dglidrédg.
Ab paklr qua iagnlegag tras dspantes qua bas hustag, bas dyukdrä d var qua tekes tlagag
dbhe pesltlve y dhrdkdoba.
Dkaiäs, sa kdräg nuagtd qua ge teke pdsd per be `éslne. D su vaz, nudgke d ndkd uge ba
bbahua ab turge ka asnunjdr sus nudblkdkas, sa sagtlrä iuy negtagte. Lgnbuse serpragklke ka
negenar dspantes ka sé qua etres vdberdg neie pesltlves.
Blstd ka klgäilnds ka lgtablhagnld aienlegdb

4- Dnagtudr be pesltlve

Eocatlve3 Iacerdr
neipdôares. ab negnapte seora uge ilsie d trdvìs kab lgtarndiole ka lipraslegas neg bes
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ?= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ab hrupe ge kaoa axnakar bds ?1 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbþg e dubd dipbld qua pariltd bd lgtardnnlþg agtra neipdôares.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles y oebéhrdès.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr nei
neiagz
agzdrä
drä axp
axpbln
blndgk
dgkee be neióg seo
seora
ra ab ndr
ndränt
äntar
ar gahd
gahdtlv
tlvee kab dute
dute-ab
-abehl
ehle.
e.
]estarleriagta, bas paklrä qua sa slagtag per pdracds.
?. Ndk
Ndkdd ug
uge,
e, kkaoa
aoarä
rä kkanl
anlrba
rba d su nei
neipdô
pdôare
are33
-Kes pdrtas ka su nuarpe qua ba hustdg.
nudblkdkas qua
-Kes nudblkdkas qua ba hustdg seora sé ilsie.
;=

-Qgd ndpdnlkdk e parlnld prepld.

>. â pds
pdsdd d ug rdte ka ra
ra`baxl
`baxlþg
þg neg tek
tekee ab hrup
hrupee ag ab qu
quaa sa dgd
dgdblna
blna nþi
nþiee jdg trdg
trdgsnurr
snurrlke
lke ab
lgtarndiole, sl sa jdg sagtlke nþiekes jdobdgke seora uge ilsie ka idgard pesltlvd, atn.
 Etres3 Ge sa dkiltlräg bes neiagtdrles gahdtlves.
?- ¡[ó vdbas!
 Eocatlve3 Kaiestrdr ab aànte ]lhidblþg.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka iakld jerd.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka tdidôe iakle, ugds ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbþg e dubd dipbld qua pariltd bd lgtardnnlþg agtra neipdôares.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles, oebéhrdès, klaz iegakds y ugd ndrtublgd neg ug nérnube plgtdke ag
iakle.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr pa
paklr
klrää kes veb
vebug
ugtdr
tdrles
les.. Kao
Kaoarä
arägg dod
dodgke
gkegdr
gdr bd sdbd ilag
ilagtrd
trdss sa axpb
axpblnd
lndgg bd
klgäilnd db raste kab hrupe.
?. â klvl
klvlka
ka ab hru
hrupe
pe ag kes susuohrup
ohrupes.
es. Ab hrup
hrupee 4 kaoa dgli
dglidr
dr y ietlvd
ietlvdrr db prlia
prliarr vebug
vebugtdrle,
tdrle, db
sahugke vebugtdrle be trdtdräg ka idgard lgklàragta. Ab hrupe ? jd ka dntudr ka ugd idgard
gautrd dgta ab prliar vebugtdrle y kasdglidr db sahugke.
>. Agtrd ab pprliar
rliar ve
vebugt
bugtdrle
drle y sa ba pl
plka
ka qua bd
bdgna
gna bds ie
iegakd
gakdss lgtagt
lgtagtdgke
dgke qua ììstds
stds ag
agtrag
trag ag ab
nérnube ka bd ndrtublgd qua sa agnuagtrd d uges ? iatres ka klstdgnld.
;. â rap
raplta
lta neg ab sa
sahug
hugke
ke vvebu
ebugtd
gtdrle.
rle.
1. _a`b
_a`baxlþg
axlþg sseora
eora ab ra
rasubtd
subtdke
ke y nþie sa jdg sagsagtlke
tlke bes ve
vebugt
bugtdrles
drles.. Ab klgdil
klgdilzdker
zdker lgt
lgtrekun
rekunaa ab
aànte ]lhidblþg y sa kaodta.
>- Orócubd ka bds aienlegas

 Eocatlve3klstlghulr bds klstlgtds aienlegas qua sagtlies ag katarilgdkes ieiagtes.

[didôe kab hrupe3 puaka jdnarsa ag hrupe ka tdidôe iakldge e olag, ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd dipbld ag bd qua ndkd parsegd taghd aspdnle pdrd trdodcdr ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èble ag ab qua astì plgtdkd bd resd ka bes vlagtes, dbhe pdrd asnrlolr.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. ]lgtd
]lgtdies
ies bd ddbahré
bahrédd db ge
gerta
rta y rra`ba
a`baxlegd
xlegdies
ies se
seora
ora bd pprahu
rahugtd3
gtd3 µT
µTuì
uì ja bbehrdke
ehrdke55
?. Db sur
sur,, ra`
ra`bacdi
bacdies
es bd rraspu
aspuastd
astd y rraspe
aspegkar
gkaraies
aies µTµTuì
uì ja parkl
parklke5
ke5
>. Agt
Agtra
ra diods aie aienleg
nlegas,
as, slt
sltudr
udraie
aiess ab beh
behre
re qua jaie
jaiess negsa
negsahul
hulke,
ke, e ola
olagg ab `rd
`rdnds
ndse.
e. As
lipertdgta jdnar ugd banturd pesltlvd.
;. Ag ab as
asta,
ta, pegk
pegkraies
raies aabb ag`d
ag`dke.
ke. ]ags
]agsdraie
draiess quì ia dtddtdnd
nd e ia jdna sag
sagtlr
tlr ag ugd ssltudnl
ltudnlþg
þg ka
rlashe.
1. Ag ab bdk
bdkee easta, ssltudi
ltudies
es ab ilak
ilake.
e. Ag asta ppugte,
ugte, ra
ra`baxl
`baxlegdra
egdraies
ies nuäb
nuäbas
as seg gu
guastre
astress ilake
ilakes.
s.
0. Qglie
Qgliess db ag`d
ag`dke
ke y db ilake d trd
trdvìs
vìs ka bd ddiagdz
iagdzdkd
dkd y rap
rapdrdie
drdiess ag lkag
lkagtl`lnd
tl`lndrr bds diag
diagdzds
dzds
qua tagaies prasagtas.
;4

8. Ag ab ra
raste
ste ka ppugtes
ugtes,, pekai
pekaies
es sltu
sltudr
dr etrds aaienleg
ienlegas
as qua aastìg
stìg pprasa
rasagtas
gtas..
 Klsnuslþg3 sl
bd dntlvlkdk sa radblzd ag hrupe y axlsta neg`ldgzd su`lnlagta, bds parsegds qua be
kasaag puaka neipdrtlr sus aienlegas neg sus neipdôares.
;- Qsd iatäèrds
 Eocatlve3 dpragkar d axprasdr bds aienlegas qua sagtlies ag ug katarilgdke äiolte ka guastrd
vlkd d trdvìs kab use ka iatäèrds.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges ;1 ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 puaka jdnarsa ag hrupe ka tdidôe
t didôe iakldge e olag, ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dn
`dnlbl
lbltdk
tdker
er kab hru
hrupe pe pak
paklrä
lrä ququaa ndkd uge sab
sabann
annleg
legaa ug äiolt
äioltee ka su vlk
vlkdd seora ab qu
quaa ba
hustdréd ra`baxlegdr. ]uaka sar3 trdodce, enle, `dilbldr, dilhes, sdbuk, atn.
?. Ka idga
idgardrd lgklv
lgklvlkud
lkudb,b, ndkd uge pplags
lagsdd ag dgìnk
dgìnketds
etds kab ääiolte
iolte qu
quaa jd asneh
asnehlke
lke y quì ai
aienlega
enlegass
ba avendg ases ranuarkes.
>. Kas
Kaspuì
puìs,s, kaoa
kaoagg ka pag pagsdr
sdr quì lidlidhag
hag tla
tlagag
gag bds par
parseg
segds
ds qua èri
èridg
dg pdrt
pdrtaa ka asa äiol
äioltete
seora tl. Lgtagtd axpblndrbe neg ug dkcatlve e ugd lidhag.
;. Bds pa
parseg
rsegdsds qua dsé
dsé be ka
kasaag
saag,, puak
puakagag neip
neipdrtlrb
drtlrbee neg ab ra
raste
ste ka ssus
us neip
neipdôar
dôares.
es.
1- Ab klnnlegdrle ka bds aienlegas

 Eocatlve3
4. Dpr
Dpragk
agkar
ar d ndtdbeh
ndtdbehdr
dr bds ai
aienl
enlega
egass qua ax
axpa
parli
rliagt
agtdie
dies.
s.
?. @eia
@eiagt
gtdr
dr aabb tr
trdo
dodc
dcee ag aaqu
qulp
lpe.
e.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 sa puaka radblzdr neg ab hrupe d be bdrhe kab tlaipe. As ugd dntlvlkdk
dntl vlkdk qua puaka
radblzdrsa d bdrhe pbdze.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 rasubtd lgklàragta. As lipertdgta qua jdyd neg`ldgzd y qua bes lgtahrdgtas sa
agnuagtrag nþiekes pdrd jdobdr ka sus aienlegas.
 Buhdr3 dubd e sdbþg dipble.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 nudkarge y oebéhrdè e olag, sa puaka jdnar ag seperta klhltdb.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parsegd
segd ag
agndrhd
ndrhdkd
kd ka negk
negkunlr
unlr ab hr
hrupe
upe bas prep
prepegkrä
egkrä bd llkad
kad ka rradblz
adblzdr
dr ug klnnlegdr
klnnlegdrle
le ka
aienlegas rakdntdke per abbes ilsies.
?. ]drd tdb
tdb,, kaoag ra
rasarv
sarvdr
dr tlaip
tlaipee ka trdodc
trdodce.e. Ka idga
idgard
rd qua sa
sadd ugd tdra
tdradd iäs d radb
radblzdr
lzdr ag as
asaa
hrupe.
>. â pr
prei
eievevar
aräg
äg as
aspd
pdnl
nles
es ka ra`b
ra`bax
axlþ
lþgg pd
pdrd
rd jdob
jdobdr
dr ka aien
aienlelega
gass e ol
olag
ag,, ab kl
klgd
gdil
ilzd
zdke
kerr
prepegkrä ugd aienlþg ag negnrate y, agtra tekes, abdoerdräg ugd ka`lglnlþg ka bd ilsid.
 Klsnuslþg3 abrasubtdke as ug klnnlegdrle abdoerdke agtra tekes ka ieke qua puakdg tagarbe y

trdodcdr ka idgard lgklvlkudb.
;?

0- ¡]dtdtd!
 Eocatlve3 randpdnltdr ag bd axpraslþg `dnldb ka katarilgdkds aienlegas.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 >= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 iakldge, ugds ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 dubd e sdbþg dipble.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 `lnjds ag bds qua dpdrazndg asnrltds aienlegas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker pak
paklrä
lrä ug vvebug
ebugtdrle
tdrle qua
qua tagkr
tagkrää qua sdsdblr
blr d rap
raprasag
rasagtdr
tdr bd ai
aienlþg
enlþg qqua
ua dpd
dpdraznd
raznd
ag bd `lnjd qua teia.
?. Bes neip
neipdôar
dôares
es kaoag ddklvlg
klvlgdr
dr ka quì aie
aienlþg
nlþg sa trd
trdtd.
td. Agtra te
tekes,
kes, pu
puakag
akag nd
ndrdntar
rdntarlzdrb
lzdrbdd a,
lgnbuse, dneipdôdrbd ka bd neiuglndnlþg varodb y ge varodb qua bd dneipdôd. Dkaiäs, puakag
negtdr ag quì ieiagte sa slgtlareg ka asd idgard.
>. Ab klg
klgdil
dilzdk
zdker
er sah
sahulr
ulrää plk
plklag
lagke
ke veb
vebugt
ugtdrl
drles
es pdr
pdrdd ndr
ndrdnt
dntarl
arlzdr
zdr bds kls
klstlg
tlgtds
tds aienl
aienlega
egass qua
dpdrazndg ag bds `lnjds.
8- ^ltudnlegas

Eocatlve3
4. Neipr
Neipreodr
eodr nþie ab hrup
hrupee dnt
dntudréd
udréd dgta katar
katarilgd
ilgdkds
kds ssltudn
ltudnlegas
legas..
?. ]re
]repl
plnld
nldrr be
bess sa
sagtl
gtlila
ilagte
gtess kkaa aipdt
aipdtéd.
éd.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ;1 ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 iakldge, ugds ?= parsegds. ^l as iager, raquarlrä iages tlaipe.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 `lnjds neg liähagas e getlnlds (ag ùgnlþg ka bd akdk y ab glvab kab hrupe).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilzdke
ilzdkerr kab hru
hrupe
pe axp
axpblndrä
blndrä qqua
ua pra
prasagtd
sagtdräg
räg db hrup
hrupee ugd sar
sarla
la ka slt
sltudnle
udnlegas
gas y qu
quaa ndkd
uge, ka idgard lgklvlkudb, kaoa randpdnltdr seora ndkd ugd ka abbds. â puaka dkcugtdr ugd
blstd ka prahugtds, neie bds slhulagtas3 quì sagtlilagtes axparliagtdg bds parsegds qua
dpdranag, nþie nraas qua sa slagtag, nþie ta sagtlréds tó ag su buhdr, quì jdréds sl ùards
abbes, atn.
?. â bas ka
kacd
cd ug tlaip
tlaipee pdrd qua bbee negtas
negtastag
tag ka idg
idgard
ard lgkl
lgklvlku
vlkudb
db y, d negtlg
negtlgudnlþ
udnlþg,
g, sa pren
prenaka
aka d
ug kaodta ag hrupe.
 Etres3 as lipertdgta agèndr astd dntlvlkdk ka idgard nulkdkesd ag ùgnlþg kab hrupe db qua vdyd
agndilgdkd. [diolìg, sa puakag abahlr bds sltudnlegas kapagklagke kab taid qua sa qulara
doerkdr ka idgard katarilgdkd.
Ag asta ndse, sa prepega ag ug prliar buhdr, bd ra`baxlþg ka idgard lgklvlkudb y kaspuìs, ag
hrupe. Astd negklnlþg puaka dbtardrsa y jdnarsa prliare ag suohrupes y kaspuìs ab kaodta
teke ab iugke e olag, jdnarbe klrantdiagta ag ug kaodta dipble.
Astd sarla ka nuastlegas jdg ka sar vdberdkds per ab agndrhdke kab idgace kab hrupe.
:- Bdzdrlbbe
;>

 Eocatlve3 èiagtdr bd neg`ldgzd agtra bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe.

 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka 41 ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ge kaoa axnakar bds ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 praàrlobaiagta, buhdr db dlra blora. Ag ndse ka qua sad lipesloba, sdbd dipbld kaspacdkd ka
ieolbldrle.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 dgtl`dnas pdrd bes eces qua liplkdg var.

]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdkerker pak
paklrä
lrä qu
quaa sa neb
nebequa
equagg per pdpdracds
racds.. Qgd va
vazz qua as
astì
tì janj
janjds, ds, rap
rapdrtlrä
drtlrä d nndkd
dkd
ugd ka abbds, ug dgtl`dz e pdôuabe.
?. Qgd ka bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtas
as ka bd ppdracd
dracd,, sa tdpd
tdpdrä
rä bes ece
ecess ka tdb ididgard
gard qqua
ua ge va vadd gdkd.
>. Bd par
parse
segd
gd qua ge tlagtlagaa be
bess ec
eces
es tdpdk
tdpdkeses,, kaoa
kaoarä
rä huld
huldrr d su neip
neipdôdôararee ag ùg ùgnlþ
nlþgg ka bds
þrka
þrkaga
gass qu
quaa vd klnl
klnlag
agke
ke ab klgd klgdilz
ilzdk
dker
er.. ]er
]er acacai
aipb
pbe3
e3 vd
vdie
iess dgkd
dgkdgk gke,
e, tern
ternai
aies
es d bd
karanjd/lzqularkd, sdbtdies, nerraies, atn.
;. Ag glg
glghóg
hóg ieia
ieiagte,gte, pe
pekrä
krä tend
tendrr d su neip
neipdôare
dôare.. ^þbe ssaa pekrä kklrlhlr
lrlhlr d ììb,b, jdo
jdobägke
bägkeba.
ba.
1. ]dsd
]dsdke
ke ug tlaip
tlaipe, e, sa ndio
ndioldg
ldg bes reb
rebas.
as. Ag as
astata pugt
pugte,e, as lgtar
lgtarasdg
asdgta
ta qua ab klg klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker ndiol
ndioldd
bds þrkagas e bds raplta ka idgard kaserkagdkd pdrd qua glghuge sa aspara be qua kaoa lr
jdnlagke.
0. _a`b
_a`baxlþg
axlþg ``lgdb
lgdb ka tteke
eke ab hr
hrupe
upe ag aabb qua ax
axpras
prasdräg
dräg nþi
nþiee sa jdg ta taglke
glke y sl jjdg dg neg`l
neg`ldke
dke ag
su neipdôare.
<- µKþgka astdies5
 Eocatlve3 kasdrrebbdr bd nradtlvlkdk.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ugd jerd.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 neie iäxlie, >= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbd dipbld.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ge as ganasdrle glghóg idtarldb.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab kl
klgdilz
gdilzdker
dker kklvlklr
lvlklrää db hrupe ag suohru
suohrupes
pes aagg ù
ùgnlþg
gnlþg kab ttdidôe
didôe ka ìs
ìsta.
ta.
?. D ndkd uge, sl
raprasagtdr. slgg qua bes et
etres
res aqu
aqulpes
lpes sa aagtara
gtarag,
g, bas klr
klrää quì sltu
sltudnlþg
dnlþg e nlr
nlrnugs
nugstdgnld
tdgnld ka
kaoag
oag
>. Ndkd aqul
aqulpe
pe aagsdy
gsdydd kur
kurdgta
dgta uges ilgutes
ilgutes bd rapr
raprasag
asagtdnlþg
tdnlþg..
;. Nud
Nudgke
gke teke
tekess astìg bls
blstes
tes,, rapras
raprasag
agtdr
tdräg
äg db ras
raste
te ka sus nei
neipdpdôar
ôares
es bd slt
sltudn
udnlþg
lþg y ìst
ìstes
es
trdtdräg ka dklvlgdrbd.
 Klsnuslþg3 Kaspuìs ka qua ndkd hrupe jdyd axpuaste su sltudnlþg, sa prepega radblzdr ug kaodta
ag ab qua ndkd ilaiore kab hrupe puakd axprasdr nþie sa slgtlþ radblzdgke bd raprasagtdnlþg.
â ag`dtlzdrä ag bd lipertdgnld kab trdodce ag aqulpe y ab raspate agtra neipdôares.
4=- Drta-tardpld
 Eocatlve3 dpragkar guavds véds ka axprasdr bds aienlegas.

[laipe ganasdrle3 ;= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 rasubtd lgklàragta.
;;

 Idtarldb
Idtarldbas
as ganasdrles33 pd
ganasdrles pdpa
pabb ne
negt
gtlg
lgue
ue e ndrtu
ndrtublblgd
gds,
s, nebe
nebera
rass neg
neg bes
bes qu
quaa pl
plgt
gtdr
dr (b(bäp
äpln
lnas
as,,
retubdkeras, tìipards).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parseg
segdd qua klrl
klrlha
ha ab hrup
hrupe,
e, bas lgk
lgklnd
lndrä
rä qua d trdv
trdvìs
ìs ka ast
astdd klgä
klgäiln
ilndd be qua
qua prat
pratagk
agkaa as
qua ndkd uge axprasa sus aienlegas pbdsiägkebds ag ab pdpab.
?. Ndkd ug
ugee teidrä dsdslagte
lagte aagg ab qua tagkr
tagkrää dnnas
dnnasee d bd sup
supar`ln
ar`lnla
la pdr
pdrdd plgtdr y d bbes
es nebe
neberas.
ras.
>. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr pegkr
pegkrää iósln
ióslndd y ndk
ndkdd uge, kao
kaoaa axpra
axprasdr
sdr ag ab pdp
pdpab
ab nþie sa slag
slagta.
ta. Kur
Kurdgt
dgtaa
asta rdte, astä prejlolke jdobdr e neiuglndrsa neg etres neipdôares.
;. ^l sa kasa
kasadd do
doer
erkd
kdrr ab eoca
eocatl
tlve
ve ka axpr
axpras
asdr
dr kl
klst
stlg
lgtd
tdss aien
aienle
lega
gas,
s, sa pegk
pegkrärägg kl
klst
stlg
lgtd
tdss
ndgnlegas qua èiagtag klstlgtds axpraslegas aienlegdbas. ]er acaipbe3 dbahréd, trlstazd,
sebakdk, atn.
1. Nud
Nudgke
gke ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr be astl
astliaia eper
epertug
tuge,
e, nertd
nertdrä
rä bd iós
ióslnd
lnd y èi
èiagt
agtdrä
drä ug kaod
kaodta ta ag hru
hrupepe
pdrd axpberdr bds aienlegas d glvab lgklvlkudb.
 Klsnuslþg3 bes klouces, e dbhugeska abbes, puakag pdsdr d èridr pdrta ka bd kanerdnlþg ka bd sdbd.
 Etres3 ag etrd saslþg e trds radblzdr bes klouces, sa puakag prepegar etrds èrids ka axprasdr bds
aienlegas, per acaipbe, d trdvìs kab nuarpe y ka bd kdgzd.
44- Dutenegenlilagte
Dutenegenlilagte
 Eocatlve3 Dpragkar d ranegenar guastrds nudblkdkas.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 41 ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 kaska hrupes paquaôes jdstd hrdgkas.
 Buhdr3 ugd sdbd dipbld neg iasds pdrd asnrlolr.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 jecds ag obdgne, bäplnas, oebéhrdès e idrndkeras.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er kab hru
hrupe
pe ba kd
kdrä
rä d ndkd lg
lgtahrdg
tahrdgtata ugd jec
jecdd y ug bäp
bäplz.
lz. ]es
]estarle
tarleriagt
riagtaa bas pa
paklrä
klrä
qua asnrlodg su geiora ka èrid vartlndb, kacdgke aspdnle ag bd jecd kab bdke karanje.
?. â bas plka d nd
ndkd
kd uge qu
quaa per ndk
ndkdd batrd kkaa su se
seiora
iora asasnrlodg
nrlodg uugd
gd nudb
nudblkdk
lkdk qua negsl
negslkara
karagg
qua pesaag. Acaipbe3 sl ab geiora as Dgd, bds vlrtukas puakag sar Dieresd, Geoba y Dbahra.
>. â `lgd
`lgdblzd
blzd nei
neipdrtl
pdrtlagke
agke neg bbes
es kaiä
kaiäss sus nud
nudblkdk
blkdkas.
as. Ka as
asta
ta ieke ab llgklvl
gklvlkue
kue ra`baxle
ra`baxlegdrä
gdrä
nþie lg`buya su dutenegnapte ag su duteastlid y dpragkarä d ranegenarsa.
Klgä
Klgäil
ilnd
ndss y tì
tìng
ngln
lnds
ds pd
pdrd
rd pr
prei
eiev
evar
ar bd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg
hrupdb
;1

4- Neregd bd nlid
 Eocatlves3
4. ]r
]rei
eiev
evar
ar bbdd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg ka
kabb hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. _a`
_aèrz
erzdr
dr neg
negenl enlila
ilagte
gtess seo
seorara ug ta
taid
id neg
negnra
nrate.
te.

[laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka >= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 tdidôe ka ug hrupe iakle-hrdgka. Agtra >= y ;= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per suohrupes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 plzdrrd y tlzd (e retubdker), neregds, blstdke ka prahugtds seora ab taid
qua sa qulard trdodcdr.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er kab hrhrupe
upe klv
klvlka
lka db hhrupe
rupe hr
hrdgka
dgka aagg ; suo
suohrupe
hrupes. s. Be lka
lkadb
db as qqua
ua sa rrapdr
apdrtdg
tdg ka
idgard dbadterld bes lgtahrdgtas.
?. â bas axpaxpblblnd
nd qua sa vd d jdnajdnarr ug
ugdd klgä
klgäil
ilnd
nd (e negn
negnur
ursese)) ag ab qua sa raè raèrz
rzdr
dräg
äg bes
negtaglkes taþrlnes ka dbhe qua jdydg astukldke. ]er acaipbe, ka ugd dslhgdturd, sl ges
agnegtrdies ag ug negtaxte asnebdr.
>. Ndkd
Ndkd suo
suohr
hrup
upee abablh
lhaa ug neb
neber
er (rec
(rece,
e, dzub
dzub,, va
vark
rkaa y didr
didrlblbbe
be).). â kl
klou
oucdcd ag bd pl
plzd
zdrr
rrdd ugds
ugds
asndbards (tdgtds neie sa qulardg, sl quaraies ab cuahe kura iäs, iäs y sl ge, sa rakuna) y db
`lgdb ka astds, ugd nlid qua neregdrä ab suohrupe qua hdga.
;. â jdna
jdnagg prah
prahugtds
ugtds qqua
ua bes hhrupes
rupes kkaoarä
aoarägg negta
negtastdr,
stdr, ra
raspat
spatdgke dgke ab tu
turge
rge ka ppdbdor
dbdordd ka bes
neipdôares. Ndkd vaz qua ug hrupe dnlarta ugd raspuastd, vd suolagke ug asndbþg. Hdgd bd
pdrtlkd ab hrupe qua bbahua dgtas d bd nlid.
?- Dklvlgd ab parsegdca
 Eocatlves3
4. ]reie
]reievar
var bd lg
lgtahrd
tahrdnlþg
nlþg kab hrupe d trdvìs
trdvìs ka ug
ug pa
paquaô
quaôee neg
negnurse
nurse..
?. Dpr
Dpragk
agkar
ar iäs
iäs seo
seora
ra be
bess par
parseg
segdca
dcass qua ddpdr
pdrana
anag.
g.

[laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ?= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 paquaôe e iakldge, agtra 4= y ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 blstd ka parsegdcas, puakag sar `dieses e olag, bes ilsies pdrtlnlpdgtas
ka bd dntlvlkdk. Bes geioras astdräg asnrltes ndkd uge ag ug pdpab klstlgte. â puakag hudrkdr
ag ugd paquaôd oebsd e sdne.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bes ila
ilaior
iores
es kab hru
hrupe
pe teid
teidgg dsla
dslagte
gte ag nérn
nérnube
ube y bd pars
parsegd
egd qu
quaa negk
negkuna
una bd klg
klgäil
äilnd
nd bas
axpblnd qua vdg d cuhdr d lgtarpratdr parsegdcas.
?. â plk
plkaa ug vebug
vebugtdr
tdrle.
le. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr sa dnarn
dnarndrä
drä d ìb neg bd oebsd
oebsd qua neg
negtag
taghd
hd tekes be
bess
geioras. Neharä uge db dzdr (sl as ìb ilsie, be kavebvarä y neharä etre). ûs neipdôares lräg
jdnlagke prahugtds qua sþbe puakag sar raspegklkds neg ug ^É e neg ug GE.
>. Nud
Nudgke
gke dbh
dbhula
ulagg nra
nradd astdr sah
sahure
ure ka qulì
qulìgg as, klrä qua qula
qulara
ra rase
rasebv
bvar.
ar. ^l dnlar
dnlartd,
td, ba tendr
tendrää
lgtarpratdr ug guave parsegdca y sl ge, sa negtlgód jdstd qua dbhulag be rasuabva.
;0

 Getds3 as iuy lipertdgta raspatdr ab turge ka pdbdord ka bes neipdôares.
>- Neg`ldgzd ag ab aqulpe

 Eocatlves3
4. Avdb
Avdbudr
udr aabb gglvab
lvab ka nneg`ld
eg`ldgzd
gzd aagtra
gtra bes ilaior
ilaiores
es kkab
ab hhrupe
rupe..
?. Kata
Katantdr
ntdr qquì
uì ab
abaiag
aiagtes
tes lg
lgtar`la
tar`larag
rag ag bd neg`
neg`ldgzd
ldgzd kab hhrupe
rupe..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka 0= ilgutes.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag abqua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg astdr ag nérnube, puaka sar db dlra blora.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ^l sa qulara, sa puakag utlblzdr vagkds pdrd tdpdr bes eces.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â pl
plka
ka d bds pparse
arsegds
gds qqua
ua ssaa peg
peghdg
hdg kkaa pla
pla,, èri
èridgke
dgke ug nérnérnube.
nube.
?. Qgd par
parsegd
segd ssaa nebend aagg ab nagt
nagtre,
re, neg bes plas cu cugtes
gtes y nanarrdgk
rrdgkee bes eces ((sa
sa ba pu
puaka
aka pe
pegar
gar
ugd vagkd). Agtegnas, sa ba plka qua sa anja jdnld dträs. Bes neipdôares kaoag nebendrsa pdrd
sucatdrba y qua ge ndlhd db suabe.
>. Nud
Nudgke
gke yd jd parkl
parklke
ke ab aqul
aqulblo
blorle
rle,, sa ba peg
pegaa ka plapla.. Ka idg
idgard
ard qua ge
geta
ta qua su aqul
aqulblo
blorle
rle
kapagka kab hrupe.
;. [ekes bes lgtahr
lgtahrdgtas
dgtas kab hrup
hrupee pd
pdsdg
sdg pper
er bd dntlvl
dntlvlkdk.
kdk.
1. Nudg
Nudgke
ke jdydg ddndodk
ndodke,
e, sa tla
tlaga
ga ug rdt
rdtee ka ra`
ra`baxlþ
baxlþgg ag ab qqua
ua ndkd uuge
ge pua
puakd
kd axpr
axprasdr
asdr nþ
nþie
ie sa
jd sagtlke d be bdrhe ka bd dntlvlkdk y qua sa dgdblna ab glvab ka neg`ldgzd agtra bes ilaiores
kab hrupe.
 Getd3 ab pdpab kab `dnlbltdker as iuy lipertdgta, yd qua kaoarä dgdblzdr sl axlstag preobaids ag
ab hrupe e ag dbhuge ka bes ilaiores y kaoarä doerkdrbes ag bd klsnuslþg e olag, ka idgard
lgklvlkudblzdkd trds astd.
;- Dlsbdilagte a lgtahrdnlþg

 Eocatlves3
4. dlsbdilagte.
Jdn
Jdnar
ar sag
sagtlr
tlr bd nrls
nrlsls
ls qua sa vlv
vlva,
a, ka idga
idgardrd par
parseg
segdb
db y hru
hrupd
pdb,b, nudg
nudgke
ke jdy ugd sltu
sltudnl
dnlþg
þg ka
?. Dgdbl
Dgdblzdr
zdr quì sa
sagtlila
gtlilagtes
gtes dp
dpdrana
dranagg nudgk
nudgkee ges agne
agnegtrdi
gtrdies
es dgta ugd ssltudnl
ltudnlþg
þg ka lgtah
lgtahrdnlþg
rdnlþg..
>. @dver
@dveranar
anar bd llgtahr
gtahrdnlþg
dnlþg agtra bes ilaior
ilaiores
es kab hrup
hrupe.
e.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ;= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg sltudrsa èridgke ug nérnube, puaka sar db
dlra blora.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd pars
parsegd
egd qua kklgdil
lgdilzd
zd bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk,
lkdk, pplka
lka d bes pd
pdrtlnlp
rtlnlpdgtas
dgtas qqua
ua sa neb
nebequa
equag,
g, ka pla
pla,, èrid
èridgke
gke
ug nérnube. Neilagzd d jdobdrbas ka bd lipertdgnld kab trdodce ag aqulpe y qua jdg ka astdr
nejaslegdkes pdrd dbndgzdr bes eocatlves qua sa prepeghdg.
?. nuarpe
Ka idga
idgard
yrdquadbad
dbadterld,
ba terld, tei
teidba
kaca qua d dnebequa
ugd pars
parsegd
bdegd y bd sdnd
pesturd db na
nagtre
qua kaoa gtre ka
kabb nérnub
dkeptdr. nérnube.
e. Ba plk
Ba pegkrä, plka
a qua ged bd
ilrdgke iu
iuavd
avd su
pdrak,
neg bds plargds sail-dolartds y bes ordzes nruzdkes.
;8

>. Ba pra
prahug
hugtd
td d ìb nþi
nþiee sa slag
slagta
ta ag rabd
rabdnlþ
nlþgg db hrupe
hrupe.. Kasp
Kaspuìs
uìs,, ba prahu
prahugtd
gtd db hru
hrupe
pe nþie
parnloag d su neipdôare.
;. Bd par
parse
segd
gd ilr
ilrdd d su
suss ne
neip
ipdô
dôar
ares
es y sa ba rap raplta
lta bd pr
prah
ahug
ugtd
td.. ]rli
]rliar
aree d ìb y buah
buahee d sus
sus
neipdôares. [rds aste, bd parsegd vuabva d su sltle kagtre kab nérnube.
1. Ab klgd
klgdilzdke
ilzdkerr plka qu
quaa bes ilai
ilaiores
ores ka
kabb hrupe ssaa necdg iuy `ùarta
uarta bbds
ds idges y qu
quaa nlarr
nlarrag
ag bes
eces. â ba puaka negtdr ugd jlsterld e olag, lgkunlr dbhugd tìnglnd ka rabdcdnlþg.
0. Ka idga
idgardrd dbad
dbadter
terld
ld,, ab klgd
klgdil
ilzd
zdke
kerr ab
ablh
lhaa bds
bds idge
idgess ka kes neipneipdôdôar
ares
es qua sa taghtaghdg
dg
dhdrrdkds y acarna praslþg seora abbds, jdnld dodce.
8. ]dr
]drdd `lg
`lgdbl
dblzdr
zdr,, bas pplka
lka qqua
ua sa anj
anjag
ag jd
jdnld
nld ddträ
träs.
s.
 Klsnuslþg3 db dndodr bd dntlvlkdk, bes pdrtlnlpdgtas teidg dslagte y sa prenaka d ug rdte ka

ra`baxlþg ag bd qua sa raneilagkd qua dgdblnag bes slhulagtas abaiagtes3
abaiagtes3
„ Qgd parsegd ka hrdg vdber qua astä dlsbdkd, ge sa radblzd pbagdiagta. Ab hrupe negtrlouya
d bd senldolblkdk y ab nranlilagte parsegdb puaka sar prevendke per ab negtdnte neg bes
kaiäs.
„ Dgdblzdr sl axlsta dbhóg abaiagte e nrlsls ka dlsbdilagte.
-Dgdblzdr nþie dàntd bd vubgardolblkdk d ug hrupe qua ge astä nejaslegdke.
-Dgdblzdr bd neg`ldgzd qua kd ab dpeye kab hrupe d glvab lgklvlkudb.

1- Bd praslþg kab diolagta
 Eocatlve3 kaiestrdr nþie bds parsegds ge seies lgklàragtas dgta sltudnlegas ka nrétlnd e ka
dbdodgzd. [diolìg, dgta ieiagtes ka ìxlte y ka `rdndse.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr ag kes suohrupes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 kes cuahes ka idtarldbas neg be qua sa puakdg jdnar negstrunnlegas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ag prl
prlia
iarr buhdr
buhdr,, sa plka d kes pa
parse
rsegds
gds qu
quaa dodg
dodgkeg
kegag
ag bd sdb
sdbdd pdrd axp
axpbln
blndr
dr bd dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdkk d bes
neipdôares.
?. â èri
èridräg
dräg kes hr
hrupes
upes,, ka idgard ququaa bds par
parsegd
segdss qua sa agagnuagt
nuagtrdg
rdg ùar
ùard,
d, ndkd ug
ugdd ka abbds
partag
partagana
anarä
rä d ug su suohr
ohrupupe.
e. â trd
trdtd
td qua as astdg
tdgke
ke abb
abbes
es sag
sagtdk
tdkes
es käg
kägkes
kesaa bd asaspdb
pdbkd,
kd,
negstrulräg ugd `lhurd neg bds plazds y bd dyukd ka sus neipdôares.
n eipdôares.
>. Ndkd ug
ugee ka bes aq
aqulpes
ulpes ranlo
ranlolrä
lrä ugd lg
lgstrun
strunnlþg.
nlþg. Ag suohr
suohrupe
upe D qu
quaa vd d dyu
dyukdr
kdr y ietlv
ietlvdrdr d su
neipdô
nei pdôare
are kur
kurdg
dgta
ta bd negnegstr
strunn
unnlþg
lþg y ab suo suohru
hrupe
pe O qua dnt dntudr
udrää ka idg
idgard
ard neg
negtrd
trdrld
rld,,
kasietlvdgke, iesträgkesa lgklàragta a lgnbuse, kasdglidgke d su neipdôare.
;. â plk
plkaa d bds ke
kess pars
parsegd
egdss qua sa agn
agnuag
uagtra
tragg ùa
ùardrd qua agt
agtrag
rag y sa bas ax axpb
pblnd
lnd qua
qua,, per
suohrupes, kaoag radblzdr ugd `lhurd y qua nuagtdg neg n eg ab dpeye ka sus neipdôares.
 _a`baxlþg3ugd vaz pdsdke ab tlaipe astdobanlke, sa èrid ug kaodta kab hrupe neipbate
n eipbate ag ab qua
ndkd ilaiore axprasa nþie sa jd sagtlke d be bdrhe ka bd dntlvlkdk. â bas negtdrä d bes
neipdôares bds þrkagas qua sa ba jdoédg kdke d bes lgtahrdgtas ka bes suohrupes. â dgdblzdrä
nþie dàntd, d glvab lgklvlkudb y d bd jerd ka acanutdr ugd tdrad, ab äglie qua axlstd agtra bes
neipdôares.
0- Qgd parsegd aspanldb
;:

 Eocatlves3
4. ]reie
]reievar
var qua bes ilaio
ilaioresres kkab
ab hr
hrupe
upe sa nnegezn
egezndg
dg iä
iäss ag
agtra
tra ssé.é.
?. Nege
Negena
narr ppar
arse
segd
gdss ggua
uavd
vds.
s.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka >= ilgutes.

 [didôe kab hrupe3
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab
qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per suohrupes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 glghuge ag aspanldb.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parseg
segdd qua klgd
klgdilz
ilzdd bd dnt
dntlvl
lvlkdk
kdk,, plka d bes ilai
ilaiore
oress qua kao
kaoag
ag pag
pagsd
sdrr ag dbh
dbhula
ulagg db qua
qua
dkilrdg, yd puaka sar dbhulag `diese e olag, dbhulag kasnegenlke pdrd ab raste, neie ug
pdrlagta e ug dilhe. â bas ietlvd d qua sadg erlhlgdbas y plagsag ag dbhulag qua as preodoba
qua sus neipdôares ge negezndg.
?. â bas kkacd
acd ug
uges
es ilgu
ilgutes
tes pdr
pdrdd qua pl
plagsa
agsagg ag asd pparseg
arsegdd y peghd
peghdgg sus lka
lkads
ds ag erk
erkag.
ag. ^l be
kasadg, puakag teidr pdpab y oebl pdrd jdnarsa ug asquaid.
>. D negt
negtlg
lgud
udnl
nlþg
þg,, ag suo
suohr
hrup
upes
es,, uge
uge d ug ugee pr
pras
asag
agtd
tdrä
rä d bd parparse
segd
gd qua jd asneasnehlhlke
ke.. ûs
ûs
neipdôares ba puakag jdnar prahugtds pdrd negenar iäs katdbbas.
;. Ndkd su
suohrup
ohrupee ablha d ug
ugdd pars
parsegd
egd (e ke
kes)
s) y sdb
sdbag
ag d axp
axpegarb
egarbee d tekes bbes
es neip
neipdôare
dôares.
s.
 _a`baxlþg3 ge as lipertdgta sar dbhulag `diese, nudbqular parsegd dgþglid puaka jdoar janje
nesds axtrderklgdrlds y as preodoba qua ge sad negenlke per iunjds parsegds.
 Pdrldgta3 sl ab tdidôe kab hrupe as paquaôe, ge sa èridg suohrupes y sa prasagtdg d bes
parsegdcas d tekes bes neipdôares.
8- Nérnube ravebtese
 Eocatlves3
4. Nra
Nradr
dr ug rd
rdte
te kls
klstag
tagklk
klkee y diag
diagee agt
agtra
ra be
bess pdr
pdrtln
tlnlpd
lpdgta
gtas.
s.
?. @dver
@dveranar
anar ab negen
negenlilag
lilagte
te kkaa bbes
es i
ilaior
laiores
es kkab
ab hrupe
hrupe..

[laipe ganasdrle3 uges 41 ilgutes.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa slagtag per suohrupes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Astd klklgäiln
gäilndd puak
puakaa utlbl
utlblzdrsa
zdrsa nneie
eie ndb
ndbkadil
kadilagte
agte ppdrd
drd ugd ssaslþg
aslþg kkaa trdod
trdodce.
ce. Ab kl
klgdilz
gdilzdker
dker
plka d bds parsegds qua sa nebequag ag nérnube, yd sad ka pla e sagtdkes.
?. Axpb
Axpblnd
lnd qua ax
axlstag
lstag tr
tras
as þrka
þrkagas3
gas3 ‒Gd
‒Gdrdgc
rdgcd’,
d’, ‒Odgd
‒Odgdgd’
gd’ y ‒Nérnu
‒Nérnube’.
be’. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker sa peg
pegaa ag ab
nagtre kab nérnube y saôdbd d uge ka bes neipdôares klnlìgkeba ugd ka asds tras þrkagas.
>. ^l as ‒Gdr
‒Gdrdgc
dgcd‒,
d‒, bd pars
parsegd
egd ka
kaoa
oa kan
kanlrlr ab geio
geiorara ka su neip
neipdôa
dôare
re qua tla
tlaga
ga sag
sagtdk
tdkee d bd
lzqularkd. ^l as ‒Odgdgd’ ab ka su neipdôare ka bd karanjd. @lgdbiagta, sl as ‒nérnube’ tekes bes
ilaiores kab hrupe kaoag ndioldrsa ka sltle.
;. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker negtr
negtrebd
ebd ab tl
tlaipe
aipe ka bbdd dntlvl
dntlvlkdk
kdk a lip
lipblnd
blnd d tek
tekes
es bes lg
lgtahrd
tahrdgtas
gtas ka
kabb hrup
hrupee ag
bd dntlvlkdk.
;<

:- Dbhulag neie ye
 Eocatlves3
4. @dv
@dvera
eranar
nar bbdd lgt
lgtahr
ahrdnl
dnlþg
þg ka bbes
es il
ilaio
aiores
res kkab
ab hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. ]reie
]reievar
var uugg diol
diolagta
agta aagg ab qu
quaa bds pparseg
arsegds
ds sa negez
negezndg
ndg iäs d ègk
ègke.
e.
>. Negen
Negenar
ar d neipd
neipdôareôaress neg hust
husteses ppdranlk
dranlkes
es d bes prep
preples.
les.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag abqua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg ievarsa neg bloartdk.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles y oebéhrdè pdrd ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Astd kl
klgäilnd
gäilnd ppuaka
uaka ut
utlblzd
lblzdrsa
rsa ag be
bess prli
prliares
ares ie
ieiagte
iagtess ka ug hru
hrupe,
pe, ds
dséé bds par
parsegd
segdss tagkrä
tagkrägg
ug tlaipe pdrd negenarsa.
?. Ab klg
klgdil
dilzdk
zdker
er bas plk
plkaa qua dget
dgetag
ag ag ug pdpa
pdpabb ugd sarl
sarlaa ka kdtes
kdtes.. Neie pua puakag
kag sa
sar,
r, per
acaipbe3 Lglnldb kab prliar dpabblke, preàslþg, óbtlie negnlarte db qua jds lke, idrnd ka
njenebdta `dverltd, atn. Astds prahugtds sa dkdptdg ag ùgnlþg ka bd akdk y bes lgtarasas ka bes
ilaiores kab hrupe.
>. â ba
bass kacd uges ilgut
ilgutes
es pdr
pdrdd qua nndkd
dkd ug
ugee negtas
negtastata ka iidgar
dgardd lgklv
lgklvlkudb
lkudb..
;. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþ
udnlþg,
g, kaoa
kaoagg ousnd
ousndrr d neipdô
neipdôares
ares qu
quaa jdydg nenegtast
gtastdke
dke ka idg
idgardard lhud
lhudbb e saiac
saiacdgta
dgta
d bes étais. Ge puakag rapatlr d ug neipdôare ag klstlgtes étais. â trdtd ka qua jdobag neg
nudgtds iäs parsegds, iacer.
1. [rd
[rdss pdsdr ab tlai
tlaipe
pe astd
astdoba
obanlke
nlke,, sa neip
neipreo
reodrä
drägg bds ras
raspu
puast
astds.
ds. ^l ab tditdidô
dôee kab hru
hrupe
pe as
paquaôe, be jdräg uge per uge y sl ge, ab negkunter ka bd dntlvlkdk bas prahugtdrä ka idgard
dbadterld.
<- Odlba ka lgduhurdnlþg

 Eocatlves3
4. Neg
Negena
enarr d neip
neipdôa
dôares
res ne
negg hus
hustes
tes pdra
pdranlk
nlkes
es d bes pprep
reples
les..
?. Nrad
Nradrr ug ieiag
ieiagte
te ka diag
diagee y dhrdkdoba
dhrdkdoba agtra neipd
neipdôares
ôares..
>. ]ark
]arkar
ar bd varh
varhòa
òagz
gzd.
d.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ?= ilgutes.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag abqua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg ievarsa.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpab, oebéhrdè a liparkloba. [diolìg, ug aqulpe pdrd raprekunlr ióslnd
(rdkle, erkagdker, iþvlb, …).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker jdna ugd pra
prahugtd
hugtd.. ]er ac
acaipb
aipbe3
e3 µTuì aass be qu
quaa iäs ta hu
hustd
std ka tu trdodc
trdodce5
e5 Ab
glvab ka bd prahugtd kaoa sar nejaragta neg bd akdk ka bes ilaiores kab hrupe y ab negtaxte ag
ab qua sa radblna bd dntlvlkdk.
?. Ndkd pa
parsegd
rsegd nnegtas
egtastdrä
tdrä d asd pprahug
rahugtd
td asnr
asnrlolag
lolagke
ke su ra
raspua
spuastd
std ag ug ppdpab
dpab..
>. â ne
nebhdrä
bhdrä su rraspu
aspuastd
astd aagg ab panj
panjee hrdnl
hrdnlds
ds d ug lip
liparkl
arkloba.
oba.
1=

;. Nud
Nudgke
gke tek
tekds
ds bds par
parseg
segds
ds jdyd
jdydgg negta
negtastd
stdke,
ke, sa pegkrä
pegkrägg ka pla y bd parse
parsegd
gd qua klr
klrlha
lha bd
dntlvlkdk bas axpblndrä qua vd d neiagzdr d segdr bd ióslnd y kaoag ousndr neipdôares neg bes
qua bd raspuastd nelgnlkd e sad saiacdgta y kaoag odlbdr cugtes.
1. Ila
Ilagtr
gtrds
ds suagd
suagd bd iósl
ióslnd
nd sa kacd ug tla tlaipe
ipe pdpdrd
rd qua sa vdy
vdydg
dg èri
èridgk
dgkee bds pdra
pdracds
cds e bes
hrupes. Ab klgdilzdker negtrebdrä ab ieiagte ka nertdr bd ióslnd y sa jdrä ug paquaôe kaodta
ag ab qua ndkd uge axpblqua su raspuastd y nþie sa jd sagtlke radblzdgke bd dntlvlkdk.
0. ^l ssaa qu
qulara,
lara, sa ppuaka
uaka rapa
rapatlr
tlr nneg
eg et
etrd
rd gguavd
uavd prahu
prahugtd.
gtd.
4=- Dgkdies cugtes

 Eocatlves3
4. @dve
@dvera
rana
narr bd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg ka
kabb hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. Neipd
Neipdrtlr
rtlr ssagtli
agtlilagte
lagtess y axpa
axparlagn
rlagnlds
lds nneg
eg bbes
es nneipdô
eipdôares.
ares.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ;= ilgutes.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 neie iäxlie, ugds 41 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, slg iuaobas ka per iakle.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpab negtlgue, ug kdke y retubdkeras.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â axtl
axtlagka
agka uugg treze kkaa pdpa
pdpabb negtlg
negtlgue
ue ag ab ssuabe
uabe e aagg ugd ias
iasdd hrdgk
hrdgka.a. Bes lglgtahrd
tahrdgtas
gtas ka
kabb
hrupe kaoag dneiekdrsa dbrakaker ka ìsta.
?. Ndkd ug ugee neharä uugg eocate qquaua ba sl
slrvd
rvd ka ``lnjd,
lnjd, pd
pdrd
rd lkagt
lkagtl`lndr
l`lndrsa
sa ag ab ccuahe
uahe.. â peg
pegag
ag tekds
bds `lnjds seora ab pdpab y sa kloucd d su dbrakaker ug nérnube, d ieke ka ndslbbd ka sdblkd.
>. Qgd parparsegd
segd,, db dzdr e anjä
anjägkeb
gkebee d suarta
suartas,
s, tlrd ab kd
kdke
ke y klouc
kloucdd tdgtds nds
ndslbbds
lbbds ne
neie
ie góia
góiares
res
jdydg sdblke ag ab kdke. ^ltód djé su `lnjd y kaoa prepegar ugd paquaôd pruaod e jdnar ugd
prahugtd qua ab raste ka neipdôares kaoa negtastdr. Db bdke ka bd ndslbbd, sa asnrloa ugd
pdbdord nbdva qua ranuarka ab negtaglke ka bd prahugtd e pruaod.
;. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþg
udnlþg,, tlrd ab slhul
slhulagta
agta nei
neipdôa
pdôare
re y raplta bd epepardnl
ardnlþg.
þg. D iaklkd qquaua dvd
dvdgzd
gzd ab cuah
cuahe,
e,
sl bes ilaiores kab hrupe pdsdg per dgtarleras ndslbbds, kaoag raspegkar bds pruaods dgtarleras
y sl seg guavds ndslbbds,
ndslbbds, lr nradgke guavds dntlvlkdk
dntlvlkdkas.
as.
1. Ab cua
cuahe
he dndo
dndodd nudgk
nudgkee yd ge ququaka
aka iäs pdpa
pdpabb negtlg
negtlgue
ue e olag
olag,, bes ila
ilaiores
iores yydd kasa
kasaag
ag pds
pdsdr
dr d
etrd dntlvlkdk.
44- êbunlþg axprìs

 Eocatlves3
4. @dve
@dvera
rana
narr bd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg ka
kabb hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. ]r
]ras
asag
agtd
tdrta
rta ag sesenl
nlak
akdk
dk..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 Agtra >= y;1 sahugkes per pdrtlnlpdgta.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 Be raneiagkdoba as qua neie iäxlie, ugds ?1 parsegds, pare puakag sar iäs.
14

 Buhdr3 abaspdnle su`lnlagta pdrd qua puakdg pegarsa ag nérnube bds parsegds qua bbavag d ndoe bd
klgäilnd.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ug evlbbe ka bdgd e nudbqular nesds qua jdhd bd ilsid ùgnlþg.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bes lgt
lgtahr
ahrdgt
dgtas
as y aabb iek
iekard
ardker
ker ssaa pe
pegag
gag ag nnérn
érnube
ube..
?. [ei
[eidd bd pdb
pdbdor
dordd ab ieka
iekardk
rdker,
er, ab nudb axp
axpbln
blndd qua ndkndkdd parse
parsegd
gd kaoa pra
prasag
sagtdr
tdrsa
sa ag orava
tlaipe y, nudgke tarilga, kaoa pdsdr ab evlbbe ka bdgd d etrd parsegd kab nérnube pdrd qua astd
sa prasagta. Ge tlaga qua sahulr glghóg erkag, slipbaiagta pdsdrbe d bd parsegd qua ta bbdia bd
dtagnlþg.
>. Neila
Neilagzd
gzd ab ie
iekardk
kardker er pras
prasagtäg
agtägkesa
kesa y ba ppdsd
dsd ab evl evlbbe
bbe d etre lg
lgtahrd
tahrdgta.
gta. Bu
Buahe
ahe asta d etetre
re y
dsé jdstd qua sa prasagta ab óbtlie. Ndkd uge klrä su geiora, akdk y tras nesds qua ba hustag.
;. ]esta
]estarleri
rleriagta
agta,, ab óbtli
óbtliee kaoar
kaoarää ranerk
ranerkdr
dr ab geio
geiora ra y dbhu
dbhugd
gd ka bds tra
trass nesds qqua
ua klce qqua
ua ba
hustdodg db pagóbtlie. Ab pagóbtlie jdrä be ilsie neg ab dgtapagóbtlie y dsé jdstd qua ab evlbbe
vuabvd db iekardker.
4?- Ab evlbbe ka bdgd
 Eocatlves3
4. @dve
@dvera
rana
narr bd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg ka
kabb hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. _ei
_eipa
parr ab jla
jlabe
be ag
agtra
tra ppars
arsegd
egdss qua ggee sa neg
negena
enag.
g.
>. Kas
Kasnuo
nuorlr
rlr jdol
jdolblk
blkdka
dkass ka nndkd
dkd lgklvl
lgklvlkue
kue..

