Traffic

Engineering
and
Iransport

Planning
Dr. L.R. Kadiyali

Khanna
KHANN A PUBLISHERS Publishers
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
AND
TRANSPORT PLANNING

L.R. KADIYALI
B.E. (Hons.) (Mumbai)
P.G. Dip. in Highway and Traffic F
(Newcastle-Upon Tyne).
Ph. D. (Kakatiya University)
Formerly Chief Engineer (Roaa
Ministry of Shipping and Transport
New Delhi
and

Study Director, Road User Cost Study

Central Road Research Institute
New Delhi

KP

KHANNA PUBLISHERS
Operational Office

4575/15, Onkar House, Ground Floor

Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
Phones: 011-23243042, 23243043 & Mob. 9811541 s0
 Preface
The spectacular growth of the automobile as one of the most convenient
modes of travel has brought in its wake frustrating problems of parking,
accidents, delay, congestion and environmental degradation. It is ho longer
sufficient to build roads of adequate structural strength to cater to the needs
of vehicles, but it is equally important that the safe, efficient and comfortable
movement of traffic and other road user is ensured on these roads. This need
has given birth to new branch of engineering, known as Traffic Engineering.
The subject is growing in important as the vehicle population increases, and
the attendant problems become alarming.
Considering the relevance of the subject to our times, the author has
pleasure in offering this book to graduate and postgraduate students in the
discipline of Highway Engineering and Traffic Engineering, Professiona
Highway Engineers and Traffic Transportation Engineers and Town Planners
in India. In fact, Traffic Engineering has a multi-disciplinary coverage, and
includes engineers, planners, statisticians, the police, administrators and so on.
That the interest in the subject is growing in our country too is obvious from the
fact that many universities in our country are offering postgraduate courses in
Highway and Traffic Engineering. Even at the undergraduate level, the subject
of Highway Engineering as now taught contains substantial content of Traffic
Engineering. It is hoped the present book will fill a great void in the availability of
suitable textbooks to such students. At the same time, the book has been writteen
with larger need in view, viz. that of the practising and professional Highway
and Traffic Engineers who has probably missed the requisite university level
specialization in Traffic Engineering, but has to all the same deal with day-to
day problems pertaining to Traffic Engineering.
The treatment of the text has been given with a bias towards trafficcondi
tions obtaining in India, and the Indian approach for dealing with the situation.
Though Traffic Engineeing is yet in its infacy in this country, the time is most
appropriate now to apply sound traffic control, regulatory and management
solutions to the problems. Already, the accident situation in the country is
alarming, and if matters have not to be allowed to degenerate further, there is
a great need for qualified traffic engineers to handle the situation. Although a
bias towards Indian conditions and solutions is clearly discernible in the text,
the author has included the latest thinking, trends and research abroad so that
the inequisitive reader is aware of the developments abroad and, in the absence
of guidance from Indian practice, can turn to practices elsewhere.
The author has benefited from extensive published literature on the
subject and has included figures, tables and formulae contained in them and
taken due pains to give reference to the sources. The help received is gratefully
acknowledged. However, since the subject has evolved through the work and

(u)
 Contents
Chapter Page
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

1. Traffic Engineering Administration and Functions 1-11

1.1. Definition
1.2. Growth of the Subject of Traffic Engineering
1.3. Functions 2
1.4. Organisation of the Trafic Engineering Department 3
1.5. Importance of Traffic Engineering under Indian Conditions 6
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Answers
II. Questions and Answers 9
III. Review Questions 10
References 10

2. The Road User and the Vehicle 12-26

2.1. Introduction 12
2.2 Human Factors Governing Road User Behaviour 12
2.3. Power Performance of Vehicles 14
2.4. Other Vehicle Characteristics 19
2.5. Travelling Vehicle is Suddenly Stopped * 20
2.6. Characteristics of Slow Moving Traffic in India 21
I. Multiple Choice Questions 22
Answers 24
Explanation 24
II Solved Questions and Answers 24
III. Review Questions ** 26
References 26

SECTION 2: TRAFFIC SURVEYS

3. Speed, Journey Time and Delay Surveys 27-46

3.1. Introduction 27
3.2. Use of Speed, Journey Time and Delay Studies 27
3.3 Methods of Measuring Spot Speeds 28
Direct-Timing Procedure for Spot Speed Dotermination 29
3.4
3.5. Enoscope 29
3.6. Pressure Contact Tubes 30
3.7. Short-Base Methods for Determining Spot Speeds 30
3.8. Radar Speed Meters 30
(ix)
 (x)

