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4
Chapter

m
DIFFERENTIAL

co
EQUATIONS
SNAPSHOT

s.
*
ok
of a function y = f (x). Here we have one independent variable.
o  dy d 2 y 
An ordinary differential equation is an equation that involves some ordinary derivatives  , 2 ,...
 dx dx 

* Sometimes a family of curves can be represented by a single equation with one or move arbitrary
constants. By assigning different values for constants, we get a family of curves. The arbitrary constants
ab

are called the parameters of the family.

* Solution of the differential equation must contain the same number of arbitrary constants as the order
of the equation. Such a solution is called General (complete) solution of the differential equation.
* The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is the order of the differential equation.
ur

* Degree is the highest power of the highest order derivative in the differential equation.
* Variable separable method
If in an equation, it is possible to collect all the terms of x and dx on one side and all the terms of y and
.s

dy on the other side, then the variable are said to be separable.

* Homogeneous differential equations:
dy f ( x, y )
w

dx = g ( x, y ) is homogeneous differential equation if f (x, y) and g(x, y) are homogenous functions

of the same degree in x and y.
* Linear differential equations of first order:
w

dy
General form of linear equation of first order is + Py = Q.
dx
* Second order first degree differential equations
w

d2y dy
a +b + cy = f ( x) is the general form of second order first degree differential equations.
dx 2
dx

130

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 135

7. Find the differential equation of the family

1 + x2 dy
of parabola with foci at the origin and axis (ii)  = xy
along the x-axis. 1+ y dx
Sol. Equation of family of parabolas with foci at the 1 + x2 dy
origin and axis along the x-axis is Sol. Given = xy
1+ y dx
y2 = 4a(x + a)(1)

m
Separating the variables we get,
[ the focus is at the origin its vertex will be (1 + x 2 )dx
(–a, 0) and latus rectum is 4a] = y(1 + y)dy
x

co
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get,  1 x2 
⇒  +  dx = (y + y2)dy
x x 
 dy 
2 y   = 4a (1)(1) 1 
 dx  ⇒  + x  dx = (y + y )dy
2
 x 

s.
 dy  Integrating both sides we get,
⇒ 2 y   = 4a (2)
 dx 
1 
∫  x + x  dx = ∫ ( y + y )dy
2

ok
2 y  dy 
Also  =a
4  dx  x2 y 2 y3
⇒ log x + = + +c
y  dy  2 2 3
⇒   = a (3) dy
2  dx 
o
2. Solve: y (1 – x) – x =0
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get, dx
Sol.
 dy   y  dy  
ab

y2 = 2 y    x +    dy
 dx   2  dx   Given y(1 – x) – x =0
dx
2 dy
 dy  2  dy  ⇒ y(1 – x) = x
⇒ y2 = 2 xy   + y   dx
 dx   dx 
ur

Dividing by y we get, Separating the variables we get,

2 (1− x) dy
 dy   dy  ⇒ dx =
y = 2x   + y   x y
 dx   dx 
.s

1  dy
EXERCISE 4.2 ⇒  − 1 dx = y
x 
w

Integrating both sides we get,

dy
1. Solve (i) = ae y 1  dy
dx ∫  x − 1 dx = ∫ y

w

dy ⇒ log x – x = log y + c
Sol. Given = ae y
dx
3. Solve (i) ydx – xdy = 0
Separating the variables we get,
w

Sol.
dy
y
= adx ⇒ e–y dy = adx Given ydx – xdy = 0
e
Integrating both sides we get, Þ ydx = xdy
−y
∫e dy = a ∫ dx Separating the variables we get,
dx dy
–e–y = ax + c = y
ax + e + c = 0
–y x

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136
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

Integrating both sides we get, 5. Solve: (1 – x) dy – (1 + y) dx = 0

dx dy Sol.
∫ = ∫ (1 – x)dy = (1 + y)dx
x y
log x = log y + log c Separating the variables we get,
log x = log cy dy dx
=

m
[ log m + log n = log mn] 1+ y 1− x
x = cy
Integrating both sides we get,
dy dy dx
+ e x + ye x = 0

co
(ii)
dx ∫ 1+ y = ∫ 1− x

dy
⇒ = –ex (1 + y) log(1 − x)
dx log (1 + y) = + log c
−1
Separating the variables we get,

s.
log (1 + y) = –log (1 – x) + log c
dy ⇒ log (1 + y) + log (1 – x) = log c
⇒ = –ex dx
1+ y ⇒ log (1 + y) (1 – x) = log c

ok
⇒ l og (1 + y) = –ex + c ⇒ (1 + y) (1 – x) = c
4. Solve: cos x (1 + cos y) dx – sin y (1 + sin x) Multiplying by a negative sign we get,
dy = 0. (x – 1)(y + 1) = –c = C where C = –c
Sol.
o
cos x (1 + cos y)dx = sin y (1 + sin x)dy dy
6. Solve (i) = y sin 2x
Sol.
dx
ab

