Altribugga÷l.

 Dgtudmcjltj y dul gudlbi sj sakujl bjsdrrimmdlbi j altjltdbi rjjcpmdzdr dm

pjtr÷mji, gil itrds eujltjs dmtjrldtavds bj jljrkãd, md cäs usdbd js md privjlajltj
bj gicfustafmjs e÷samjs, li simi jl su dpmagdga÷l jl md iftjlga÷l bj jljrkãd d trdvás
bj md gicfusta÷l bj jstis, sali jl md krdl dpmagdga÷l quj tajljl mis nabrigdrfuris
jl baej
baejrj
rjlt
ltjs
js är
ärjd
jdss j albu
albust
stra
rads
ds,, bj dn
dnãã md ac
acpi
pirt
rtdl
dlga
gad
d bj gicp
gicprj
rjlb
lbjr
jr mds
mds
gdrdgtjrãstagds y gicpirtdcajltis bj mis nabrigdrfuris y bjm cjbai jl jm quj sil
kjljrdbis y jltrdcpdbis, bj jstd eircd gdrdgtjrazdrmis bj md cjhir cdljrd pisafmj
gil dyubd bj njrrdcajltds quj lis dyubdl d su abjltaeagdga÷l y jvdmudga÷l.

Miss rj
Mi rjka
kast
stris
ris kj
kjie
ieãs
ãsag
agis
is bj pi
pizi
ziss si
sil
l ul
uld
d bj md
mdss nj
njrrd
rrdca
cajlt
jltds
ds cäs
cäs øt
øtamamjs
js y
pibjrisds jl md iftjlga÷l bj aleircdga÷l pjtrieãsagd ljgjsdrad pdrd jm prigjsi bj
gdrdgtjrazdga÷l bj mis ydgacajltis. Mis pralgapdmjs pdräcjtris eãsagis ljgjsdrais jl
md jvdmudga÷l bj mis ydgacajlt
ydgacajltis,
is, sil8 md pirisabdb, md sdtur
sdturdga÷l
dga÷l bj nabrig
nabrigdrfuris
drfuris,,
mis jspjsirjs bj gdpds pjrcjdfmjs, y md pjrcjdfamabdb. Jstis pdräcjtris pujbjl
sjrr al
sj alej
ejra
rabis
bis bj mi
miss rj
rjka
kast
stris
ris jmág
jmágtr
trag
agis,
is, lu
lugm
gmjd
jdrjs
rjs y dg
dgøst
østag
agis.
is. Niy
Niy jl bãd
bãd md
tjglimikãd sj nd bjsdrrimmdbi bj eircd acpirtdltj y nd jlgiltrdbi uld dpmagdga÷l
bj bavj
bavjrs
rsis
is pr
pral
alga
gapa
pais
is eãsa
eãsagi
gis,
s, jl md albu
albust
stra
rad
d bjm
bjm pjtr
pjtr÷m
÷mji
ji,, tdcf
tdcfaá
aál
l sj nd
ndl
l
bjsdrrimmdbi bavjrsis cibjmis gil fdsj jl jstis cascis pralgapais eãsagis quj
jstäl prjsjltjs
prjsjltjs jl uld eircdga÷l gil giltjlabi bj nabrigd
nabrigdrfuris.
rfuris. Li ifstdltj mds

eircdgailjs pribugtirds bj nabrigdrfuris li sil titdmcjltj macpads sali quj tajljl

gdltabdbjs vdradfmjs bj drgammd, pir mi quj gicølcjltj sj mjs mmdcd eircdgailjs
drgammisds. Bjfabi d jsti, euj ljgjsdrai bjsdrrimmdr cibjmis pdrd altjrprjtdr mis
rjkastris kjieãsagis ticdbis jl eircdgailjs drgammisds.

Jm bjsdrrimmi bj mds baejrjltjs njrrdcajltds bj rjsastavabdb nd pjrcatabi dgtudmcjltj

mmjvdr d gdfi ul cjhir rjgiligacajlti bj mds rjsastavabdbjs bj md eircdga÷l.
 

7.4 Baäcjtri y eircd bjm dkuhjri.

Jxastjl 2 pralgapdmjs dspjgtis quj gileircdl jm dcfajltj bj mds cjbagailjs jl mis

rjkastris kjieãsagis bj pizi8
 Baäcjtri bjm dkuhjri y Eircd i kjicjtrãd bjm dkuhjri
 Mibi bj pjreirdga÷l (jlhdrrj y eamtrdbi)
 Rjcpjrdturd
 Gdrdgtjrãstagds bj mds rigds.

Md cdyirãd bj mis rjkastris kjieãsagis gilvjlgaildmjs gici sil8 mis rjsastavis,

dgøstagis y rdbaidgtavis sil dejgtdbis pir jm baäcjtri bjm dkuhjri js bjgar quj
tdlti ul dkuhjri rjbugabi gici uli cuy dcpmai vdl d dejgtdr mds mjgturds i
cjbagailjs bj dqujmmis.

Eakurd 4. Gjltrdbi bj md silbd.

Mis baäcjtris abjdmjs sil mis bj >– d 46– sj nd jxpjracjltdbi quj jl dkuhjris bj
jltrj 45 d 60– mis ruabis dcfajltdmjs y bj mds pripads silbds sj vdl d jxdkjrdr dsã
casci mis rjkastris quj sil girrabis jl dkuhjris bj 24/6– d :– sil rjkastris
jspjgadmjs i sjd silbds dbjgudbds pdrd jstj tapi bj baäcjtris gici mis bj
drrjkmi albugtavi js ul tapi bj njrrdcajltd sieastagdbd gil jm casci pralgapai bjm bj

Albugga÷l
Albugga÷l gilvjlgaildm pjri cdyirc
cdyircjltj
jltj dbjgudbi dsã tdcfaál dmkuli
dmkuliss rjkast
rjkastris
ris
 

bj pribugga÷l.

Jl dmkulis rjkastris cibjrlis md girrjgga÷l pir baäcjtri bjm dkuhjri sj ndgj

duticätagdcjltj.

Bj njgni js uld rjkmd quj mis rjkastris bj ul pizi sjdl prikrdcdbis pdrd sjr 
girrabis d pdrtar bj 200 i :00 cjtris jl dbjmdltj yd quj jm tufi gilbugtir i sjd md
prac
pracjr
jr tu
tufj
fjrã
rãd
d bj rj
rjvjs
vjstataca
cajl
jlti
ti qu
qujb
jbd
d gjc
gjcjl
jltd
tdbd
bd jl
jltr
trj
j mi
miss :0 d 40
400
0 c bj
prieulbabdb, dltjraircjltj md pracjr tufjrãd sj gimigdfd d 70 c y mis rjkastris
sjkøl jrd jm gdsi sj gicjlzdfdl d girrjr d bj :0 jl dbjmdltj , ticdlbi gici
fdsj quj sj gicajlzdl d girrjr d pdrtar bj :00 c jm dkuhjri js lircdmcjltj bj
60– md girrjgga÷l pir baäcjtri sj jejgtød duticätagdcjltj. Jl prieulbabdbjs
cdyirjs d 4:00 c mis dkuhjris sil lircdmcjltj jltrj >– y 46– y md girrjgga÷l js
cãlacd js pir jsti quj sj bjtjrcald quj sil mds gilbagailjs abjdmjs pdrd quj mds
mjgturd sjdl cäs gileadfmj sjd bj jstj ømtaci baäcjtri.

Gil rjspjgti d md eircd i kjicjtrãd bjm dkuhjri? sil 7 jstamis quj dbiptd md eircd
bjm dkuhjri sjkøl sjd md gargulstdlgad, rjqujracajlti i jm prikrdcd bj
pjreirdga÷l, jltilgjs tjljcis8
Md eircd bj8

 Jspardm

 Gdvjrlds

 Vukisabdb

Jspardm.

 D gdsa uld bágdbd quj mds táglagds bj pjreirdga÷l sj ndl pjrejggaildbi, sifrj
tibi pdrd dnirrdr tajcpi y pir jlbj baljri, md fdrrjld gil citir albjpjlbajltj,
mmdcdbi turfald i citir bj eilbi gil sdrtd ldvjkdfmj sj jstä jcpmjdlbi niy jl
bãd pdrd pizis bjsvadbis
bjsvadbis y barjgga
barjggaildmjs
ildmjs,, gil jstj sastjcd mis gistis bj ul pizi

bj jsds gdrdgtjrãstagds ndl fdhdbi gilsabjrdfmjcjltj, pjri sal jcfdrki li tibi

 

js cajm
cajm sif
sifrj
rj ivj
ivjhd
hds,
s, dmk
dmkuld
uldss gi
gilsj
lsjgu
gujl
jlga
gads
ds jltrj
jltrj it
itrds
rds js quj
quj jm dku
dkuhj
hjri
ri
dbquajrj uld eircd jl jspardm pdrd mi gudm jstj bjfj sjr rjpdsdbi y dgilbagaildbi
pdrd
pdrd md ticd
ticd bj mis
mis rj
rjka
kast
stri
riss kj
kjie
ieãs
ãsag
agis
is sa dq
dquj
ujmm li js mi suea
sueaga
gajl
jltj
tjcj
cjlt
ltj
j
dgilbagaildbi mds cjbagailjs sifrj tibi bj mis rjkastris rjsastavis sj vdl d vjr 

dejgtdbds yd quj md silbd jcpmjd ul drrjkmi bj pdtaljs quj vdl dbnjrabis d md

pdrjb bjm pizi.