Chapter
Page
3.9 Photographic Method and Video Camera Method
31
3.10. Methods for Measurement of Running Speed and
Journey Speed 31
3.11. Moving Observer Method
31
3.12. Ilustrative Problems
35
3.13. Registration Number Method
40
3.14 Elevated Observer Method
40
.15. Presentation of Travel Time and Journey Speed Data
40
3.16. Delay Studies
41
I. Multiple Choice Questions
42
Answers
3
II Questions and Answers
43
References 45
4. Vehicle Volume Counts, Classification and Occupancy 47-67
4.1. Need for Vehicle
Volume, Classification and
Occupation Counts 47
4.2. Types of Counts
48
4.3. Method Available for Traffic Counts
49
4.4. Manual Methods
50
4.5. Combination of Manual and Mechanical Method 54
4.6 Automatic Devices
4
4.7. Planning and Programming Traffic Counts 8
4.8. Vehicle Occupancy Surveys 62
I. Multiple Choice
Questions 62
Answers ** 63
II. Solved Questions and Answers
63
II. Review Questions 67
References 57
5. Origin-Destination Survey
68-74
5.1. Need for O.D. Survey 68
5.2. Preliminaries 68
5.3. Survey Methods 68
5.4 Checking the Accuracy of 0-D Survey Data 69
5.5. Presentation of Results 69
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Answers 72
II. Questions and Answers 72
III. Review Questions 74
References ..
74
6. Parking Surveys 75-89
6.1. Need for 75
Parking Surveys
 (xi)
Chapter Page
6.2 Definition of Common Terms
75
6.3. Types of Parking Surveys
76
6.4. Parking Space Inventory 76
6.5. Parking Useage Survey by Patrol 77
6.6. Questionnaire Type Parking Useage Survey 83
6.7. Cordon Count
84
6.8. Photographic Methods 84
I. Multiple Choice
Questions 84
Answers 85
II. Solved Questions and Answers
85
III. Review Questions
89
References 89
7. Use of Photographic Techniques in Traffic Survey 90-97
7.1. Historical 90
7.2 Different Methods of Photography in Traffic Studies 90
7.3. Appraisal of Photographic Methods for Traffic Studies 91
7.4. Conventional Photography 91
7.5. Continuous Strip Photography (Ref. 4, 5, 6) 91
7.6. Time-Lapse Photography 92
7.7. Video System 94
I. Multiple Choice Questions 95
Answers 95
II. Solved Questions and Answers 95
III. Review Questions 97
References 97

SECTION 3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF TRAFFIC STUDIES

8. Statistical Methods for Traffic Engineering 98-151

8.1. Need 98
8.2. Elementary Concepts of Probability 98
8.3. Mean, Standard Deviation and Variance 103
8.4. Poisson and Binomial Distributions 108
8.5. Normal Distribution 120
8.6. Sampling Theory and Significance Testing 122

8.7. Linear Regression and Correlation 143

146
8.8 Multiple Linear Regression
I. Multiple Choice Questions 148
Answers 149
II. Solved Questions and Answers 149
II. Review Questions 151
151
References
 (xi)
Chapter Page
6.2. Definition of Common Terms 75
6.3 Types of Parking Surveys 76
6.4 Parking Space Inventory 76
6.5. Parking Useage Survey by Patrol 77
6.6. Questionnaire Type Parking Useage Survey 83
6.7. Cordon OCount 84
6.8. Photographic Methods 84
I. Multiple Choice Questions 84
Answers 85
II. Solved Questions and Answers 85
III. Review Questions 89
References 89
7. Use of Photographic Techniques in Traffic Survey 90-97
7.1. Historical 90
7.2 Different Methods of Photography in Traffic Studies 90
7.3 Appraisal of Photographic Methods for Traffie Studies 91
7.4 Conventional Photography 91
7.5. Continuous Strip Photography (Ref. 4, 5, 6) 91
7.6. Time-Lapse Photography 92
7.7. Video System 94
I. Multiple Choice Questions 95
Answers 95
II. Solved Questions and Answers 95
III. Review Questions 97
References 97