Separating the variables we get

cos x sin y Separating the variables we get,
dx = dy
1+ sin x 1+ cos y dy
= sin2x dx
Integrating both sides we get y
ur

cos x sin y Integrating both sides we get,

∫ dx = ∫ dy
1+ sin x 1+ cos y
dy
put 1 + sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt ∫ = ∫ sin 2x dx
y
.s

Also 1 + cos y = s ⇒ –sin y dy = ds

⇒ sin y dy = –ds − cos 2 x
Þ log y = +c
dt ds 2
⇒ ∫ t = −∫ s
w

 dy 
⇒ log t = log s + log c (ii) Solve log   = ax + by
 dx 
c Sol.
⇒ log t = log  
w

s  dy 
m Given log   = ax + by
[ log m – log n = log ]  dx 
c n
dy
w

⇒ t = ⇒ = eax+by
s dx
c
⇒ 1 + sin x = [Since logarithmic & exponential
1+ cos y  
are reversible functions]
 [ t = 1 + sin x & s = 1 + cos y] dy
⇒ (1 + sin x) (1 + cos y) = c ⇒ = eax × eby[ am × an = am+n]
dx

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 137

Separating the variables we get, (y – b)2 – b2 = (x – a)2 – a2

dy Þ (y – b)2 = (x – a)2 + b2 – a2
= eax dx
eby
⇒ e–by dy = eax dx EXERCISE 4.3
Integrating both sides we get,
Solve the following homogeneous differential

m
− by ax
∫ e dy = ∫ e dx equations.
dy
e −by e ax 1. x =x+y

co
⇒ = +c dx
−b a Sol.
dy x+ y
−e −by e ax =
⇒ = +c dx x
b a
Since the numerator and denominator are

s.
e ax e −by homogeneous functions of degree 1,
⇒ = +c
a b dy dv
put y = vx ⇒ = v (1) + x ×
7. Find the curve whose gradient at any point 0 dx dx
dv x + vx

ok
x−a \ v+x =
on it is and which passes through the dx x
y−b x 1+ v)
origin. dv (
⇒ v+x = =1+v
Sol. dx x
x-a
Given Gradient = dv
o
y -b ⇒ x = 1 + v – v = 1
dx
dy x-a
⇒ = dv
ab

dx y -b ⇒ x = 1
dx
Separating the variables we get, Separating the variables we get
dv dx
(y – b) dy = (x – a) dx =
1 x
Integrating both sides we get,
ur

Integrating both sides we get,

ò ( y - b) dy = ò ( x - a) dx ò dv = ò x
dx
y2 x2 dx
– by = – ax + c(1)
ò x = ò dv ⇒ log x = v + log c
.s

2 2

Since the curve passes through the origin (0, 0), ⇒ log x – log c = v
we get x x ev
w

⇒
log æç ö÷ = v ⇒ =
0 – 0 = 0 – 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 c
è ø c
\ (1) be comes, v
x = c × e
w

2 2
y x Replace v by y x we get,
– by = – ax
2 2 x = c e y x

y 2 - 2by x 2 - 2ax
w

⇒ = dy
2 2 2. (x – y) = x + 3y
dx
y2 – 2by = x2 – 2ax Sol.
dy x + 3y
Adding and subtracting b in the L.H.S and a in
2 2 = x - y
dx
the R.H.S we get,
Since the numerator and denominator are
y 2 - 2by + b 2 - b 2 = x2 – 2ax + a2 – a2 homogeneous functions of degree 1,
  

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138
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

dy dv y
put y = vx and =v+x Replace v by we get,
dx dx x

dv x + 3vx x (1 + 3v) -2 æy ö
v+x = =
= log xc ç + 1÷
x (1 - v) y èx ø
dx x - vx +1
x

m
dv 1 + 3v 1 + 3v - v(1 - v) -2x æ x+ yö
Þ x = – v = ⇒ = log xc ç ÷
dx 1- v 1- v x+ y è x ø