 [didôe kab hrupe3 neie iäxlie, ugds 1 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 ab aspdnle su`lnlagta pdrd qua puakdg neepardr 1 parsegds.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ug evlbbe ka bdgd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Qg ieka
iekardker
rdker ddslhgd
slhgd ddbb hrupe uugg preob
preobaid
aid db qqua
ua tlag
tlagag
ag qua kkdrba
drba ssebunl
ebunlþg
þg ag >= i
ilgute
lgutes.
s. ]er
acaipbe3 ^l ùasag neerklgdkeras ka ugd aiprasd, µNþie sebunlegdrédg ab neg`blnte agtra kes
neipdôares ka trdodce qua dsplrdg d ug dsnagse5
?. Bes lgt
lgtahr
ahrdg
dgtas
tas kao
kaoarä
arägg trdtd
trdtdrr ab dsugt
dsugte,
e, d sdo
sdolag
lagkds
kds ka qua ge jdy tlaip
tlaipee pdrd kabl
kabloar
oardr
dr
iunje. D be bdrhe ka bes >= ilgutes sa pekrä eosarvdr bds jdolblkdkas y sagslolblkdk ka ndkd
uge ag asta dsugte. Dbhuges saräg iäs dntlves, etres iäs tezukes, etres sa obequadräg, atn.
>. â ta
tagkrä
gkrägg qua pega
pegarr ka ddnuar
nuarke
ke y ddkaiäs
kaiäs abahl
abahlrr ug pertd
pertdvez.
vez.
;. Ab per
pertdvez
tdvez aaxpegk
xpegkrä
rä kabd
kabdgta
gta ka tek
tekee ab iugk
iugkee ab dnua
dnuarke
rke db qu
quaa jdg bba
bbahdke
hdke pd
pdrd
rd sebu
sebunlegdr
nlegdr aabb
preobaid pbdgtadke per ab iekardker.
1. @lgdb
@lgdbiagta
iagta,, ab ieka
iekardker
rdker do dorlrä
rlrä turg
turgee ka prah
prahugtds
ugtds pper
er sl juol
juolasa
asa db
dbhóg
hóg lgta
lgtarasd
rasdke
ke ag sdo
sdoar
ar
nþie jdg bbahdke d asds negnbuslegas.
4>- Bds getds sanratds

Eocatlves3
4. @dve
@dvera
rana
narr bd lg
lgta
tahr
hrdn
dnlþ
lþgg ka
kabb hr
hrup
upe.
e.
1?
?. Kas
Kasnuo
nuorlr
rlr qu
quaa pplag
lagsd
sd uge kab etr
etre.
e.
>. Iace
Iacerd
rd ka dute
duteas astl
tlid
id..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka 41- ?= ilgutes.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 As raneiagkdoba qua sad dipble ka 41 e iäs parsegds.
 Buhdr3 praàrlobaiagta dubds e aspdnles ka trdodce.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpab, bäplz y (sl as pesloba) ugd ndcltd per ndkd lgtahrdgta.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Qg ieka
iekardker
rdker ``dnlblt
dnlbltdd d ndkd lgt
lgtahrdg
ahrdgta
ta ugd nd
ndcd,
cd, tras ppdpab
dpabas
as y ab ge
geiora
iora ka etre lgt lgtahrdg
ahrdgta
ta
ka idgard parsegdb.
?. Ndkd lgt
lgtahrdg
ahrdgta
ta teid tra trass pdpa
pdpabas
bas y dge
dgetd
td tras pr
prahug
ahugtds
tds qua bbaa hustd
hustdréd
réd jdna
jdnarba
rba d bd pa
parsegd
rsegd
qua ba jd tendke.
>. Buah
Buahe,
e, ka idga
idgard
rd sanr
sanratd,
atd, kao
kaoarä
arä iat
iatar
ar sus tra
trass prah
prahugtds
ugtds ag bbdd ndcd ka bd pa
parseg
rsegdd qua ba jd
tendke.
;. Nudg
Nudgke
ke astìg te
tekes
kes bes ppdpab
dpabas
as rap
rapdrtlke
drtlkes,
s, bes lgt
lgtahrdg
ahrdgtas
tas baar
baaräg
äg ag vez ddbtd
btd bds pra
prahugtd
hugtdss qua
ba jdg èriubdke.
jttps3//yeutu.oa/x`@Xl>\Dl_Q
Blstd ka klgäilnds ka nradtlvlkdk
4- Ab dpesagte
 Eocatlves3
4. Neg
Negena
enarr be
bess ge
geior
iorasas kkaa bes nei
neipdô
pdôare
aress ka
kabb hru
hrupe.
pe.
?. Kasd
Kasdrrebb
rrebbdr
dr bbes
es pprenas
renaseses kkaa nradtl
nradtlvlkdk
vlkdk a li
lidhlgd
dhlgdnlþg.
nlþg.
>. Astli
Astliubdr
ubdr ab kkasdr
asdrrebbe
rebbe ``éslne
éslne y aabb dutene
dutenegenli
genlilagte
lagte d tr
trdvìs
dvìs kkab
ab iev
ievlilag
lilagte.
te.
[laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ?= ilgutes, ag ùgnlþg kab tdidôe kab hrupe.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab
qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ugd slbbd per ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdke
bltdkerr kab hru
hrupe
pe plka qqua
ua bes ppdrtlnl
drtlnlpdgt
pdgtas
as necdg uugd gd slbb
slbbdd y èria
èriagg ug nérnu
nérnube
be y qua ssaa
slagtag ag bd slbbd, ilrägkesa bes uges d bes etres.
?. Neiag
Neiagzdrä
zdrä ug vvebug
ebugtdrle
tdrle klnlagke
klnlagke ssuu geior
geioraa y plkla
plklagke
gke ndio
ndioldrs
ldrsaa ka sltle nneg
eg etre ne
neipdô
ipdôare.
are.
]er acaipbe3 ‒Ia bbdie Ndriag y qulare qua il sltle sad enupdke per ]dne’. Astd erkag, kaoa lr
dneipdôdkd ka ugd dnnlþg qua kaod radblzdr ab neipdôare, as kanlr3 ‒y tl tlaga
aga qua vaglr
vaglr
ndgtdgke’ .
>. Bd kl
klgäilnd
gäilnd `lgd
`lgdblzd
blzd nnudgk
udgkee jdyd
jdydgg pdr
pdrtlnlpd
tlnlpdke
ke tek
tekes
es be
bess lgt
lgtahrdg
ahrdgtas.
tas.
 Getd3 as lipertdgta qua ge rapltdg bds dnnlegas qua kaoag jdnar ag bes trdsbdkes. Ka astd
idgard, sa `dverana bd nradtlvlkdk.
1>
?- Neg etres eces

 Eocatlve3
4. Kas
Kasdrr
drrebb
ebbdr
dr bds ndpndpdnl
dnlkdk
kdkasas krd
krdiät
iätlnd
lndss y nei
neiugl
uglndt
ndtlvd
lvds.
s.
?. As
Astl
tliu
iubd
bdrr bbdd nnra
radt
dtlv
lvlk
lkdk
dk..
>. @dv
@dvera
eranar
nar bbdd kakaslg
slgjlo
jlolnl
lnlþg
þg y kklst
lstags
agslþg
lþg..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ;= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta. Ab tlaipe vd d vdrldr ag ùgnlþg kab hrdke ka

pdrtlnlpdnlþg.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, blora ka iuaobas qua puakdg agterpanar.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 kes iegtegas ka ndrtds, ugd ka tlpe D y etrd ka O (axpblndkds d
negtlgudnlþg).
 Ndrtds D3 ndkd ugd ka abbds aguiardrä ugd dntlvlkdk klstlgtd. Acaipbes3 `rahdr bes pbdtes kaspuìs
ka ugd neilkd `dilbldr, vebvar d ndsd kaspuìs kab nebahle/trdodce, ug kéd ka bbuvld slg pdrdhuds,
ab kéd qua ta kdg bds vdndnlegas, nudgke ta jdobd ugd parsegd qua ge agtlagkas, nudgke tu aqulpe
`dverlte plarka ug hrdg praile…
 Ndrtds O3 ìstds lgklndräg ab ieke ag ab qua sa kaoa raprasagtdr bd dnnlþg. Acaipbes3 nþilne,
bérlne, trlsta, au`þrlne, asndgkdbese, dsustdke, aienlegdke, atn.
*As lipertdgta qua bds ndrtds sadg dkdptdkds db hrupe y d bd akdk ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr pras
prasagt
agtdd ab eocatl
eocatlve
ve ka bd klgä
klgäiln
ilndd y iet
ietlvd
lvd d bes pdr
pdrtlnl
tlnlpdg
pdgtas
tas pdr
pdrdd qua sa
prastag neie vebugtdrles pdrd bd dntlvlkdk.
?. Bd par
parsegd
segd qqua
ua sdb
sdbhd,
hd, ag sl
slbagnl
bagnle,
e, teidr
teidrää ugd ndr
ndrtd
td ka ndk
ndkdd iegtþ
iegtþgg y ge sa bdbdss agsa
agsaôdrä
ôdrä d ssus
us
neipdôares. [agkrä qua raprasagtdr bd dnnlþg neg ab ieke qua ba jdyd tendke.
>. ûs nei
neipdôa
pdôares,
res, nei
neiagtdr
agtdrägäg quì ba
bass jd pdra
pdranlke.
nlke. â jd
jdrä
rä ugd ra`
ra`baxlþ
baxlþgg hrupd
hrupdbb ka bd sltud
sltudnlþg,
nlþg,
bds aienlegas qua ges avend asd dnnlþg, sl ìstd sa nerraspegka neg ab ieke ag ab qua be jd
radblzdke, atn.
 Pdrldgta3 ]ekaies dôdklr nlartd kl`lnubtdk, kdgke bd negslhgd ka qua ge puakag jdobdr. [agkräg
qua jdnarbe neg iéilnd, neg bd kl`lnubtdk dôdklkd ka qua tlagag qua iestrdr bd aienlþg neg bd
axpraslþg `dnldb y nerperdb. Ka astd idgard, bes neipdôares kaoaräg dklvlgdr bd sltudnlþg y ab
ieke.
>- Guastre preple iurdb

 Eocatlves3
4. @eia
@eiagt
gtdr
dr ab trd
trdod
odce
ce ag aqul
aqulpe pe..
?. Ast
Astliu
liubdr
bdr bbdd lid
lidhlg
hlgdnl
dnlþg
þg y bbdd nra
nradtl
dtlvlk
vlkdk.
dk.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr ka idgard negcugtd.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ndrtublgd e pdpab negtlgue (ag ùgnlþg kab tdidôe kab klouce qua quardies
negsahulr), plgturds (bäplnas, nards, plgturd ka kakes…)
1;
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parseg
segdd qua klgd
klgdilz
ilzdd bd klgäil
klgäilnd
nd axpb
axpblnd
lnd qu
quìì dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdkk sa vd d bbav
bbavdr
dr d ndo
ndoe.
e. ]er aca
acaipb
ipbe,
e,
vdies d plgtdr guastre behetlpe, ug iurdb per ug avagte negnrate e olag e olag, vdies d jdnar
ug klouce agtra tekes.
?. Kasp
Kaspuìs,
uìs, ra
rapdrta
pdrta bbds
ds plgtu
plgturds
rds y ab pdp
pdpab.
ab. Ab tlai
tlaipepe pdr
pdrdd bd acanun
acanunlþg
lþg pua
puaka
ka astd
astdrr astdob
astdobanlke
anlke e
olag, qua bd dntlvlkdk dndoa nudgke jdydg tarilgdke.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke jdydg ttarilg
arilgdke,
dke, sa ppdsd
dsd d ug kkaodta
aodta aagg hrupe ppdrd
drd avd
avdbudr
budr ab rrasub
asubtdke
tdke `lg
`lgdb.
db.
Pdrldgta 43 bd dntlvlkdk kaoa radblzdrsa ag dosebute slbagnle, sa bas puaka kacdr uges ilgutes
dgtas pdrd qua kanlkdg quì qularag jdnar y nþie vdg d erhdglzdrsa.
Pdrldgta ?3 ndkd ilaiore vd d jdnar su pdrta per sapdrdke e olag, per suohrupes. ]dsdke ab
tlaipe astdobanlke, sa pegag tekds bds pdrtas ag neióg
n eióg y sa pahdg ag ab pdpab.
;- \e klrlce il prepld pabénubd

 Eocatlves3
4. Kas
Kasdrr
drrebb
ebbdr
dr bd llidh
idhlgd
lgdnlþg
nlþg sslg
lg gl
glghó
ghógg tlp
tlpee ka bébéilt
ilta.
a.
?. @dver
@dveranar
anar bbdd asnu
asnunjd
njd dntlv
dntlvdd y ab lgta
lgtarndio
rndiolele ka eplg
eplglegas
legas aagtra
gtra ne
neipdô
ipdôares
ares..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka ugd jerd.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 iakldge, ugds 41 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnledipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg astdr sagtdkes ag nérnube y ag kegka
puakdg dpeydrsa pdrd asnrlolr.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles, oebéhrdès y ugd plzdrrd neg retubdker e tlzd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parseg
segdd qua klrl
klrlha
ha bd dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdk,
k, axpb
axpblnd
lnd d bes lgtah
lgtahrdg
rdgtas
tas kab hru
hrupe
pe qua kao
kaoag
ag sag
sagtdr
tdrsa
sa
èridgke ug nérnube y bas rapdrta ug èble y ug oebéhrdè d ndkd uge. D negtlgudnlþg, bas axpblnd
qua sa vdg d lidhlgdr qua seg ug `diese klranter/d ka nlga y qua astäg pagsdgke ag su prþxlid
pabénubd. ]drd tdb, tlagag qua pagsdr ab hìgare (krdid, iuslndb, tjrlbbar, reiägtlnd, neiakld,
atn.) y quì dnteras bd pretdheglzdrédg. ]uakag abahlr, lgnbuse, dnteras qua jdydg `dbbanlke y,
tdiolìg, parsegds ka asa hrupe.
?. â bas kac
kacdd agtra 4= y 41 ilg
ilgute
utess pdrd qua kas
kasdrrdrrebb
ebbag
ag bd jlste
jlsterld
rld.. ]uak
]uakagag teid
teidrr getds ag ab
pdpab.
>. ]dsd
]dsdke
ke ab tlai
tlaipe,
pe, uge d ug
uge,
e, kaoa neneiagtd
iagtdrr quì sa ba jjdd enurrl
enurrlke.
ke. As li lipertd
pertdgta
gta qua
qua,, kurdg
kurdgta
ta
asta tlaipe, bes kaiäs astìg ag slbagnle y asnunjdgke d su neipdôare. [diolìg, bd parsegd qua
klrlha bd dntlvlkdk puaka lr teidgke getds ag ugd plzdrrd pdrd qua tekes puakdg varbd.
;. Nudg
Nudgke
ke tekes bbes
es klra
klranteras
nteras jjdydg
dydg jdo
jdobdke
bdke ka ssuu pabén
pabénubd,
ubd, sa ttrdtd
rdtd ka qu qua,
a, agtr
agtraa tekes
tekes,, ablcdg bbdd
jlsterld qua iäs bas hustd. ]uaka sar ugd neipbatd e olag, abaiagtes y ndrdntaréstlnds ka ndkd
ugd ka bds axpuastds y jdnar ugd ag neióg.
1. ^l seor
seordd tlaip
tlaipe,
e, sa pu
puaka
aka jdn
jdnar
ar ugd rrapras
aprasagtd
agtdnlþg
nlþg ka bbdd jlster
jlsterld
ld d ieke ka ttadtre.
adtre.
1- Nradtlvlkdk obequadkd

 Eocatlves3
4. @eia
@eiagt
gtdr
dr bd pa
pars
rsav
avar
ardg
dgnl
nldd nudg
nudgke
ke sa ra
radb
dblz
lzdd ug trdo
trdodc
dcee ag aqul
aqulpe
pe ag ab qua ousn
ousndd bd
nradtlvlkdk.
11
?. Kasd
Kasdrr
rreb
ebbd
bdrr bd rras
aslblbla
lagn
gnld
ld..
>. @ertdb
@ertdbanar
anar bbes
es vé
végnub
gnubes es y rabdn
rabdnlegas
legas agtr
agtraa bes pdrtl
pdrtlnlpdg
nlpdgtas.
tas.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 agtra 4= y 41 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 glghuge ag aspanldb.

 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr kab hrup
hrupee lgtre
lgtrekun
kunlrä
lrä ug taid pd pdrd
rd kaod
kaodtlr.
tlr. ]u
]uaka
aka sasarr ugd nlrnu
nlrnugs
gstdg
tdgnld
nld rad
radbb e
olag, ugd sltudnlþg jlpetìtlnd. Aste kapagkarä kab hrupe y ab eocatlve.
?. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er èia
èiagtdrä
gtdrä y ieietlvdr
tlvdrää d tekes bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtas
as d qua ppdrtlnl
drtlnlpag
pag y ka
kagg su epl
eplglþg.
glþg.
>. Ka rap
rapag
agta
ta,, nu
nudg
dgke
ke ugugdd pa
pars
rseg
egdd axpe
axpega
ga su pugt
pugtee ka vls
vlstd
td,, etr
etree neip
neipdôdôar
aree (qua
(qua ast
astää
lgèridgke ka dgtaidge) aiplazd d raodtlr bes drhuiagtes ka dbhulag ag negnrate.
;. ]dsd
]dsdkes
kes uges i ilgute
lgutes,
s, puak
puakag
ag jdoa
jdoarr enurrlk
enurrlkee kes nesd
nesds3
s3 qua bd neg
negvars
varsdnlþg
dnlþg sa jjdyd
dyd qua
quakdke
kdke
astdgndkd e olag, qua etres neipdôares jdydg ndioldke bd karlvd.
1. ]ds
]dsdke
dke ug rdte
rdte,, ab klgdil
klgdilzdkzdker
er prah
prahug
ugtd
td nþie sa jd sagtlsagtlke
ke neg bds lgta
lgtarru
rrupnl
pnlega
egass ka su
neipdôare.
0. Ab klgd
klgdilzdk
ilzdker er klrlha aabb kaod
kaodta
ta y axtrdp
axtrdpebd
ebd astd ssltudnl
ltudnlþg
þg d bds nlrnu
nlrnugstd
gstdgnlds
gnlds ka as
asta
ta tlpe qu
quaa
enurrag ag bd vlkd kldrld.
0- Lgvagtes kab ravìs

 Eocatlves3
4. @eia
@eiagtgtdrdr bd lidh
lidhlg lgdn
dnlþ
lþgg
?. ]d
]dsd
sdrr uugg rrdt
dtee kkls
lsta
tagk
gklk
lke.
e.

 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd dipbld.
 èbles, oebéhrdès y ugd plzdrrd neg retubdker e tlzd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnlb
`dnlbltdke
ltdkerr axpbl
axpblnd
nd qua jey tek
tekes
es sarä
sarägg lgvag
lgvagteras
teras.. ]er acai
acaipbe,
pbe, sa ppuakag
uakag aaxpbl
xpblndr
ndr lgvagtes
lgvagtes
qua jdg ndioldke ab kéd d kéd kab sar juidge. Dbhe tdg slipba neie ug pdbe neg ug ienje ag su
axtraie, jd djerrdke iunjes preobaids ka aspdbkd pdrd `rahdr ab suabe.
?. Ab jägk
jägklndp
lndp as qu
quaa astes lg
lgvagt
vagteras
eras ta
tagkräg
gkräg qu
quaa lgvag
lgvagtdr
tdr nesds ggee ótlbas
ótlbas.. ]er acaip
acaipbe,
be, ug nap
naplbbe
lbbe
pdrd ab pabe qua ta prekuna iäs gukes. â kacdg uges ilgutes pdrd qua ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta
plagsa, per sapdrdke, y kaspuìs, tagkrä qua axpblnärsabe d sus neipdôares.
n eipdôares.
 Getd3 as lipertdgta dpbduklr bes behres ka tekes bes pdrtlnlpdgtas y dglidrbas d qua sadg be iäs
nradtlves peslobas. Ag astd dntlvlkdk, bds rlsds astäg dsahurdkds.
 Pdrldgta3 sl ab tdidôe kab hrupe as iuy hrdgka, ag vaz ka idgard lgklvlkudb, puaka jdnarsa per
pdracds e paquaôes suohrupes.
8- Ab hrupe ag pbdstlblgd
10
 Eocatlves3
4. Dgd
Dgdblz
blzdr
dr aabb iei
ieiagt
agtee ag qqua
ua ssaa ag
agnua
nuagtr
gtrdd ab hhrup
rupee
?. Ast
Astliu
liubdr
bdr bd nnrad
radtlv
tlvlkd
lkdkk ka idg
idgard
ard lg
lgklv
klvlku
lkudb.
db.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd dipbld ag bd qua sa puakd trdodcdr ag hrupe, neg iasds y slbbds.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ?= flbes ka pbdstlblgd, dprexlidkdiagta y ugd tdobd qua seperta asa pase.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr lgtrek
lgtrekuna
una bd klgä
klgäilnd
ilnd axp
axpblnblndgk
dgkee qua tlagag
tlagag ab hru
hrupe
pe dtrd
dtrdvla
vlasd
sd ugd sarl
sarlaa ka
sltudnlegas d be bdrhe ka su ranerrlke. Astd prasagtdnlþg puaka sar lbustrdkd neg sltudnlegas
negnratds qua jdydg sunaklke y ieiagtes per bes qua jd pdsdke ab hrupe. Ag asa ieiagte, vdg
d raprasagtdr ab ieiagte qua astä dtrdvasdgke ab hrupe d trdvìs ka ugd asnubturd ka pbdstlblgd.
?. Ag as
asaa ieia
ieiagte,
gte, ssaa bas kdrä bbdd pbds
pbdstlblgd
tlblgd aagg ug oobequ
bequaa seor
seoraa bd tdo
tdobd.
bd.
>. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþg
udnlþg,, klspeg
klspegag
ag ka >= ilg ilgutes
utes pd
pdrdrd kdrba `èrid
erid d bd asn
asnubtur
ubturd,
d, pare ge ka
kaoag
oag jdob
jdobdr
dr
kurdgta asa rdte. ]uakag tdbbdr bd pbdstlblgd ag hrupe e olag, nehlagke ug treze y trdodcägkebe
ka idgard lgklvlkudb, pdrd kaspuìs uglrbe db raste. [diolìg, puakag kasjdnar be qua jdyd janje
etre neipdôare, atn. Be lipertdgta as qua sdquag tekd su nradtlvlkdk.
;. ]ds
]dsdke
dke ab tlai
tlaipe,
pe, dgd
dgdblz
blzdrä
drägg bd asn
asnubt
ubturd
urd eot
eotagl
aglkd
kd y sa pbd
pbdgta
gtadrä
drä ug kaod
kaodta
ta ag ab qua
qua bes
ilaiores axprasag nþie sa jdg sagtlke radblzdgke bd dntlvlkdk y sl sa agnuagtrdg sdtlsànjes
neg ab rasubtdke `lgdb. [diolìg, sl radblzdreg ab trdodce ka idgard lgklvlkudb e sa neerklgdreg
neg etres neipdôares, sl jdg sagtlke qua su trdodce jd slke raspatdke per bes kaiäs, atn. ]drd
asta kaodta, as iuy lipertdgta qua bd parsegd qua klrlha bd dntlvlkdk astì db tdgte y teia getd
ka bds nesds qua ba pdrazndg iäs slhgl`lndtlvds pdrd pekar doerkdrbds kurdgta asa rdte.
:- ]eaid neióg
 Eocatlve3
4. Nra
Nradr
dr ug ppeai
eaidd e ugd jjlst
lsterl
erldd qua llkag
kagtl`
tl`lqu
lquaa db hr
hrup
upe.
e.
?. @ei
@eiagt
agtdr
dr aabb ra
rasp
spate
ate agt
agtra
ra nneip
eipdôa
dôares
res..

 [didôe kab hrupe3 As lipertdgta qua sa negezndg agtra abbes.
 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd ag bd qua sa agnuagtrag nþiekes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 plzdrrd neg tlzd e retubdker y raprekunter ka ióslnd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parsegd
segd qqua
ua klr
klrlha
lha bd ddntlvlk
ntlvlkdk,
dk, bas axpb
axpblnd
lnd qua vdg d nr
nradr
adr ug ppeaid
eaid e uugd
gd jlst
jlsterld
erld ag neióg
neióg..
]drd abbe, pega ugds pdbdords ag bd plzdrrd qua saräg iäs e iages, ag ùgnlþg ka bes
pdrtlnlpdgtas. ^l as ug hrupe iuy dipble, sa abahlräg d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas db dzdr.
?. D ndkd pdrt
pdrtlnlp
lnlpdgt
dgtaa sa ba dslhgd
dslhgd ugd pdb
pdbdor
dord,
d, pare sa ba kln
klnaa nuäb as nudg
nudgke
ke bbah
bbahua
ua su turg
turge.
e.
Nudgke as ab turge ka ugd parsegd, sa ba klna bd pdbdord y sa raprekuna ugd ióslnd rabdcdgta
kurdgta iakle ilgute dprexlidkdiagta.
>. ]dsd
]dsdke
ke dgetdgke
â vdg asta tla
tlaipe,
ipe,
ag bdsaplzdrrd
ppdrd
drd bdbdsiós
ióslnd
lnd y dsaiaklkd
`rdsas ba pr
prahugt
ahugtd
d quì
qua sa vdg`rds
`rdsa
a sa ba enu
enurra
prekunlagke. rra neg as
asdd pdbd
pdbdord.
ord.
18
;. Nudg
Nudgke
ke ab pea
peaid
id e bd jlste
jlsterld
rld sa jd
jdyd
yd taril
tarilgdke,
gdke, ssaa ranltd aagtra
gtra tek
tekes
es y sa ra
rahlstrd
hlstrd ppdrd
drd qua
pdsa d èridr neie ug abaiagte iäs ka bd lkagtlkdk kab hrupe.
<- ^dbukes
 Eocatlves3
4. ]re
]rekun
kunlr lr uugg sd
sdbuk
bukee nra
nradtl dtlve,
ve, klstlg
klstlgte
te d be nei
neióg.
óg.
?. ]ar
]arkar
kar ab sa sagtl
gtlke
ke kkaa bbdd varh
varhòag
òagzd.
zd.
>. ]d
]dsd
sdrr uugg rrdt
dtee kkls
lsta
tagk
gklk lke.
e.
;. @ei
@eiagt
agtdr dr bdbdss rab
rabdnl
dnlega
egass agt
agtra
ra ne
neipd
ipdôar
ôares.
es.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ;= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 iakldge, agtra 41 y ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd dipbld, slg iuaobas ka per iakle. [diolìg, puaka radblzdrsa db dlra blora.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Astdg
Astdgke
ke tekes kkaa pla y è
èridgk
ridgkee ug nérnu
nérnube,
be, ab kl
klgdilz
gdilzdker
dker ba
bass axpb
axpblnd
lnd qua vdg d sdb
sdbukdrs
ukdrsaa bes
uges d atn.
sneut, etres. Db prlgnlple puakag jdnarsa acaipbes ka sdbukes, neie bes jlpplas, neie bes oey-
?. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþg
udnlþg,, sa kacd
kacdgg uges ilg
ilgutes
utes pd
pdrd
rd qua ppuakd
uakdgg sdbu
sdbukdrs
kdrsaa bes uge
ugess d bes etr
etres
es neie bbas
as
dpataznd, slagke nradtlves y slg taier d sar cuzhdkes per bes kaiäs.
>. D negtlg
negtlgudn
udnlþg
lþg,, y pdsdke
pdsdke ab tlai
tlaipe
pe astd
astdoba
obanlke
nlke e nudg
nudgkeke ab `dnlb
`dnlbltd
ltdker
ker ka per `lgd
`lgdblz
blzdkd
dkd bd
dntlvlkdk,
 Pdrldgta3 qua sdbhdg bes pdrtlnlpdgtas, uge d uge, d sdbukdr d sus neipdôares y ab raste ba liltag.
4=- Ousndgke ugd sebunlþg d ug preobaid

 Eocatlves3
4. Ous
Ousndr
ndr seb
sebunl
unlega
egass ka idg
idgard
ard hhrup
rupdb
db y nnrad
radtlv
tlvd.
d.
?. @ei
@eiagt
agtdr
dr ab oouag
uag `ùg
ugnleg
nlegdil
dilagt
agtee kab aaqul
qulpe.
pe.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 iakldge, ugds ?= parsegds dprexlidkdiagta.
 Buhdr3 sdbd e dubd dipbld ag ab qua puakdg trdodcdr sagtdkes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab dgl
dglidk
idker
er ka bd klgäi
klgäilnd
lnd axp
axpbln
blndd qua kaoa
kaoagg ousn
ousndr
dr bd sebu
sebunlþg
nlþg nr
nradt
adtlvd
lvd d ug preob
preobaid
aid y qua
kaoa teidrsa ag negsagse. [ekes bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe kaoag prastdr dtagnlþg db prenase
ka klsnuslþg perqua be dgdblzdräg pestarleriagta. â èridg suohrupes.
?. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþg
udnlþg,, sa axpeg
axpegaa ab preob
preobaid
aid qua ka
kaoa
oa sar se
sebunleg
bunlegdke
dke per bes ssuohru
uohrupes
pes y pdrd ab qu
quaa
klspegag
‒Dôes dträs, ka klaz ilgutes3
ug iarndkar begklgagsa kaoéd ugd hrdg suid ka klgare d ugd parsegd qua ba
jlze ug prìstdie. Astd parsegd sa agdierþ ka bd cevag y blgkd jlcd kab iarndkar. Ba
1:
prepuse, agtegnas, ug dnuarke. Klce qua ndgnabdréd bd kaukd kab iarndkar sl sa ndsdod neg
bd jlcd. [dgte ab iarndkar neie su jlcd quakdreg kaspdverlkes. Bd parsegd qua ba jdoéd
prastdke ab klgare, ba prepuse kacdr bd sebunlþg ag idges kab dzdr. ]drd abbe, suhlrlþ nebendr
ugd plakrd obdgnd y etrd gahrd kagtre ka ugd oebsd ka klgare
klgare vdnéd6 bd iunjdnjd
iunjdnjd kaoaréd
kaoaréd
sdndr ugd ka bds kes plakrds. ^l sdndod bd plakrd obdgnd, paridganaréd neg ab pdkra y bd
kaukd sa parkegdréd. Ag ab ndse negtrdrle, sl sdndod bd gahrd, ab iarndkar saréd agndrnabdke
y abbd dndodréd iurlagke ka jdiora. Dndodreg dnaptdgke y ab dnraaker sa dhdnjþ pdrd
nehar
klgare6kes plakrds
pare y, dbper
ùa vlste jdnarbe, asnegklþBakes
bd iunjdnjd. plakrds
plklþ gahrds
agtegnas d bd yiunjdnjd
bds iatlþqua
ag bd oebsd ugd
nehlasa kab
plakrd qua saréd bd sagtagnld ka iuarta ka abbd y, tdiolìg ka su pdkra’.
>. ]er suo
suohru
hrupes
pes,, kao
kaoag
ag agne
agnegtr
gtrdr
dr bd seb
sebunl
unlþg
þg qua lkaþ bd iunj
iunjdnj
dnjdd pdrd peka
pekarr negtl
negtlgud
gudrr ag
neipdôéd ka su pdkra y ndgnabdr bd kaukd. â kacdg uges ilgutes pdrd pagsdrbe per suohrupes y,
d negtlgudnlþg, sa radblzd ug kaodta agtra tekes.
;. Nud
Nudgke
gke ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr be as
astlia
tlia ep
epertu
ertuge,
ge, pds
pdsdrä
drä d neg
negtdr
tdr bd sebu
sebunlþ
nlþgg qua as bd slhu
slhulag
lagta3
ta3 ‒Bd
iunjdnjd iatlþ bd idge ag bd oebsd y ratlrþ ugd plakrd. ^lg aiodrhe, dgtas ka ilrdr bd
kasnulkdkd, bd kacþ ndar ag ab ndilge, parklìgkesa agtra bds etrds.
jttps3//yeutu.oa/n`XLKJzueCD
4= klgäilnds ka neg`ldgzd ótlbas