Gdvjrlds.

Mds gdvjrlds sil tãpagds jl gdrfild

gdrfildtis
tis (gdmazds) yd quj jl jm sufsujm
sufsujmi
i i algmusavj
jl md supjreagaj mds dkuds emuvadmjs, y suftjrräljds mmjkdl d aleamtrdrsj d trdvás bj
mds gdpds rigisds igdsaildlbi md basimuga÷l bjm gdrfildti bj gdmgai pralgapdm
gicpiljltj bj jstds rigds, mmjkdlbi d privigdr md eircdga÷l bj gdvjrlds u
iqujbdbjs pir basimuga÷l bj tdm eircd quj jl ul pizi gudlbi pjljtrd jl jstds
zilds bj gdvjrlisabdb, md pjreirdga÷l sj vj dejgtdbd pir mds gilstdltjs párbabds
bj emuabi dsã casci mis rjkastris ticdbis jl jm pizi, mds cjbagailjs bj jstis,
tdcfaál sj vjl dejgtdbis pir jstds gilbagailjs bjm dkuhjri, sifrj tibi jl mis
rjkastris rdbaidgtavis yd quj bascaluyj md altjlsabdb bjm emuhi bj mis as÷tipis
caljrdmjs, mis cagrirjsastavis lis vdl d dyubdr d abjltaeagdr zilds bj gdvjrlds
gici jm CWEM yd quj jstj cabj gil cugnd prjgasa÷l md zild bjm jlhdrrj quj sjrãd
uld
uld zi
zild
ld de
dejgt
jgtdb
dbd
d pi
pirr ba
bagn
gnds
ds gd
gdvj
vjrld
rlds,
s, pu
pujbj
jbjl
l jx
jxast
astar
ar gdvj
gdvjrld
rldss td
tdcf
cfaá
aál
l jl
bimicãd
bimicãd y drjlasg
drjlasgds,
ds, mds pracjrds bjfabi d su grastdmazdga÷l
grastdmazdga÷l y mds sjkulbd
sjkulbdss pir su

gjcjltdltj quj pujbj sjr drgammi-gdmgärji i samãgagi.

Vukisabdb.
Md rukisabdb js tdcfaál uld eircd aljstdfmj bjm dkuhjri privigdbi pir jejgti bj
mds fdrrjlds, dmkulds
dmkulds li sil mds dpripadbds pdrd jm tapi bj eircdga÷l
eircdga÷l quj sj jstä
pjreirdlbi,
pjreirdlbi, pir jsi bjfj jcpmjdrs
jcpmjdrsj
j md dbjgudb
dbjgudbd
d pdrd gdbd tapi bj eircdg
eircdga÷l,
a÷l, dsã
tdcfaál uld fdrrjld yd kdstdbd, md vjmigabdb bj pjreirdga÷l quj cugnds vjgjs vd
girtdlbi y d md vjs kimpjdlbi md eircdga÷l uld sdrtd cdm basjôdbd pdrd jm pjsi
ljgjs
ljgjsdra
drai
i bj md ca
casc
scd?
d? js bj
bjga
gar,
r, qu
quj
j ti
tibd
bdss js
jstd
tdss gi
gilb
lbag
agai
ailj
ljss vdr
vdrad
adbd
bdss bj
pjreirdga÷l lis vdl d igdsaildr ul drrjkmi bjejgtuisi jl jm dkuhjri, duldbi d
 

jsti, pujbj sjr md prjsjlgad bj uld edmmd kjim÷kagd dtrdvjsdbd pir jm pizi lis
pujbj igdsaildr ul bjsvãi alvimultdrai bj md trdyjgtirad bj md pjreirdga÷l, bj akudm
eircd jm dkuhjri bjfj sjr rjpdsdbi y dgilbagaildbi pdrd jm fujl eulgaildcajlti
bj md silbd bj mis rjkastris kjieãsagis quj bjfjräl ticdrsj jl jm pizi, mis
rjkastris quj sj vdl d vjr dejgtdbis pir jstds gilbagailjs bjm dkuhjri sil mis
rjsastavis y jl gdsa tibis mis bjcäs yd quj md vjmigabdb bjmds cjbagailjs pujbj
sjr dmtjrdbd pir dtiriljs bj md silbd y pir mi gilsakuajltj mds mjgturds ticdbds.

7.6 Mibi bj pjreirdga÷l, jlhdrrj y eamtrdbi.

Mibi bj pjreirdga÷l.

Zsdlbi gici emuabi bj pjreirdga÷l darj, kds ldturdm, kdsjs aljrtjs i cjzgmds gil
dkud
dkud,, sj nd
ndl
l iftj
iftjla
labi
bi krd
krdlb
lbjs
js vj
vjlt
ltdh
dhds
ds jg
jgil÷
il÷ca
cagd
gdss jl sj
sjgga
ggail
iljs
js bj rig
rigds
ds
gilsimabdbds bilbj baeãgamcjltj sj jlgiltrdrãdl krdlbjs gdltabdbjs bj dkud, pujs
ul dp
dpirt
irtj
j dbag
dbagai
aild
ldmm bj mãmãqu
quab
abi
i gil
giltr
traf
afua
uarã
rãd
d d ei
eirc
rcdr
dr mi
mibi,
bi, jc
jcfi
fitd
tdlbi
lbi md sdr
sdrtd
td,,
jspjgadmcjltj md frigd? jm darj i kds sjgi privjjl md cdyir rdtd bj pjljtrdga÷l bj
mis baejrjltjs emuabis bj pjreirdga÷l, mis girtjs sil usudmcjltj rjbugabis d pimvi dm
casci tajcpi quj sj barakjl d md supjreagaj, dm sjr ficfdrbjdbis d dmtd vjmigabdb
giltrd mis tiim hialts. Jm trdlspirtj bj mis girtjs bjpjlbj bj md vjmigabdb jl jm
dlumdr, dm li pisjjr pripajbdbjs quj kdrdltagjl pir sã cascds md suspjlsa÷l bj mis
girtjs i s÷mabis trdlspirtdbis? sajlbi li rjgicjlbdfmj su usi dltj pdrjbjs bj

pizi aljstdfmjs, eircdgailjs pribugtirds bj dkud, eircdgailjs gil dmtd prjsa÷l bj

piri y dbvjrsis edgtirjs jgil÷cagis. Jl kjljrdm jm usi bj jstj tapi bj emuabis
rjsumtd jl uld rdtd bj pjreirdga÷l cäs räpabd, cdyir eiitdkj pdrd md frigd, cdyir 
pisafamabdb pdrd ticdr prujfds bj mds eircdgailjs, macpajzd bj mis girdziljs,
cjhirjs trdfdhis bj gjcjltdga÷l y cjhirjs gicpmjtdcajltis. Wj usd cast brammalk i
pjreirdga÷l bj lajfmd gudlbi uld pjqujôd gdltabdb bj dkud jltrd dm sastjcd,
jvjlt
jvjltud
udmc
mcjlt
jltj
j dk
dkjlt
jltjs
js jsp
jspuc
ucdlt
dltjs
js si
sil
l al
alyj
yjgt
gtdb
dbis
is jl md gi
girr
rraj
ajlt
ltj
j pi
pirr td
tdlt
lti
i
bascaluyjl md tjlsa÷l altjredgadm jltrj jm dkud, baspjrsälbimd bjltri bjm kds, mi gudm
algrjcjltd md ndfamabdb bj jmacaldr jm dkud pribugabd pir md eircdga÷l. Dkjltjs dlta-
 

girrisa÷l lircdmcjltj li sil usdbis, pjri gudlbi igurrj i sj jlgujltrd dkud, ul

alnafabir tapi dcald sarvj pdrd pritjkjr md sdrtd.

◉ Mi
Mib
bis jsp
spuc
ucis
isis
is..
Edfragdbis cjbadltj md alyjgga÷l bj dkud y dkjltjs jspucdltjs bjltri bj uld
girrajltj bj darj i kds grjdlbi ul jspucd jstdfmj y vasgisd i cjbadltj md alyjgga÷l
bj uld fdsj kjm giltjlajlbi ul dkjltj jspucdltj, su gdpdgabdb bj dgdrrji js
bjpjlbajltj cäs bj md vasgisabdb quj bj md vjmigabdb jl jm dlumdr. Jl gudlti d mis
mibis darjdbis jl uld fdsj kjm, tajljl jm prip÷sati bj rjbugar md gdfjzd nabristätagd
y prjvjlar párbabds bj gargumdga÷l jl zilds bj fdhd prjsa÷l, dbjcäs bj algrjcjltdr 
md rdtd bj pjljtrdga÷l.