-2x

co
1 + 3v - v + v 2 ⇒ = log c(x + y)
= x+ y
1- v
-2 x x+ y
dv 1 + 2v + v 2 ⇒ e
= c (x + y)
Þ x =
dx 1- v 1

s.
⇒ x + y = e -2 x x + y
separating the variables we get, c
1
⇒ x + y = k e -2 x x+ y
where k = ,
1- v dx c

ok
2 dv =
1 + 2v + v x
dy
3. x – y = x2 + y2
(1 - v)dv dx dx
⇒ ò v 2 + 2v + 1 = ò x Sol.
dy
o
x = y + x 2 + y 2
(1 - v)dv dx
Þ ò (v + 1)2 = log x + log c é y + x2 + y 2 ù
ab

dy ëê ûú
1- v =
= A + B dx x

(v + 1) 2
v +1 (v +1) 2
Since the numerator and denominator is a
1 – v = A (v + 1) + B homogeneous function of degree 1,
ur

put v = –1, dy dv
put y = vx and =v+x
2 = B dx dx
put v = 0 dv vx + x 2 + v 2 x 2 vx + x 1 + v 2
\v+x = =
.s

1 = A + B ⇒ 1 = A + 2 dx x x
⇒ A = -1 é v + 1 + v2 ù
= xê ú = v + 1 + v2
w

1- v -1 2 êë x úû
\ 2 = +
(v + 1) v + 1 (v + 1) dv
 ⇒ x = v + 1 + v2 – v = 1 + v2
dx
-1
w

2
⇒ ò v + 1 dv + ò (v + 1)2 dv = log xc Separating the variables we get,
dv dx
=
x
w

2 1 + v2
⇒ –log (v + 1) – = log xc
v +1
Integrating both sides we get,
-2
⇒ = log xc + log (v + 1)
v +1 dv dx
ò 1+ v
= ò
x
-2
2
⇒ = log xc (v + 1)
v +1

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 139

é dx ù (6v - 4) dv dx
ê∵ ò = log x + x 2 + a 2 + c ú ⇒ ò 3v 2 - 4v + 3 = -2 ò
x
 êë x2 + a2 úû
Put t = 3v2 – 4v + 3 ⇒ dt = (6v – 4) dt
⇒ log v + v + 1 = log x + log c
2
dt dx
⇒ ò t
= ò x

m
⇒ log (v + v 2 + 1 ) = log xc
⇒ log t = –2 log x + log c
⇒ v+ v 2 + 1 = xc ⇒ log t + 2 log x = log c
y

co
Replace v by we get, ⇒ log t + log x2 = log c
x
⇒ log tx2 = logc
y y2
+ + 1 = xc ⇒ tx2 = c
x x2

s.
⇒ (3v2 – 4v + 3) x2 = c
y x2 + y 2 y
⇒ + = xc Replacing v by we get,
x x x

ok
x2 + y 2 æ 3y2 4 y ö
y+ çç 2 - + 3 ÷÷ x 2 = c
x è x x ø
⇒ = xc
x æ 3 y - 4 xy + 3 x ö 2
2 2
⇒ çç ÷÷ × x = c
⇒y+ x 2 + y 2 = x2c x2
o
è ø
dy 3x − 2 y ⇒ 3y – 4xy + 3x2 = c
2
4. = 2x − 3 y
ab

dx
5. (y2 – 2xy) dx = (x2 – 2xy) dy.
Sol.
Sol.
Since the numerator and denominator is a
homogeneous function of degree 1, (y2 – 2xy)dx = (x2 – 2xy) dy
dy dv
ur

put y = vx and =v+x dy y 2 - 2 xy

dx dx ⇒= 2
dx x - 2 xy
dv 3 x - 2vx x (3 - 2v) (3 - 2v)
v+x = = = Since the numerator and denominator are
dx 2 x - 3vx x (2 - 3v) (2 - 3v) homogeneous functions of degree 2,
.s

dv (3 - 2v) 3 - 2v - v(2 - 3v) dy dv

x = (2 - 3v) –v= put y = vx and =v+x
dx 2 - 3v dx dx
w

dv v 2 x 2 - 2 x × vx x 2 ( v 2 - 2v )
dv 3 - 2v - 2v - 3v 2 3 - 4v - 3v 2 v+x = =
x = = x 2 (1 - 2v)
dx 2 - 3v 2 - 3v dx x 2 - 2 x - vx
Separating the variables we get, v 2 - 2v
w