4- Neg`ldgzd
 Eocatlve3 duiagtdr bd neg`ldgzd agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 agtra 41 y >= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 sa èridräg pdracds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per pdracds.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 glghuge.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bes ila
ilaior
iores
es kab hrup
hrupee sa klvlka
klvlkagg per pdra
pdracds
cds.. Ab `dn
`dnlbl
lbltdk
tdker
er prei
preieva
evarä
rä qua ìst
ìstds
ds ge astìg
èridkds per parsegds ka ugd negstltunlþg `éslnd saiacdgta, slge qua agtra bes ilaiores ka bd
pdracd jdyd hrdgkas klàragnlds.
?. Bds pd
pdracds
racds ssaa pega
pegagg ka pla ag
ag`rag
`ragtdkds
tdkds bd uugd
gd d bd etrd
etrd.. â dhdr
dhdrrdg
rdg ka bds id
idges
ges y bds ppugtds
ugtds
ka bes plas sa tendg agtra sé.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke bds pdr
pdracds
acds sa aagnua
gnuagtrag
gtrag aagg bd pesl
peslnlþg
nlþg raq
raquarlk
uarlkd,d, ab `dn
`dnlbltdk
lbltdker
er kdrä bd sa
saôdb
ôdb y ìste
ìstess
kaoag kacdrsa ndar jdnld dträs, prenurdgke idgtagar ab nuarpe rante.
;. Bbah
Bbahdräg
dräg d ug pugpugte
te ka aqulb
aqulblorle
lorle y, ag aasa
sa ieia
ieiagte,
gte, pua
puakag
kag pre
preodr
odr d radb
radblzdr
lzdr iev
ievlilag
lilagtes
tes ka
idgard negcugtd y qua glghuge ka bes kes plarkd ab aqulblorle. Astes ievlilagtes puakag sar3
dhdnjdrsa, qua uge ka abbes `baxlega bds reklbbds, atn.
 Avdbudnlþg3 tlaipe ka ra`baxlþg hrupdb ag ab qua bds pdracds axprasag nþie sa jdg sagtlke.
 Pdrldnlþg3 astd klgäilnd puaka jdnarsa ag hrupe hrdgka, èridgke ug nérnube y nehlìgkesa ka bds
idges agtra abbes. â dslhgdrä bes góiares 4 y ? ka idgard sdbtadkd y ab `dnlbltdker lrä
lgklndgke bd erkag pdrd qua sa vdydg anjdgke jdnld kabdgta e jdnld dträs ndkd uge ka abbes.
?- Astdtuds
1<
 Eocatlve3 `dveranar bd neg`ldgzd, bd neepardnlþg y bd nejaslþg agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 sa èridräg pdracds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per pdracds.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 vagkds pdrd tdpdr bes eces.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â èr
èridräg
idräg ppdracd
dracdss ka idg
idgardard dba
dbadterld
dterld nneg
eg ab eo
eocatlv
catlvee ka qua bas teq
tequa
ua trd
trdodcdr
odcdr ka idgar
idgardd
negcugtd d parsegds qua ge sa negezndg iunje agtra sé.
?. Qgd ka aabbds
bbds ddkeptd
keptdrärä ab reb kkaa astd
astdtud
tud y ab etr
etre,
e, kaoa
kaoarä
rä tdp
tdpdrsa
drsa be
bess eces ne
negg ugd va
vagkd.
gkd.
>. Nud
Nudgke
gke yd sa bes jdy jdydd tdpdk
tdpdke, e, ab qua jdna ka as astdt
tdtud
ud teid
teidrä
rä ugd pespestur
turd.
d. û neip
neipdôa
dôare,
re,
kaoarä tendrbe neg ab eocatlve ka dklvlgdr bd pesturd qua jd teidke y, pestarleriagta, liltdrbe.
;. Be liltd
liltdrä
rä slg ququaa su neip
neipdôare
dôare qqulta
ulta bd ppestur
esturdd y nudgk
nudgkee nrad jdo
jdoarar taril
tarilgdke,
gdke, aabb `dnlb
`dnlbltdke
ltdkerr
ba qultdrä bd vagkd ka bes eces pdrd qua per sé ilsie puakd neipdrdr ab rasubtdke.
1. â ra
raplt
pltaa ab ac
acarn
arnlnl
lnle,
e, pa
pare
re ndiol
ndioldgkdgkee ka rerebas
bas..
 Avdbudnlþg3 prahugtdr d bds pdracds quì reb bas jd pdranlke iäs `änlb, sl sa jdg sagtlke nþiekes neg
ab negtdnte `éslne agtra neipdôares, atn.
 Pdrldnlþg3 ag vaz ka per pdracds, jdnarbe per paquaôes hrupes (ka > e ; parsegds) y qua sebe uge
jdhd ka astdtud.
neiuglndnlþg sarédDsé,
etrdbes kaiäs puakag
kliagslþg jdobdr ag
qua sa tagkréd agtra abbes
nuagtd ag ybdneiagtdr.
avdbudnlþg.Ka astd idgard, bd
>- Dodglne ka astlids

 Eocatlve3 `dveranar bd neg`ldgzd, bd neepardnlþg y bd nejaslþg agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka tdidôe iakldge, ugds ?= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube y astdr nþiekes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpab y oebéhrdè per ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Astd kklgäil
lgäilnd
nd kaoa radbl
radblzdrs
zdrsaa nudg
nudgke
ke yd ssaa nege
negenag
nag e jjdg
dg trdo
trdodcdke
dcdke kkaa idga
idgard
rd neg
negcugtd
cugtd..
?. Bes ila
ilaiores
iores kkab
ab hrup
hrupe,
e, sa sl
slagtdg
agtdg ag nérnub
nérnubee y ndkd ug
ugee pega su ggeiora
eiora aagg ug pdp
pdpab.
ab. Ab ppdpab
dpab
sa ba pdsd d bd parsegd ka bd lzqularkd y ìstd ba asnrlolrä dbhe qua ba husta ka asd parsegd.
Keobd ab pdpab (pdrd qua bes kaiäs ge vadg quì jd asnrlte) y sa be vuabva d pdsdr d qulìg taghd d
su lzqularkd y dsé, jdstd qua ab pdpab jdyd kdke bd vuabtd agtard.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke teke ab i
iugke
ugke jd
jdyd
yd ranl
ranlolke
olke ab ppdpab
dpab nneg
eg su ge
geiora
iora ka vvuabtd
uabtd,, sa kacd
kacdräg
räg uge
ugess ilgut
ilgutes
es
pdrd baarbe y sa neiagtdrä quì bas jd pdranlke bd dntlvlkdk, nþie sa jdg sagtlke db baar bes
neiagtdrles ka sus neipdôares, atn.
;- Neipdrtlagke nudblkdkas
 Eocatlves3 nradr ug nblid pesltlve y ka neg`ldgzd y raèrzdr ab dutenegenlilagte y negenlilagte
ka bes neipdôares kab hrupe.

[laipe ganasdrle3 dprexlidkdiagta, ;1 ilgutes.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka tdidôe iakldge, ugds ?= parsegds.
0=
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per suohrupes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 Pdrles jaxäheges (uge per hrupe) nertdkes ag 0 trezes y oebéhrdès.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dn
`dnlbltdk
lbltdker
er kab hhrupe,
rupe, klvlk
klvlklrä
lrä ag ssuohru
uohrupes
pes ka ssals
als pparseg
arsegds.
ds. D ndkd hrup
hrupe,
e, sa ba aagtrah
gtrahdd ug
jaxähege qua astä nertdke ag 0 pdrtas y ases trezes astäg guiardkes. Ndkd ilaiore kab
suohrupe asneharä uge ka ases góiares.
?. Nudg
Nudgke
ke yd astìg er
erhdglz
hdglzdkes
dkes,, ab `dnlbl
`dnlbltdker
tdker klr
klrä,
ä, db dzdr, ug ggóiare
óiare kkab
ab 4 db 0. Agteg
Agtegnas,
nas, be
bess qua
taghdg asa góiare saräg ag asa ieiagte ab ‒ène kab hrupe’.
>. Ab rast
rastee ka neipd
neipdôar
ôares,
es, kurd
kurdgta
gta uges ilg
ilgute
utes,
s, kaoa
kaoaräg
räg asnr
asnrlol
lolrr nes
nesds
ds peslt
pesltlvd
lvdss seo
seora
ra asd
parsegd ag ab treze kab jaxähege.
;. â rap
raplta
lta ast
astaa ilsie pprenak
renaklilag
lilagte
te neg ndk
ndkdd uge ka bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtas
as kab hr
hrupe.
upe.
 Avdbudnlþg3 sa pdsdrä d ugd ra`baxlþg hrupdb seora nþie sa jdg sagtlke db ranlolr asds pdbdords ka
sus neipdôares, sl sa be aspardodg, atn.
1- âiacdgtas
 Eocatlve3 nradr ug nblid dkanudke ka trdodce ag ab qua jdyd bes lgtahrdgtas iuastrag neg`ldgzd
per sus neipdôares.

[laipe ganasdrle3 >= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 tdidôe kab hrupe lbliltdke. Nudgte idyer sad, iäs tlaipe raquarlräg pdrd bd
dntlvlkdk.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle ka trdodce nþieke.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles y oebéhrdès (uge per ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parseg
segdd qua sad bd agnd
agndrhd
rhdkd
kd ka klrlh
klrlhlr
lr bd dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdk,
k, rapd
rapdrtl
rtlrä
rä bes idta
idtarld
rldbas
bas d teke
tekess bes
lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe y bas paklrä qua plagsag ag dbhulag ka asa ilsie hrupe neg ab qua
neipdrtdg saiacdgzds.
?. ]dsd
]dsdkes
kes uges iilgute
lgutess y qua tek
tekee ab iugke jdjdyd
yd neipb
neipbatdke
atdke bd dn
dntlvlk
tlvlkdk,
dk, ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker pakl
paklrä
rä
ug vebugtdrle qua kaoa negtdr quì neipdôare/d ba pdrana saiacdgta d sé ilsie.
>. Nud
Nudgke
gke jdy
jdydd kasnr
kasnrlte
lte bes ietl
ietlves
ves,, ab ras
raste
te kab hrup
hrupee eplgd
eplgdrä
rä sl nra
nraag
ag dnar
dnartdk
tdkdd bd epl
eplglþ
glþgg y
nuäbas seg sus ietlves.
;. [ekes bes lgtahr
lgtahrdgtas
dgtas kab hrup
hrupe,
e, ax
axpegk
pegkräg
räg ssus
us rrdzega
dzegas.
s.
0- êglkes ka dglidbas
 Eocatlves3 preievar ab negenlilagte ka bes klstlgtes ilaiores kab hrupe y nradr ug diolagta
klstagklke.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 nudgtes iäs lgtahrdgtas jdyd, iäs tlaipe raquarlrä bd tdrad.
 Buhdr3 ug aspdnle ag ab qua puakdg astdr sagtdkes ag nérnube (sl as ug hrupe hrdgka) e olag, ag `lbd
(sl seg pends parsegds).
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 vdrles jaxäheges (uge per hrupe) nertdkes ag sals trezes y oebéhrdkes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
04
4. Ast
Astdd klgäi
klgäilnd
lnd as lka
lkadb
db pdr
pdrdd bes prli
prliarearess ieia
ieiagte
gtess ka ug hrupe
hrupe,, puas sasarvl
rvlrä
rä pdr
pdrdd qua bes
ilaiores sa negezndg y neipdrtlr ugds rlsds cugtes.
?. Ab klgd
klgdilzdke
ilzdkerr be lgtrek
lgtrekunlrä
unlrä neneie
ie ugd klg
klgäilnd
äilnd ka pprasa
rasagtdnlþ
gtdnlþgg y ab eocat
eocatlve
lve as qu
quaa ndkd uge
sa dpragkd bes geioras ka sus neipdôares.
>. Neiag
Neiagzdrä
zdrä ab kl
klgdilz
gdilzdker
dker kln
klnlagke
lagke ssuu geiora a lliltdg
iltdgkeke ab rulk
rulkee ka ug dg
dglidb.
lidb. ]er aacaip
caipbe3
be3 ia
bbdie ^drd y ‒iuuuuu’.
;. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþg
udnlþg,, bd slhula
slhulagta
gta par
parsegd
segd sa pprasa
rasagtdrä
gtdrä y dôd
dôdklrä
klrä ab se
seglke
glke ka dg
dglidb
lidb qua bbaa husta y
tagkrä qua rapatlr ab ka su dgtarler neipdôare. Ka astd idgard, bd blstd ka geioras y rulkes
sarä ndkd vaz idyer.
1. ^l ugd pa
parseg
rsegdd sa aqulvend
aqulvend,, teke ab hhrupe
rupe kkaoarä
aoarä aaipa
ipazdr
zdr kas
kaska
ka ab pprlgnlp
rlgnlple.
le.
 Avdbudnlþg3 pdsdkes uges ilgutes, prahugtdr d dbhulag nþie sa bbdidg sus neipdôares, ugd vaz qua
jdydg teidke etre dslagte e olag, sa agnuagtrag radblzdgke etrd tdrad neg ab eocatlve ka
neipreodr sl sa jdg dpragklke bes geioras ka sus neipdôares.
8- Bäzdre
 Eocatlve3 neipreodr ab glvab ka neg`ldgzd qua axlsta agtra neipdôares.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges >= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 bd dntlvlkdk sa kasdrrebbdrä per pdracds.

Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, praàrlobaiagta db dlra blora.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 vagkds pdrd tdpdr bes eces.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker pa
paklrä
klrä qu
quaa bds pparse
arsegds
gds è
èriag
riag ppdracd
dracds,
s, kd lh
lhudb
udb ne
negg qul
qulìg.
ìg.
?. D negtlg
negtlgudnlþ
udnlþg,
g, agtr
agtrahdrä
ahdrä uugd
gd vag
vagkd
kd pdrd td
tdpdr
pdr bes eeces
ces pe
perr ndkd pd
pdracd.
racd. ]]er
er be tdg
tdgte,
te, ugd ka
bds parsegds kaoarä tdpdrsa bes eces.
>. Ab neip
neipdôar
dôaree qua ge tla
tlaga
ga bes ececes
es tdpd
tdpdkes,
kes, dntu
dntudrä
drä ka hué
huéd.
d. ]drd nei
neiagzd
agzdr,
r, ba kdrä uugg pdr ka
vuabtds pdrd qua ge sapd kþgka sa agnuagtrd uolndke.
;. Bd pars
parsegd
egd qua ssaa agnu
agnuagtra
agtra d ndndrhe
rhe ka bd dnt
dntlvlkd
lvlkdk,
k, lrä lgk
lgklndgk
lndgkee ugds pdu
pdutds
tds qua nd
ndkd
kd pdra
pdracd
cd
kaoa rapatlr d su neipdôare neg bes eces vagkdkes. ]er acaipbe3 ‒d bd karanjd, iäs räplke,
tretd, …’
1. kdg
Nudg
Nudgke
dkebe pdsag ug
uges
esacarnlnle.
bdrhe kab ilgut
ilgutes,
es, sa lgta
lgtarndiol
rndioldräg
dräg bes reb
rebas,
as, par
paree dbtardg
dbtardgke
ke bds lgst
lgstrunnle
runnlegas
gas qua ssaa
 Avdbudnlþg3 as lipertdgta qua ab klgdilzdker astì pagklagta kab kasdrrebbe ka bd dntlvlkdk. As

kanlr, sl bds parsegds neg`édg ag sus neipdôares. Ka ge sar dsé, as lipertdgta raèrzdr bds
rabdnlegas agtra neipdôares a lkagtl`lndr bes abaiagtes qua `dbbag.
:- ânrates
 Eocatlve3 nradr ug nblid ka neg`ldgzd ag ab qua axlstd aipdtéd agtra neipdôares.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ugd jerd, dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ge iäs ka 41 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle ag ab qua bds parsegds puakdg astdr sagtdkds èridgke ug nérnube.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 oebéhrdès, èbles y seoras (uge per ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta).
 ]dses d sahulr3
0?
4. Bds pd
pdbdord
bdordss kab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker pdr
pdrdd neiag
neiagzdr
zdr bd tdr
tdrad
ad astd
astdräg
räg rab
rabdnleg
dnlegdkds
dkds neg bbes
es san
sanrates
rates a
lgtlilkdkas qua ndkd uge hudrkdies pdrd gesetres ilsies.
?. â kacd
kacdgg uges ilg
ilgutes
utes pd
pdrd
rd qua ndk
ndkdd parse
parsegd,
gd, pla
plagsa
gsa ag uuge
ge ka sus ssanra
anrates
tes iace
iacerr hudrkd
hudrkdkes
kes y
qulìg astì klspuaste, necd pdpab y bäplz pdrd asnrlolrbe ka idgard dgþglid.
>. Bds pa
parse
rsegds
gds qu
quaa be jdy
jdydg
dg asnr
asnrlte
lte,, lgtre
lgtrekun
kunlrä
lrägg su sa
sanra
nratete ag ug seoseora
ra y sa pre
prenak
nakarä
arä d
raievar ab iegtþg ka seoras.
;. D negt
negtlg
lgud
udnl
nlþg
þg,, sa e`
e`ra
rana
nagg ug
uges
es ilgu
ilgute
tess pdpdrd
rd qua
qua guav
guavdi
diag
agta
ta,, ka idga
idgardrd lgkl
lgklvl
vlku
kudb
db,,
ra`baxlegag seora nþie nraag qua bds kaiäs parsegds radnnlegdrédg db negenar su sanrate.
1. ^l ab klgd
klgdilzdk
ilzdker
er be astli
astlidd epertu
epertuge
ge y sl bes ila
ilaiores
iores kakabb hrupe as
astäg
täg ka dnua
dnuarke,
rke, sa bbaaräg
aaräg bbes
es
sanrates qua sa agnuagtrdg ag bes seoras.
 Etres3 bes sanrates rasubtdg kablndkes perqua raspegkag d be iäs égtlie qua tlaga ug sar juidge
y, per be tdgte, kaoag ka sar dodrndkes
dodrndkes ka idgard iuy raspatuesd.
raspatuesd.
<- Ndrtds
 Eocatlve3 iacerdr bds rabdnlegas agtra bds parsegds qua èridg ug hrupe.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 4 jerd dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka tdidôe iakle, agtra 41 y ?= parsegds. â èridräg suohrupes ka >
parsegds.

Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg trdodcdr per suohrupes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdil
dilzdk
zdkerer lgvl
lgvltdr
tdrää d qua bd
bdss pars
parsegd
egdss sa slag
slagtag
tag pe
perr hrup
hrupes
es ka tras
tras.. Qgd vaz qua as astìg
tìg
sagtdkes, paklrä qua, per turges, ndkd uge ka abbes jdoba seora ug taid qua ba praenupa d be
bdrhe ka > ilgutes. Ab klgdilzdker kaoarä lr negtrebdgke y dvlsdgke ka bes tlaipes.
?. Nudg
Nudgke
ke tekes jd
jdydg
ydg jdob
jdobdke,
dke, neh
neharäg
aräg ke
kess èble
èbles.
s. Ag ndk
ndkdd uge ka ab
abbes,
bes, ka
kaoarä
oarä as
asnrlolr
nrlolr ug
ugdd ndrtd
seora be qua plagsd dnarnd ka asd parsegd y quì pdbdords qulara kaklndrba. Astd klgäilnd
ùgnlegdrä iacer sl ag ab hrupe axlsta neg`ldgzd y ug ranerrlke pravle ka trdodce.
>. ]dsd
]dsdkes
kes uge
ugess ilgute
ilgutess y qua tek
tekds
ds bds pa
parseg
rsegds
ds jdydg
jdydg `lgdbl
`lgdblzdke
zdke bd dn
dntlvlk
tlvlkdk,
dk, per hru
hrupes,
pes, lrlräg
äg
dodrndgke bd preobaiätlnd qua ndkd uge jd axpuaste. Bes neipdôares jdobdräg neg asd parsegd
y ba kdräg su eplglþg kaska
kaska ab raspate y bd neg`ldgzd,
neg`ldgzd, ilagtrds qua asd parsegd
parsegd asnunjd.
;. Nudg
Nudgke
ke jdyd
jdydgg lgta
lgtarn
rndi
diol
oldk
dkee su
suss lipr
lipras
asle
lega
gas,
s, sa kd
kdrä
rägg bds
bds ndrt
ndrtds
ds qua
qua sa jdg
jdg as
asnr
nrlt
ltee
iutudiagta. â kacdräg uges ilgutes pdrd qua ndkd uge bds bad.
 Avdbudnlþg3 puastd ag neióg neg ab raste ka neipdôares, ka nþie sa jdg sagtlke d be bdrhe ka bd
dntlvlkdk, negtdgke su preobaid, neg ab àakodnf ka sus neipdôares, atn.
4=- [ragas benes

 Eocatlve3 èiagtdr bd neg`ldgzd agtra neipdôares d trdvìs ka ug acarnlnle klgäilne y diage.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges >= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 sa èridräg suohrupes ka ;-1 parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble y slg eostänubes, praàrlobaiagta db dlra blora.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 vagkds pdrd tdpdr bes eces.

 ]dses d sahulr3
0>
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker negv
negvendrä
endrä hr
hrupes
upes kkaa ; þ 1 par
parsegd
segdss ndkd ug
ugee ka abb
abbes
es y agt
agtrahdr
rahdrää d ndkd hru
hrupepe
vagkds pdrd bes eces d tekes, iages d uge.
?. Dgtas kkaa pegar
pegarsa
sa bds vvagkds
agkds,, sa axpb
axpblndrä
lndrä qu
quaa bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk
lkdk negs
negslsta
lsta ag `èridr
eridr ug ttragrag ag aabb qua
slg jdobdr kaoag ka bbahdr d ug sltle ag negnrate. Bd parsegd qua ge tlaga vagkd sarä ab óbtlie
kab trag y kaoa huldr db hrupe. â e`ranaräg uges ilgutes pdrd qua abdoerag ugd astrdtahld ka
trdodce negcugte.
>. Qgd vaz ppdsdk
dsdkes
es ases ilg
ilgutes,
utes, pprenak
renakaräg
aräg d tdp
tdpdrsa
drsa bes eeces
ces y peg
pegarsa
arsa aagg `lbd. Ab kklgdil
lgdilzdker
zdker
lrä lgklndgke
d eosarvdr slgquì trag (e pdrd
neiagtdr suohrupe) kaoad radblzdr
ge sashdr bd dntlvlkdk. Ab raste ka neipdôares sa bliltd
sus neipdôares.
;. Nud
Nudgke
gke teke
tekess bes traga
tragass jdydg rad
radblz
blzdke
dke bd dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdk,
k, sa pre
prenak
nakarä
arä d tla
tlaipe
ipe ka ra`b
ra`baxl
axlþg
þg ag
hrupe pdrd negtdr nuäb jd slke bd astrdtahld ka ndkd hrupe, nþie sa jdg sagtlke radblzdgke bd
dntlvlkdk, quì reb bas pdrana iäs kl`énlb, atn.
jttps3//yeutu.oa/b:UI8J<fvy=
Klgäilnds pdrd negstrulr ab blkardzhe

4- Ab Bdzdrlbbe
 Eocatlve3 Kaiestrdr qua ab hrupe ùgnlegd iacer neg ug sebe békar.

[laipe ganasdrle3 ?= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 4= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 iacer, db dlra blora.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 1 dgtl`dnas, > iasds, vdses ka dhud, cdrrds ka dhud y dhud.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â nrnradg
adg kkes
es hr
hrup
upes
es ka nnlgn
lgnee par
parseg
segds
ds nd
ndkd
kd ug
ugee ka ab
abbe
bes.
s.
?. Ag ug hru
hrupe,
pe, nud
nudtre
tre par
parsegd
segdss bbav
bbavdg
dg bes ececes
es tdpd
tdpdkes
kes y ab qu
qulgte
lgte as aabb béka
békar.
r. Ag ab et
etre
re hrup
hrupe,
e,
axlstag nudtre békaras (ge sa tdpdg bes eces) y ab qulgte, sa tdpd bes eces.
>. Ag ug axt
axtraie
raie,, sa nebe
nebendg
ndg kes i iasds
asds nenegg vds
vdses
es y cdrrd
cdrrdss ka dhud
dhud.. Ag ab etr
etre,
e, ugd ias
iasdd neg bds
cdrrds vdnéds.
;. Ab bék
békar
ar e bes béka
békaras
ras (a
(agg ùgn
ùgnlþg
lþg ka
kabb hrup
hrupe)
e) kao
kaoagag ka hul
huldr
dr d bes kaiä
kaiäss ka ug axtraxtraie
aie d etre
pdrd, neg ab dhud kab vdse, bbagdr bds cdrrds vdnéds.
 Klsnuslþg3 as iuy lipertdgta bd ra`baxlþg `lgdb ag ab qua tekes puakdg axprasdr su eplglþg y ab
`dnlbltdker bas jdhd var nuäb as bd iacer èrid ka trdodce.
?- [end bd odgkard
 Eocatlves3
4. Kas
Kasaip
aipaôd
aôdrr jdolb
jdolblkd
lkdkas
kas rarabdn
bdnleg
legdkd
dkdss neg bd pre
pretan
tannlþ
nlþg.
g.
?. @eia
@eiagt
gtdr
dr bd i
iet
etlv
lvdndnlþg
lþg kkab
ab hhru
rupe
pe..
>. Lka
Lkagtl
gtl`ln
`lndr
dr db (d bbes)
es) bbéka
ékar(a
r(as)s) kkab
ab hr
hrup
upe.
e.

0;
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 kes odgkards e abaiagtes lkagtl`lndtlves.