◉ Mib
ibi
is f
fds
dsj
j dk
dkud.
Md fjlt
fjltil
ilatatd
d js usdb
usdbd
d pd
pdrd
rd tr
trdt
dtdr
dr mibi
mibiss bj dkud
dkud er
erjs
jsgd
gd pd
pdrd
rd sdta
sdtase
sedg
dgjr
jr mds
mds
ljgjsabdbjs kjim÷kagds bjm mibi, dsã gici pdrd giltrimdr mds párbabds bj emuabi?
iftajlj su cjhir bjsjcpjôi jl mibis quj giltjlkdl cjlis bj 40,000 ppc (pdrtjs
pirr camm
pi camm÷l
÷l)) bj gm
gmiru
iruri
ri bj si
siba
bai,
i, dm de
dejgt
jgtdr
dr kr
krdl
dlbjc
bjcjlt
jltj
j sus pr
prip
ipaj
ajbd
bdbjs
bjs.. Mi
Miss
eisedtis (sajlbi jm parieisedti ägabi bj sibai (WDPP) jm cäs usdbi) sil quãcagis
alirkäl
alirkälagi
agiss usd
usdbis
bis pdrd
pdrd baspjrs
baspjrsdr
dr jstis
jstis mib
mibis
is guy
guyds
ds vasg
vasgisa
isabdbj
bdbjss duc
ducjlt
jltdl
dl
cjbadltj
cjbadltj md giltdc
giltdcaldga÷
aldga÷l
l gil gjcjlti i gil s÷mabis pjreirdbis, sal jcfdrki, li
rjbugjl md párbabd bj emuabi y li sil jstdfmjs d tjcpjrdturds supjrairjs d mis

4:0°E. Vdrd vjz ul mibi eircdbi d pdrtar bj simi fjltilatd js usdbi, krdgads d su
edgamabdb d sjr giltdcaldbi.

◉ Mi
Mib
bis li b
bas
aspj
pjrs
rsis
is..
Ztamazdbis pdrd pjreirdr pizis pigi prieulbis i mis pracjris cjtris bj pizis
prieulbis (mibis pracdrais), jl md cdyirãd bj gdsis gicpujsti bj dkud bumgj,
fjltilatd y gdm dpdkdbd (nabr÷xabi bj gdmgai), bilbj pracjri sj nabrdtd md fjltilatd
y mujki sj dkrjkd gdm pdrd ducjltdr jm vdmir rjdm bj pulti bj gjbjlgad, quj mj bd md
gdpd
gdpdga
gabd
bdb
b bj tr
trdl
dlsp
spir
irtd
tdrr rj
rjgi
girt
rtjs
js,, d fd
fdhd
hdss rd
rdtd
tdss bj girt
girtj
j (s
(snj
njdr
dr rd
rdtj
tj).
). Md
Mdss

gdltabdbjs
gdltabdbjs rjqujrabds bj fjltilatd
fjltilatd y gdm bjpjlbjl bjm pulti bj gjbjlga
gjbjlgad
d bjsjdbi
 

(jl cugnis pizis sj pujbj usdr jltrj 4: y 6: mfc/ffm bj md pracjrd y jltrj 0.4 y 4
mfc/ffm bj md sjkulbd). Jm ifhjtavi bj jstj sastjcd js rjbugar md gdltabdb titdm bj
s÷mabis drgammisis, rjsumtdlbi jl uld rdtd bj pjljtrdga÷l dmtd. Li sil cuy jstdfmjs d
dmtds tjcpjrdturds,
tjcpjrdturds, dprixacdbdc
dprixacdbdcjltj
jltj 200°E.Pdrd jm giltrim
giltrim bj párbabd
párbabdss bj eamtrdbi
eamtrdbi

jl jstis mibis sj rjgicajlbd dkrjkdr d md cjzgmd, ul pimãcjri li a÷lagi tdm gici jm

dmca
dmcab÷
b÷l
l i jm ^G qu quj
j rj
rjsp
spjt
jtjl
jl jm pu
pult
lti
i bj gjbj
gjbjlg
lgad
ad mikr
mikrdb
dbi
i pi
pirr md gdm.
gdm. Wu
gilgjltrdga÷l gicøl vdrãd jltrj 0.: y 0.;: mfc/ffm. Li timjrdl giltdcaldgailjs
sdmalds bj 40,000 ppc y supjrairjs i giltdcaldgailjs bj gdmgai quj jxgjbdl mds
400 ppc. Li js rjgicjlbdbi jm usi bj GCG quj dgtød gici dbjmkdzdltj d rdtds
bj girtj fdhds. Pjri d dmtds vjmigabdbjs bj girtj (gicøl jl md tufjrãd bj pjreirdga÷l
y jl mds fiquammds bj md frigd) ducjltd md vasgisabdb jejgtavd bjm mibi, jmjvdlbi md
rjsastjlgad eraggaildm rjquaraálbisj cdyirjs prjsailjs bj ficfji. Li giltajljl
dbjmkdzdltjs.

◉ Mib
ibi
is b
bj
j gd
gdmgai.
 Dmtdcjltj trdtdbis gil gicpujstis bj gdmgai, gdta÷l bavdmjltj quj alnafj jm
nalgndcajlti bj mds drgammds bj mds eircdgailjs pjreirdbds, cuy utamazdbis pdrd
giltrimdr sndmjs eägamcjltj bjscirildfmjs. Rdcfaál dpmagdbis jl md pjreirdga÷l bj
sjggailjs bj dlnabratd bj gilsabjrdfmj jspjsir y jl jstrdtis gil emuhis bj dkud
sdmdbd. Jstis mibis baeajrjl bj mis itris fdsj dkud, jl quj mds drgammds fdsj sibai bj
gudmquajr fjltilatd gicjrgadm i md fjltilatd quj dpirtd md eircdga÷l js gilvjrtabd d
drga
drgammmmds
ds fd
fdsj
sj gd
gdmg
mgai
ai cjba
cjbadl
dlttj md db
dbag
agaa÷l bj gd
gdmm i yj
yjsi
si,, timj
timjrd
rdlb
lbi
i dmtd
dmtdss
gilgjltrdgailjss bj s÷mabis drgamm
gilgjltrdgailj drgammisis
isis gil fdhds vasgisab
vasgisabdbjs
dbjs d gicpdr
gicpdrdga÷l
dga÷l bj mis
itris emuabis fdsj dkud erjsgd.

Jstis sastjcds sil rjejrabis gici mibis fdsj gdm i fdsj yjsi bjpjlbajlbi gudm bj
jstis quãcagis js usdbi pdrd gilvjrtar jm sastjcd d fdsj gdmgai. Lircdmcjltj sj
iftajljl pir md dbaga÷l bj gdm dpdkdbd, bj tdm eircd quj md drgammd s÷bagd (fjltilatd),
sj gilvajr
gilvajrtd
td jl drga
drgammd
mmd gämg
gämgagd
agd,, cdl
cdltjl
tjlaál
aálbisj
bisj usu
usudmc
dmcjlt
jltj
j gilg
gilgjlt
jltrdg
rdgail
ailjs
js jl
jxgjsi bj gdm8 bj 4 d 6 mfc/ffm (jl mibis fdhis jl gdm) i bj : d4: mfc/ffm (jl mibis
dmtis jl gdm) y jl mis sastjcds bj yjsi ul jxgjsi bj 6 d 2 mfc/ffm, pdrd li dgjptdr 
 

mi
miss qu
quj
j pu
pujb
jbdl
dl dp
dpirt
irtdr
dr mds ei
eirc
rcdg
dgai
ailj
ljs,
s, al
aldmt
dmtjrä
jrälb
lbim
imds
ds,, pr
prjv
jval
alaj
ajlb
lbi
i eirc
eircdr 
dr 
gdvjrlds.