(2 - 3v) dv dx =
= 1 - 2v
3v 2 - 4v + 3 x
Integrating both sides we get, dv v 2 - 2v v 2 - 2v - v(1 - 2v)
w

Þ x = –v=
dx 1 - 2v 1 - 2v
(2 - 3v) dv dx
⇒ ò 3v 2 - 4v + 3 = ò x =
v 2 - 2v - v + 2v 2 )
1 - 2v
Multiplying by –2 both sides we get,
dv 3v 2 - 3v
-2(2 - 3v) dv dx ⇒ x =
⇒ ò 2 = -2 ò dx 1 - 2v
3v - 4v + 3 x

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140
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

Separating the variables we get, dv v3 - 2v v3 - 2v - v(1 - 2v 2 )

⇒ x = – v =
(1 - 2v)dv dx dx 1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
=
3v - 3v
2
x
dv v - 2v - v + 2v v3 + 2v3 - 3v
3 3
(2v - 1)dv dx ⇒ x = =
= – = 3 dx 1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
v -v
2
x

m
3v3 - 3v
Integrating both sides we get, =
1 - 2v 2
(2v - 1)dv dx
– ò = 3 ò Separating the variables we get,
v -v
2
x

co
1 - 2v 2 dx
⇒ –log(v2 – v) = 3 logx + log c dv =
3v - 3v
3
x
⇒ log x3 + log (v2 – v) = – log c = log k
1 - 2v 2 dx
 [where log k = – log c] ⇒ 3 dv = 3
v -v x

s.
⇒ log x3 (v2 – v) = log k
1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
⇒ x (v – v) = k
3 2 =
v3 - v v(v3 -1)
y

ok
Replace v by we get, 1 − 2v 2
x =
v(v + 1) (v −1)
3æ y yö
2
A B C
x çç 2 - ÷÷ = k = + +
èx xø v v + 1 v −1
o
3 æ y - xy ö 1 – 2v2 = A(v + 1)(v – 1) + Bv (v – 1) + Cv (v + 1)
2
⇒ x çç ÷÷ = k
è x
2 1
ø put v = 1 ⇒ –1 = 2c ⇒ c = -
ab

⇒ x (y2 – xy) = k 2
put v = –1 ⇒ –1 = –B(–2)
6. The slope of the tangent to a curve at any 1
point (x, y) on it is given by (y3−2yx2) dx + ⇒ – 1 = 2B ⇒ B = -
2
(2xy2 − x3)dy = 0 and the curve passes through
ur

put v = 0 ⇒ 1 = –A + 0 + 0
(1, 2). Find the equation of the curve.
⇒ A = –1
Sol.

Given (y3 – 2yx2) dx + (2xy2 – x3) dy = 0 æ 1 1 ö

.s

ç -1 - 2 - 2 ÷ dx
(y3 – 2yx2) dx = – (2xy2 – x3) dy ⇒ òç ÷ dv = 3 ò
ç v v +1 v -1÷ x
(y3 – 2yx2) dx = (x3 – 2xy2) dy è ø
w

1 1
⇒ – log v – log (v + 1) – - log (v – 1)
dy y 3 - 2 yx 2 2 2
⇒ = 3
dx x - 2 xy 2
= 3 log x + log c
w

Since the numerator and denominator are

homogeneous functions of degree 3, 1
⇒ – log (v – 1) = 3 log x + log c
2
dy dv
w

ut y = vx and
p =v+x 1 1
dx dx ⇒ log v + log (v + 1) + log (v – 1)
2 2
dv v x - 2 xv × x x 3 ( v 3 - 2v )
3 3 2
⇒v+x = 3 = = – 3 log x + log c
dx x - 2 x × v2 x2 x 3 (1 - 2v 2 )
dv v - 2v ⇒ log v · v +1 v -1 = log æç 1 ö÷ · c
3
⇒v+x = è x3 ø
dx 1 - 2v 2 c
⇒v v -1 = 3
2
x

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 141

y Separating the variables we get,

Replace v by we get, dv -v 3
x
x =
dx 1 + v2
y y2 c
-1 = (1 + v 2 )dv -dx
x x x3
2
⇒ =
v 3
x

m
y y 2 - x2 c v 2
dx
⇒ = 3
1
⇒ 3 dv + 3 dv = - ò
x x x v v x
c dv dx
⇒ y y 2 - x2 = ⇒ x y y 2 - x 2 = c (1) 1
dv + = -

co
x ⇒
v 3
v x
Since the curve passes through (1, 2) we get Integrating both sides we get,