 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â nra
nradg
dg kes hrup
hrupeses neg ab ils
ilsie
ie gói
góiare
are ka pdrtl
pdrtlnlpdg
nlpdgtas
tas ka idgar
idgardd dbad
dbadterld.
terld.
?. â klvl
klvlka
ka ab tarr
tarrage
age ka cucuahe
ahe per bd ilt
iltdk.
dk. Ka idg
idgard
ard qua nd ndkd
kd aqulp
aqulpee tlaga su aaspdn
spdnle
le prep
preple.
le.
>. â trdtd kkaa qua bbes
es cuhd
cuhdkeras
keras kkaa ndkd aqu
aqulpe
lpe ds
dsdbtag
dbtag aabb bdke neg
negtrdrle
trdrle,, teiag ag ppesas
esaslþg
lþg bd
odgkard kab aqulpe rlvdb y, `lgdbiagta, sa be bbavag d su ndipe.
;. ^l ug cuhd
cuhdker
ker as lgta
lgtarna
rnaptd
ptdke
ke per ug rlvd
rlvdbb ag ab ndip
ndipee dcag
dcage,
e, kaoa
kaoarä
rä tend
tendrr bd odg
odgkar
kardd kab
aqulpe negtrdrle pdrd ge sar ablilgdke.
 Klsnuslþg3 hdgd ab aqulpe qua sa bbava dgtas bd odgkard ka sus rlvdbas d su ndipe negtrdrle. ^l
pdsdke ab tlaipe astlpubdke neg ab `dnlbltdker glghuge be jd negsahulke, sa puaka kdr ug tlaipe
axtrd e olag, eterhdr ab puaste ka hdgdker db aqulpe qua iages ablilgdnlegas jdyd su`rlke.
 Etres neiagtdrles3 astä klgäilnd as iuy `diesd y puaka utlblzdrsa ag klstlgtes hrupes, lgnbuse
neg glôes.
>- Ab nérnube
 Eocatlves3
4. Lka
Lkagtl
gtl`ln
`lndr
dr ddbb (d bes
bes)) békar
békar(as
(as)) kkab
ab hhrup
rupe.
e.
?. Lka
Lkagtl
gtl`ln
`lndr
dr ab tlpe
tlpe kkaa blk
blkard
ardzhe
zhe..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ?= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.

 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â pa
paklrä
klrä d bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtasas kab hrupe qqua
ua sa peghd
peghdgg ag nér
nérnube
nube y ssaa teia
teiagg ka bbds
ds idg
idges.
es.
?. Kas
Kaspuì
puìs,
s, sa bas klrklrää qu
quaa vdy
vdydg
dg èrid
èridgke
gke kls
klstlg
tlgtds
tds `lhu
`lhurds
rds,, ast
astdgk
dgkee ugl
uglkes
kes kkaa bds idg
idges.
es. ]er
acaipbe3 ug trläghube, ugd astrabbd, ugd ndsd, atn.
 Klsnuslþg3 be radbiagta lipertdgta ka astd klgäilnd ge as ab rasubtdke ka bds `lhurds, slge nþie
`buya bd neiuglndnlþg y nuäbas seg bds parsegds qua teidg bd lglnldtlvd d bd jerd ka radblzdr bes
acarnlnles. ]drd `lgdblzdr, kaoa jdoar ug aspdnle ka ra`baxlþg ag ab qua sa doerkag astes taids
y tekes bes lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe
hrupe taghdg bd epertuglkdk ka axprasdr
axprasdr su eplglþg.
;- Ab békar lkadb
 Eocatlve3 _andpdnltdr seora bds jdolblkdkas y nudblkdkas pdrd blkardr ug hrupe.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 4?= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.
 Buhdr3 jdoltdnlþg dipbld y nþiekd.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 nlgtd dkjaslvd, pdpabþhrdè y retubdkeras.

]dses d sahulr3
01
4. â klv
klvlka
lka db hru
hrupe
pe ag trtras
as suo
suohrup
hrupes es qua tataghdg
ghdg,, neie iég
iéglie,
lie, nud
nudtre
tre lgta
lgtahrdgta
hrdgtas. s. ^l bes hhrupes
rupes
quakdsag kasaqulblordkes,
kasaqulblordkes, sa katarilgd qua tekes taghdg ab ilsie góiare ka neipegagtas y ab
raste, quaka(g) neie eosarvdker(as)
eosarvdker(as)..
?. Ndk
Ndkdd hru
hrupepe rranl
anloa
oa uugg ge
geior
ioraa y be bess id
idtar
tarldb
ldbas.
as.
>. Ab `dnlb
`dnlbltdker
ltdker aaxpbln
xpblndd qua ndkd hr hrupe
upe rap
raprasa
rasagtd
gtd ugd nunubturd
bturd kl
klàra
àragta
gta y qua ka kaoa
oa bunjd
bunjdrr per
prasarvdrbd.
;. â kdg qul qulgna
gna ilg
ilgute
utess pdrd qua bes hru hrupes
pes sa raó
raógdg
gdg y abdoe
abdoerag
rag ab par
par`lb
`lb se
senle
nlenub
nubtur
turdb
db ka su
pbdgatd slhulagke ugd sarla ka prahugtds3 dpdrlagnld `éslnd, rablhlþg (asplrltudblkdk), nblid y
pdlsdca, astrunturd senleanegþilnd, rebas, atn.
1. Ndkd hru
hrupepe ablh
ablhaa ug rapra
raprasagtd
sagtdgtagta qua ax axpeghd
peghd bd
bdss ndrdnta
ndrdntaréstl
réstlnds
nds db ras
raste
te ka neipd
neipdôares
ôares..
0. Ab `dnlb
`dnlbltd
ltdker
ker kab hrup
hrupee kao
kaoaa avl
avlkag
kagnld
nldrr bds kl`
klàra
aragnl
gnlds
ds y sai
saiacd
acdgzd
gzdss qua axlaxlsta
stagg agtra
agtra bes
hrupes.
8. â vua
vuabv
bvag
ag d raug
rauglrlr per hrup
hrupes es y, ag 4= ilgu ilgute
tes,
s, kao
kaoagag abd
abdoe
oerd
rdrr ugd
ugd blblst
stdd neg
neg bds
bds nl
nlgn
gnee
nudblkdkas y jdolblkdkas qua kaoa tagar ug ouag békar.
:. Bes ppert
ertdve
dvenas
nas bbee pra
prasag
sagtdg
tdg ddbb ras
rastete ka
kabb hru
hrupe.
pe.
<. Ag asta pu pugte
gte,, ab `dnlbl
`dnlbltdk
tdker
er prei
preiuavuavaa qua axls
axlstd
td negs
negsags
agsee agtra hruhrupes
pes.. Dôdka qua vd d
raklstrloulr d bes hrupes neg ietlve ka ugd huarrd lgtarhdbäntlnd.
4=. Bes lgtahr
lgtahrdgta
dgtass ka bes guaves hrup hrupes,es, kaoa
kaoaräg
räg blidr dspdsparazd
arazdss y kacd
kacdrr dträs sus klàra
klàragnlds
gnlds
nubturdbas y ka`lglr ab par`lb ka békar qua as dnaptdke per bds tras nubturds. Negtdräg neg >=
ilgutes.
44. â ablha ug pe pertdve
rtdvezz per hrupe y ab pert pertdvez
dvez pre
preievar
ievarää ug guave ka kaodta
odta ag ab qua ka kaoa
oa quakd
quakdrr
rasuabte3 d). Qg par`lb ka blkardzhe dnaptdke per tekes. o). Blstdke ka abaiagtes rabdnlegdkes
neg ab blkardzhe qua ndiolþ ka ugd sltudnlþg d etrd.
 Klsnuslþg3 ag astd klgäilnd as iuy lipertdgta ab pdpab qua cuahd ab `dnlbltdker pdrd qua sa
raspatag bes tlaipes y negkunlr, ka idgard dkanudkd, bd klgäilnd.
1- Dvlegas ka pdpab
 Eocatlve3 Negtrloulr d raèrzdr bds jdolblkdkas kab békar.
 [laipe ganasdrle3

Buhdr3 sdbd dipbld pdrd pekar trdodcdr per hrupes.

 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Klvlk
Klvlklr
lr db hrupe ag suohru
suohrupes.
pes. NNdkd
dkd uuge
ge ka abbe
abbes,
s, kaoa
kaoa abahlr
abahlr d ug bébékar.
kar.
?. â bas kd ?= ilg ilgute
utess pdrd qua ndndkd
kd hru
hrupe
pe kls
klsaôa
aôa su iek
iekabe
abe pr
prepl
eplee ka dvlþg y neg`
negànn
annleg
legaa
vdrles, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka lgtahrdgtas.
>. ]er hr
hrupes
upes,, ndkd lgtah
lgtahrdgta
rdgta tlaga ugd eepertu
pertuglkdk
glkdk ka dta
dtarrlzd
rrlzdca.
ca.
;. Hdgd ab aaqulp
qulpee qua iä
iäss dvleg
dvlegas
as jdy
jdydd bdgzd
bdgzdke
ke ka idg
idgard
ard nerr
nerrantd
antd d bd pplstd
lstd ka ddprag
pragklzdc
klzdca.
a.
 Klsnuslþg3 ag ab ieiagte ka ra`baxlþg, sa prahugtdrä d bes békaras quì tdrads kasaipaôdreg

kurdgta ab tlaipe ka negstrunnlþg y, tdiolìg, d bes ilaiores kab hrupe nþie sa slgtlareg d be
bdrhe ka bd klgäilnd, sl ùareg asnunjdkes, quì tuvlareg ag nuagtd pdrd abahlr ab békar, atn.
0- Astlbes ka blkardzhe
 Eocatlve3 Negenar bd dutevdberdnlþg ka bes aipbadkes y bd eplglþg kab raste.
00

 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 plzdrrd y dbhe pdrd asnrlolr seora abbd (tlzds e retubdkeras).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. axparte,
Ag ug buh
buhdr
dr vlsl
vlsloba,
oba, absapaslilstd,
ab nrétlne, kkatdb
atdbbdräg
bdrägatn.
be
bess klstl
klstlgtes
gtes tlp
tlpes
es ka béka
békaras3
ras3 ab eerlagt
rlagtdker,
dker, aabb iekar
iekardker,
dker, aabb
?. â kac
kacdg
dg uges ilgute
ilgutess pdrd qquaua ndkd uuge
ge vdb
vdbera
era ag qu
quìì hrup
hrupee sa sla
slagta
gta iäs llkagt
kagtl`lndk
l`lndke.
e.
>. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr neg
negkun
kunlrälrä ugd ra`
ra`bax
baxlþg
lþg hru
hrupdb
pdb ag ab qua
qua ndkd pars
parsegd
egd axp
axpbln
blndrä
drä per quì sa
sagtlrä ag ug katarilgdke astlbe y sus neipdôares ba kdräg su eplglþg y sl astäg ka dnuarke, e
ge, neg su kanlslþg.
 Klsnuslþg3 puaka enurrlr qua bd parnapnlþg parsegdb kl`lard neg bd ka bes neipdôares. Ag astes
ndses, sarä iäs agrlquanakerd bd dntlvlkdk.
8- Guke ka parsegds
 Eocatlve3]etagnldr bd ndpdnlkdk dgdbétlnd kab békar y su ùgnlþg ka kdr klrantrlnas db raste ka
neipdôares.
 Buhdr3 sdbd dipbld e db dlra blora.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab lgs
lgstrunte
trunterr paklr
paklrää qua ug
ugee ka bes il
ilaiores
aiores kab hru
hrupe
pe sa sl
sltóa
tóa ag ab nnagtre
agtre y ssus
us neip
neipdôare
dôaress
be jdhdg ag nérnube dbrakaker ka ìb.
?. Bds pa
parse
rsegds
gds qua sa agagnua
nuagtr
gtrdg
dg ag ab nérnub
nérnube,
e, kaoa
kaoaräg
räg kdr bd idge d bd parparseg
segdd qua kasa
kasadg
dg..
Nudgke be jdydg janje y slg sebtdrsa, kaoaräg kdrba bd idge d etre neipdôare.
>. Ag ast
astaa ieiag
ieiagte,
te, bd par
parsegd
segd qu
quaa sa agn
agnuagtr
uagtraa ag ab nag
nagtre
tre kab né
nérnube
rnube kkaoarä
aoarä `èridr
eridr kl
klstlgt
stlgtes
es
nérnubes ilagtrds qua sus neipdôares sa idgtlagag nehlkes ka bds idges. Kaoarä dgdblzdr quì
lgtardnnlegas jdg surhlke y kaoarä kdr bds lgstrunnlegas ganasdrlds pdrd kasagrakdr ab guke.
 Klsnuslþg3 ag bd ra`baxlþg, kaoa doerkdrsa bd ndpdnlkdk dgdbétlnd kab békar y bd ndpdnlkdk pdrd kdr
klrantrlnas d sus neipdôares.
:- Negtdgke d nlahds

 Eocatlve3 Neipragkar bd lipertdgnld ka bd nejaslþg y erhdglzdnlþg kagtre kab hrupe.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds 4= parsegds.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 dgtl`dnas pdrd tdpdr bes eces.

]dses d sahulr3
4. ^ltud
^ltudrr d bes klstl
klstlgtes
gtes ilaior
ilaiores
es kab hrupe ka idga
idgard
rd db
dbadterl
adterld.
d.
08
?. Ìstes kkaoag
aoag ne
negtdr
gtdr jds
jdstdtd ug gói
góiare
are kat
katarilg
arilgdke
dke (pe
(perr acai
acaipbe,
pbe, ??=)
=) ka è
èrid
rid erk
erkagdk
agdkd.
d.
>. Kaoag jjdnarb
dnarbee slg qua kkes
es pa
parsegd
rsegdss astìg kklnlag
lnlagke
ke ab ils
ilsie
ie góiar
góiaree d bd vaz. AAgg ab nds
ndsee ka qua
enurrd, kaoag neiagzdr.
 Klsnuslþg3 d iaklkd qua bbavag ug rdte, sa neipreodrä nþie jdy ugd idyer negaxlþg ag ab hrupe.
Jaies ka kastdndr bd lipertdgnld ka astd negaxlþg perqua radbiagta ge sa astä vlagke gl
tlagag per quì agnegtrdrsa narnd.

Etres neiagtdrles3 ra`baxlegdr

neie agtra bes ilaiores seora bd lipertdgnld ka bd erhdglzdnlþg, tdgte per pdrta kab békar
kab aqulpe.
<- Dkeptdies ug guave reb

 Eocatlve3 Avdbudr bds sagsdnlegas qua axparliagtdies ka idgard parsegdb ag bd rabdnlþg neg bes
klstlgtes ilaiores kab hrupe.
 [didôe
[did hrupe3 be lkadb as qua pdrtlnlpag 8 parsegds, ab raste pekräg pdrtlnlpdr neie
ôe kab hrupe3
eosarvdkeras.
 Buhdr3 sltle dipble qua preplnla qua bes ilaiores sa slagtag ag nérnube.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 8 pahdtlgds.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er kab hru
hrupe
pe pak
paklrä
lrä qua bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtasas kab hr
hrupe
upe sa sslagt
lagtag
ag ag nérn
nérnube
ube y pa
pahdrä
hdrä ag bd
`ragta ka ndkd uge ka abbes ugd pahdtlgd ag bd qua bes neipdôares varäg nþie dntudr neg ìb. Bes
rebas puakag sar bes slhulagtas3 teke ab iugke ba kd bd rdzþg, teke ab iugke ba lhgerd, teke ab
iugke ba trdtd neg neipdslþg, teke ab iugke sa réa ndkd vaz qua jdobd, teke ab iugke ba qultd
lipertdgnld d be qua klna, teke ab iugke ba bbavd bd negtrdrld, teke ab iugke ba raspegka ka
idgard dhraslvd.
?. â astd
astdobana
obana uugg taid ka kakaodta
odta ag ab hrupe
hrupe,, per aca
acaipbe,
ipbe, nnþie
þie sa rrapdrt
apdrtlräg
lräg bes pparéek
aréekes
es ka
vdndnlegas agtra tekes.
>. â bas ka
kacd
cd lgtar
lgtardntud
dntudrr per ab tlaip
tlaipee qua kata
katarilga
rilga ab ``dnlblt
dnlbltdker,
dker, sa
sa raneil
raneilagkd
agkd qu
quaa sadg 41
ilgutes.
 Klsnuslþg3 ag ab ieiagte ka bd ra`baxlþg, tekes kaoaräg axprasdr nþie sa jdg sagtlke y sl sa jdg
sagtlkes nþiekes neg su reb. â lkagtl`lndrä db békar kab hrupe y sl jd kasaipaôdke olag su
ùgnlþg.
4=- â ousnd békar

 Eocatlves3
 Lkagtl`lndr qulìg klspega ka idyer ndpdnlkdk klrantlvd.
 ]etagnldr bds jdolblkdkas ka blkardzhe ka idgard pesltlvd.
 Buhdr3 sdbd dipbld ag
bd qua sa puaka trdodcdr per hhrupes.
rupes.

]dses d sahulr3
0:
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr kab hrup
hrupe,
e, klst
klstrlo
rlouy
uyaa d bes pdpdrtln
rtlnlpd
lpdgta
gtass ag kes hru
hrupes
pes.. Kagtr
Kagtree kab hrupe
hrupe,, ndk
ndkdd
lgtahrdgta tagkrä qua radblzdr ugd tdrad qua ba idrqua ab `dnlbltdker.
?. Kagtr
Kagtree ka ndkd hrhrupe
upe,, ab reb ka bbékar
ékar vvdd retdgk
retdgke.
e. Ka id
idgard
gard qu
quaa tekes bbes
es ilai
ilaiores
ores ta
taghdg
ghdg bd
peslolblkdk ka blkardr d sus neipdôares.
>. Nud
Nudgke
gke jdy
jdydg
dg `lgd
`lgdblz
blzdke
dke tek
tekds
ds bds reg
regkds
kds,, sarä ab hrup
hrupee ab qua
qua ablc
ablcdd d ug bék
békar
ar ka agtr
agtraa abbes
pdrd radblzdr ugd óbtlid tdrad.
Klsnuslþg3 ra`baxlþg`lgdb ag bd qua tekes bes ilaiores puakdg axprasdr per quì ablhlareg d ug
neipdôare ag negnrate.
Dqué ta kace ug vékae rasuiag neg bds klgäilnds iäs kastdndkds3
jttps3//yeutu.oa/i>-^CapvLHf
4= klg
klgäi
äiln
lnds
ds ka rase
rasebu
bunlþ
nlþgg ka ne
neg`b
g`bln
lnte
tess
4- Ietlvdnlþg ]arsegdb

Eocatlves3
d) Kaiestrdr nþie ndkd parsegd tlaga ugd sarla ka ietlvdnlegas klstlgtd d bds ka bes
kaiäs.
o) Dpragkar
Dpragkar d neipragka
neipragkarr bd eplgl
eplglþg
þg kab raste ka neipdôares,
neipdôares, dugqua ge sad lhudb qua bd
prepld a, lgnbuse, sad tetdbiagta negtrdrld.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dprexlidkdiagta ;= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 tdidôe ka hrupe iakle, neie iäxlie >= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua sa puakdg èridr kes nérnubes negnìgtrlnes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilzdk
ilzdker er plka qu
quaa sa pras
prasagta
agtagg ugds 0 þ 8 paparsegd
rsegdss ka idga
idgard
rd vebu
vebugtdrl
gtdrldd pdrd rad
radblzdr
blzdr bd
dntlvlkdk. As iuy lipertdgta qua ab hrupe astì ietlvdke pdrd qua sadg abbes bes qua teiag bd
kanlslþg ka prasagtdrsa vebugtdrles.
?. Bas plk
plkaa qua sa slslagtag
agtag `èridg
eridgke
ke ug nérnu
nérnube,
be, ka idg
idgard
ard qua te
tekes
kes pu
puakdg
akdg va
varsa
rsa bds ndndrds.
rds. D
negtlgudnlþg, sus neipdôares èridräg etre nérnube dbrakaker ka abbes pdrd pekar asnunjdrbas
olag.
>. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr lgtrek
lgtrekuna
una ug taid ka kaod
kaodta.ta. ]ua
]uaka
ka sar ugd sltu
sltudnl
dnlþg
þg neg`
neg`bln
blntlv
tlvdd qua
qua jdyd
sunaklke ag asa hrupe e qua jdyd hagardke dbhóg tlpe ka tagslþg e olag, ugd lgvagtdkd.
;. Bds ppars
arsegd
egdss veb
vebug
ugtdr
tdrlds
lds ka
kaodt
odtag
ag bd sl
sltud
tudnlþ
nlþg.
g.
 Av
Avdbu
dbudnl
dnlþg3
þg3 nud
nudgke
gke bds par
parseg
segds
ds veb
vebugt
ugtdrl
drlds
ds jdy
jdydg
dg kdk
kdkee per `lgdbl
`lgdblzdk
zdkee bd neg
negvar
varsd
sdnlþg
nlþg,, sa
prenakarä d ug kaodta neg teke ab hrupe ag ab qua sa dgdblnag bes slhulagtas `dnteras3
d) ]er quì bds parsegds vebugtdrlds sa e`ranlareg pdrd sdblr y per quì sus neipdôares ge be
jlnlareg. Nuäb ard su ietlvdnlþg ka ndrd d bd dntlvlkdk.
0<
o) Nþie sa jdg sagtlke db ge nelgnlklr su eplglþg neg ab raste ka neipdôares. µJd jdolke
raspate agtra bds klstlgtds eplglegas5, µjdg aipdtlzdke neg sus neipdôares5, µdbhulag jd
ndioldke su pugte ka vlstd trds asnunjdr d etrds parsegds5
 Getds3 kurdgta ab kaodta y ag bd avdbudnlþg, as iuy lipertdgta qua ab klgdilzdker sapd negkunlrbe
ka idgard dkanudkd, qua ge sa ndiola ka taid, gl qua teia ug ndräntar vlebagte e gahdtlve.
?- [abd ka drdôd
 Eocatlves3
d) _asebvar ug neg`blnte ka idgard hrupdb.
o) ]reievar bd neg`ldgzd y bd neepardnlþg agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds 41 parsegds neie iäxlie. Bd akdk lkadb as d pdrtlr ka bes 4? dôes.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, praàrlobaiagta db dlra blora. [laga qua jdoar kes pestas e äroebas agtra
bes qua pegar bd tabd ka drdôd.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 nuarkd be su`lnlagtaiagta bdrhd pdrd ranradr bd tabd ka drdôd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parsegd
segd qu
quaa huéd ab hrupe aaxpbln
xpblndd ag quì nnegsls
egslsta
ta bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk,
lkdk, qqua
ua as dtr
dtrdvas
dvasdr
dr ka ug bd
bdke
ke d
etre ka bd tabd ka drdôd slg tendrbd gl ievarbd. â puaka ranradr negtdgke ugd jlsterld seora
qua sa agnuagtrdg ag ugd nuavd y ìstd as bd óglnd sdblkd qua tlagag pdrd bbahdr db axtarler.
 Klsnuslþg3 nudgke tekes bes ilaiores kab hrupe jdydg peklke pdsdr ka ug bdke, sa jdrä ug kaodta
ag ab qua sa dgdblna ab kasdrrebbe ka bd dntlvlkdk3 quì iandglsies ka neepardnlþg y dyukd sa jdg
kasdrrebbdke, nþie sa jdg sagtlke d be bdrhe ka bd dntlvlkdk, sl nraédg qua be lodg d negsahulr
kaska ug prliar ieiagte, atn.
 Pdrldgtas3 sl quaraies neipblndr bd dntlvlkdk, pekaies dôdklr ugd sarla ka vdrldgtas. Qgd ka abbds
as ab tlaipe qua tlagag pdrd radblzdr bd dntlvlkdk (per acaipbe, 4= ilgutes), ìsta vdrldrä ag
ùgnlþg kab góiare ka parsegds. Etrd vdrldgta as qua ge puakdg neiuglndrsa ka idgard varodb
d be bdrhe ka bd dntlvlkdk, ka astd idgard, sa ba e`ranarédg uges ilgutes trds axpblndr bd
klgäilnd pdrd qua abdoerag ugd astrdtahld qua bas dyuka d pdsdr d trdvìs ka bd tabd ka drdôd.
>- Ab äroltre
 Eocatlves3
d) _asebvar ugd sltudnlþg ka neg`blnte agtra tekes bes ilaiores ka ug hrupe.
o) ]reievar ab agtagklilagte y bd aipdtéd

aipdtéd..
 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges ;= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 tdidôe ka hrupe nbdsa (agtra ?=->= parsegds). Astd klgäilnd as iuy ótlb ag
negtaxtes akundtlves.
 Buhdr3 sdbd ka nbdsa.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 plzdrrd, oebéhrdè, pdpabas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
8=
4. Axls
Axlsta
ta ug
ugdd sltu
sltudn
dnlþ
lþgg pr
preo
eoba
baiä
iätln
tlndd e ne
neg`
g`blblnt
ntlv
lvdd qu
quaa dàn
dàntdtd db ka
kasd
sdrr
rreb
ebbe
be ka
kabb hrup
hrupe.
e. Ab
klgdilzdker kab hrupe, qua ag astes negtaxtes suaba sar ab preàser, pbdgtad bd sltudnlþg ag
nbdsa y qua, ka idgard negcugtd, vdg d rasebvar ab neg`blnte.
?. Qgd par
parsegd
segd nei
neilagzd
lagzd axaxpegl
peglagke
agke bd slt
sltudnlþ
udnlþg.
g. ^l be raqu
raqulara
lara,, sa vd teidg
teidgke
ke getd ka bes ja
janjes
njes
e ka bds parsegds lgvebunrdkds ag bd plzdrrd pdrd, rateidr pestarleriagta, ases pugtes.
>. Ab kl
klgd
gdil
ilzd
zdke
kerr tagk
tagkrärä qua
qua pr
prei
eiev
evar
ar qu
quaa tetekd
kdss bds
bds pars
parsegegds
ds lgta
lgtara
rasd
sdkd
kdss lgta
lgtarv
rvag
aghd
hdgg y
axpeghdg su pugte ka vlstd.
;. Agtra tekes sa kkaoarä
aoarä teidr uugd
gd se
sebunlþ
bunlþgg pdr
pdrdd zdg
zdgcdr
cdr ab preob
preobaid.
aid.
 Getds3 ab klgdilzdker cuahd ug lipertdgta pdpab db tagar qua klrlhlr ab kaodta y èiagtdr bd
pdrtlnlpdnlþg ka teke ab hrupe. Ka lhudb idgard, ag bd teid ka kanlslegas pdrd sebunlegdr ab
neg`blnte, kaoa jdnarbe pdrd qua tekes dkqulardg ug neipreilse.
â puaka dôdklr rateidr ab taid pdsdkes uges kéds pdrd avdbudr sl bds iaklkds qua sa jdg
kanlklke astäg rasubtdke aàntlvds.
;- Cuahe ka rebas
 Eocatlves3
d) Krdidtlzdr bd sltudnlþg enurrlkd e ugd jlpetìtlnd.
o) Kasdrrebbdr aipdtéd.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges >= ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 tdidôe ka ug hrupe iakle, uges ?= pdrtlnlpdgtas.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua ranradr ugd sltudnlþg e olag, sl ge raqulara ka ievlilagte, aspdnle
ag ab qua puakdg sagtdrsa ag nérnube.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdilzd
dilzdker
ker pb pbdgtad
dgtad bbdd sltud
sltudnlþg
nlþg ne
neg`bl
g`blntlvd
ntlvd qqua
ua jd ta
taglke
glke bbuhdr
uhdr e oolag,
lag, ug
ugdd jlpe
jlpetìtlnd
tìtlnd..
?. ^l ab tdi
tdidôe
dôe kab hrup
hrupee as hrdg
hrdgka
ka y ge axls
axlstag
tag tdg
tdgtds
tds pars
parsegd
egdss lgvebu
lgvebunrd
nrdkds
kds,, sa pras
prasagt
agtdrä
drägg
dbhugds parsegds neie vebugtdrlds.
>. Bds pa
parseg
rsegds
ds qua vdydg
vdydg d ndindioldr
oldr ab rreb,
eb, tag
tagkräg
kräg uguges
es ilgu
ilgutes
tes pdr
pdrdd negena
negenarr d bd pars
parsegd
egd qua
vdg d lgtarpratdr. ]drd aste as raneiagkdoba qua astìg per asnrlte bd sltudnlþg y bes
parsegdcas. â bas kacd uges ilgutes pdrd qua negezndg bd jlsterld y vdydg teidgke getds.
[diolìg, pekräg jdnar prahugtds.
;. [rdgs
[rdgsnurra
nurra bbdd dntlv
dntlvlkdk.
lkdk. BeBess neip
neipdôare
dôaress eosa
eosarvdg
rvdg,, tdiolì
tdiolìgg puak
puakag ag teid
teidrr getds
getds..
1. Nudg
Nudgke
ke jd taril
tarilgdke,
gdke, ssaa radb
radblzd
lzd ug ka
kaodta
odta ag aabb qua ppdrtlnl
drtlnlpag
pag bdbdss pars
parsegds
egds ququaa jdg ndio
ndioldke
ldke
ka reb y bds qua ge pdrd bbahdr d ug pugte ka agtagklilagte y dnuarke neióg.
1- ]lrdôds ag ab rée
 Eocatlves3
d) ^dblr dlreses trds rasebvar ugd sebunlþg neg`blntlvd.
o) ]reievar bd neepardnlþg y bd dyukd agtra bes klstlgtes ilaiores kab hrupe.