◉ Mi
Mib
bis baspj
aspjrs
rsis
is..
Cuy øtamjs gudlbi sj pjreird d krdlbjs prieulb
prieulbabdbjs
abdbjs i jl eircdgailjs dmtdcj
dmtdcjltj
ltj
prifmjcätagds, pujs prjsjltdl gici gdrdgtjrãstagd pralgapdm md baspjrsa÷l bj drgammds
gilstatutav
gilstatutavds,
ds, dbjmkdzdlbi jm mibi. Gicpujst
Gicpujstis
is pir fjltilatd,
fjltilatd, s÷mabis pjreir
pjreirdbis
dbis y
fdhds gilgjltrdgailjs bj dkjltjs baspjrsdltjs, tdmjs gici mis maklisumeildtis y
maklatis? jm PN bj jstj mibi jstä jltrj >.: y 40.: pdrd cdltjljr jstdfmj jm LdIN quj
js rjqujrabi pdrd dgtavdr jm dkjltj baspjrsdltj usdbi. Jstis mibis pujbjl sjr 
sacamdrjs jl dpmagdfamabdb d mis mibis gil eisedti, pjri pujbjl sjr usdbis d cdyirjs
prieulbabdbjs krdgads d md jstdfamabdb bjm dkjltj baspjrsdltj, mis maklatis sil cäs
jstdfmjs quj mis maklisumeildtis d tjcpjrdturds jmjvdbds y sil cäs jejgtavis gici
dkjltj bj giltrim bj párbabd bj gargumdga÷l, dulquj mis maklisumeildtis sil cjhirjs
dkjltjs baspjrsdltjs, jm gdrägtjr rjbugtir bj eamtrdbi pdrd jm maklisumeildtis sj
bjkrdbd d 7:0°E. Jstd gicfaldga÷l bj dbatavis nd sabi uld bj mds cdyirjs rdziljs
pdrd
pdrd pjr
pjrei
eird
rdrr d dm
dmtd
tdss prj
prjsa
sailj
iljss y pi
pirr mi td
tdlt
lti
i d dmtd
dmtdss tj
tjcp
cpjrd
jrdtu
turds
rds cj
cjba
badl
dltj
tj
ifsjrvdgailjs rjdmazdbds jl uld gjmbd bj dmtd tjcpjrdturd y prjsa÷l? li ifstdltj,
alba
albagd
gdl
l qu
quj
j jsti
jstiss mibi
mibiss bj
bjsj
sjst
stdf
dfamamaz
azdl
dl sndm
sndmjs
js qu
quj
j gilt
giltaj
ajlj
ljl
l dr
drga
gammmmds
ds bj
ciltcirammilatd j algmusi jl drgammds ammãtagds, gmirãtagds y gdimalãtagds? jsti tdcfaál sj
nd vj
vjrae
raeag
agdbi
dbi jl lu
lucj
cjris
risds
ds ipjr
ipjrdga
dgail
iljs
js bj gd
gdcp
cpi.
i. Md vdma
vdmais
isd
d pr
pripa
ipajbd
jbdb
b bj
bjmm
maklisumeil
maklisumeildtis,
dtis, pdrd bjemi
bjemigumdr
gumdr y baspjr
baspjrsdr
sdr drgam
drgammds,
mds, sj gilvaj
gilvajrtj
rtj jl rjspilsd
rjspilsdfmj
fmj bj
bdôis jl md eircdga÷l (rjbugga÷l jl md pjrcjdfamabdb) dmtdcjltj saklaeagdtavis d
cjbabd quj alvdbj zilds pitjlgadmcjltj pribugtirds quj giltjlkdl drgammds, jstds
pjrcjdfamabdbjs pujbjl rjbugarsj bj tdm cdljrd, quj altjrvdmis pitjlgadmcjltj
pribugtirjs
pribugtirjs pujbjl alagadmc
alagadmcjltj
jltj pdsdrsj pir dmti i algmu
algmusi
si bjspuás bj prifdr pdrd
cardr jm pitjlgadm bj pribugtavabdb, bjhdrmis dfdlbildbis.

◉ Mi
Mibi
biss f
fdh
dhis
is jl sima
simabi
bis.
s.
Wil dqujmmis mibis jl mis gudmjs md gdltabdb y tapis bj s÷mabis sil jstragtdcjltj
giltrimdbis. Jstis li bjfjl prjsjltdr pirgjltdhjs jl vimucjl bj s÷mabis titdmjs
pir jlgacd bj 40% y md rjmdga
rjmdga÷l
÷l bj s÷mab
s÷mabis
is pjreirdbis d fjltilatd
fjltilatd,, bjfj sjr cjlir 
 

quj 684. Jl dôis rjgajltjs ndl dpdrjgabi pribugtis lujvis quj ndgjl prägtagi jm
usi bj mibis gil gmiruri bj pitdsai, guyd gilgjltrdga÷l bj gmiruri bj pitdsai usdbd
bjpjlbj bjm tapi bj eircdga÷l d pjreirdr. Mis mibis gil gilgjltrdgailjs fdhds (bj :
d ; % jl pjsi bj dkud utamazdbd pdrd prjpdrdr jm mibi) sj usdl jl eircdgailjs bj

sndmjs earcjs i bj sndmjs aljstdfmjs quj giltjlkdl cuy pigd jscágtagd y jl

drjl
drjlds
ds pitj
pitjlg
lgad
admc
mcjlt
jltj
j ra
ragd
gdss jl na
nabr
brigd
igdrfu
rfuri
riss quj
quj puj
pujbjl
bjl su
suer
erar
ar bd
bdôi
ôiss jl su
pjrc
rcj
jdfa
fammabd
bdb
b dm pi
pil
ljrsj jl gil
ilttdgt
gti
i gil dkud bu
bummgj. Mis mibi
biss gi
gil
l
gilgjltrdgailjs dmtds (bj 40 d 60 % jl pjsi bj dkud) sj utamazdl pdrd pjreirdr 
sndmjs tapi kucfi (quj sj ndgjl pjkdhis
pjkdhisis
is y pajrbjl
pajrbjl su pirisa
pirisabdb
bdb dm giltdgti
giltdgti gil
jm dkud bumgj), y pdrd pjreirdr ”sndmjs– ragis jl jscágtagd. Md gicpisaga÷l fäsagd
bj jstis mibis js8 dkud bumgj i dkud bj cdr, gmiruri bj pitdsai, ul pimãcjri pdrd
alnafaga÷l
alnafaga÷l (pimadgramdc
(pimadgramdcabd
abd kjljrdm
kjljrdmcjltj
cjltj),
), ul pimãc
pimãcjri
jri kjljrdbir
kjljrdbir bj vasgisa
vasgisabdb
bdb (tapi
^G gil erjgujlgad), fjltilatd prjnabrdtdbd, dmcab÷l jstdfamazdbi i GCG, pitdsd
gäustag
gäustagd
d i si sibd
bd gäu
gäust
stag
agd,
d, y itris
itris db
dbatatav
avis
is gi
gici
ci mumufr
frag
agdl
dltj
tjs.
s. GiGici
ci ed edgt
gtirj
irjss
ac
acpi
pirt
rtdl
dltj
tjss d gi
gils
lsab
abjrd
jrdrr sj gi
gilt
ltjc
jcpm
pmdl8
dl8»» Fdhd
Fdhd ti
timj
mjrd
rdlg
lgad
ad d mimiss s÷
s÷mamabi
bis,
s, pir 
gilsakuajltj tajlbjl d sjr dmtdcjltj prigjsdbis, ndgajlbi bj jstj mibi uli bj mis
cäs iljrisis.» Bjfabi dm prjsjlgad ljgjsdrad bj pimãcjris, pdrd giltrimdr mds
párbabds bj eamtrdbi, macatd su usi d tjcpjrdturds bj 6:0°E gici cäxaci.» Jxnafjl
ul gicpirtdcajlti bj pmästagi bj Falkndc, gil pultis bj gjbjlgad dmtis y fujlds
vasgisabdbjs
vasgisabdbjs d rdtds bj girtj fdhds? su gdpdga
gdpdgabdb
bdb bj macpa
macpajzd
jzd bjm pizi js krdlbj.
krdlbj.»»
Wjkøl vasudmazdgailjs, jl mdfirdtirai, jl uld gjmbd bj dmtd tjcpjrdturd y dmtd

prjsa÷l, albagdl quj jm mibi gil gmiruri bj pitdsai js jm mibi fdsj dkud cäs jejgtavi
pdrd jstdfamazdr sndmjs prifmjcätagis.» Jm gilsuci bj gmiruri bj pitdsai js cuy
jmjvdbi jl sndmjs gil gdpdgabdb bj altjrgdcfai gdta÷lagi dmtd (sndmjs tapi kucfi),
pir mi tdlti jm vdmir bj md gilgjltrdga÷l gdj bjcdsadbi fdhi y sj rjbugj md
jejgtavabdb pdrd jstdfamazdr sndmjs.

◉ Mi
Mibi
biss ssdt
dtur
urdb
dbis
is gil
gil ssdm
dm..
Licfrj gicøl pdrd ul mibi bj pjreirdga÷l jl jm quj md edsj dkud jstä sdturdbd
(cãlaci 4>1,000 ppc) bj gmiruri bj sibai (algmusavj 74:,000 ppc @ 5>°E). Jm
giltjlabi sdmali pujbj privjlar pripadcjltj bjm dkud, cjbadltj dbaga÷l jl md
 

supjreagaj i dpirtj bj mds eircdgailjs pjreirdbds? vdrads sdmjs pujbjl sjr usdbds
sjkøl jm prip÷sati jspjgãeagi, gici mds bj sibai, gdmgai, cdkljsai y pitdsai. Md
fdsj gilvjlgaildm bj jstis mibis js md dtdpumkuatd i fjltilatd prjnabrdtdbd y mis
gicpujstis bj stdrsn i dmcab÷l y gdrfixacjtamgjmumisd (GCG) quj sil usdbis pdrd

jm giltrim bj párbabds bj emuabi. Bjfj gilsabjrdrsj quj8 » Wj ndgj gdsa alcdljhdfmj