SECTION 3. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF TRAFFIC STUDIES

8. Statistical Methods for Traffic Engineering 98-151

8.1. Need 98
8.2. Elementary Concepts of Probability 98
8.3. Mean, Standard Deviation and Variance 103
8.4. Poisson and Binomial Distributions 108
8.5. Normal Distribution 120
8.6. Sampling Theory and Significance Testing 122
9
8.7. Linear Regression and Correlation 143
1
8.8. Multiple Linear Regression 146
2
I. Multiple Choice Questions 148
2 149
Answers
4 II. Solved Questions and Answers 149
4 151
III. Review Questions
References 151
9
75
 (xii)
Chapter
Page
9. Speed Studies
9.1. Introduction 152-168
9.2. Grouping of Spot Speed Data and Tabular Presentation 152
9.3. Histogram and Cumulative Frequency Curves 152
9.4 Arithmetic Mean and Standard Deviation 153
9.5. Fitting a Normal Distribution Curve to 154
Observed Speed Data
9.6 Accuracy of Sampling
***
156
9.7. General Trends in Speed Data 158
9.8. Time Mean Speed and Space Mean Speed 158
I. Multiple Choice Questions 161
164
Answers
164
II. Solved Questions and Answers
165
References 168
10. Traffic Forecasting
169-176
10.1. Need for Traffic Forecasting 169
10.2. Limitations of Traffic Forecasting 169
10.3. Types of Traffic
169
10.4. Forecasts Based on Past Trends and Extrapolation 170
10.5. Forecasts and Mathematical Models
172
10.6. Period for Forecasting 173
L. Multiple Choice Questions 173
Answers 174
II. Solved Answer and Questions ** 174
III. Review Questions 175
References 175

SECTION 4. GEOMETRIC DESIGN

11. Geometric Design 177-270

11.1. Introduction 177
11.2. Highway Classification 178
11.3. Traffic 181
183
11.4. Design Vehicle Dimensions
185
11.5. Design speed
187
11.6. Capacity 187
11.7. Horizontal Alignment 197

11.8. Vertical Alignment 201

11.9 Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment 201

11.10. Sight Distance 206

11.11. Cross-sectional Elements 214
11.12. Control of Access 214
11.13. Intersections
 xiii)
Chapter Page
11.14. Grade Separated Intersections 246
11.15. Bus Facilities
255
11.16. Driveways 256
11.17. Design for Pedestrian Facilities 256
11.18. Design Criteria for Separate Cycle Tracks 257
11.19. Geometric Design Standards for Expressways 258
I. Multiple Choice Questions 261
Answers 262
II. Short answers and
Questions 262
III. Review Questions
268
References 268

SECTION5. PARKING
12. Parking
271-287
12.1. Traffic and Parking Problems
271
12.2. Il-effects of Parking 271
12.3. Zoning and Parking Space Requirement Standards
272
12.4. Design Standards for On-street Parking Facilities 273
12.5. Traffic Regulatory Measures for On-street Parking 275
12.6. Off-street Parkin Facilitics 277
12.7. Peripheral Parking Schemes 280
12.8. Loading and Unload.ng PFacilities 281
12.9. Truck Terminals 283
12.10. Long Distance Bus Terminals 283
I. Multiple Choice Questions 284
Answers 284
II. Solved Questions and Answers 284
III. Review Questions 286
References 286

SECTION 6. TRAFFIC CONTROL

13. Traffic Signs 288-301
13.1. Importance of Traffic Signs 288
13.2. Need for International Standardization 288
13.3. The Situation in India 288
13.4 General Principles of Traffic Signing 289
13.5. Types of Traffic Signs 289
13.6 Danger Signs (Warning Signs or Cautionery Signs) 289
13.7. Prohibitory Signs 290
13.8. Mandatory Signs 290
13.9. Informatory Signs 292
13.10. Indication Signs 293
 (xiv)
Chapter
13.11. Direction Signs, Advance Direction Signs and Place
Page
Identification Signs
13.12. Overhead Signs 293
13.13. Route Marker Signs 294
13.14. Location, Height and Maintenance of Traffic Signs 295
13.15. Variable Message Signs 296
I. Multiple Choice Questions 296
Answers 297
II. Solved Questions and Answers 298
III. Review Questions 298
301
References 301
14. Road Markings
302-315
14.1 Function
302
14.2. Types of Road Markings **