84
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds 41 parsegds.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, praàrlobaiagta db dlra blora.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 tabd e bégad dgnjd (puaka idrndrsa neg tlzd ag ab suabe), blores u etres
eocates.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klgd
klgdilz
ilzdke
dkerr axpbl
axpblnd
nd qua tlag
tlagag
ag qua dtr
dtrdva
dvasdr
sdr ab rée (ndil
(ndilge
ge idrn
idrndkedke)) slg sdbl
sdblrsa
rsa ka ìb.
Dkaiäs, tlagag qua trdgspertdr ka ug bdke d etre ugd sarla ka eocates. Qge ag ab ndilge ka lkd
y etre, klstlgte, ag ab ka vuabtd. Ndkd parsegd tagkrä dslhgdke su eocate y ge puaka sar bbavdke
per glghuge ka bes neipdôares.
?. Bd par
parsegd
segd qu
quaa sa sd
sdbhd
bhd kab nd
ndilge,
ilge, ka
kaoarä
oarä ne
neiagz
iagzdr
dr bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk
lkdk ka
kaska
ska ab prlgn
prlgnlple.
lple.
>. Bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk
lkdk ge ddndod
ndod jds
jdstd
td qua te
tekds
kds bds pparseg
arsegds
ds jdyd
jdydgg radbl
radblzdke
zdke ssuu ndilg
ndilgee ka lkd y vu
vuabtd.
abtd.
 Klsnuslþg3 sa kacdrä ug tlaipe pdrd kaodtlr bd dntlvlkdk, quì astrdtahlds jdg abdoerdke pdrd qua
tekds bds parsegds jdydg peklke radblzdr bd dntlvlkdk ka idgard sdtls`dnterld, quì eocates jdg
slke iäs `änlbas ka trdgspertdr y nuäbas iäs kl`énlbas, atn.
0- ^lbbds Neepardtlvds
 Eocatlves3
d) ]reievar bd neepardnlþg y dyukd agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.
o) _asebvar ugd sltudnlþg preobaiätlnd ka idgard negcugtd.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka tdidôe iakldge, ugds 41 parsegds. ^l seg iäs, ges bbavdrä iäs tlaipe
bd klgäilnd.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua sa puakd nradr ug nérnube ka slbbds y ag qua bes ilaiores puakdg
kaspbdzdrsa nþiekdiagta.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ugd slbbd per ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta, dbhóg klspesltlve pdrd raprekunlr ióslnd y
qua ìstd sad dukloba per tekes bes pdrtlnlpdgtas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab klg
klgdil
dilzdk
varslþg zdker
er kad bd
klstlgtd bd dntlv
dntlvlkd
lkdkk]drd
nbäslnd. bas abbe,
axp
axpbln
blndrä
drä qu
kaoarägquaa èridr
vdg d cuhdr db cuah
cuahe
ug nérnube e ka
ka bd slbbd
slbbds slbbd,
neg, bes
paredslagtes
ag ugd
ilrdgke jdnld abbes. Dóg ge sa bas axpblndrä bd kl`lnubtdk ka asta cuahe.
?. ûag
ûagdd bd ió
ióslnd
slnd y nudgk
nudgkee sa ppdrd,
drd, ttekes
ekes kaoa
kaoaräg
räg te
teidr
idr ds
dslagte
lagte..
>. ]drd
]drd bd slhu
slhula
lagt
gtaa re
regk
gkd,
d, sa qultd
qultd ug
ugdd slbb
slbbd.
d. Qg
Qgdd vaz
vaz iäiäs,
s, sua
suagd
gd bd iósl
ióslnd nd y teke
tekess bes
bes
pdrtlnlpdgtas kaoaräg astdr sagtdkes. Gdkla puaka quakdrsa ka pla.
;. Ìstd as bbdd kl`lnu
kl`lnubtdk,
btdk, gglghóg
lghóg il
ilaiore
aiore sa ppuaka
uaka qquakd
uakdrr ka pla. D iak
iaklkd
lkd qua ``dbtag
dbtag iä
iäss slbbd
slbbds,
s,
sarä iäs neipblndke agnegtrdr ugd sebunlþg agtra tekes.
1. Ab cua
cuahe
he `lgd
`lgdblzd
blzd nu
nudgke
dgke ra
rasubt
subtdd lipes
lipesloba
loba qu
quaa tekes aastìg
stìg ssagtdk
agtdkeses ag bd
bdss slbbd
slbbds.
s.
 Klsnuslþg3 be lipertdgta ka asta cuahe as qua tekes sa dyukag agtra sé y qua glghugd parsegd
rasubta klsnrlilgdkd.
8- Kd bd vuabtd d bd säodgd

 Eocatlves3
8?
d) @dveranar ab trdodce y bd nebdoerdnlþg agtra neipdôares.
o) Astliubdr bd oósquakd ka sebunlegas d ugd sltudnlþg neg`blntlvd.

 [laipe ganasdrle3 uges ;1 ilgutes dprexlidkdiagta.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 agtra 4= y 41 parsegds.

Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble, puaka sar db dlra blora.

 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 ugd säodgd hrdgka, puaka sar sustltulkd per ug treze ka pdpab negtlgue.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bd par
parsegd
segd qu
quaa klrlh
klrlhaa bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk,
lkdk, ppegkrä
egkrä ug
ugdd säodg
säodgdd ag ab su
suabe
abe y pl
plka
ka d tekes bbes
es lgta
lgtahrdgt
hrdgtas
as
qua sa nebequag ag be dbte ka ìstd. Kaoag enupdr bd iltdk kab aspdnle, sl ge ndoag sa radblzdrä bd
dntlvlkdk per suohrupes e ab tdidôe ka bd säodgd tagkrä qua sar idyer.
?. Nudg
Nudgke
ke astäg ne
nebendk
bendkds,
ds, sa ba
bass axpb
axpblnd
lnd qua ag
agtra
tra teke
tekess kaoag kkdrba
drba bd vvuabtd
uabtd d bd sä
säodgd
odgd slg qu
quaa
gdkla sa odca ka bd ilsid, gl plsdr ab suabe.
 Klsnuslþg3 db `lgdblzdr, sa preievarä ug kaodta ag ab qua sa lkagtl`lqua bd(s) astrdtahld(s) qua jdg
sahulke, nþie jdg bbahdke d bd sebunlþg, sl jdg taglke qua ndioldr ka pbdg d be bdrhe ka bd
dntlvlkdk, atn.
 Pdrldnlþg3 sl quaraies kdrba ug axtrd ka kl`lnubtdk d bd dntlvlkdk, pekaies dôdklrba bd pdutd ka
qua tlagag ug tlaipe katarilgdke pdrd neipbatdr bd dntlvlkdk e olag, neie ag etrds klgäilnds,
qua ge puakdg jdobdr kurdgta bd acanunlþg ka bd ilsid.
:- @dgtdséd ka ug neg`blnte
 Eocatlves3
d) ]ariltlr qua ndkd parsegd axprasa su èrid ka rasebvar ab neg`blnte bloraiagta.
o) Lkagtl`lndr klstlgtds astrdtahlds y abdoerdr ugd neióg.
n) ]reievar ab agtagklilagte y ab raspate agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe d trdvìs ka bd

gahenldnlþg.

[laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka 0= ilgutes.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 hrupe ka agtra ?=-?1 parsegds
parsegds..
 Buhdr3 ab dubd ka nbdsa e ug aspdnle ag ab qua tekes bes pdrtlnlpdgtas astìg sagtdkes y taghdg sltle
ag ab qua dpeydsa pdrd asnrlolr.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles y oebéhrdè pdrd ndkd uge. [diolìg, ugd plzdrrd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. [ekds bbds
ds pars
parsegds
egds ssaa agnu
agnuagtrd
agtrdgg sagtd
sagtdkds
kds y ab lg
lgstru
strunter
nter lgtr
lgtrekuna
ekuna bbdd slhul
slhulagta
agta `d
`dgtdséd
gtdséd33
‒[a agnuagtrds ndilgdgke per bd ndbba y vas, d be baces, d ugd parsegd qua ta rasubtd
`dilbldr. Ka rapagta, ta kds nuagtd ka qua asd parsegd as neg bd qua idyeras neg`blntes
tlagas. Ndkd vaz es agnegträls iäs narnd y ge sdoas nþie radnnlegdr nudgke ta nrunas neg
abbd, sa ta enurrag klstlgtds dbtargdtlvds… Kanlka djerd nuäb ablhas y tþidta uges ilgutes
pdrd ranradr ag tu lidhlgdnlþg nþie trdgsnurrlréd bd dnnlþg.’
8>
?. ]dsd
]dsdkes
kes uges ililgutes
gutes,, ab lgstru
lgstrunter
nter vua
vuabva
bva neg as
astds
tds pdb
pdbdords
dords33 ‒\d jd pdsdke
pdsdke,, astd pars
parsegd
egd sa
jd lke. µNþie ta slagtas5, µnuäb as tu glvab ka sdtls`dnnlþg neg bd idgard ag bd qua ta jds
neipertdke5’.
>. D negtlgu
negtlgudnlþg
dnlþg,, sa bas kac
kacdd agtra 41 y ?= il
ilgutes
gutes ppdrd
drd qua ra
ra`baxl
`baxlegag
egag bds
bds slhula
slhulagtas
gtas nes
nesds3
ds3
;. Bds ddbta
btargd
rgdtlv
tlvds
ds qua nnegs
egslka
lkardr
rdreg
eg pdrd
pdrd dnt
dntudr
udr..
1. Nuäb
Nuäb as
asne
nehl
hlar
areg
eg y pper
er qu
quì.
ì.
0. Ab glv
glvab
ab ka sdtls
sdtls`dnnlþg
`dnnlþg qua ddbndg
bndgzdreg
zdreg ne
negg ab rrasub
asubtdke
tdke ka bbdd `dgt
`dgtdséd.
dséd.
8. â kacd
kacdgg uges ilg
ilgutes
utes pd
pdrd
rd qua, ag hhrupe
rupess ka > pars
parsegds
egds,, klsnut
klsnutdg
dg bd dntlv
dntlvlkdk
lkdk y ug
ugdd ka asds
parsegds dntudrä neie pertdvez ka ndrd db kaodta kab hrupe neipbate.
:. â pren
prenak
akaa db kaod
kaodta
ta kab
kab hr
hrup
upee hr
hrdg
dgka
ka,, sa pua
puaka
ka pren
prenak akar
ar d kl
klvl
vlkl
klrr bds
bds db
dbta
targ
rgdt
dtlv
lvds
ds ag
klstlgtes hrupes.
<- Ab ^é y ab Ge
 Eocatlves3
d) ]reievar ab dnarndilagte ka klstlgtds peslnlegas seora ug taid.
o) Kasdrrebbdr bd `baxlolblkdk ka eplglegas.


[laipe ganasdrle3 dprexlidkdiagta, ;= ilgutes.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds >= parsegds. ^l ab hrupe as iager, ges bbavdrä iages tlaipe bd dntlvlkdk.
 Buhdr3 dubd e aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg ievarsa.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 kes ndrtublgds hrdgkas ag bds qua astì asnrlte ag ugd ‒^É’ y ag bd etrd,
‒GE’.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bes ndr
ndrtaba
tabass kab ^É y aabb Ge, ssaa neben
nebendg
dg ag ab ddubd
ubd ag
ag`rag
`ragtdkes
tdkes.. As lip
lipertdgt
ertdgtaa qua ab dubd as
astì
tì
kaspacdkd.
?. [ekes bbes
es pdrt
pdrtlnlpd
lnlpdgtas
gtas sa nenebendg
bendg aagg ab nagtr
nagtree kab dubd
dubd.. D negtlgud
negtlgudnlþg,
nlþg, ab kl
klgdilz
gdilzdker
dker klr
klrää ugd
`rdsa y ndkd parsegd, kaoarä ka lrsa d ug pugte kab dubd ag ùgnlþg ka sl astäg ka dnuarke, e
ge, neg bd `rdsa.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke tek
tekds
ds bds
bds pa
pars
rsegegds
ds sa ag agnu
nuag
agtr
trdg
dg sltu
sltudk
dkds
ds,, ka
kaoa
oarä
räg,g, ug
ugee d uge,
uge, drhu
drhuia
iagt
gtdr
dr sus
sus
ietlvdnlegas pdrd jdoarsa peslnlegdke ag asa buhdr.
;. â rap
raplta
lta gua
guavdia
vdiagta
gta neg etrd ``rdsa
rdsa y ds
dséé jdstd qua ssaa dheta ab tl
tlaipe
aipe qu
quaa sa jdyd ra
rasarv
sarvdke
dke
pdrd bd radblzdnlþg ka bd klgäilnd.
 Getds3 d be bdrhe ka bd dntlvlkdk, bds parsegds sl ndioldg ka eplglþg, pekräg ievarsa bloraiagta
per ab dubd y ndioldrsa ka buhdr. Bds `rdsas kaoaräg sar dkdptdkes db glvab y d bd akdk ka bes
pdrtlnlpdgtas.
 Avdbudnlþg3 bd parsegd qua klrlha bd klgäilnd puaka avdbudr klstlgtes nrltarles ag bd avebunlþg ka bes
pdrtlnlpdgtas, agtra abbes, bes slhulagtas3 ab hrdke ka `baxlolblkdk, bd ndpdnlkdk ka kläbehe y ka
negnlbldnlþg ka klstlgtds pesturds, atn.
4=- Lg`bdrsa neie hbeoes


Eocatlve3 dpragkar d ndbidrsa dgta ugd sltudnlþg ka neg`blnte.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka 41 ilgutes.
8;
 [didôe kab hrupe3 lbliltdke.

 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag ab qua bes pdrtlnlpdgtas puakdg astdr èridgke ug nérnube.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 glghuge.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â ax
axpblnd
pblnd qqua
ua nud
nudgke
gke ges agneagnegtrdi
gtrdies
es dgta uugd
gd slt
sltudnlþg
udnlþg neg`b
neg`blntlvd
lntlvd e preob
preobaiätln
aiätlndd aste gges
es
prekuna ugd radnnlþg aienlegdb qua ges dntlvd `lslebþhlndiagta. Bd axpblndnlþg kaoa sar
dkdptdkd db glvab y d bd akdk ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas.
?. D negt
negtlgudn
lgudnlþg,
lþg, ssaa axp
axpblndr
blndrää qua vdie
vdiess d lg
lg`bdr
`bdrges
ges ne
neie
ie hbe
hbeoes.
oes.
>. ]drd nei
neiagzd
agzdr,
r, sa teid
teidräg räg ras
rasplrdn
plrdnlegas
legas ppreùg
reùgkds,
kds, ka ppla
la y neg bes ec
eces
es narrd
narrdkes.
kes. D iak
iaklkd
lkd
qua vdg bbagdgke sus pubiegas ka dlra, vdg bavdgtdgke sus ordzes, neie sl ùasag hbeoes. â
raplta asta pdse vdrlds vanas, bds su`lnlagtas neie pdrd qua tekes jdydg radblzdke ab acarnlnle
nerrantdiagta.
;. Buah
Buahe,
e, suab
suabtdg
tdg ab dlrdlraa y neilag
neilagzdg
zdg d drru
drruhdrsa
hdrsa ne
neie
ie hbeoe
hbeoess y kasl
kaslg`bdg
g`bdg jd
jdstd
std nda
ndarr ag ab su
suabe.
abe.
[diolìg sa raplta asta acarnlnle.
 Klsnuslþg3 nudgke jdydg dndodke y trdgsnurrlkes uges ilgutes pdrd qua jdydg kls`rutdke ka bd
sagsdnlþg ka rabdcdnlþg, sa bas prahugtd sl nraag qua radblzdr astes acarnlnles puaka dyukdrbas
nudgke astìg ag`dkdkes.
Klgäilnds pdrd trdodcdr bes vdberas

4- Astliubdgke ab pagsdilagte nrétlne
 Eocatlves3 hagardr ug kläbehe seora vdberas ierdbas.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 >= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta. Ab tlaipe vdrldrä ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka
parsegds ag ab hrupe y bd lipblndnlþg ka bds ilsids.

[didôe kab hrupe3 rasubtd lgklàragta.

 Buhdr3 dubd, sdbþg e aspdnle db dlra blora ag ab qua sa agnuagtrag nþiekes.
 ]dses d sahulr3
Ab `dnlbltdker kab hrupe bdgzdrä ugd sarla ka prahugtds y huldrä bd negvarsdnlþg kab hrupe.
]uakag sar3 ^l puklards abahlr sar dbhulag, µqulìg saréds5 ^l vas d ugd parsegd rdydgke ab
nenja ka etre y ge ba kacd ugd getd, µnþie dntudréds5 ^l ùasas rlne, µnþie hdstdréds ab
klgare5 ^l vas d dbhulag dnesdgke e idbtrdtdgke d etrd parsegd, µquì jdréds5
 Klsnuslþg3 kanlrba d bes glôes y dkebasnagtas nþie kaoag pagsdr e dntudr ge rasubtd aàntlve. ]er
ase, astd klgäilnd qua puaka hagardr kaodta, e`ranarä iaceras rasubtdkes.
?- Dnbdrdnlþg ka vdberas
 Eocatlves3
81
4. Kaie
Kaiestrdr
strdr qua ndkd pars
parsegd
egd tlaga uges vdbe
vdberas
ras klàr
klàragtas
agtas..
?. Haga
Hagardr
rdr neja
nejaslþg
slþg d pa
pasdr
sdr ka bbds
ds klà
klàragn
ragnlds
lds ka ppagsd
agsdilagte
ilagte ag
agtra
tra uge
ugess y etres
etres..

 [didôe kab hrupe3 ugds klaz parsegds.
 Buhdr3 dubd, sdbþg e aspdnle db dlra blora ag ab qua sa agnuagtrag nþiekes.

Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 èbles ag obdgne, oebéhrdès y èbles neg bds `rdsas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er axp
axpblnd
blnd bd klgäi
klgäilnd
lnd y rap
rapdrta
drta d te
tekes
kes be
bess lgta
lgtahrdgta
hrdgtass kab hr
hrupe
upe uugg èble neg tra
trass
`rdsas. â prepegag ìstds3
 âr hagarese neg bds kaiäs parsegds.

 âr tu preple caà.
 [agar dilhes neipragslves.
?. Ndkd pparse
arsegd
gd ab
ablha
lha bbdd `rds
`rdsaa neg bd qu
quaa sa slag
slagtd
td iäs lkag
lkagtl`lnd
tl`lndke.
ke.
>. â èri
èridgdg suoh
suohrupes
rupes kkaa pars
parsegds
egds qu
quaa jdydg ab
abahlk
ahlkee bd ilsid `rd
`rdsa.
sa. Ag
Agtra
tra abb
abbes,
es, klsn
klsnutag
utag pper
er
quì ablhlareg asd `rdsa, nuäb(as)
n uäb(as) ùa(reg) su(s) rdzþg(as).
;. [rd
[rdss uges klaz ilg
ilgute
utess ka klsnus
klsnuslþg
lþg,, sa rad
radblz
blzdd ugd ra`ba
ra`baxlþ
xlþgg neg ab hru
hrupe
pe agta
agtare
re ag ab qua
axpeghdg sus rdzegas.
 Klsnuslþg3 pdrta kab kaodta ag hrupe hrdgka puaka agndilgdrsa d nþie sa slgtlareg ndkd uge ag
bd axparlagnld vlvlkd ag ab acarnlnle.
>- Odgkards
 Eocatlves3
4. ]repl
]replnldr
nldr ugd aaxpber
xpberdnlþg
dnlþg sseora
eora bbes
es vdb
vdberas
eras d trd
trdvìs
vìs ka bd lgta
lgtarprat
rpratdnlþg
dnlþg kkaa bes sl
slhgl`l
hgl`lndkes
ndkes..
?. ]reie
]reievar
var ug id idyer
yer aagtag
gtagklilag
klilagte
te ka vdbe
vdberas
ras pars
parsegdb
egdbas.
as.
>. E`ra
E`ranar
nar bd
bdss negk
negklnleg
lnlegas
as ga
ganasd
nasdrlds
rlds qu
quaa prep
preplnlag
lnlag bbdd duter
duterrav
ravabdnl
abdnlþg.
þg.
;. Neipr
Neipreodr
eodr nþi
nþiee bds ds
dsplrd
plrdnlegas
nlegas pars
parsegdb
egdbas
as dàntdg
dàntdg ag bd te
teid
id ka ka
kanlsle
nlslegas.
gas.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 dbrakaker ka kes jerds.
 [didôe kab hrupe3 ?= pdrtlnlpdgtas dprexlidkdiagta.
 Buhdr3 sdbþg, dubd e aspdnle nþieke.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpabþhrdè, retubdkeras, èbles y bäplnas ka neberas.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab lgst
lgstrunter
runter aaxpbl
xpblnd
nd nuäbas
nuäbas seg bds ppdrtas
drtas qu
quaa negèr
negèridg
idg ugugdd odgkar
odgkard3
d3 astdg
astdgkdrta
kdrtas,s, dvdt
dvdtdras
dras,,
asnukes, atn. [diolìg, nþie bds odgkards raprasagtdg ug séioebe pdrd ug hrupe katarilgdke
ka parsegds y qua dbhugds parsegds jdg bbahdke d parkar su vlkd per kaàgkarbds.
?. ]es
]estar
tarler
leriag
iagta,
ta, sa bas kac
kacdd qu
quaa pla
plags
gsag
ag ka idg
idgard
ard lgkl
lgklvlk
vlkudb
udb quì odgk
odgkard
ardss ranua
ranuarkd
rkdgg y, ag
hrupe, sa klsnuta quì slhgl`lnd ndkd ugd ka abbds.
>. â lgv
lgvltd
ltd d qua ndk
ndkdd uge ka ab
abbes
bes nra
nraaa ugd odg
odgkard
kard pre
prepld
pld ag bd qqua
ua rap
raprasa
rasagtag
gtag bd
bdss nesds qqua
ua
rasubtdg iäs lipertdgtas pdrd ndkd uge ka abbes.
80
;. ]dr
]drdd `lg
`lgdbl
dblzdr
zdr,, sa ax
axpeg
pegaa kab
kabdgt
dgtaa ka bd nnbds
bdsa.
a.
1- Oeta sdbvdvlkds
 Eocatlves3
4. _apr
_aprasag
asagtdr
tdr ug
ugdd asn
asnagd
agd kkrdiät
rdiätlnd,
lnd, kkaa idg
idgard
ard qqua
ua pu
puakdg
akdg vlva
vlvagnldr
gnldrbd
bd iac
iacer.
er.
?. Lkagt
Lkagtl`lndr
l`lndr bbes
es sa
sagtlila
gtlilagtes
gtes qqua
ua pu
puakag
akag d`be
d`berdr
rdr ag aastd
std ssltudnl
ltudnlþg.
þg.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 agtra ugd jerd y iakld y kes jerds .

 [didôe kab hrupe3 4= parsegds.
 Buhdr3 sdbþg, dubd e aspdnle nþieke.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 nregþiatre.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdk
bltdker
er kab hru
hrupe
pe plk
plkaa qua bebess lgtahr
lgtahrdgtas
dgtas kkab
ab hrup
hrupee sa slag
slagtag
tag ag ab ssuabe
uabe èèridgk
ridgkee ugd
aspanla ka odbsd. Bas plka qua sa lidhlga qua astäg ag ug nrunare per ab idr Dtbägtlne y qua
ugd teriagtd bas eoblhd d asndpdr ag ug oeta sdbvdvlkds. Asta oeta sebe tlaga aspdnle y neilkd
pdrd guava parsegds. As kanlr, ugd tagkrä qua sdnrl`lndrsa per ab olag kab hrupe.
?. Bd kanl
kanlsl
slþg
þg kaoa teteidr
idrbd
bd ab hrup
hrupe.e. ]drd tdb
tdb,, nuag
nuagtdg
tdg neg ugugdd jerd pdrd kakanlk
nlklr
lr qul
qulìg
ìg kao
kaoaa
quakdrsa ùard kab oeta. ^l pdsd ab tlaipe y ge jdg teidke ugd kanlslþg, ab oeta sa jugklrä neg
bds 4= parsegds kagtre.
>. Ilagt
Ilagtrds
rds ab hr
hrupe
upe ka
kaodta,
odta, aabb `dnlb
`dnlbltdke
ltdkerr lrä lgè
lgèridgk
ridgkee seora nunuägte
ägte tla
tlaipe
ipe ba
bass quak
quakd.
d.
;. ]ds
]dsdke
dke ab tlai
tlaipe,
pe, ìs
ìsta
ta huld
huldrä
rä ugd klsn
klsnusl
uslþg
þg seor
seoraa bes vdb
vdbera
erass neg bes qua sa jdg tepdtepdke
ke d be
bdrhe ka bd klgäilnd.
1- Bd jlsterld ka Cudg y Cudgd

 Eocatlve3 randpdnltdr seora bes vdberas lipbénltes ag bes rebas ka iucar y jeiora ag bd senlakdk.
 Buhdr3 dubd e aspdnle nþieke.
 Idtarldb ganasdrle3 ugd pabetd.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Bes pd
pdrtl
rtlnlp
nlpdg
dgtas
tas sa sla
slagtd
gtdgg ag nérnu
nérnube
be y sa vdg pds pdsdgk
dgkee bd pabet
pabetdd ka idga
idgard rd drol
droltrd
trdrld
rld y
räplkdiagta. Kaoag nradr kes jlsterlds. Ag prliar buhdr, bd ka Cudgd y kaspuìs, bd ka Cudg.
?. Ndkd va
vazz qua d db
dbhulag
hulag bbaa tend bd pa
pabetd,
betd, kkaoa
aoa dôd
dôdklr
klr dbhe iäs d bd jlste
jlsterld
rld kab pparseg
arsegdca
dca kab qqua
ua
sa astì jdobdgke. Dsé, sa vd nradgke ugd jlsterld agtra tekes.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke jdydg ababdoerd
doerdke
ke bds kes jjlsterl
lsterlds,
ds, sa ddgdblz
gdblzdg
dg bes vd
vdberas
beras rrabdnl
abdnlegdk
egdkes
es neg ndkd uuge
ge ka
bes parsegdcas. µJdg axlstlke klàragnlds rabdnlegdkds neg ab hìgare ka ndkd uge ka bes
pretdheglstds5 ]drd tdb, ab `dnlbltdker kaoa astdr pagklagta seora quì dkcatlves y abaiagtes sa
agugnldg seora ndkd uge.
0- Gahenldgke
 Eocatlves3
88
4. Lkagt
Lkagtl`lndr
l`lndr bes vdbe
vdberas
ras qqua
ua hhagard
agardgg klà
klàragnld
ragnldss agt
agtra
ra bd
bdss pa
parseg
rsegds.
ds.
?. Axpb
Axpberdr
erdr be
bess neg
neg`blnte
`blntess qua puak
puakag
ag su
surhlr
rhlr d rrdéz
déz ka astds klàr
klàragnld
agnlds.
s.
>. Gahen
Gahenldr
ldr ppdrd
drd neerk
neerklgdr
lgdr klstl
klstlgtes
gtes astlb
astlbes
es pars
parsegdb
egdbas.
as.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 4 jerd dprexlidkdiagta.