gudlbi sj pjrcatj quj jm gilhulti bj s÷mabis bj krdvjbdb jspjgãeagd fdhd sj vujmvd
dmti. Dsã, pdrd quj ul mibi sdturdbi gil sdm y bj bjlsabdb bj 44.4 mfc/kdm gucpmd
fajl sus eulgailjs bjfj prjsjltdr- gici cäxaci- 1% jl vimucjl
(dprixacdbdcjltj ;: mfc/ffm), bj s÷mabis bj fdhd krdvjbdb jspjgaeagd. » Bjspuás
bj mis mibis fdsj dgjatj y bj mis prjpdrdbis gil gmiruri bj pitdsai (jxgmuyjlbi mis
prjpdrdbis gil cdtjradmjs pimacáragis), mis mibis sdturdbis gil sdm sil bj mis
cjhirjs pdrd pjreirdr ”sndmjs– prifmjcätagis. Li ifstdltj, cugnds vjgjs sj iptd
pir li usdr mis mibis sdturdbis gil sdm pir bis rdziljs8 4) rjquajrjl gdltabdbjs
cdyirjs bj cdtjradmjs pdrd giltrimdr sus párbabds bj eamtrdbi, bjfabi d quj sil
sastjcds alnafabis (prjsjltdl dbatavis quj acpabjl i macatdl su rjdgga÷l gil mds
eircdgailjs pjreirdbds), gil krdlbjs gdltabdbjs bj sdm gicøl. 6) baeagumtdb pdrd
giltrimdr sus pripajbdbjs rjim÷kagds, pir su edgamabdb bj baspjrsdr jl jm mibi mis
rjgi
rjgirt
rtjs
js bj md eirc
eircdg
dga÷
a÷l,
l, satu
satudg
dga÷
a÷l
l bj
bjfa
fabd
bd,, pr
pral
alga
gapd
pdmc
mcjl
jltj
tj d md gdãb
gdãbd
d bj md
gilgjltrdga÷l bj sdm pir bjfdhi bjm pulti bj sdturdga÷l i dm ducjlti pir jlgacd bj
mis
mis lavj
lavjmj
mjss cä
cäxa
xaci
cis,
s, bj s÷ma
s÷mabi
biss bj fd
fdhd
hd kr
krdv
dvjb
jbdb
db jspj
jspjgã
gãeaeagd
gd,, dsã
dsã jm dk
dkud
ud
pjrcdljzgd sdturdbd bj sdm.» Ealdmcjltj pujbj bjgarsj quj d pjsdr bj jstdr mds

gilgjltrdgailjs bj s÷mabis bjltri bj mis mãcatjs dpripadbis, ul mibi sdturdbi gil

sdmm dm
sd dmgd
gdlz
lzd
d eu
eujr
jrzds
zds bj kj
kjmm cu
cuyy dm
dmtd
tds,
s, sa
sal
l jc
jcfd
fdrk
rki
i js
jstd
td sa
satu
tudga
dga÷l
÷l pu
pujb
jbj
j sj
sjr 
r 
rjcjbadbd gil md dbaga÷l bj maklisumeildtis y sibd gäustagd.

◉ Mib
Mibis
is gi
gil
l cdt
cdtjra
jradm
dmjs
js pi
pimamacá
cárag
ragis.
is.
Wil dqu
dqujmm
jmmis
is fds
fdsj
j dku
dkud
d bum
bumgj
gj i sdm
sdmdbd
dbd,, quj taj
tajljl
ljl alg
algirpi
irpirdbi
rdbiss gicpuj
gicpujsti
stiss
quãcagis bj gdbjld mdrkd y pjsi cimjgumdr dmti, quj pujbjl giltrafuar8 (4) dm giltrim
bj párbabds bj eamtrdbi y bj pripajbdbjs rjim÷kagds, (6) d md jstdfamabdb tárcagd, (7) d
md rjsastjlgad dltj giltdcaldltjs, (2) d md pritjgga÷l bj zilds pitjlgadmcjltj
pribugtirds, (:) d cdltjljr md jstdfamabdb bj mds eircdgailjs dtrdvjsdbds, (5) d bdr 
 

mufragdga÷l
mufragdga÷l d md sdrtd, prjvjl
prjvjlar
ar pjkds y girrisa
girrisa÷l,
÷l, (;) d cjhirdr md pjreir
pjreirdfamab
dfamabdb,
db, (>)
d cdltjljr ul dcfajltj macpai, jtg. Jltrj mis cdtjradmjs pimacáragis cäs usdbis
jstäl8 jm dmcab÷l, mds kicds bj ”Kudr–, ”^dltndl– y bj dmkdrrifi, GCG, jm maklati, md
gjmumisd pimadla÷lagd, mis pimadgramdtis, jm gipimacjri bj valam dcabd/valam sumeildti, md

pimadgramdcabd pdrgadmcjltj nabrimazdbd, mis ägabis pimadcaldbis y md cjtamkmugisd,

jltrj itris. Md bjsvjltdhd rjmdtavd cäs pricaljltj bj mis mibis gil cdtjradmjs
pimacáragis pdrjgj sjr su dmti gisti sajlbi supjrdbis jl gisti pir mibis fdsj
dgjatj y fdsj cdtjradm saltátagi.

◉ Ømtac
Ømtacis
is mi
mibis
bis p
pripujst
ripujstis
is gic
gici
i dm
dmtjrldt
tjrldtavd
avd d mis eemuabis
muabis ljucät
ljucätagis.
agis.
Jl cicjltis jl mis gudmjs mds táglagds bj pjreirdga÷l, bj fdhi fdmdlgj bj prjsa÷l
(ulbjrfdmdlgj) tajljl krdl dpmagdga÷l jl mis Jstdbis Zlabis bj Dcáragd (cäs bjm
46% bj mis pizis dmmã pjreirdbis burdltj 411; sj pmdljdril gil jstj cátibi), js
dsã quj sj nd pripujsti ul lujvi sastjcd bj mibis quj ndl sabi prifdbis jl
gdcpi gil áxati y quj sj gilstatuyjl jl uld fujld dmtjrldtavd dm usi bj emuabis
ljucätagis, pujs gil jmmis8» Wj pujbj baspiljr bj ul mibi bj cuy fdhd bjlsabdb j
algicprjsafmj.» Wj jmacaldl mis krdlbjs gicprjsirjs rjqujrabis pir mis emuabis
ljuc
ljucät
ätag
agis
is.»
.» Wj pu
pujb
jbjl
jl utam
utamaz
azdr
dr nj
njrr
rrdc
dcaj
ajlt
ltds
ds C[
C[B.
B. Gici
Gici gil
gil mis
mis emua
emuabi
biss
ljucätagis, gil jstis lujvis mibis sj pujbjl mikrdr rdtds bj pjreirdga÷l dmtds y

bascaluar mis bdôis bj eircdga÷l y mds párbabds bj gargumdga÷l. Md rjbugga÷l bj

bjlsabdb jl mibis gilvjlgaildmjs algmusi pujbj ; u itrds sustdlgads girrisavds?
mikrdrsj dkrjkdlbi (jl gilgjltrdgailjs bj cäs bjm 60%, jl vimucjl) jsejrds bj
vabrai nujgds (krdvjbdb jspjgaeagd bj 0.7;, baäcjtri pricjbai bj :0 cagr÷cjtris y
7,000 psa bj rjsastjlgad dm gimdpsi) bjsdrrimmdbds gil jm duspagai bjm Bjpdrtdcjlti
bj Jljrkãd bj mis Jstdbis Zlabis. Bj eägam rjciga÷l y rjgagmdfmjs.

◉ Mi
Mib
bis fds
dsj
j dg
dgj
jatj.
atj.
Jxastjl bis tapis pralgapdmjs bj sastjcds8 d) Mibis bj dgjatj? quj giltajljl cjlis

bjmm :% jl dk
bj dkud
ud y gilt
giltaj
ajlj
lj cj
cjzg
zgmd
mdss bj ämgd
ämgdmamas,
s, ägab
ägabis
is ir
irkä
käla
lagi
gis,
s, dk
dkjl
jltj
tjss
 

jstdfamazdltjs, dsedmtis ixabdbis y baásjm bj dmti pulti bj mmdcd i dgjatjs caljrdmjs

li t÷xagis. Zli bj sus pralgapdmjs usis js jmacaldr jm rajski bj giltdcaldga÷l bj
mds zilds pribugtirds. Mis giltdcaldltjs gici md sdm i md dlnabratd li pujbjl
dejgtdrmis
dejgtdrmis y tajlj krdl dpmagdga÷
dpmagdga÷l
l jl prieulbabdb y dmtds tjcpjrdturds,
tjcpjrdturds, tdcfa
tdcfaál
ál sil

jspjgadmjs pdrd mds ipjrdgailjs bj girdzildcajlti. f) Jcumsailjs alvjrtabds8 jstis

sastjcds giltajljl cäs bjm :0% jl dkud, quj sj jlgujltrd giltjlabd bjltri bjm
dgja
dgjatj
tj cjba
cjbadlt
dltj
j jc
jcums
umsaeaeag
agdl
dltj
tjss jsp
jspjga
jgadm
dmjs?
js? js
jstj
tj mi
mibi
bi js jst
jstdfm
dfmj
j d baej
baejrjl
rjltj
tjss
tjcpjrdturds. Jm usi bj jstis bis tapis bj mibis rjquajrj guabdbis dcfajltdmjs
bjfabi d su jmjvdbi pibjr giltdcaldltj. Pujbjl pjsdr ;.: ppk (mafrds pir kdm÷l)
sal jm usi bj cdtjradmjs pjsdltjs. Jstis mibis ndl sabi jcpmjdbis gil áxati pdrd
cugnds tdrjds bj pjreirdga÷l gil8 pizis prieulbis gil gilbagailjs jxtrjcds bj
prjsa÷l y tjcpjrdturd? prifmjcds bj pjkd bj tufjrãd y bj jstdfamabdb bj pizi?
ljgjsabdb bj dtrdvjsdr zilds quj giltajljl sdmjs, yjsi i dlnabratd? prjsjlgad bj
sumeuri bj nabr÷kjli ndmmdzki bj eircdgailjs pitjlgadmcjltj pribugtirds? krdl
ljgjsabdb bj calacazdr md eragga÷l y mis tirqujs (jl pizis dmtdcjltj bjsvadbis).
Mdstacisdcjltj su gdrägtjr giltdcaldltj nd rjstralkabi su usi.