302
14.3. General Principles of Longitudinal Pavement
Markings 303
14.4. Material and Colour
303
14.5. Centre Lines
303
14.6. Traffic Lane Lines
304
14.7. No Overtaking Zone Markings
304
14.8 Pavement Edge Lines 305
14.9. Carriageway Width Reduction Transition Markings 305
14.10. Obstruction Approach Markings 306
14.11. Stop Lines 307
14.12. Pedestrian Crossings 308
14.13. Cyclist Crossings 309
14.14. Route Direction Arrows 309
14.15. Word Messages 311
14.16. Markings at Approaches to Intersections 312
14.17. Parking Space Limits 312
14.18. Object Markings 312
I. Multiple Choice 313
Questions
Answers **
314
II. Solved Questions and Answers 314
II. Review Questions 315
315
References
15. Traffic Signals 316-348

15.1 Introduetion 316

15.2. 316
Advantages and Disadvantages of Traffic Signals 317
15.3. Signal Indications
318
15.4. Signal Face
318
15.5. llumination of the Signals 319
15.6. Number and Location of Signal Faces
 (xv )
Chapter Page
15.7. Amber Period. Red/Amber Period and
Intergreen Period 320
15.8. Fixed-Time Signals and Vehicle-Actuated Signals 321
15.9. Determination of Optimum Cycle Length and
Signal Settings for an Intersection with Time Signals 322
15.10. Warrants for Signals 334
15.11 Co-ordinated Control of Signals 335
15.12. Signal Approach Dimensions 339
15.13. Area Traffic Control 341
15.14. Delay at Signalised Intersections 343
I. Multiple Choice Questions 345
Answers 345
II. Solved Questions and Answers 345
III. Review Questions 347
References 347
16. Miscellaneous Traffic Control Aids and Street Furniture 349-360
16.1. Background 349
16.2 Principles of Street Furniture Design 349
16.3. Roadway Delineators 350
16.4. Hazard Markers 352
16.5. Object Markers 353
16.6. Speed Breakers 354
16.7. Rumble Strips 354
16.8. Guard-rails for Guiding Pedestrians 354
16.9 Safety Barriers 355
16.10. Barricades and Channelisers 356
16.11 Traffic Attenuators 356
16.12. Litter Bins 357
I. Multiple Choice Questions 358
Answers 358
II. Solved Questions and Answers 359
III. Review Questions . . 360
References 360

SECTION7. TRAFFIC REGULATIONS

17. Regulation of Traffic 361-383
17.1. Basic Principles of Regulation 361
17.2. Regulation of Speed 362
17.3. Regulation of Vehicles 371
17.4. Regulations Concerning the Driver 373
17.5. Regulations Concerning Traffie 374
17.6. General Rules Concerning Trafice 376
17.7 Parking Regulatio 377
 (xvi)

Chapter Page
Enforcement of Regulations
17.8 379
Questions
I. Multiple Choice 381
Answers 382
and Answers
II. Solved Questions 382
III. Review Questions 383
References 83
SECTION 8. TRAFFIC SAFETY

18. Road Accidents-Causes and Prevention 384-443

18.1 Road Accidents and the Traffic Engineer 384
18.2. Accident Situation in India 384
Accidents
18.3. International Comparison of Road 386
18.4. Collection of Accident Data 388
18.5. Statistical Methods for Analysis of Accident Data 393
18.6. Road and its Effect on Accidents 397
18.7. The Vehicle 399

18.8. The Driver 402

18.9. Skidding 406
18.1 Speed in Relation to Safety 409
18.11. Weather and its Effect on Accidents 10
18.1 Pedestrian Safety 410
18.13. Cyclists 415
18.14. Motoreyele and Scooter Riders 416
18.15. Parking and its Infuence on Accidents 416
18.16. Traffic Management Measures and Their Influence
in Accident Prevention 417
18.17. Legislation, Enforcement, Education and Propaganda 417
18.18. Cost of Road Accidents **
419
18.19. Road Safety Audit 419
419
18.20. Traffic Calming
438
I. Multiple Choice
Questions 440
Answers
440
II. Solved Questions and Answers
441
III. Review Questions
441