 [didôe kab hrupe3 ab tdidôe rasubtd lgklàragta pare sé, tlagag qua sar ugd nl`rd ióbtlpbe ka
tras.
 Buhdr3 aspdnle dipble ag qua tekes bes trées puakdg lgtardntudr slg iebastdrsa agtra abbes.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 plzdrrd y dbhe pdrd asnrlolr seora abbd (tlzds e retubdkeras).
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlblt
bltdke
dkerr axpeg
axpegaa ugd blstd ka dkca
dkcatlv
tlves
es qua sa sua
suabag
bag us
usdr
dr pdrd kas
kasnrl
nrlolr
olr d bds paparse
rsegds
gds..
]er acaipbe3 dsartlve, trdodcdker, senldoba, klgäilne, atn.
?. Ìst
Ìstaa ablha uge ka astes dkca
dkcatlv
tlves
es qua rasubta
rasubta lgta
lgtaras
rasdgt
dgtaa pdrd
pdrd bes pdr
pdrtln
tlnlpd
lpdgta
gtass y bes jdn
jdnaa
pegarsa ag ugd `lbd ag bd qua bes axtraies raprasagtdg ndkd uge ka bes pebes ka bd
ndrdntaréstlnd y bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa pegag agtra abbes sahóg slagtdg idyer d`lglkdk.
>. Bds pa
parse
rsegds
gds qu
quaa sa agnu
agnuagt
agtrdg
rdg ag ndk
ndkdd uge ka bes axt
axtrai
raies
es èr
èridg
idg ug tré
tréee cugt
cugtee neg bd qua
astä custe ag iakle qua kasaipaôdrä bd bdoer ka eosarvdker. Ka bd ilsid idgard, sa vdg
èridgke tekes bes trées y teidg dslagte ag bd sdbd.
;. ndrdntaréstlnd
Ag hrhrup
upes
es,, ndkd
ndabahlkd.
kd ug
ugee ka bebess ep
epes
eslt
lter
eras
as sa kakasn
snrl
rloa
oa d sé ilsi
ilsiee rabd
rabdnl
nleg
egäg
ägke
kesa
sa neg
neg bd
1. Bd pdrac
pdracdd kldbeh
kldbehdd seora nþie ssusus klàr
klàragnld
agnldss dndodg neip
neipbaia
baiagtägk
gtägkesaesa y, kasp
kaspuìs,
uìs, nþ
nþie
ie ìstds
supegag ug neg`blnte ag petagnld.
0. Ndk
Ndkdd pdr
pdracd
acd gah
gahenl
enldd seo
seora
ra nþie puapuakag
kag nei
neipba
pbaiag
iagtdr
tdrsa
sa iutu
iutudiadiagta
gta y nþi
nþiee ras
rasebv
ebvar
ar ab
neg`blnte, ag ndse ka qua axlstlard, ka ugd idgard negstruntlvd.
8. Kaodt
Kaodtaa ag hrup
hrupee hrdgka sseora
eora nþnþie
ie sa jdg ssagtlk
agtlkee ndkd uge kkaa abbe
abbes,
s, quì jjarrdi
arrdilagtd
lagtdss usdr
usdreg
eg
ag bd gahenldnlþg y negtdgke
n egtdgke neg bd eplglþg ka bes eosarvdkeras.
8- ûparvlvagnld ag bes Dgkas

 Eocatlve3axpberdr ab neipertdilagte lgklvlkudb ag bd teid ka kanlslegas hrupdbas.
 [laipe ganasdrle3 ;1 ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta.
 Buhdr3 sdbþg neg aspdnle dipble e olag, db dlra blora.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 pdpab y bäplz.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab lgs
lgstrunter
trunter kklvlka
lvlka db hrup
hrupee ag nud
nudtre
tre aqu
aqulpes
lpes y sa ba
bass axpb
axpblnd
lnd qua jjdd enur
enurrlke
rlke ug
ugdd trdha
trdhakld
kld ag
bes Dgk
Dgkasas nud
nudgke
gke ug dvlþg
dvlþg sa ast
astrab
rabbþ.
bþ. Bes supar
suparvlv
vlvlag
lagtas
tas tuv
tuvlar
lareg
eg qua ranur
ranurrlr
rlr d bd
dgtrepe`dhld pdrd suoslstlr.
?. Ag ug pr
prliar
liar ie
ieiagte
iagte,, tagkr
tagkräg
äg qua kkanlklr
anlklr qqulìg
ulìgas
as kao
kaoagag ier
ierlrlr pdrd ssar
ar neilk
neilkes.
es.
>. Qg
Qgdd va
vazz te
teid
idkd
kd astd kan kanls
lslþ
lþg,
g, sa kaod
kaodtlr
tlrää per
per quì
quì pdrt
pdrtaa kakabb nuar
nuarpe
pe kaoa
kaoagg neia
neiagz
gzdr
dr d
neiìrsabe.
:- Be qua ia agndgtd jdnar

 Eocatlve3 negnlagnldr d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ka sus vdberas.
8:

 Buhdr3 sdbþg dipble.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. \Abbds
lgs
lgstrunter
trunter pplka
aguiara lka 4qu
kab qua,
a, lgkl
(ia lgklvlkud
vlkudbiagt
hustd biagta,
iäs) a, ndkd
db ?= ug
ugee ra`ba
(ia hustdra`baxlega
xlegass seor
iages). seoraa quì nes
nesdsds ba ag
agndgtd
ndgtd jd
jdnar.
nar.
?. Ag hrup
hrupes
es ka 1 þ 0 pars
parsegds
egds,, bes lgtah
lgtahrdgta
rdgtass kaoag axaxpras
prasdr
dr sus vd
vdberas
beras.. ]uaka
]uakagg sarv
sarvlr
lr astds
prahugtds pdrd erlagtdr ab kaodta3
 µDpranle be qua jdhe y jdhe be qua dpranle5

 µNeipdrte il eplglþg ag póoblne nudgke taghe
t aghe bd epertuglkdk5
 µAsnehé astd epnlþg agtra ugd sarla ka dbtargdtlvds5
 µBe abahé kaspuìs ka negslkardr y dnaptdr bds negsanuagnlds5
 µ[eiì bd kanlslþg bloraiagta5
 µêy neghruagta agtra be qua plagse y be qua klhe5
 µûabe dntudr ka bd ilsid idgard ag klstlgtds endslegas5
>. [rds bd ra
ra`bax
`baxlþg
lþg ag su
suohrup
ohrupes,
es, ab `dn
`dnlbltdk
lbltdker
er negku
negkunlrä
nlrä ug kao
kaodta
dta neg ab hr
hrupe
upe ag
agtare
tare ag ab qqua
ua
sa kaoag teidr ag nuagtds bds slhulagtas nuastlegas3
 µTuì radnnlþg tuvlareg tus neipdôares db var qua tus hustes seg klstlgtes5, µta sagtlsta
raspatdke5
 µ[a sagtlsta nrltlndke5
 µDbhulag trdtþ ka ndioldr bes hustes ka bes kaiäs dnarnägkebes d bes suyes5
 [rds ab kaodta ag suohrupes, µndioldsta bd eplglþg seora dbhuge ka tus hustes5
<„ Ab asnudkrþg
 Eocatlve3 avdbudr bes vdberas kab trdodce ag aqulpe y bd neiuglndnlþg.
 ]dses d sahulr3
4. â kl
klvlka
vlka ab hr
hrupe
upe ag su
suohrup
ohrupes
es ag ùgn
ùgnlþg
lþg ka
kabb gó
góiare
iare kkaa pdr
pdrtlnlpd
tlnlpdgtas
gtas..
?. Ndk
Ndkdd aqu
aqulpe
lpe kao
kaoaa jdn
jdnar
ar ugd gdva veb
vebdke
dkerd
rd usdg
usdgkeke kes èble
èbles.
s. Ìstd tla
tlaga
ga qua peka
pekarr vebdr ugd
klstdgnld ka nlgne iatres y dtrdvasdr ug dre ka, db iages, 1= ni ka kläiatre. ]drd behrdrbe,
klspegag ka > lgtagtes.
>. Nudg
Nudgke
ke te
teke
kess be
bess hr
hrup
upes
es be jdg
jdg lgta
lgtagt
gtdk
dke,
e, sa hag
hagar
ardd ug kao
kaodt
dtaa ag terg
tergee d bds
bds sl
slhu
hula
lagt
gtas
as
nuastlegas3 µTuì jaies dpragklke ka asta cuahe5, µNuäb jd slke ab ieiagte iäs kl`énlb kab
cuahe5, µTuì sagtlilagtes d`berdg nudgke vaies qua qua etres hrupes be jdg negsahulke y gesetres
ge5, µTuì sagtlies nudgke jaies behrdke guastre eocatlve5
4=- Getlnlds pdrd ra`baxlegdr

8<
 Eocatlve3 dbliagtdr ab aspérltu nrétlne kab hrupe.

 [laipe ganasdrle3 >= ilgutes, dprexlidkdiagta. Asta tlaipe vdrldrä ag ùgnlþg ka bd lipblndnlþg
kab hrupe.
 Buhdr3 dubd e aspdnle nþieke.
 Idtarldbas ganasdrles3 parlþklnes.

]dses d sahulr3
4. Ab `dnl
`dnlbltdke
bltdkerr kab hru
hrupe
pe bbav
bbavdrä
drä kls
klstlgtds
tlgtds ggetlnld
etlnldss rabd
rabdnlegdk
nlegdkds
ds neg ab rrdnlsi
dnlsie,
e, bd tert
terturd
urd dgl
dglidb,
idb,
bd huarrd e vlebagnld, ab trä`lne ka krehds, ab dosagtlsie asnebdr, ab oubbylgh, atn. Bes taids sa
pekräg dkdptdr ag ùgnlþg kab glvab kab hrupe.
?. â baag bds getl
getlnld
nldss agt
agtra
ra tekes y sa ras
raspeg
pegka
ka d bds slh
slhula
ulagta
gtass prahu
prahugtd
gtds3
s3 µquì
µquì5,
5, µqulì
µqulìg5,
g5,
µnuägke5, µnþie5 y µper quì5
>. [rds ra
raspeg
spegkar
kar d bds pprahug
rahugtds,
tds, sa ra
ra`baxl
`baxlegd
egd seor
seoraa ab taid ag nnuast
uastlþg
lþg y sa hag
hagard
ard ug nb
nblid
lid
qua pariltd d bes njlnes axprasdr su eplglþg y neipdrtlr su pugte ka vlstd neg sus neipdôares
drhuiagtdgke quì eplgdg y axpeglagke sus rdzegas.
48 Klgäilnds ka prasagtdnlþg pdrd glôes y dkubtes

4- Bd tabdrdôd
Ag astd prliard klgäilnd bes pdrtlnlpdgtas èridräg ug nérnube kegka sa tagkrä neie
eocate prlgnlpdb ka bd dntlvlkdk ug evlbbe ka jlbe.
Ab prliar lgtahrdgta klna su geiora y, neie prepuastd, klna qua ba hustd jdnar ag su
tlaipe blora (astd prepuastd puaka sar iekl`lndkd ag ùgnlþg kab negtaxte y ab negtaglke
ag ab qua astaies).
D negtlgudnlþg, lgaspardkdiagta, ab prliare tlrd ab evlbbe d etre neipdôare y asta raplta bd

ùgnlþg. Ka astd èrid ab jlbe vd rapdrtlìgkesa jdstd bbahdr db óbtlie dbuige, èridgke dsé
ugd tabdrdôd.
@lgdbiagta, bd óbtlid parsegd qua jd klnje su geiora ba kavebvarä ab evlbbe db pagóbtlie y

ìsta rapatlrä ab geiora kab óbtlie, y dsé sunaslvdiagta. @lgdbiagta ab evlbbe ka jlbe tlaga
qua bbahdr d bd parsegd qua lglnlþ bd dntlvlkdk.
?- µTulìg as qulag5
â abdoerd ugd rakdnnlþg ka prahugtds y sa bas agtrahd db dbuigdke, ka èrid lgklvlkudb, ag
ug èble. Bes dbuiges, utlblzdgke ug oebéhrdè, tagkräg qua klstrloulrsa per ab dubd pdrd
prahugtdrba astds nuastlegas d tekes bes neipdôares.
Bds prahugtds kaoaräg sar raspegklkds neg ug sebe geiora qua kì raspuastd d ndkd
nuastlþg. Kägkebas ugd iakld ka 41 þ ?= ilgutes pdrd radblzdr bd dntlvlkdk. Dbhugds
nuastlegas puakag sar, per acaipbe3
:=
Qgd parsegd kab hrupe3
4. …qua jdyd gdnlke ab ilsie dôe qua ye3

?. ….nuye geiora aiplana neg bd ilsid batrd qua ab iée3
>. … qulag ba hustag bes ilsies kapertas qua d ié3

;. … qua gdnlþ ùard ka astd prevlgnld3
1. … nuye pabe taghd ab ilsie neber qua ab iée3
0. … qua jdyd baéke, ag su tlaipe blora, ab ilsie blore qua ye3
8. … qua taghd bd ilsid d`lnlþg qua ye3
:. … qua jdyd vldcdke ùard ka Aspdôd3
(Astds prahugtds seg prepuastds y, per tdgte, puakag sar iekl`lndkds).
Qgd vaz `lgdblzdkd bd dntlvlkdk, sa bas paklrä qua rasdbtag bds prahugtds qua iäs bas jd
bbdidke bd dtagnlþg y jdräg ugd ra`baxlþg ka quì bas jd pdranlke bd dntlvlkdk.
>- Bds nudtre asqulgds

â bas agtrahdrä d ndkd neipegagta kab hrupe ugd jecd y ug oebéhrdè. â bas paklrä qua
kloucag ug séioebe kegka sa vadg raprasagtdkes,
raprasagtdkes, qua taghd rabdnlþg su prepld parsegdblkdk.
D negtlgudnlþg, sa bas plka qua asnrlodg ag bd asqu
asqulgdlgd lgàrler karanjd dbhóg
lgàrler karanjd dbhóg tlpe ka
lgèridnlþg parsegdb neie, per acaipbe, bd akdk. Ag bd asqulgd suparler lzqularkd dquabbe
dquabbe
qua iäs bas hustd. Ag bd asqulgd lgàrler lzqularkd be
be qua iäs bas klshustd y, ag bd pdrta
suparler karanjd bds axpantdtlvds qua tlaga seora ab nurse, tdbbar, atn., qua vdg d ranlolr.
Ag bd slhulagta `dsa sa trdtd ka sdblr d axpblndr db raste ka neipdôares ag quì jd negslstlke

ab klouce, ka astd èrid pekräg huldrsa ka be qua jdg asnrlte pdrd qua puakd tagar ug huleg
praastdobanlke.
âhulkdiagta sa pahdg bes klouces neg nlgtd dkjaslvd ag bd pdrak pdrd èridr ugd hdbaréd,
y dsé pekar sar vlsudblzdkes per tekes bes neipdôares. Ìstes pekräg varbe ka èrid
katdbbdkd y pekräg prahugtdr nudbqular kukd qua bas surcd d bes duteras ka bes klouces.
@lgdbiagta sa bas prahugtd, ka èrid hagardb , µnþie
µnþie sa jdg sagtlke5 yy µquì
sagtlke5 µquì bas
bas jd
supuaste bd dntlvlkdk5
;- Bds ndsds
â klvlka ab hrupe hrdgka ag hrupes paquaôes aguiarägkebes ka 4 d 1 (ag ùgnlþg kab
góiare ka parsegds qua be neipeghdg). â bas plka qua kloucag ugd ndsd, ag ug èble (per
hrupe) utlblzdgke neberas, y sa bas seblnltd qua klstrlouydg bd lgèridnlþg qua sa bas vd d
paklr ag bds slhulagtas pdrtas3
Ag bd puartd prlgnlpdb 3 bes geioras ka bes neipegagtas kab hrupe qua sa jd èridke.
Ag ab tanje 3 axpantdtlvds qua ab hrupe tlaga puastds ag ab nurse, tdbbar, atn. qua dndodg ka
neiagzdr.
:4
Ag bds pdrakas 3 lipraslegas kab hrupe seora bd parnapnlþg qua tlagag bes kaiäs hrupes.
@lgdbiagta, ndkd hrupe kaoa prasagtdr su trdodce y nudgke sa klhdg bes geioras ka ndkd
neipegagta (db saôdbdr bd puartd ka bd ndsd) ndkd parsegd kaoarä prasagtdrsa klnlagke su
geiora y bd lgèridnlþg qua kasaa dpertdr seora sé ilsid.
1- Kloucdgke ug duterratrdte
â bas plka qua ag ug èble y utlblzdgke ug oebéhrdè radblnag ug duterratrdte ag ab qua sa
vadg ra`bacdkes. Dkaiäs, ag ab preple klouce, kaoaräg lgnbulr tras rdzegas, neie iéglie, ka
per quì sa jdg lgsnrlte d bd èridnlþg qua aspardg ranlolr.
@lgdbiagta, sa bas prepega qua, kaoag neipdrtlr neg bes neipdôares ab duterratrdte y bds
rdzegas ka per quì sa jdg kloucdke dsé.
0-Behetlpes
[ekes bes neipegagtas tagkräg ug bäplz y pdpab. Ag prliar buhdr, sa bas axpblnd bd ka`lglnlþg
ka behetlpe, per acaipbe ab ka bds hrdgkas idrnds, utlblzdgke pdrd abbe ug acaipbe qua
dneipdôa klnjd drhuiagtdnlþg. D negtlgudnlþg, sa bas suhlara qua kloucag ug séioebe (behe)
qua bes ndrdntarlna lgklvlkudbiagta.
@lgdbiagta, ndkd pdrtlnlpdgta iestrdrä su behe d sus neipdôares y drhuiagtdrä per quì be
jd radblzdke, pdrd qua be negezndg.
8-Agnuagtre d trdvìs ka eocates

â klvlka ab hrupe ag kes suohrupes. Bd prliard pdrta lgtrekunlrä ag ug sdne ug eocate
preple, per acaipbe3 ugds bbdvas, ugd pubsard, atn. \, d negtlgudnlþg, bd etrd pdrta kab hrupe
neharä ug eocate, ndkd uge, y ousndrä db kuaôe ka klnje eocate.
@lgdbiagta, ugd vaz agnegtrdke ab kuaôe, ndkd pdracd sa prasagtdrä db raste ka bes
neipdôares dpertdgke bd lgèridnlþg qua kasaag.
:-Ndgnlegas iekargds, `rdsas netlkldgds e ra`rdgas

Ab èr
èridk
idker
er asnrlo
asnrlolrä
lrä ag klàra
klàragta
gtass tdrca
tdrcatds
tds gei
geiora
orass ka parseg
parsegdc
dcas
as ranege
ranegenlk
nlkes
es /
`dieses y ka sus pdracds nerraspegklagtas
nerraspegklagtas (utlblzdgke pdrd abbe ndrtublgd, pdrd bds tdrcatds,
y retubdkeras
retubdkeras pdrd su abdoerdnlþg).
abdoerdnlþg).
Qg acaipbe puaka sar Keg Tulceta (ag ugd tdrcatd) y ^dgnje (ag etrd). Kaolagke jdoar ab
ilsie góiare ka tdrcatds neie ka lgtahrdgtas kab hrupe.
Ndkd dbuige, slg agsaôdr su tdrcatd kaoarä bendblzdr d su pdracd. Qgd vaz agnegtrdkes, y
slhulagke ug erkag astdobanlke per ab hrupe, tagkräg qua axpblndr d bes neipdôares qulagas
seg.
<-Ab parsegdca
:?
Ndkd neipegagta kaoa abahlr ug parsegdca `diese neg ab qua neipdrtd su geiora. D
negtlgudn
negtlgudnlþg,
lþg, kabdgta
kabdgta ka teke ab hrupe, kaoa liltdr
liltdr ka db parsegdca
parsegdca y ab rast
rastee kaoarä
dklvlgdr nuäb as su geiora.
4=-µTulìg sey5 êy ye

Ab èr
èridk
idker
er dpe
dpertd
rtdrä
rä par
parlþk
lþklne
lnes,
s, rav
ravlst
lstds
ds y ken
kenuia
uiagte
gtess rau
rautlb
tlblzd
lzdoba
obass (d
(dkai
kaiäs
äs ka
pahdiagte, neberas y pdpab / ndrtublgd).
Ka astd èrid ndkd neipegagta kaoa negstrulr ug nebbdha neg bd lgèridnlþg qua iäs ba
raprasagta ka teke ab idtarldb qua sa ba jd `dnlbltdke. @lgdbiagta, axpblndrä d sus
neipdôares per quì jd sabannlegdke asd lgèridnlþg y quì as be qua ba raprasagtd.
44-µTulìg `dbtd5
â bas plka d bes lgtahrdgtas qua èriag ug nérnube narrdke. D negtlgudnlþg, tekes narrdräg
bes eces y uge ka abbes dodgkegdrä ab buhdr. âhulkdiagta sa bas prahugtdrä qulag nraa qua
sa jd lke.
4?-Bes geioras neipbates

Bd iltdk ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas èridräg ug nérnube y sa bas `dnlbltdrä ugd tdrcatd neg su
geiora (pdrd abbe as ganasdrle ugd ndrtublgd, per parsegd, y ug oebéhrdè). D negtlgudnlþg,
sa bas prepega qua tekes lgtagtag iaierlzdr bes geioras ka ndkd neipegagta, ilrdgke bds
tdrcatds.
@lgdblzdke ab tlaipe dnerkdke per ab hrupe pdrd bd iaierlzdnlþg, sa qultdräg bds tdrcatds y
ìstds neiagzdräg d hlrdr. As kanlr, sa ba lräg agtrahdgke d bd parsegd qua sa agnuagtrd d su
karanjd, y dsé jdstd qua ab èridker pdra ab tlaipe.
@lgdbiagta, ndkd parsegd tagkrä ugd tdrcatd qua ge as bd suyd y kaoarä ousndr db kuaôe ka
ìstd.
4>-Bd pabetd prahugtegd

â jdnag vdrles aqulpes, ag ùgnlþg kab góiare ka parsegds qua taghd ab hrupe. â bas
`dnlbltdrä ugd pabetd y sarä ganasdrle ab use ka ug raprekunter ka ióslnd. Db lglnle ka bd
ióslnd bd pabetd lrä retdgke per ndkd neipegagta ka bes hrupes ka èrid qua ge pdra jdstd
qua ge nasa bd ióslnd.
Bd parsegd qua taghd bd pabetd ag ab ieiagte ag qua ge sa elhd seglke dbhuge kaoarä kanlr
su geiora y ugd prahugtd qua ba jdhd ndkd neipegagta kab hrupe.
Kaoaies negnratdr qua ab acarnlnle sa rapatlrä nuägtds vanas sa astlia epertuge pdrd qua
sa prasagtag bd idyer pdrta kab hrupe.
4;- ]drtas kab nuarpe

:>
â bas seb
seblnlt
lnltdd qua neg
negèr
èriag
iag kes nér
nérnub
nubes
es nar
narrdk
rdkes,
es, uge qu
quakd
akdrä
rä ka
kagtr
gtree kakabb etr
etre.
e.
Qtlblzdgke ióslnd ka ègke (pdrd abbe sa raqulara ug raprekunter ka ióslnd), bes dbuiges sa
teidräg ka bd idge y bes nérnubes neiagzdräg d hlrdr y sa pdrdräg, nudgke bd ióslnd nasa,
kacdgke ug dbuige `ragta d etre.
Qgd vaz pdrdkes, ndkd pdracd tagkrä qua prasagtdrsa y kdr raspuastd d ugd prahugtd qua
sa pbdgtaag iutudiagta. D negtlgudnlþg, bd ióslnd negtlgudrä y bes nérnubes vebvaräg d
hlrdr, nudgtds vanas astliaies epertuge.
41-Bd getlnld
Ab èridker negtaxtudblzd bd tìnglnd saôdbdgke bd lipertdgnld y bd lg`buagnld qua tlagag bds
getlnlds ouagds y idbds. D pdrtlr ka dqué sa bas seblnltd d ndkd neipegagta qua asnrlod kes
getlnlds ouagds qua bas jdyd enurrlke d be bdrhe ka su vlkd. ]drd abbe ganasltdraies pdpab y
oebéhrdès.
D negtlgudnlþg, ndkd neipegagta kab hrupe sa prasagtdrä y negtdrä sus getlnlds. Dslilsie,
bes kaiäs puakag dpertdr eplglegas d bd lgèridnlþg qua sa jd kdke.
40-[aieras y aspardgzds
Ndkd neipegagta kaoa asnrlolr ag ugd jecd neg ug oebéhrdè, sus lgqulatukas, taieras y
aspardgzds seora dbhugd sltudnlþg qua jd vlvlke, vlva e astä vlvlagke. Qgd vaz `lgdblzdke, ab
èridker kaoarä lr kdgke bd pdbdord d dquabbes qua kasaag pdrtlnlpdr y ndkd uge sa lrä
prasagtdgke iestrdgke bd lgèridnlþg asnrltd.
D negtlgudnlþg, ab èridker be dgetdrä ag bd plzdrrd tekds bds eplglegas pdrd qua db `lgdblzdr
ab turge ka pdbdords puakd saôdbdr bds iäs `ranuagtas y kaodtlr seora ìstds.
As lipertdgta qua ag ab kaodta sa rapltdg sunaslvdiagta bes geioras ka bes dbuiges qua
dpertag lgèridnlþg pdrd ranerkdrbes.
48-Ndkagd ka geioras
Ab hrupe èridrä ug nérnube. Ndkd neipegagta, per erkag, lrä klnlagke su geiora y ug
dglidb, ab neipdôare ka bd karanjd kaoarä rapatlr ab geiora ka bd parsegd dgtarler, y dsé
sunaslvdiagta.
4:-]rasagtdnlþg per ètehrd`éds

â bas seblnltd d bes astukldgtas qua èriag ug nérnube dbrakaker ka vdrlds ètehrd`éds
nebendkds ag ab nagtre, ka èrid dbadterld. Ndkd dbuige kaoarä sabannlegdr bd ète qua iäs
ba husta, dtagklagke d sus ndrdntaréstlnds (hustes y praàragnlds).
D negtlgudnlþg, trdtdgke ka idgtagar ab ilsie nérnube, ndkd dbuige sa prasagtdrä y

axpblndrä per quì jd sabannlegdke bd ètehrd`éd, qua vlgnubdnlþg tlaga neg ìstd y qua bd
klàragnld ka bds kaiäs.
:;
Avdbudnlþg
Ag nudgte d bd avdbudnlþg, kaoaies ka negslkardr qua bd eosarvdnlþg as ab lgstruiagte
sabannlegdke pdrd varl`lndr sl bd tìnglnd jd ùgnlegdke nerrantdiagta. Bd parsegd qua bbava
d ndoe bd èridnlþg kaoarä negtaipbdr sl jd surtlke aànte y sl bd dntltuk kab hrupe jd
ndioldke.
Ag bd iaklkd ka be pesloba dgdblzdrä sl axlsta idyer lgtardnnlþg agtra bes dbuiges, sl sa kdg
sltudn
sltudnleg
legas
as ag bds qua,
qua, ag ab dub
dubd,
d, sa nei
neilag
lagzdg
zdg d eér iuriub
iuriubbes
bes y rls
rlsds.
ds. As ag ast
astes
es
ieiagtes ag be qua sarä eosarvdrä qua bd dntlvlkdk jd nuipblke bes eocatlves qua sa
pbdgtadreg db lglnle.
As kanlr, ab behre kaoa ka sar qua ‒bd rupturd kab jlabe’ sa jdyd aàntudke y bd `rldbkdk qua
dpdranéd db lglnle ka bd èridnlþg tdiolìg sa jdyd dusagtdke kacdgke buhdr d ug nblid
bóklne, dhrdkdoba y, ag bd iaklkd ka be pesloba, dbahra.
Dkaiäs, ab `dnlbltdker ka bd dntlvlkdk nuagtd neg ab pbage karanje ka lgtarvaglr y èiagtdr

bd pdrtlnlpdnlþg ag ndkd ugd ka bds tìnglnds. Ge eostdgta, kaoaies ka rasdbtdr qua nudgke
ge sa aspanl`lqua ab tlaipe astlidke pdrd ndkd dntlvlkdk, sa kd per supuaste qua sa
utlblzdrä ab qua sa raqulard ab èridker, slagke raneiagkdoba qulgna ilgutes per tìnglnd,
neie iéglie.
41 klgäilnds ka trdodce ag aqulpe