◉ Mi
Mibi
biss guyd
guyd edsj
edsj gilt
giltal
alud
ud js ”c
”cdt
dtjr
jrad
admm salt
saltát
átag
agi
i (p
(pri
ribu
buga
gabi
bi pi
pirr sãlt
sãltjs
jsas
as
quãcagd).
Jstd lujvd gmdsj bj mibis ‗bjlicaldbis ”mibis fdsdbis jl sjubi-dgjatj– ‗ pisjjl
md cdyirãd bj pripajbdbjs bj mis mibis gil edsj giltalu
giltalud
d dgjatisd y gil su usi sj
pibrãdl bascaluar mis krdlbjs prifmjcds bj giltdcaldga÷l gdusdbis, pjri cugnis
bj jmmis prjsjltdl tixagabdb dguätagd. Dul dsã, dmkulis dutirjs rjgicajlbdl jstis
lujvis mibis gici uld dmtjrldtavd dm usi bj mibis guyd edsj giltalud js dgjatj.
Itrds bjsvjltdhds sil8 jm gisti (vdrais gajltis bj b÷mdrjs pir fdrram, satudga÷l quj sj
dkrdvdrãd
dkrdvdrãd gil md prjsjlgad bj párbabds bj gargumdga÷l
gargumdga÷l)) y su pigd jstdfamabd
jstdfamabdb
b d dmtds
tjcpjrdturds
tjcpjrdturds.. Jltrj mis cdtjr
cdtjradmjs
admjs saltátag
saltátagis
is cäs jcpmjdbis sj jlgujltrdl8
jlgujltrdl8 Jstjr?
Átjr, Pima-dmed-imjeald, Dmquam-fjlgjli-maljdm y Dmed-imjeald maljdm.

Jlhdrrj y eamtrdbi.

Zld bj mds eulgailjs quj tajlj jm emuabi bj pjreirdga÷l js jm grjdr ul jlhdrrj y mikrdr 
gilt
giltri
rimd
mdrr mds
mds pr
prjs
jsai
ailj
ljss qu
quj
j sj pujb
pujbdl
dl ar jlgi
jlgilt
ltrd
rdlb
lbi
i gile
gileir
ircj
cj dvdl
dvdlzd
zd md
 

pjreirdga÷l. Jm usi bjm mibi bj pjreirdga÷l pujbj trdjr gici gilsjgujlgad quj jl
mds eircdgailjs pirisds y pjrcjdfmjs sj pribuzgd uld eamtrdga÷l bj md edsj mãquabd
quj gicpiljl d bagni mibi bj pjreir
pjreirdga÷l,
dga÷l, bjltri
bjltri bj md eircdga÷l,
eircdga÷l, mi quj js cjhir 
giligabi gici ”eamtrdbi bjm mibi–, gici rjsumtdbi bj jstj ejl÷cjli quj js md

eamtrdga÷l, mds pdrtãgumds s÷mabds sj vdl qujbdlbi jl md pdrjb bjm pizi, bdlbi irakjl
d md eircdga÷l bj uld pjmãgumd bj mibi mmdcdbi ”jlhdrrj i rjviquj–.

Gdfj cjlgaildr
cjlgaildr quj, dm pralgapai bj ul ratci bj eamtrdga÷
eamtrdga÷l,
l, jstd eamtrdga÷l dmgdlzd su
vdmir cäxaci y gileircj vd dvdlzdlbi jm tajcpi, jm eamtrdbi vd bascaluyjlbi yd quj
jm jspjsir bjm jlhdrrj vd ducjltdlbi y jvatd md jltrdbd bj eamtrdbi.

Jm giltrim bj md rjmdga÷l bj eamtrdga÷l js ljgjsdrai pir bis rdziljs8

4. Zld jxgjsavd eamtrdga÷l privigd ul jxgjsavi jlhdrrj. Vjbugj jm baäcjtri bjm

dkuhjri, jsti algrjcjltd md pisafamabdb bj quj sj dtirj md fdrrjld bj pjreirdga÷l
jl jm cicjlti bj su jxtrdgga÷l. Igdsaild prifmjcds jl md altjrprjtdga÷l bj
rjkastris.

6. Zld jxgjsavd pjrbabd bj eamtrdbi gdusd uld alvdsa÷l prieulbd, igdsaildlbi krdl
baeagumtdb jl md altjrprjtdga÷l bj mis rjkastris. Zld alvdsa÷l prieulbd altribugj
uld krdl gdltabdb bj dkud bjltri bj md eircdga÷l y rjbugj md pjrcjdfamabdb.

Wa ticdcis jl gujltd jm edgtir jmágtragi, jm gicpirtdcajlti bj eamtrdga÷l bjltri bjm

sastjcd rigd emuabis, js ul pigi baejrjltj d quj sa jstj sj jlgiltrdrd simdcjltj

sicjtabi dm dkud bj eircdga÷l y/i nabrigdrfuris. Pir mi tdlti, sj dldmazdräl jstis
bis gdsis quj sj prjsjltdl jl md cdyirãd bj mis pizis.

 Eircdgailjs gil dkud gici emuabi ølagi irakaldm.

Md sakuajltj eakurd js md rjprjsjltdga÷l bj ul girtj bj ul pizi y bj uld zild
vjgald, jl uld eircdga÷l quj simi tajlj giltjlabi bj dkud, sa vdcis bjm gjltri bjm
pizi ndgad dbjltri bj md eircdga÷l pibjcis dprjgadr y bastalkuar mds baejrjltjs
zilds bj eamtrdbi.
 

Bilbj8
Vc8 Mibi bj pjreirdga÷l

Vcg8 Jlhdrrj i Vjviquj

Vxi8 Xild Fdrrabd i Mdvdbd

Va8 Xild Alvdbabd (trdlsagaildm)

Vi8 Xild Li Alvdbabd (Uarkjl i li giltdcaldbd pir eamtrdbi)

Jstd eakurd rjprjsjltd ul pjream bj md vdradga÷l bj mds rjsastavabdbjs bj mds baejrjltjs

zilds, pdrtajlbi bjsbj jm gjltri i jhj bjm pizi ndgad dbjltri bj md eircdga÷l, y
supilajlbi gici ul gdsi cuy kjljrdm quj md rjsastavabdb bjm eamtrdbi bjm mibi js
cdyir quj md rjsastavabdb bjm dkud bj md eircdga÷l d md tjcpjrdturd cascd quj sj
jlgujltrd jm altjrvdmi jl ifsjrvdga÷l.

Gdbd zild cjlgaildbd dltjraircjltj tajlj sus gdrdgtjrãstagds albavabudmjs, quj

sil8

◉ Md Xild Fdrrabd (Vxi), js md zild bilbj nd igurrabi jm cäxaci

bjspmdzdcajlti bj dkud bj md eircdga÷l bjfabi dm eamtrdbi bjm mibi, pir mi

 

tdl
dltti md rj
rjsa
sast
staavabd
vabdb
b bj js
jstd
td zi
zild
ld js cäs dmt
dmtd quj md bj md zild
zild li
giltdcaldbd? js pir jsi quj jstd zild js bj cugnd acpirtdlgad burdltj md
altjrprjtdga÷l gudltatdtavd bj mis rjkastris jmágtragis yd quj mis vdmirjs bj
rjsasta
rjsastavab
vabdb,
db, quj sil ift
iftjla
jlabis
bis pir mds cjb
cjbaga
agailj
iljss bj mds cag
cagris
risilbd
ilbds,
s,

edgamatdl md iftjlga÷l bjm edgtir bj eircdga÷l, quj pdrd jstj gdsi jl pdrtagumdr 
qujbdrãd jxprjsdbi bj md sakuajltj eircd8

◉ Md Xild AAlvdb
lvdbabd
abd (V
(Va)
a) gic
gicprjl
prjlbj
bj tdc
tdcfaál
faál mmd
d zild fdr
fdrrab
rabd
d dltj
dltjss bjsgr
bjsgratd
atd y sj
bjealj gici md zild quj dfdrgd md alvdsa÷l bj eamtrdbi bj mibi? pdrtajlbi bj md
pdrjb bjm pizi ndgad bjltri bj md eircdga÷l, gdbd vjz jxastarä cjlir alvdsa÷l
bj eamtrdbi bjm mibi, dsã krdbudmcjltj ndstd mmjkdr d uld zild titdmcjltj li
giltdcaldbd (Vi). Pir mi tdlti, pibjcis bjgar quj mis mãcatjs bj jstd zild
sil Vxi y Vi.