References
SECTION 9. STREET LIGHTING
19. Street Lighting
4 4 4 - 4 6 1

444
19.1 Need for Street Lighting 444
19.2. Definition of Common Terms 446

19.3. Laws of Ilumination 447

19.4. Discernment by Artificial Lighting
 (xvii)
Chapter Page
19.5. Appearance of Lighted Pavement 447
19.6. Type of Surface
448
19.7 Distribution of Light from the Lantern-The Glare Problem .. 448
19.8. Mounting Height 451
19.9. Spacing 451
19.1 Lantern Árrangements 451
19.11. Types of Lamps
452
19.12. Quantity of Illumination Needed on Different Streets **
453
19.13. Lamp Installation, at "T" Junctions and Cross-roads 455
19.14. Illumination of Traffic Rotaries 455
19.15. Lighting at Bends 457
19.16. Lighting Dual Carriageways 457
19.17. Lighting of Roads Carrying Only Local Traffic 457
19.18. Lighting Bridges 457
19.19. Tunnel Lighting 458
19.20. High Mast Lighting 458
19.21. Maintenance of Lighting Instations 458
I. Multiple Choice Questions 458
Answers 459
II. Solved Questions and Answers 459
III. Review Questions 461
References 461

SECTION 10. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

20. Transportation System Management 462-472

20.1. Introduction 462
20.2. Travel Demand Management 462
20.3 Traffic Management 462
I. Multiple Choice Questions 469
Answers 470
II. Solved Questions and Answers 470
III. Review Questions 472

References 472

SECTION 11. HIGHWAY CAPACITY

21. Highway Capacity 473-5055

21.1. General 473
21.2. Importance of "Capacity" in Highway
Transportation Studies 473
21.3. Early Capacity Studies and Theoretically Derived
Formulae-Historical Perspective 474
21.4 Passenger Car Units (PCUs) 475
 (xviii )

Chapter Page

21.5. Capacity for Uninterrupted Flow Conditions in

the HCM Manual (1985 and 2000) 476
477
21.6. Level of Service Concept in the HCM Manual
Service 479
21.7. Factors Affecting Capacity and Level of
in the Rural Areas 481
21.8. Capacity of Freeways and Expressways
21.9. Capacity of Two lane Rural Highways,
Without Access Control
.. 482

21.10. Capacity of Multi-lane Rural Highways

484
Without Access Control
Streets 486
21.11. Capacity of Urban
Practice 488
21.12. Capacity of Rotary Intersection U.K.
Capacity
21.13. Capacity of Weaving Sections-Highway
488
Manual Approach
(HCM Approach) 495
21.14. Capacity of Signalised Intersections
I. Multiple Choice Questions 503
503
Answers
II. Solved Questions and Answers 504

III. Review Questions 504

504
References
SECTION 12. THEORY OF TRAFFIC FLOW

22. Scope, Definitions and Basic Diagram of Traffic Flow 506-513

22.1. Scope 506
22.2. Some Definitions 506
22.3. Relationships between the Variables 507
22.4. Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow 507
22.5. Linear Relationship between Speed and Concentration 509
I. Multiple Choice Questions 511
Answers 512
II. Solved Questions and Answers 512
III. Review Questions 513

References 513

23. Lighthill and Whitham's Theory 514-531

23. General 514
23.2. Assumptions 514
23.3. Theory 514
23.4. Approach to Signallised Intersections 517
Extension of the Law of Continuity 527
.Greenberg's
I. Solved Questions and Answers 529
II. Review Questions 531

References 531
 (axix)
Chapter Page
24. Car-following Theory 532-537
24.1 Principles 532
24.2. Derivation of Equations 532
I. Multiple Choice Questions 535
Answers 535
II. Solved Questions and Answers ** 536
References 537

25. The Queueing Theory and Its Application to

Traffic Engineering Problems 538-548
25.1. Introduction 538
25.2. Applications to Traffic Engineering 538
25.3. Queueing Approach 538
25.4. Solving Any Queueing Problemns 539
25.5. Assumptions Made in a Simple Queueing Approach as
Applied to Traffic Flow 540
25.6. Derivation of Formulae 540
25.7. Problems 544
I. Multiple Choice Questions 546
Answers 546
II. Solved Questions and Answers 546
III. Review Questions 548
References 548