(1) (2) 4 -1 = c ⇒ c = 2 3 -3 dv dx
ò v dv + ò = - ò
v x

s.
Substituting c = 2 3 in (1) we get -1
+ log v = –log x + log c
2v 2
xy y 2 - x2
= 2 3

ok
1
⇒ – log v = log x – log c
7. An electric manufacturing company makes 2v 2
small household switches. The company 1
⇒ = log v + log x – log c
estimates the marginal revenue function for 2v 2
these switches to be (x2 + y2) dy = xy dx where x
o
represents the number of units (in thousands).
1 vx
⇒ = log
What is the total revenue function? 2v 2 c
ab

Sol. y
Replace v by we get,
x
(x2 + y2) dy = xy dx
x2 y x
dy xy = log ×
⇒ + 2 .....(1) 2 y2 x c
x + y2
ur

dx
x2 y
Since the numerator and denominators are ⇒ 2 = log
2y c
homogeneous functions of degree 2,
2 2 y
dy dv ⇒ e x 2 y = c
.s

put y = vx, and =v+x

dx dx 2 2 y2
⇒ y = c e x
(1) becomes
w

dv x × vx x 2v EXERCISE 4.4
⇒v+x = 2 =
dx x + v2 x2 x 2 (1 + v 2 )
v Solve the following
w

=
1 + v2 dy y
1. – =x
dv v v - v(1 + v 2 ) dx x
⇒x = – v = Sol.
w

dx 1 + v 2 1 + v2
dy y
Given – = x
v - v - v3 dx x
= dy
1 + v2 It is in the linear form + Py = Q
dx
-v 3
-1
= ⇒P= ,Q=x
1 + v2 x
-1
\ ò Pdx = -ò x dx = – log x = log x–1

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142
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

log x -1 1 dy
\ I.F = e ò
Pdx
=e = x–1 = 3. x + 2y = x4
x dx
\ Solution is Sol.
dy 2
+ y = x3
dx x
ò Pdx ò Pdx
ye = ò Qe dx + c The given differential equation is of this form

m
1 1  [Divided by x]
⇒ y ( ) = ò xx dx + c dy
x x + Py = Q Where
dx
y 2
⇒ = dx + c
ò P = ò and Q = x3

co
x x
y 2
⇒
x
=x+c ò
\ pdx = ò dx = 2 log x = log x2
x
dy ò pdx
\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e
log x 2
2. + y cos x = sin x cos x =e = x2

s.
dx
Sol. Hence the solution is

= ò Q × e ò
pdx
y eò
pdx
The given differential equation is of the follows dx + c

ok
dy 3
+ Py = Q where ⇒ y · x2 = ò x ·x2 dx + c
dx
5
P = cos x, Q = sin x cos x ⇒ x2y = ò x dx + c
x6
\ ò Pdx = ò cos x dx = sin x ⇒ x2y = +c
o
6
\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e ò
Pdx
= e sin x dy 3 x2 1 + x2
ab

4. + y =
dx 1 + x3 1 + x3
Hence, the solution is Sol.
The given differential equation is of this form
= ò Qe ò dx + c
Pdx
y eò
Pdx
dy
+ Py = Q Where
ur

sin x dx
⇒ y · esin x = ò sin x cos x × e dx + c
P =
3x 2
; Q =
1 + x2
put t = sin x ⇒ dt = cos x dx 1 + x3 1 + x3
pdx = ò 3x dx
2
t
⇒ y esin x = ò t e dt (1) \ ò
.s

1 + x3
ILATE put t = 1 + x3 ⇒ dt = 3x2 dx
dt
= ò = log t = log (1 + x3)[ t = 1 + x3]
w

t
Algabraic function

\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e ò
pdx
=e
( )
log 1+ x3

put u = t; dv = et dt
w

du = dt; v = et = 1 + x3
Using integration by parts Hence the solution is
ò u dv = uv – ò v du y eò
pdx
= ò Q × e ò
pdx
w

dx + c
t
⇒ ò t e dt = t e – ò e dt = te – e (2)
t t t t
æ 1 + x2 ö
Substituting (2) in (1) we get, ⇒ y (1 + x3) = ò ç × 1 + x3 ÷ dx + c
ç 1 + x3 ÷
è ø
y esin x = t et – et + c
ò 1 + x dx + c
=
2
( )
⇒ye sin x
= e (t – 1) + c
t
3
x
⇒ y esin x = esin x(sin x – 1) + c[  t = sin x] ⇒ y (1 + x3) = x + +c
3