◉ Md Xild L
Li
i Alvd
Alvdbab
babd
d i Li Giltdcal
Giltdcaldbd
dbd (V
(Vi)
i) taj
tajlj
lj gic
gicajl
ajlzi
zi bilbj
bilbj tjr
tjrcal
cald
d
md zild alvdbabd y pujbj sjr bjealabd gici md zild bilbj md alvdsa÷l li tajlj
alemujlgad dmkuld, pir mi tdlti, pibjcis bjgar quj su rjsastavabdb sjrä md
rjsastavabdb vjrbdbjrd bj md eircdga÷l quj sj jlgujltrd alvdbabd dm 400% gil
dkud sdmdbd.
Eircdgailjs gil Nabrigdrfuris.
Md sakuajltj eakurd rjprjsjltd ul girtj niraziltdm bj ul pizi, pjri d baejrjlgad bjm
gdsi dltjrair, jstj sj rjeajrj d uld eircdga÷l quj tajlj giltjlabi bj nabrigdrfuris.

◉ Md Xil
Xild
d Fdrra
Fdrrabd
bd (Vx
(Vxt),
t), sj tj
tjlbrä
lbrä db
dbjcä
jcäss bj eamtrdbi
eamtrdbi bj
bjmm mibi bj pj
pjrei
reirdga
rdga÷l,
÷l,
ul giltjlabi bj nabrigdrfuris rjsabudmjs, yd quj jm bjspmdzdcajlti bj mis
nabrigdrfuris pir jm dkud bjm eamtrdbi bjm mibi li js jejgtavi dm 400%.
Md Xild Alvdbabd (Va) tajlj gudmatdtavdcjltj mis cascis macatjs quj jl jm gdsi bj md
eircdga÷l alvdbabd dm 400% bj dkud, jl igdsailjs pujbj jxastar ul dlammi bj fdhd
rjsastavabdb d gajrtd bastdlgad bj md pdrjb bjm pizi bjltri bj md eircdga÷l, mi gudm
girrj
girrjsp
spilb
ilbj
j dm gi
gile
leal
aldc
dcaj
ajlt
lti
i bj
bjmm dkud
dkud al
altj
tjrst
rstag
agad
admm bj md ei
eirc
rcdg
dga÷
a÷l
l qu
quj
j eu
euj
j
 

bjspmdzdbd pir jm eamtrdbi bjm mibi? dnird, sa jm dlammi li jxastj, jm gdcfai bj

rjsastavabdb bj Vxt d Vt sjrä krdbudm.

7.7 Rjcpjrdturd.
Md jstacdga÷l bj md tjcpjrdturd bj eircdga÷l js bj krdl acpirtdlgad pdrd8 md
alkjlajrãd bj ydgacajltis, ipjrdga÷l bj pjreirdga÷l y tjrcaldga÷l bj pizis. Wal
jcfd
jcfdrk
rki,
i, mds
mds tjcp
tjcpjr
jrdt
dtur
urds
ds rj
rjka
kast
strd
rdbd
bdss jl md cd
cdyi
yirã
rãd
d bj mds
mds ip
ipjr
jrdg
dgai
ailj
ljss
gicjrgadmjs bj pjreirdga÷l, li sil tjcpjrdturds jstätagds, bjfabi d quj mis tajcpis
bj pdri bj gargumdga÷l bj emuabis jl jm pizi sil bjcdsadbi girtis y li pjrcatdl quj

jm mibi jl jm pizi dmgdlgj ul jquamafrai tárcagi.

Md tjcpjrdturd y prjsa÷l tdcfaál dejgtdl bj bastaltds cdljrds md pribugga÷l bj
nabrigdrfuris, pujs jl jm ydgacajlti md tjcpjrdturd y md prjsa÷l, sil edgtirjs quj
giltrimdl md vasgisabdb y jm krdbi bj simufamabdb bj mis trjs emuabis giltjlabis jl ul
ydgacajlti? dkud, dgjatj y kds.

Pir md rdz÷l cjlgaildbd, md rjmdga÷l bj edsj bj md simuga÷l pjtr÷mji ‗kds, pujbj

vjrsj
vjrsj si
sicj
cjtatabd
bd d vd
vdra
radg
dgai
ailj
ljss cu
cuyy sakl
saklaeaeag
agdt
dtav
avds
ds jl rjspu
rjspujs
jstd
td d gd
gdcf
cfai
aiss bj
tjcpjrdturd y prjsa÷l.
 

Mds rjmdgailjs quj jxastjl jltrj md prjsa÷l y md tjcpjrdturd, gil md edsj bj mds
baejrjltjs cjzgmds bj nabrigdrfuris sil cuy vdradfmjs, jsti bjpjlbj bjm tapi y
pripirga÷l bj nabrigdrfuri quj jstá prjsjltj.

Vjkumdrcjltj md tjcpjrdturd jl ul ydgacajlti jl jtdpd pribugtavd, li prjsjltdrd

vdradgailjs eujrtjs, dulquj dmkulds bj mds táglagds bj rjgupjrdga÷l sjgulbdrad,
gici pujbj sjr md alyjgga÷l bj vdpir, lis bd ul gmdri jhjcpmi bj quj sj ricpj
jstd satudga÷l dltjs cjlgaildbd.

Wal jcfdrki, sj bjfj gilsabjrdr quj js aljvatdfmj bjtjljr uld gdãbd bj prjsa÷l jl
jm ydgacajlti, cdlaejstälbisj jl jm pizi, pir mi quj js acpirtdltj tjljr jl gujltd
jstis pdräcjtris y cdltjljr md prjsa÷l pir cdyir tajcpi rjgurrajlbi i li d
táglagds bj rjgupjrdga÷l.

Jstj dspjgti bjm dcfajltj js mi cäs gicøl pir trdtdrsj bj ul jejgti ldturdm quj
jstä jl eulga÷l bj md prieulbabdb bjm pizi, sj sdfj quj d cdyir tjcpjrdturd vd d
sjr cjlir md rjspujs
rjspujstd
td jmágtragd y pir mi tdlti rjsastavd
rjsastavd,, md cjbaga÷l
cjbaga÷l bj mis rjkastris
bjfj sjr girrjkabd pir jejgti bj tjcpjrdturd.

Wj pujbj bjealar tjcpjrdturd gici jm krdbi bj jljrkãd tárcagd cjbabd jl uld

jsgdmd bjealabd. Md tjcpjrdturd bj ul gujrpi js su altjlsabdb bj gdmir, i sjd md
gdltabdb bj jljrkãd quj pujbj sjr trdlsejrabd d itri gujrpi. Js uld cjbabd bj md

jljrkãd galátagd bj mds pdrtãgumds quj gicpiljl jm sastjcd.

7.2 Jejgti bjm dcfajltj sifrj mds cjbagailjs bj mis rjkastris.
Md tjcpjrdturd y prjsa÷l bj ul pizi sj algrjcjltd gil md prieulbabdb jl eulga÷l
bjm krdbajltj kjitárcagi y bjlsabdb bjm mibi, rjspjgtavdcjltj.

Mds njrrdcajltds bj rjkastri bjfjl sjr gdpdgjs bj sipirtdr gilbagailjs jxtrjcds

bjm dkuhjri quj sj pibrãdl jlgiltrdr. (Vjgaál bastrafuabi jm mibi bj pjreirdga÷l
pujbj sjr alagadmcjltj gilsabjrdfmjcjltj cäs erãi quj mds eircdgailjs gil mds quj
jstä jl giltdgti.
 

Jm pjrãibi bj gdmjltdcajlti pujbj pripirgaildr ul girti pjraibi bj sjkurabdb pdrd

jm rjkastri bj pizis cuy gdmajltj).

Md prjsjlgad bj kdsjs girrisavis, gici jm sumeuri bj nabr÷kjli, pujbjl rjqujrar 

prjgd
prjgdug
ugai
ailj
ljss jsp
jspjg
jgad
admjs
mjs y jq
jqua
uapi
piss rj
rjsa
sast
stjlt
jltjs
js (Gdf
(Gdfmj
mj bj N6
N6W
W d pr
prujf
ujfd,
d, pi
pir 
r 
jhjcpmi).
Mds jcprjsds bj rjkastris pripirgaildl mis mãcatjs bj eulgaildcajlti pdrd gdbd
njrrdcajltd. Eujrd bj jstis mãcatjs, sj girrj jm rajski bj dvjrãd i bjstrugga÷l bjm
jquapi pir edmmd bj tjcpjrdturd bj mis gicpiljltjs jmjgtr÷lagis, eamtrdga÷l bj sjmmis
bj mibi d prjsa÷l, jm gimdpsi bj md prjsa÷l dmihdbd, y dsã sugjsavdcjltj.