26. Vehicle Arrivals, Headways and Gaps 549-570

Probabilistic Aspects of Trafic Flow 549
26.1
26.2. Spacing and Headway Characteristics . 549
26.3. Study of Vehicle Arrivals 550
26.4. Poisson Distribution of Vehicle Arrivals 551

26.5. Limitations of the Poisson Distribution **|

555
555
26.6. Gap and Headway Distribution
Shifted Exponential Distribution 561
26.7.
26.8. Erlang Distribution 562
26.9. Pearson Type III Distribution 565
565
26.10. Gap Acceptance
I. Multiple Choice Questions 568
Answers 568
II. Solved Questions and Answers 568
III. Review Questions 569
570
References
27. Delay to Traffic at Uncontrolled Intersections 571-577
571
27.1 Introduction **

27.2. Adam's Formula 571

 (xx)

Chapler Page
Tanner's Formulae
27.3. 574
I. Multiple Choice Questions
575
Answers 575
II. Solved Questions and Answers 575
III. Review Questions 577
References 577
Simulation of Traffic
28. 578-584
28.1. Introduction 578
28.2 Advantages of Simulation Techniques
578
28.3. Steps is Simulation 579
28.4 Scanning Techniques 580
28.5. An Example of Simulation *. 581
I. Multiple Choice Questions 583
Answers 583
II. Solved Questions and Answers 583
III. Review Questions 584
References 584
SECTION 13. TRANSPORT PLANNING

29. Transport Planning Process 585-599

29.1. Scope of the Subject 585
29.2. Interdependence of the Land Use and Traffic 585
29.3. Systems Approach Transport Planning
to 586
29.4. Stages in Transport Planning 587
29.5. Survey and Analysis of Existing Conditions 587
29.6. Forecast, Analysis of Future Conditions and Plan Synthesis.. 590
29.7. Evaluation 591
29.8. Programme Adoption and Implementation 591
29.9. Continuing Study 592
29.10. Citizen Participation 592
29.11. Difficulties in the Transport 592
Planning Process
29.12. Relevance of Transport Planning Process to
Less Developed Countries 592
29.13. Computer Applications in Transport Planning 593

I. Multiple Choice 593

Questions
Answers 595
II. Solved Questions and Answers 595
m. Review Questions 599

References 599

30. Transportation Survey 600-615

30.1. Introduction 600
30.2. Definition of the Study Area 600
 (xxi)
Chapter Page
30.3. Zoning 601
Types of Surveys 602
30.4
30.5. Home-Interview Surveys 603
30.6. Commercial Vehicle Surveys 604
30.7 Taxi Surveys 604
30.8. Road Side Interview Survey 604

30.9 Post-card Questionnaire 608

30.10. Registration Number Plate Surveys 609
30.11. Tags on Vehicles 610
30.12. Publice Transport Surveys 610
30.13. Inventory of Transport Facilities 611
Inventory of Land Use and Economic Activities 612
30.14
30.15. Expansion of Data from Samples 612
I. Multiple Choice Questions * 613
Answers 614
II. Solved Questions and Answers 614
III. Review Questions 615
615
References
616-624
31. Trip Generation
Introduction and Definitions 616
31.1
617
31.2. Trip Purpose
Factors Governing Trip Generation and Attraction Rates 617
31.3.
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 618
31.4 620
31.5. Category Analysis
I. Multiple Choice Questions 622
622
Answers
622
II. Solved Questions and Answers
624
III. Review Questions
624
References
32. Trip Distribution 625-648
625
32.1. What is Trip Distribution
Method of Trips Distribution 625
32.2
Uniform (Constant) Factor Method 626
32.3.
Average Factor Method 627
32.4
32.5 Fratar Method
629

Furness Method 632

32.6.
Criticism of Growth Factor Methods 634
32.7 634
32.8. Gravity Model
Tanner's Model 644
32.9.
32.10. Opportunity Model 644

I. Multiple Choice Questions 646

Answers ** 647
 (xxii )

Chapte Page Cha

Answers
II. Solved Questions and ***

647
III. Review Questions
647
References 648
33. Traffic Assignment 649-659
33.1 Purpose of Traffic Assignment
649
33.2. General Principles **

649
33.3. Assignment Techniques 651
33.4. All-or-nothing Assignment 651
33.5. Multiple Route Assignment 652 37
33.6. Capacity Restraint Assignment 653
33.7. Diversion Curves 654
I. Multiple Choice Questions 657
Answers 657
II. Solved Questions and Answers ***