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152
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

20. The general solution of the differential

dv x.vx − v 2 x 2 x 2 (v − v 2 ) v − v 2
dy v + x = 2 = =
equation = cos x is dx x + x − vx 1+ v
dx x 2 (1 − v)
(a) y = sin x + 1 (b) y = sin x –2
dv v − v2 v − v 2 − v(1 + v)
(c) y = cos x + c, c is an arbitrary constant ⇒x = -v=
(d) y = sin x + c, c is an arbitrary constant dx 1+ v 1+ v

m
 [Ans: (d) y = sin x + c, c is an arbitrary v − v2 − v − v2
constant] =
dy 1+ v
Hint: = cos x ⇒ dy = cos x dx
dx dv −2v 2
⇒ x =

co
dx 1+ v
∫ dy = ∫ cos x dx ⇒ y = sin x + c
(1 + v)dv dx
21. A homogeneous differential equation of the ⇒ =-
dy  y 2v 2 x
form = f   can be solved by making
dx  x

s.
substitution, 24. Which of the following is the homogeneous
(a) y = v x (b) v = y x differential equation?
(a) (3x − 5)dx = (4y − 1)dy

ok
(c) x = v y (d)
x=v
(b) xy dx − (x3 + y3)dy = 0
 [Ans: (a) y = v x]
(c) y2dx + (x2 − xy − y2)dy = 0
22. A homogeneous differential equation of the
(d) (x2 + y)dx = (y2 + x)dy
dy  x
o
form = f   can be solved by making
dx  y  [Ans: (c) y2dx + (x2 – xy – y2)dy = 0]
substitution, Hint:
ab

(a) x = v y (b) y = v x Only in (c) each and every term is of degree 2

(c) y = v (d)
x=v 25. The solution of the differential equation
 y
 [Ans: (a) x = v y] f 
dy y  x
ur

dy y ( x − y ) = +
23. The variable separable form of = dx x  y
dx x ( x + y ) f ´ 
 x
dy dv  y  y
by taking y = vx and = v+x is (a) f   = k x (b) x f   = k
.s

dx dx  x x
2v 2 dx  y  y
(a) dv = (c) f   = k y (d) y f   = k
1+ v x  x x
w

2v 2 dx  y
(b) dv = –  [Ans: (a) f   = kx]
1+ v x  x
 y
2v 2 dx f 
w

(c) dv = y x
1− v x dy


Hint = = 1 y 
dx x f  
1+ v dx x
(d) 2 dv = –
w

2v x
1+ v dx  y
 f 
[Ans: (d) dv = – ] dy y x
2v 2 x ⇒ - =
y( x − y) xy − y 2 dx x  y
dy f 1 
Hint: = = 2 x
dx x( x + y ) x + xy
dy dv
put y = vx and =v+x is
dx dx

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 153

 y Differentiating again w. r. t. ‘x’, we get,

f 
x d2y 1æ d2y ö
P = -Yx;  Q=
 y = 2a ⇒ ç ÷ = a(3)
f 1  dx 2 2 çè dx 2 ÷ø
x
Substituting (3) in (2) we get,
 y

m
only when f   = kx, Q will be a function of x dy æ d2y ö
x = x çç 2 ÷÷ + b
dx è dx ø
æ d2y ö
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS dy
– x çç 2 ÷÷

co
⇒b=
dx è dx ø
dp d 2 P æ dy ö æ d2y ö
1. Suppose that Qd = 30 − 5 p + 2 + and ⇒ bx = x ç ÷ – x çç 2 ÷÷ (4)
2
dt dt 2 è dx ø è dx ø
Qs = 6 + 3P. Find the equilibrium price for

s.
market clearance. Substituting (3) and (4) in (1) we get
Sol.
dp 1æ d2y ö 2 dy æ d2y ö
d2 p y= ç ÷ x + x – x2
çç 2 ÷÷
Given Qd = 30 – 5p + 2 + and 2 çè dx 2 ÷ø dx
dt 2 è dx ø

ok
Q = 6 + 3p dt
3
At equilibrium, Qd = Qs 1 2 æ d2y ö dy
y=– x çç 2 ÷÷ + x
dp d2 p 2 è dx ø dx
⇒ 30 – 5p + 2 + = 6 + 3p
dt dt 2 Multiplying by 2,
o
d2 p dp
⇒ 2 +2 – 5p + 30 – 6 – 3p = 0 æ d2y ö dy
dt dt 2y = – x2 çç 2 ÷÷ + 2x
ab

d2 p dp è dx ø dx
⇒ 2 +2 – 8p = –24
dt dt æ d2y ö dy
⇒ x2 çç 2 ÷÷ – 2x + 2y = 0.
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m – 8 = 0 è dx ø dx
–8
ur