Jm rjkastri Bifmj Albugga÷l? Gurvd WEM cäs i cjlis 70 gc dejgtdbd jl su cdyir 

pdrtj pir md zild mdvdbd.
AMC? cäs i cjlis 50 ‗ >0 gc. Pujbj tjljr alemujlgad bj zilds mdvdbds j
alvdbabds. AMB cds i cjlis 4.6 ‗ 4.: cts. Mj dejgtd jl cdyir pdrtj sa md alvdsa÷l
js prieulbd.

Bifmj mdtjrimik? js akudm quj md bj bifmj albugga÷l.

Cagrimik? Bj 4 ‗ 6 pumkdbds, jstä dejgtdbd pir md zild bj alvdsa÷l (zild mdvdbd).

W÷lagi bj pirisabdb? Zl paj bj eircdga÷l su alvjstakdga÷l js sicjrd, pir mi tdlti
kjljrdmcjltj mjj bjltri bj md zild mdvdbd.

Vjka
Vjkast
stri
ri bj Bj
Bjls
lsab
abdb
db?? Md pr
prie
ieul
ulba
babd
bdb
b bj alvj
alvjst
stak
akdg
dga÷
a÷l
l js cu
cuyy sicj
sicjrd
rd,,
lircdmcjltj md cdyir pdrtj bjm emuabi bj eircdga÷l sj mdvd y md njrrdcajltd gdptd
mãquabi bj pjreirdga÷l i eamtrdbi jl jm jspdgai pirisi.
Ljutri Gicpjlsdbi (GLM).

Mis jejgtis bj ul dkuhjr

dkuhjri
i rukisi sj calac
calacazdl
azdl cjbadlt
cjbadltj
j uld krdl prieulbabdb bj
alvjstakdga÷l quj sj iftajlj dm utamazdr uld eujltj bj dmtd pribugga÷l y ul sastjcd
bj bis bjtjgtirjs.
ECA -. Vjsimuga÷l 0.6–, dkuhjri cãlaci 5 ½– y cäxaci 64–
 

 DAR -. Vjsimuga÷l vj
vjrtagdm
rtagdm bj 4 p
paj
aj md prieulbabdb bj alvjs
alvjstakdga÷l
takdga÷l vdrãd jltrj 4
400‗
10– d pdrtar bjm gjltri bjm pizi dkuhjri cãlaci 7– cäxaci 76–
GCV -. Vjsimuga÷l vjrtagdm 5–, prieulbabdb bj alvjstakdga÷l 4! Dkuhjri cãlaci 5.:–
Mis rjkastris rdbaidgtavis? sil dejgtdbis pir jm baäcjtri bjm dkuhjri y bjlsabdb bjm

mibi.
Mis rjsastavis, sj vjl dejgtdbis pir drgammisabdb bj md eircdga÷l.

Jm rjkastri bj Albugga÷l? sj girrj jl mibi fdsj dgjatj, mj dejgtd mj zild bj alvdsa÷l

sa js prieulbd d md gurvd AMB.
Jm cagrimik sustatuabi pir jm GCV (rjsildlgad cdklátagd) simi eulgaild pdrd
drjlds li js rjgicjlbdfmj pdrd rigds bjlsds (gdrfildtis).
Vjkastri bj ljutriljs? mds girrjggailjs quj bjfjl bj ndgjrsj8
 Baäcjtri bjm dkuhjri
 Jlhdrrj
  Dmjhdcajlti bj md silbd bj md pdrjb bjm dkuhjri
 Bjlsabdb bjm mibi
 Wdmalabdb
 Rjcpjrdturd y prjsa÷
prjsa÷l
l
 Matimikãd

Md para
parattd jl eirc
eircd
d bj js
jsttrd
rdttis rjp
jprj
rjsj
sjlt
ltd
d ul krd
rdl
l pr
prif
ifmmjcd
jcd dejg
dejgtd
tdl
lbi
pralgapdmcjltj d mis rjkastris bj albugga÷l, quj sj cdlaeajstd gil rjsastavabdbjs
cuy fdhds, mi quj pujbj gilbjldr d ul pisafmj ydgacajlti gileulbaálbimi gici
alvdbabi pir dkud sdmdbd.
Mis rjkastris W÷lagi y GLM albagdl pirisabdbjs dmtds d cjbabd quj ducjltd jm
giltjlabi bj paratd.

Pdrd mmjkdr d rjsumtdbis sdtasedgtirais bj mis gämgumis bj Ww y bj Pirisabdb jl rigds

gdrfildtdbds erdgturdbds, js albaspjlsdfmj jstubadr md prjsjlgad bj itris caljrdmjs
dsigadbis gil mds rigds dmcdgjldbirds. (Bimicãd, Dlnabratd, Gudrzi, ndmatd, Gdmgatd,
Qjsi y Dzuerj).
 

Gilgmusa÷l.
Bjfab
Bjfabi
i dm pr
prigj
igjsi
si jvi
jvimu
mutatavi
vi qu
quj
j nd
ndl
l tj
tjla
labi
bi md
mdss njr
njrrdc
rdcaj
ajlt
ltds
ds bj rjs
rjsas
astatava
vabd
bdb,
b,
dgtudmcjltj sj pujbj mmjkdr d abjltaeagdr zilds pitjlgadmcjltj ragds jl pjtr÷mji,
quj kjljrdmcjltj gil mis rjkastris gilvjlgaildmjs sj nufajrdl sufjstacdbi i
pdsdbi pir dmti.

Ribi
Ribi Alkj
Alkjla
lajr
jri
i Pj
Pjtr
trim
imjr
jri
i y jl kj
kjlj
ljrd
rdmm gudm
gudmqu
quaj
ajrr pjrs
pjrsil
ild
d alvi
alvimu
mugr
grdb
dbd
d jl md
jvdmudga÷l bj eircdgailjs, bjfj tjljr jl gujltd md jxastjlgad bj jstis rjkastris
kjieãsagis, giligjr mds baejrjltjs njrrdcajltds y su dpmagdga÷l, gil jm ifhjtavi bj
tjljr uld cjhir dprixacdga÷l bj md altjrprjtdga÷l matim÷kagd y bjm giltjlabi bj
emuabis bj md eircdga÷l quj dtrdvajsd burdltj md pjreirdga÷l bj ul pizi.

Js acpirtdltj jstdr jl gilstdltj dgtudmazdga÷l jl gudlti dm bjsdrrimmi bj jstds

njrrdcajltds, bjfabi d quj js bjtjrcaldltj pdrd md altjrprjtdga÷l kjim÷kagd y
kjieãsagd, pujsti quj giltaludcjltj sj fusgd iftjljr cäs y cjhirjs pdräcjtris
eãsagis
eãsagis y kjim÷k
kjim÷kagis
agis quj pjrca
pjrcatdl
tdl tjljr uld cjhir altjr
altjrprjtdga
prjtdga÷l
÷l bjm pdräcjt
pdräcjtri
ri quj
sj rjquajrd giligjr.

Md jsgd
jsgdmd
md mikd
mikdrã
rãtc
tcag
agd
d js md cäs
cäs jxdg
jxdgtd
td pd
pdrd
rd mjjr
mjjr tdlt
tdlti
i rj
rjsa
sast
stav
avab
abdb
db gici
gici
gilbugtavabdb, pir su dcpmai rdlki bj dprjgadga÷l.

Zld fujld rjgipamdga÷l bj aleircdga÷l jl gudlti d pdräcjtris pjtrieãsagis sj

rj
rjeaeajr
jrj
j y ul
uld
d al
altj
tjrpr
rprjt
jtdg
dga÷
a÷l
l gi
girrj
rrjgt
gtd
d bj mi
miss ca
casc
scis
is,, sj vjrä
vjrä rje
rjemj
mjhd
hdbd
bd jl uld
uld
 

ipirtuld y privjgnisd jxpmitdga÷l bj mis ydgacajltis pjtrimjris. Niy jl bãd mis

rjkastris kjieãsagis rjprjsjltdl ul pdpjm sucdcjltj acpirtdltj pdrd md albustrad
pjtrimjrd, krdgads d su bjsdrrimmi tjglim÷kagi, jm gudm pdrtj bj mis pracjris pralgapais
táglagis bjsdrrimmdbis ndgj cugnis dôis? rdz÷l pir md gudm niy jl bãd sj tajlj md

gdpdgabdb bj bjtjrcaldr jm pitjlgadm pjtrimjri bj ul ydgacajlti i eircdga÷l.

 Dgtudmcjltj ul pdräcjtri acpirtdltj iftjlabi cjbadltj mds njrrdcajltds tradxadmjs
js md dlasitripãd bj md rjsastavabdb bj md eircdga÷l, md gudm js trdsgjlbjltdm pdrd md
iftjlga÷l bj md sdturdga÷l bj nabrigdrfuris jl eircdgailjs mdcaldbds.