Questions to Answer:

1. Explain how digestive system works.

= The digestive system is made up of muscular membranous tubes that go from the mouth to the
anus. Its functions include intake, grinding, digesting, food absorption, and solid waste disposal.
The digestive system is made up of several fundamental components, each with its own set of
functions. The mouth is the first-place food enters the body. The mouth has glands that generate
saliva, which wets the food and makes it easier to swallow. It also includes enzymes, which
initiate and aid digestion. The tongue's primary job is to push food to the back of the mouth so it
may be swallowed. The esophagus follows, which is a flexible tube that links the mouth and
tongue to the rest of the digestive tract. It is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to
the stomach. The stomach comes next, where food is stored and delivered to the intestines at a
rate that allows the intestines to process it. In preparation for digestion, the stomach combines
and grinds the meal into a finely split chyme, which increases the surface area of the food. Now
that the food is in the small intestine, it is broken down, the nutrients required by the body are
absorbed, and the small intestine eliminates the unneeded components. The duodenum and the
lower small intestine make form the small intestine. The pancreas sends digesting enzymes and
bicarbonate to the duodenum, and the gallbladder sends bile to the liver. The next section of the
small intestines, the lower small intestine, is divided into two sections: the jejunum and the
ileum. The large intestine is actually smaller than the small intestine. Its role is to collect water
and salts from material that has not been digested as food and to eliminate any waste products
that have been left over. The majority of digestion and absorption has already occurred by the
time food combined with digestive fluids reaches your big intestine. The rectum's role is to
receive feces from the colon, notify you that stool has to be expelled, and retain the stool until
evacuation occurs. Finally, the anus, when the rectum is full, your body feels the need to urinate.
The internal anal sphincter relaxes, allowing the feces from the rectum to enter the anal canal.

2. What is the difference of non-ruminant stomach to ruminant stomach?

= The non-ruminant stomach has a far larger number of components than the ruminant stomach.
Furthermore, non-ruminant stomachs have a considerably lower capacity for food storage than
ruminant stomachs. There are also some components of ruminants' stomachs that non-ruminants'
stomachs do not have, and vice versa. Non-ruminants have a single compartment stomach, as
opposed to ruminants, which have several compartments and can consume fibrous foods. There
are also ruminants that do not have a multi compartment stomach but can still consume fibrous
material.
3. Name the four compartments of the stomach of ruminant. Which two are located
primarily on the left side? Which is the largest? Which is the true “chemical
stomach”?

= Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, and Abomasum are the four compartments of the ruminant
stomach. The Rumen and Abomasum are mostly found on the left side. The rumen is the most
spacious of the four divisions. The abomasum is the actual chemical stomach since it produces
hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes like pepsin, which breaks down protein, and receives
pancreatic digestive enzymes like lipase, which breaks down lipids. This release aids in the
preparation of proteins for absorption in the intestines.