⇒ (m + 4) (m – 2) = 0
2
3. Solve: yx2 dx + e–x dy = 0.
⇒ m = –4, 2 4 –2
Sol.
\ C.F. is Ae–4t + Be2t
yx2 dx = – e–x dy
.s

−24
Particular Integral (P.I.) = e0x
(D + 4)(D − x) x2 dy
⇒ -x
dx = –
-24 -24 e y
w

= = =3
(0 + 4)(0 - 2) -8 dy
⇒ x2 ex dx = –
y
y = CF + PI
w

Integrating both sides,

\ The general solution is
2 dy
y = Ae–4t + Be2t + 3 ò x ex dx = – ò y (1)
w

2. Form the differential equation having for its

general solution y = ax2 + bx put u = x2 dv = exdx
Sol. u1 = 2x v = ex
Given equation is y = ax2 + bx(1)
u11 = 2 v1 = ex
Differentiating w. r. t. ‘x’, we get,
dy v2 = ex
= 2ax + b(2)
dx

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154
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

Using Bernoulli’s formula, æ 3y2 ö

çç1 + 2 ÷÷ · x3 = C
ò udv = uv – u v 1
1
+ u11v2 è x ø

2
\ òx ex dx = x2 ex – 2x ex + 2 ex 1
æ 2 ö3
⇒ x ç1 + 3 y ÷ = C
ç x 2 ÷ø

m
\ From (1), x2ex – 2 x ex + 2 ex = –log y + C è
⇒ ex (x2 – 2 x + 2) + log y = C dy
5. Solve: x + 2y = x4
dx

co
4. Solve: (x2 + y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0. Sol.
Sol. Dividing by x we get,
dy 2
(x2 + y2) dx = –2xy dy + y = x3
dx x
( )

s.
dy x2 + y 2 dy
⇒ =– This is of the form + Py = Q where
dx 2 xy dx
2
Since the numerator and denominator is a P = and Q = x3
x

ok
homogenous function of degree 2, 2
∫ Pdx = ò dx = 2 log x = log x2
x
dy dv
\ Integrating factor (I.F.) = e ò
put y = vx and =v+x pdx 2
= elog x
dx dx
o
dv æ x2 + v2 x2 ö = x2
\ v+x = –ç
dx ç 2 x vx ÷÷
è ø
∫
ab

Pdx
\ The solution is y e∫ = ∫Q e
Pdx
dx + C
æ x (1 + v ) ö
2 2
÷ = 1+ v
2
= –ç ⇒ y x2 =ò x × x dx + C
3 2
ç 2 x2 v ÷ -2v
è ø
æ 1 + v2 ö ⇒ x y = ò x5 dx + C
2
dv
ur

x = – çç ÷÷ – v
dx è 2v ø x6
⇒ x2 y = 6 + C.
−1 − v 2 − 2v 2 -1 - 3v 2 æ 1 + 3v 2 ö
= – = – çç ÷÷ 6. A manufacturing company has found that
2v 2v è 2v ø
.s

the cost C of operating and maintaining the

2v × dv dx equipment is related to the length ‘m’ of
=–
1 + 3v 2
x intervals between overhauls by the equation
Multiplying by 3,
w

dC
put 1 + 3v2 = t m2 + 2m C = 2 and c = 4 and when m = 2.
6v dv dx dm
∫ 1 + 3v 2 dv = – ò 3 x 6v dv = dt Find the relationship between C and m.
w

Sol.
dt dx
ò t = –3 ò x Given m2
dc
+ 2mc = 2
dm
⇒ log t = – 3 log x + log C
w

⇒ log (1 + 3v ) + 3 log x = log C

2
Dividing by m2, we get,
⇒ log (1 + 3v2) · x3 = log C
dC 2c 2
⇒ (1 + 3v2) x3 = C + = 2
dm m m
y
Replace v by we get, dy
x This is of the form + Py = Q
dx