4. Lna-Oradfars (‒reipar ab jlabe’)
êg dntlvlkdkas pdrd negenarsa. ]er acaipbe, puaka klvlklrsa db hrupe ag pdracds y jdnar
qua ugd ka bds parsegds agtravlsta d bd etrd kurdgta dbhuges ilgutes.
â puaka prepernlegdr ug paquaôe asquaid ka prahugtds erlagtdtlvds sahóg ab eocatlve qua

ousquaies e sa puaka jdnar ka idgard blora.
Etrd
kþgkadbtargdtlvd saréd
vlaga, per quì quadqué,
astä ugeatnìtard)
ka bes ilaiores ka bd pdracd
db etre ilaiore ka bdnuagta
pdracd su vlkd (qulìg as, ka
y vlnavarsd.
â prepega qua buahe vuabvdg tekes db hrupe hrdgka y qua ug ilaiore ka bd pdracd prasagta
d su neipdôare.
Iakldgta astd klgäilnd, dkaiäs ka negenarsa, sa dpragka seora bd lipertdgnld ka

asnunjdr.
]ekaies jdnar tdiolìg qua ndkd ilaiore ka su hrupe sa prasagta d sé ilsie6 sa kaoaréd
aspanl`lndr quì nesds kaoag kanlrsa3 geiora, èrtdbazds, ugd nesd klvartlkd qua ba jdyd
pdsdke, buhdras kegka jd vldcdke, kasaes…
Bds dntlvlkdkas
pdrd pdrd\ negenarsa
neipragkarbd. nudgte iässeg lgtarasdgtas idyer
sa neipragkdg, perquaa`lndnld
as pranlse negenar
tagkräg ag abd trdodce.
ugd parsegd
:1
?. [ìnglnd 0.>.1
â trdtd ka ugd klgäilnd qua slrva pdrd hagardr lkads nradtlvds.
nradtlvds. Ag hrupes ka 0 parsegds,
bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa raógag dbrakaker ka ugd iasd pdrd hagardr lkads rabdtlvds d ug taid
qua jdoéd slke dnerkdke pravldiagta.
D ndkd uge ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas sa ba e`rana ugd jecd ag obdgne kegka tlaga qua dpugtdr
tras lkads oravas, kdke qua sþbe tlaga nlgne ilgutes pdrd pekar asnrlolrbds.
Qgd vaz jdg pdsdke bes nlgne ilgutes, pdsdräg su jecd db neipdôare, kegka sa rapatlrä ab
prenase ka asnrlolr tras lkads guavds ag nlgne ilgutes.
Qgd vaz sa jd neipbatdke teke ab nlnbe y jdg nlrnubdke tekds bds jecds, sa klspegkrä ka 4:
lkads ag ndkd jecd.
>. Bes nuoes seblkdrles

Ag astd klgäilnd ab hrupe kaoa negstrulr ug góiare katarilgdke ka nuoes d kaidgkd ka
ugd aiprasd ka cuhuatas. ]drd abbe, sa kaoa klvlklr db hrupe ag tras suohrupes.
Ndkd hrupe kaoa radblzdr 41 nuoes ka 1Ø1 ag ugd jerd y ab idtarldb qua tlagag as ab
slhulagta3
 Hrupe 43 ? ndrtublgds, 4 rahbd, ? bäplnas, > tlcards, 4 pahdiagte
 Hrupe ?3 ? ndrtublgds, 4 rahbd, ? bäplnas, ? tlcards y 4 pahdiagte
 Hrupe >3 ? ndrtublgds, ? rahbds, ? bäplnas, 4 tlcard, 4 pahdiagte
â vdberdrä bd ndblkdk ka bes nuoes. Iakldgta astd dntlvlkdk sa jdräg pdtagtas bes rebas qua
dsuiag bes klstlgtes ilaiores ka ndkd uge, varaies nþie trdodcdg pdrd neerklgdrsa y
bbavdr ab trdodce dkabdgta.
â peg
pegkrä
krägg ag avlka
avlkagnl
gnldd katari
katarilgd
lgdkes
kes neiper
neipertdi
tdilag
lagtes
tes neie
neie bd neipat
neipatltl
ltlvlk
vlkdk,
dk, bd
lgklvlkudblkdk…
@lgdblzdkd bd klgäilnd sa jdrä ug kaodta ag hrupe pdrd neiagtdr teke abbe.

;. Ab hbeoe darestätlne
â prepega db hrupe ugd sltudnlþg3
sl tudnlþg3
‒Qg iataerlte nda ag ab enìdge nradgke ugd ebd hlhdgta qua kacd suiarhlkes tekes bes
negtlgagtas kab pbdgatd.
^lg aiodrhe, tó y etrds nlgne parsegds es agnegträls seoravebdgke ab ]drqua Gdnlegdb kab
[alka ag ug hbeoe. Kaspuìs ka ugds jerds, neilagzd d parkar dlra pare vals ugd lsbd. Ab idr
astä bbage ka tlouregas jdiorlagtes y bd óglnd èrid ka qua ab hbeoe bbahua d bd lsbd as tlrdr
d uge ka bes enupdgtas’.
â kaoa astdobanar ug kaodta pdrd kanlklr qulag sarä ab qua dodgkega ab hbeoe. Ndkd uge ka
bes pdrtlnlpdgtas tlaga ug reb dslhgdke3 ug sdnarketa, ugd parleklstd ka bd pragsd resd, ugd
:0
agàriard, ug dsaser pebétlne, ugd preàser ka akundnlþg prlidrld y ugd ùgnlegdrld kab
Lgstltute Gdnlegdb ka Astdkéstlnd.
Jdy qua nuipblr bds prai

prailsds
lsds ka qua3 sels bes óglnes
óglnes suparvlvl
suparvlvlagta
agtass y jdy qua dsahurdr bd
negtlg
negtlgudn
udnlþg
lþg ka bd aspanl
aspanla6
a6 kao
kaoaa teidrs
teidrsaa bd ka
kanls
nlslþg
lþg ugägli
ugäglidia
diagta
gta66 glghug
glghugee ka bes
pdrtln
pdrtlnlpd
lpdgta
gtass pu
puaka
aka dodgke
dodgkegdr
gdr vebugt
vebugtdrl
drldia
diagta
gta ab hbeoe
hbeoe y tekes
tekes kaoag
kaoag axpega
axpegarr sus
drhuiagtes.
Iakldgta astd pruaod sa pratagka dgdblzdr ab prenase ka teid ka kanlslegas ag hrupe y var
bes prenases ka neiuglndnlþg, dsé neie dgdblzdr bd ndpdnlkdk ka neepardnlþg y ka pegar ag
präntlnd bd dyukd, bd lhudbkdk. â puakag eosarvdr tdiolìg bd lglnldtlvd y ab blkardzhe.
1. Astukle ka ndses
â trdtd ka qua ab hrupe radblna ug dgäblsls axjdustlve ka ugd sltudnlþg kdkd kaska
ióbtlpbas vlslegas pdrd eotagar negnbuslegas.
negnbuslegas. Ab eocatlve ge as bbahdr d ugd óglnd sebunlþg, as
bd lgtardnnlþg y ab kläbehe agtra bes ilaiores kab hrupe.
â ablha ag prliar buhdr ug ndse, sa pbdgtad ug sebe preobaid, prasagtdgke bes katdbbas
ra
raba
bavd
vdgt
gtas
as pdrd
pdrd qu
quaa sa ne
neip
ipra
ragk
gkdd y pu
puak
akdd ra
rase
sebv
bvar
arsa
sa.. Kaoa
Kaoa dkan
dkanud
udrs
rsaa db tlpe
tlpe ka
pdrtlnlpdgtas pdrd qua sad lgtarasdgta.
â bas puaka e`ranar ug hulþg ka trdodce qua bas dyuka d nagtrdrsa. \ kaspuìs sa pbdgtad ab
ndse ka idgard rasuilkd y per hrupes sa bas e`rana.
Ndkd hrupe vd klsnutlagke ab ndse y bbahdgke d negnbuslegas sahóg ab hulþg. \ kaspuìs sa

pega ag hrdg hrupe.
As ugd tìnglnd ótlb pdrd raspatdr bds lkads ka bes neipdôares, pdrd astdobanar bd asnunjd
dntlvd, pdrd var nþie rasuabvag ag hrupe ug preobaid, nþie klsnutag bds lkads y sa pegag
ka dnuarke, atn.
Qg ndse, ka acaipbe, pekréd sar ab slhulagta (dugqua lgslstlies ag bd lipertdgnld ka qua sad
dkanudke db hrupe db qua sa klrlha)3
‒]lbdr as ugd iucar, did ka ndsd y idkra ka kes jlces qua, trds var dgugnldke ag tabavlslþg
y ag bds ravlstds ug guave ndbke ka bd idrnd Z. Ba hustd iunje bd puoblnlkdk y bds
ndrdntaréstlnds ka astd sepd, dsé neie bds vltdilgds qua tlaga.
]lbdr, kaolke d bd puoblnlkdk, sa kanlka asd idôdgd per lr d ug supariarndke d neiprdr bd

sepd. Nudgke jd pdsdke ug tlaipe, sdba ka ìb neg ug ndbke, pare ge ab ka bd idrnd Z, slge ka
bd idrnd \.
µTuì jd pdsdke ag ab supariarndke pdrd qua jdyd vdrldke su neiprd5

:8
0. Cuahe ka rebas
Neg astd klgäilnd pekaies avdbudr bd jdolblkdk qua tlagag bes ndgklkdtes ag ab use ka bd
neiugl
neiuglndn
ndnlþg
lþg nud
nudgke
gke jdy ugd slt
sltudn
udnlþg
lþg qua raseb
rasebvar
var.. â puaka
puaka eosarv
eosarvdr
dr tdi
tdiolì
olìgg bd
ndpdnlkdk ka gahenldnlþg.
]drd abbe, sa klstrlouya d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ag pdracds y sa bas kd ug ndse qua tagkräg qua
rasebvar raprasagtägk
raprasagtägkebe.
ebe.
Bes ndses puakag sar neie bes slhulagtas3
‒Idôdgd kaoe `dbtdr db trdodce y taghe qua neiuglnärsabe d il caà. ^lg aiodrhe, bd óbtlid
vaz qua ba paké dusagtdria, bd saidgd pdsdkd, kasnuorlþ qua ard iagtlrd bd axnusd qua ba
pusa. ^lg aiodrhe, idôdgd as varkdk y ganaslte dusagtdria’.
‒[aghe ugd neipdôard ka trdodce qua ia plka qua per `dver ia quaka ye jey d tarilgdr su
trdodce, dbrakaker ka ?=->= ilgutes perqua tlaga qua lrsa dgtas yd qua tlaga ugd oekd y
kaoa lr d drrahbdrsa ab pabe. D ié ge ia dpatana jdnarbe’.
8. Bd lsbd kaslartd
Astd klgäilnd ka hrupe parilta avdbudr bd ndpdnlkdk ka bes ndgklkdtes pdrd acarnar ab reb
ka békar nudgke jdy ugd sltudnlþg preobaid pdrd rasebvar.
â klvlka d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ag hrupes ka 0 neie iäxlie y sa bas agtrahd ug ndse liprase.
Kaoag sagtdrsa dbrakaker ka ugd iasd y ndkd uge ka abbes klspega kab ndse. [lagag 4=
ilgutes pdrd rasebvarbe.
Ab ndse as ab slhulagta3
‒Astäls ag ug dvlþg y es klrlhés d ugds vdndnlegas. ^lg aiodrhe, jd jdolke ug dnnlkagta ag ab

dvlþg y vesetres sels bes óglnes suparvlvlagtas d oerke kab oeta, qua astä d pugte ka
jugklrsa per ab pase
pase..
D penes flbþiatres klvlsäls ugd lsbd kaslartd, d bd qua pekìls bbahdr sl dblharäls ab pase kab
oeta.
Dqué jdy 4? eocat

eocates,
es, qua kaoìls nbdsl`lndr
nbdsl`lndr per prlerlkdk.
prlerlkdk. Jdna
Jdnakk bd nbdsl
nbdsl`lndn
`lndnlþg,
lþg, prli
prliare,
are,
lgklvlkudbiagta, y kaspuìs klsnutés
klsnutés ab erkag ka prlerlkdk ka bes eocates jdstd qua bbahuìls d
ug negsagse’.
Ab blstdke as3
 1 pdquatas ka pdôdbas
 4 ravþbvar slg iuglnlþg
 ?= bltres ka dhud petdoba

4 pdquata ka nlhdrres
 4 ndcd rahlstrdkerd neg klgare ag klàragtas iegakds
::
 1 flbes ka ndroþg
 Jlbe y dgzuabes
 ]rasarvdtlves
 ? oetabbds ka Xjlsfy
 4 pdrdndékds qua ge bbavd bds lgstrunnlegas
 4 ianjare ka ere
 4 aspace
Be iäs rabavdgta3 negsarvdr dquabbe qua pariltd saôdblzdr d bes dvlegas, neie ug aspace e ab
pdrdndékds6 be qua parilta jdnar ùahe (ianjare, ndroþg), be qua bas dyukd d seoravlvlr
(pasnd, dhud), y dquabbe neg be qua puakag nurdrsa (ab dbnejeb).
:. Neiuglndnlþg ag hrupe
â ganasltd pdpab y bäplz y sa asneha d uge ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas. Asta sarä qulag radblna ug
klouce qua bes kaiäs ge pekräg var.
â puaka neiagzdr jdnlagke klouces iäs `änlbas (odsdkes ag bégads y èrids haeiìtrlnds).
\ iäs tdrka, iakldgta lgstrunnlegas, lgtagtdrä qua ab raste ka sus neipdôares be neplag ag
sus pdpabas slg jdoarbe vlste, óglndiagta d trdvìs ka sus axpblndnlegas
<. Ab cuahe ka ndrtds

As ug
ugdd kl
klgä
gäil
ilnd
nd od
odsd
sdkd
kd ag bd neiug
neiuglndnl
lndnlþg
þg y ag nþ
nþie
ie d va
vana
nass ge lg
lgta
tarp
rpra
ratd
tdie
iess
nerrantdiagta bes iagsdcas ka etrds parsegds.
]drd abbe, sa prapdrdg klstlgtds ndrtds kegka sa pegag pdbdords3 bloartdk, keber, glôe, iasd,
nlabe…
Db neiagzdr, ab pdrtlnlpdgta plagsd ug iagsdca y sa be trdgsilta db vanlge d trdvìs ka nlgne

ndrtds (nlgne pdbdords).
Ab neipdôare
neipdôare ranlo
ranloaa bds nlgne pdbdords (nlgne ndrtds)
ndrtds) y asnrloa ag ugd jecd be qua plagsd
qua jd quarlke kanlrba ab neipdôare. \ dsé sunaslvdiagta.
Nudgke sa jd tarilgdke, sa eosarvd bd klàragnld agtra be qua sa qulse kanlr y be qua
lgtarpratþ ab neipdôare. \ db `lgdblzdr sa klsnuta dnarnd ka bd utlblkdk ka bd klgäilnd.
4=. Ab hrupe ka ndgéodbas

â tr
trdt
dtdd ka ug
ugdd kl
klgä
gäiln
ilndd qu
quaa pa
pari
rilt
ltaa bd dr
drhu
huia
iagt
gtdn
dnlþ
lþg.
g. â ka
kaoa
oa kl
klst
strl
rlou
oulr
lr d be
bess
pdrtlnlpdgtas ag hrupes ka : ndgklkdtes neie iäxlie.
Ndkd uge ka bes pdrtlnlpdgtas kaoa ranlolr ugd tdrcatd neg ug góiare (kab 4 db :) y ug
liprase kegka astì kasnrlte ab ndse.
â basjdnarbe.
pdrd kaoa lgklndr
Ab ndsequa
as kaoag sebunlegdr ab ndse hrupdbiagta y qua klspegag ka ?= ilgutes
ab slhulagta3
:<
‒: turlstds astäg ka vldca ag bd âbvd cugte db huéd, pare ka rapagta seg ndpturdkes per ugd
[rlou ka ndgéodbas. â jdg neilke db huéd y jdg agnarrdke d tekes bes turlstds. Neilìgkesa
db huéd, bes ndgéodbas tlagag pdrd ugd saidgd, y bd saidgd prþxlid abahlräg db slhulagta.
^lg aiodrhe, seg abbes qulagas kaoag kanlklr qulìg sarä ab slhulagta y ab erkag ag ab qua bes
ndgéodbas sa bes neiaräg. Kaoag kanlklr tdiolìg bd idgard ka asndpdr ka dbbé.
Ndkd uge dkeptdrä ug reb dslhgdke (sahóg ab góiare qua ba jdyd tendke) y kaska ab
parsegdca kaoa gahenldr neg bes kaiäs qua kaoa sar ab óbtlie ag sar neilke3
 Ndgtdgta eoasd qua sdoa ka Iaklnlgd
 Dsaslge cevag y ùarta
 ]restltutd necd qua sdoa ndzdr
 Dgnldge qua negena bd zegd
 Narrdcare nlahe
 Olþbehe agàrie
 Keidker ka baegas qua astä serke
 Lgtìrprata qua negena ab lkleid ka bd trlou
44. Nesds ag neióg

â plka d bes pdrtlnlpdgtas qua sa klstrlouydg ag hrupes ka dbrakaker ka 1 parsegds.
âhulkdiagta, sa bas klna qua kaoag agnegtrdr 4= nesds qua taghdg ag neióg agtra tekes
abbes.
Ge puakag kasnrlolr nesds ka vastliagtd, gl kab trdodce gl tdipene dnarnd ka bd dgdteiéd.
Kaoag teidr getd ka dquabbds nesds qua tlagag ag neióg y dgetdrbds pdrd pegarbds buahe ag
ab hrdg hrupe.
4?. ]rahugtds iuy klvartlkds
As ugd dntlvlkdk qua parilta d bes ilaiores kab hrupe negenarsa, dorlrsa db hrupe y
klvartlrsa. â kaoag prepegar ugd sarla ka prahugtds, bds qua sa enurrdg, qua puakdg kdr
cuahe y rasubtdr
rasubtdr klvartlkds.
â klvlka db hrupe ag klàragtas suohrupes ka ;-1 parsegds dbadterldiagta. â e`rana ugd

kasnrlpnlþg ka bds klàragtas prahugtds pdrd qua bds vdydg raspegklagke.
Astds prahugtds puakag sar3 ‒µka quì neber ta vas y per quì5, quì etre geiora ta juolards
abahlke,
abahlke, sl ùar
ùards
ds ug eocat
eocatee nuäb saréds,
saréds, nuäb saréd ab asbe
asbehdg
hdg ka tu vlkd, quì buhdr saréds,
atn.’.
â kaoa pegar ag neióg ag ab hrupe y kaspuìs ag ab hrdg hrupe.

<=
4>. Bd iagtlrd
]uakas neiagzdr klstrlouyagke d bes hrupes ag paquaôes hrupes ka 1 parsegds e sa puaka
radblzdr ag hrdg hrupe.
Bd lkad as qua tekes bes pdrtlnlpdgtas ablcdg tras e nudtre d`lridnlegas seora abbes ilsies.
^þbe ugd ka abbds kaoa sar iagtlrd.
As negvaglagta kdrbas tlaipe pdrd qua bds plagsag y qua sadg be su`lnlagtaiagta dkanudkds
pdrd qua d sus neipdôares bas rasubta kl`énlb abahlr nuäb as bd varkdkard.
]aklies qua bds plagsag lgklvlkudbiagta y bds asnrlodg ag ug pdpab. ]estarleriagta, y per
turges, kaoaräg baar bds `rdsas pdrd qua agtra tekes kaodtdg y bbahuag d ug dnuarke ka per
quì nraag qua asd as bd iagtlrd.
Ganasltdies qua bes ilaiores kab hrupe sa peghdg ka dnuarke y qua ndkd uge ka abbes
kaodtd y drhuiagta nuäb as su pesturd.
Iäs tdrka bd parsegd klrä nuäb ka abbds ard bd `rdsa qua ge as varkdk.
4;. Klouce neipdrtlke

â trdtd ka ugd klgäilnd
klgäilnd qua puaka jdnar d bes ilaiores kab hrupe ra`baxlegdr
ra`baxlegdr seora bd
ganaslkdk kab kläbehe y bd neiuglndnlþg pdrd ug ouag ùgnlegdilagte kab aqulpe.
â trdtd ka jdnar qua ab hrupe sdbhd ka bd jdoltdnlþg y agtra sþbe uge ka abbes. Ag bd
jdoltdnlþg jdoraies puaste ug hrdg èble e ugd plzdrrd kegka ab prliar pdrtlnlpdgta kab
hrupe neiagzdrä ug klouce.
]estarleriagta be tdpdraies kacdgke db kasnuolarte sþbe ugd pdrta ka su klouce y jdraies

pdsdr db slhulagta pdrtlnlpdgta, qua kaoarä sahulr neg ab klouce ka su neipdôare. Dsé
sunaslvdiagta jdstd qua tekes jdydg pdrtlnlpdke.
Qgd vaz tarilgdke,

aienlegas pekraiesabjdobdr
qua bas jd hagardke neg abbes dnarnd ka be qua jd sunaklke y ka bds
prenase.
41. @ete-varkdk
As ugd tìnglnd qua parilta db hrupe eosarvdr nþie bd radblkdk as gahdtlvd y gdkla pesaa bd
varkdk neipbatd, dsé neie qua neg bd dyukd ka ug hrupe bes ilaiores ka ìsta puakag
neipbaiagtdrsa.
â èridg hrupes ka dbrakaker ka 8-: parsegds y sa pega ag bd plzdrrd ugd ètehrd`éd. â

bas kd ug tlaipe pdrd eosarvdrbd, pare ge puakag jdobdr gl pegarsa ka pla.
Ab neerklgdker ratlrd bd ète y kaspuìs ndkd uge asnrloa ag ug pdpab bd akdk qua ndbnubd qua
tlaga bd parsegd.
<4
â trdtd ka ugd plgturd kegka sa puaka dpranldr, sahóg bd ilrds, ugd cevag ka dbrakaker ka
4: dôes e ugd dgnldgd.
â bas negnaka 4 ilgute pdrd qua ndkd uge idrqua bd akdk y 1 ilgutes pdrd qua be klsnutdg
ag hrupe y sa peghdg ka dnuarke neg bd akdk. Jdorä qulag jdyd vlste bds kes y qulag jdyd
vlste sþbe ugd.
Kaspuìs bas kacdies var bd ète ka guave pare ranerkägkebas qua ge puakag jdobdr. â bas
klna qua puakag dnarndrsa y varbd kaska ab äghube qua qulardg pare qua ge puakag jdobdr.
Puabvag pdrd pegarsa ka dnuarke. \ ag ugd óbtlid atdpd vebvaies d agsaôdrbas bd ète y bas
pariltlies jdobdr y dyukdrsa.
Qgd va
Qgd vazz dn
dndo
dodk
dke,
e, pa
pakl
klra
raie
iess db hr
hrup
upee qu
quaa vu
vuab
abvd
vd d ra
raug
uglr
lrsa
sa y qu
quaa ne
neia
iagt
gtaa d qu
quìì
negnbuslegas jdg bbahdke, quì jdg dpragklke y sl puakag axtrdar dbhugd negnbuslþg pdrd su
vlkd kldrld.

PDF Dinamicas de Grupo para Jovenes y Adolescentes - Compress PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Dinamicas de Grupo para Jovenes y Adolescentes - Compress PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Klgäilnds ka Hrupe pdrd Cþvagas y Dkebasnagtas

^ebe as ganasdrld bd `lnjd qua sa agnuagtrd d negtlgudnlþg, astd puaka liprlilrsa y

As ganasdrle ravlsdr tekds bds raspuastds y aipbadr dprexlidkdiagta bd ilsid ndgtlkdk ka

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Klgäilnds pdrd reipar ab jlabe y nradr ab nblid ka

@eiagtdr bd negaxlþg kab hrupe, bd neg`ldgzd y nradr ug ouag nblid ka trdodce.

Bd kurdnlþg tetdb ka astd dntlvlkdk as ka dprexlidkdiagta 41 ilgutes.

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Agnuagtre d trdvìs ka eocates

D negtlgudnlþg, ab `eridker be dgetdrä ag bd plzdrrd tekds bds eplglegas pdrd qua db

µTulìg sey5 ^ey ye

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Dklvlgd qulìg as qulag

„ Qgd sa kaklnd d bd negtdolblkdk.

„ Qgd tlaga ug tdtudca égtlie.

„ Qgd sdoa ltdbldge y `rdgnìs.

„ Qgd usd bagtlbbds.

„ Qgd tlaga iunjd iages akdk qua ab raste.

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Klgäilnds pdrd iacer

Bd kurdnlþg dprexlidkd ka bd dntlvlkdk as ka uges >= ilgutes per hrupe.

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

]dslve, dhraslve y dsartlve

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

D negtlgudnlþg, sa ndiold ka neipertdilagte suilse d dhraslve. ]ravldiagta, jdg ka

Ka guave, jdg ka quakdrsa pdrdblzdkes y ab `dnlbltdker lrä neiagtdgke y plklagke bd

Ab `dnlbltdker klrlha ug kaodta ag ab qua sa dgdblzdg bes klstlgtes astlbes neiuglndtlves y

]estarleriagta, sa lgtrekunag sltudnlegas ag bds qua ab neipertdilagte as dsartlve y sa

Ab klgdilzdker neilagzd d jdobdrbas ka bd bloartdk a lgtrekuna bd klgäilnd.

]er hrupes, kaoag doerkdr bes slhulagtas taids3

-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté blora.

-Qg ieiagte ka vlkd ag ab qua ia sagté eprlilke.

-Qg ieiagte ka il vlkd ag ab qua eprlié d etrds parsegds.

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Klgäilnds pdrd bd ra`baxlþg hrupdb a lgklvlkudb

4. µTuì jdna qqua ua aabb hrup

Astliubdgke ab pagsdilagte nrétlne

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Bd jlsterld ka Cudg y Cudgd

^uparvlvagnld ag bes Dgkas

Klgäilnds ka Lgtablhagnld Aienlegdb

^a raplta neg ab sahugke vebugtdrle.

_a`baxlþg seora ab rasubtdke y nþie sa jdg sagtlke bes vebugtdrles. Ab klgdilzdker

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Ab klnnlegdrle ka bds aienlegas

^a preievaräg aspdnles ka ra`baxlþg pdrd jdobdr ka aienlegas e olag, ab klgdilzdker

Bd hrdg jlsterld neipdrtlkd

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

^a raplta ab acarnlnle, pare ndioldgke ka rebas.

Bes seglkes ka bes dglidbas

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Ab klgdilzdker be lgtrekunlrä neie ugd klgäilnd ka prasagtdnlþg y ab eocatlve as qua ndkd

Neiagzdrä ab klgdilzdker klnlagke su geiora a liltdgke ab rulke ka ug dglidb. ]er acaipbe3

D negtlgudnlþg, bd slhulagta parsegd sa prasagtdrä y dôdklrä ab seglke ka dglidb qua ba

^l ugd parsegd sa aqulvend, teke ab hrupe kaoarä aipazdr kaska ab prlgnlple.

Bes dglidbas nlahes

Klsnuslþg3 be radbiagta lipertdgta ka astd klgäilnd ge as ab rasubtdke ka bds `lhurds, slge

Iäs ka nlag klgäilnds

Klvlklr db hrupe ag suohrupes. Ndkd uge ka abbes, kaoa abahlr d ug békar.

]er hrupes, ndkd lgtahrdgta tlaga ugd epertuglkdk ka dtarrlzdca.