657
III. Review Questions 659
References 659

34. Modal Spilt 660-667

34.1. General Considerations 660
34.2. Factors Affecting Modal Split 660
34.3. Modal Split in the Transport Planning Process 662
34.4. Recent Developments in Modal Split Analysis 665 3

I. Multiple Choice Questions 665

Answers 666
II. Solved Questions and Answers ** 666
III. Review Questions 666
References 667
35. Evaluation 668-671
35.1. Need for Evaluation 668
35.2. Several Plans to be Formulated 668
35.3. Testing 66
35.4 Considerations in Evaluation 668
35.5. Economic Evaluation 669
I. Multiple Choice Questions 669
Answers 669
II. Solved 670
questions and answers
III. Review Questions 671

36. Land-use Transport Models 672-701

36.1. Introduction 672

36.2. Selection of Land-use 672

36.3. Transport Model 673
Lowry Derivative Models
 (xxiii )
Page
Chapler
Garin-Lowry Model 677
36.4.
Matrix Operations for Simplifying Computations 693
36.5.
36.6. Application in India 696
I. Multiple Choice Questions 696
697
Answers
II. Solved Questions and Answers 697
II. Review Questions 700
700
References
37. Transport Planning for Small and Medium Sized Cities 702-7044

37.1. Introduction 702

37.2. Dificulties in Transport Planning for Smal
and Medium Cities 702
702
37.3. Quick Response Techniques
I. Multiple Choice Questions 703
Answers 703
II. Solved Questions and Answers 703
III. Review Questions ** 704
704
References
SECTION 14: TRANSPORT ECONOMICS

Transportation Plans 705-720

38. Economic Evaluation of
705
38.1. Need for Economic Evaluation
Costs and Benefits of Transport Project 705
38.2.
Assessment 708
38.3. Time Horizon in Economic
709
38.4. Basic Principles of Economic Evaluation 709
38.5. Interest Rate
710
38.6 Methods of Economic Evaluation
Benefit-Cost Ratio Method 710
38.7. 711
First Year Rate of Return
**

38.8.
713
38.9. Net Present Value Method
714
38.10. Internal Rate of Return Method
Evaluation.. 714
38.11. Comparison of the Various of Economic
Methods
Answers
716
I. Solved Questions and
719
II. Review Questions
719
References
721-735
39. Vehicle Operating Costs
721
39.1 Introduction
721
39.2. Earlier Work Done Abroad
721
39.3. Road User Cost Study in India
Components of VOC
722
39.4.
Factors Affecting VOC 723
39.5.
 (xxiv)
Chapter
Page
39.6. Fuel Consumption Relationships
723
39.7 Spare Parts Consumption 725
39.8. Maintenance and Repairs Labour Cost
726
39.9 Tyre Life 727
39.10. Lubricants 727
39.11. Utilisation and Fixed Costs 729
I. Multiple Choice Questions 733
Answers 733
II. Solved Questions and Answers
733
III. Review Questions 35
References 35
40. Value of Travel Time Savings 736-751
40.1. Introduction 736
40.2. Classes of Transport Users Enjoying Travel Time Savings . 736
40.3. Economic Concept of Evaluation of Travel Time Savings 737
40.4. Certain Issues Connected with Evaluation of Time
Savings Enjoyed by Passengers 738
40.5. Methodology for Monetary Evaluation of Passengers'
Travel Time 739
40.6 Review of Work in India on Travel Time 743
I. Multiple Choice Questions 749
Answers 749
II. Solved Questions and Answers ** 749
III. Review Questions 750
References ** 750

41. Accidents Costs 752-763

41.1. Introduction 752
41.2. Relevance of Accident Costing for a Developing Country 752
41.3. Review of Alternative Methodologies
for Accident 753
41.4. Certain Issues Connected with Accident Costing
Costing8 755
41.5. Indian Studies 757
I. Multiple Choice Questions **
760
Answers 760
II. Solved Questions and Answers 760
III. Review Questions **
762
References 762

42. Traffic Congestion, Traffic Restraints and Road 764-772

Pricing
42.1. Congestion as a Factor in Road Traffic 764
42.2. Traffic Restraint 764
42.3. Road Pricing 766
 xxv )
Chapter Page
I. Multiple Choice Questions 769
Answers 769
II. Solved Questions and Answers 769
III. Review Questions 772
References 772

sOME CURRENT TOPICS IN TRANSPORTATION

43. Nature of Traffic Problems in Cities 773-779

43.1. Growth of Towns 773
43.2. Growth of Traffic 774
43.3. Nature of the Present Difficulties in Urban Traffic
Conditions 775
43.4. Measures to Meet the Problems 775
43.5. Land Use and City Planning Controls 775
43.6. Transportation Studies Needed 776
43.7. Traffic Restraint Measures 776
43.8. Promotion of Public Transport 776
43.9 Pedestrianisation 776
43.10. Staggering of Office Hours 777
43.11. Promotion of Bicycle Traffic 777
I. Multiple Choice Questions 777
Answers 778
II. Solved Questions and Answers 778
III. Review Questions 779
779
References
44. Public Transport in Cities 780-785
44.1. Planning for Public Transport 780

44.2. Fares and Subsidies 782

I. Multiple Choice Questions 782

783
Answers
II. Solved Questions and Answers 783
785
III Review Questions
785
References
45. Intermediate Public Transport in Indian Citles 786-789

45.1. 786
Introduetion
786
45.2. Types of IPT Vehicles in India
45.3. Characteristics of IPT Modes 787
I. Multiple Choice Questions 787

Answers 787
 (xvi )

Chapter
and Answers
Page
II. Solved Questions
III. Review Questions
787
789
References 789
46. Traffic and the
Environment

Introduction
790-805
46.1. the Environment 790
Detrimental Effects of Traffic on
46.2. 790
46.3. Noise 790
Air Pollution
46.4. 795
46.5. Vibration 797
Degrading the Aesthetics
46.6. Visual Intrusion and 798
46.7. Severance and Land Consumption 799
Evaluation Procedures
46.8. 800
Environmental Areas
46.9. 800
46.10. Situation in India 800
I. Multiple Choice Questions 801
Answers 802
II. Solved Questions and Answers 802
III. Review Questions 805
References 805

47. Fuel Crisis and Transportation 806-815

47.1. Introduction 806
47.2. Factors Affecting Fuel Consumption of Motor Vehicles 807
47.3. Eflect of Road Condition on Fuel Consumption of Vehicles . 809
47.4. Measures for Economy of Fuel in Road Transport 811
47.5. Fuel Economy in Rail Transport 812
47.6. Fuel Economy in Other Modes of Transport 812
47.7. The Future Outlook for Propulsion Fuel 813
I. Multiple Choice Questions 813
Answers 813
II. Solved Questions and Answers 814
III. Review Questions 814
815
References
816-830
48. Transport Modes, Technology and Selection
816
48.1. Introduction 816

48.2. Transport Modes and their Characteristics 823

48.3. A Review of
Transport Systems and Technology 2 6

48.4 Need for Coordinated

Development 826

48.5. Multi-modal Transport Systems 826

48.6. An Integrated
Transportation System (In Tran Sys) 827

I. Multiple Choice
Questions 82
Answers
 (xxvii )

Chapter Page
II. Solved Questions and Answers 828
III. Review Questions 830
References 830

49.
49. Application of Information Technology in Transportation 831-833
49.1. Transport and Economic Development 831
49.2. What is ITS? 831
49.3. Application of ITS 831
49.4. ITS in the Various Countries 832
I. Multiple Choice Questions 833
Answers 833
II. Review Questionss 833
References 833

50. Public-Private Partnership in Transport Projects 834-839

50.1. Governments' Inability to Fund Infrastructure Projects 834
50.2. Benefits from Privatisation 834
50.3. Forms of Privatisation 835
50.4. Government Incentives in India 836
50.5. Financial Viability of Privately Funded Projects * 837

I. Multiple Choice Questions 838

Answers 838
II Solved Questions and Answers 838
III. Review Questions 839

References 839

51. Logistics in Transport 840-843

51.1. What is Logistics? 840
51.2. Multi-modal Transport as a Facilitator 840
51.3. Use of Information Technology 840
51.4. Future Prospects 841

I. Multiple Choice Questions 841

842
Answers
II. Solved Questions and Answers 842
843
III. Review Questions
843
References
Index 844-860