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 155
1
2 2 ⇒ A + B = - (2)
where P = and Q = 6
m m
Also, when x = 1, y = 0
2
∫ Pdm = ò m dm = 2 log m = log m2
e4
⇒ Ae + Be2 = -
⇒ 0 = Ae1 + Be2 +
e4
6 6
\ Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e∫ Pdm = elog m
2
e

m
(2) xe → Ae + Be = –
= m2 6
\ The solution is (–) (–) (+) 4
(3) → Ae + Be2 = – e 6
∫ Pdm
c e∫
Pdm
= ∫Q e

co
dm + c · K e4 e
B (e – e2) = −
2 6 6
cm2 = ò m2 m2 dm + K = ò 2 dm + c K
B. e (1 – e) =
e 3
(e – 1)
6
cm2 = 2m + K (1)

s.
e3 - 1 1 (e3 - 1)
Given that c = 4, when m = 2 ⇒B= =-
6(1 - e) 6 e -1
4(22) = 2(2) + K ⇒ 16 – 4 = K 1 (e - 1) (e + e + 1)
2

ok
= -
⇒ K = 12 6 (e - 1)
\ (1) becomes 1 2
⇒ B = - (e + e + 1)
cm2 = 2m + 12 6
o
⇒ cm2 = 2 (m + 6) Substituting the value of A and B in (2) we get,
1 2 1
7. Solve: (D2 – 3D + 2)y = e4x, given y = 0, when A– (e + e + 1) = −
ab

6 6
x = 0, and x = 1. 1 1 2 1
Sol.
⇒ A = - + (e + e) +
6 6 6
The auxiliary equation is 1 2
⇒ A = (e + e)
ur

6
m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
Substituting the value of A and B in (1) we get,
⇒ (m –2) (m –1) = 0 1 2 1 e
4x
y= (e + e)e x - (e 2 + e + 1)e 2 x +
.s

⇒ m = 1, 2 6 6 6
⇒ 6y = (e + e)e – (e + e + 1) e + e
2 x 2 2x 4x

The roots are real and equal.

8. Solve: dy + y cos x = 2 cos x.
w

\ Complementary function CF is Aex + Be2x

Sol. dx
1 1 dy
PI = f(x) = e4x + y cos x = 2 cos x
f(D)
w

(D - 2)(D - 1) dx
dy
e4 x e4 x e4 x This is of the form + Py = Q where
= = = dx
(4 - 2)(4 - 1) 2(3) 6
P = cos x and Q = 2 cos x
w

\ y = CF + PI ∫ Pdx = ò cos x dx = sin x
e4 x
Integrating factor (I.F.) = e ò
y = Aex + Be2x + (1) pdx sin x
6 =e

Given that when x = 0, y = 0 \ The Solution is

e0 ∫ Pdx ∫ Q e∫ Pdx
⇒ 0 = Ae0 + Be0 + ⇒0=A+B+
1 ye = dx + C
6 6

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156
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations
sin x
⇒ y esin x = ò (2 cos x) e dx + C 1
sin x ⇒ 3v3 = log vx + K [Where K = –C]
⇒ y esin x = 2 ò cos x e dx + C
y
⇒ y esin x = 2I1 + C (1) Replacing v by we get,
x
sin x x3 y
I1 = ò cos x e dx 3 = log ·x+K

m
3y x
put sin x = t ⇒ cos dx = dt
x3

t
\ It = ò e dt = e = e t sin x ⇒ = log y + C
3 y3

co
\ (1) becomes, y esin x = 2 · esin x + C dy
10. = xy + x + y + 1.
9. Solve: x2 y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0. dx
Sol.
Sol.
dy
= xy + x + y + 1

s.
x2 y dx = (x3 + y3) dy dx
dy x2 y dy
⇒ = 3 ⇒ = x (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)
dx x + y dx
3

ok
The numerator and denominator are dy
⇒ = (y + 1) (x + 1)
homogeneous functions of degree 3, dx
dy dv Separating the varibales we get,
So put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx dy
o
= (x + 1) dx
dv x vx
2 x −v
3
v y +1
v+x = 3 3 3 = 3 3 =
dx x + v x x (1 + v ) 1 + v3 Integrating both sides we get,
ab

dv v v − v(1 + v3 ) v − v − v4 dy
⇒x = 3 = =
1 + v3
ò y + 1 = ò ( x + 1) dx
dx 1 + v 1 + v3
x2
−v 4 log (y + 1) = + x + C.
2
ur

=
1 + v3
PRACTICE 2 MARK QUESTIONS
dv −v 4
⇒x =
dx 1 + v
3
1. Write down the order and degree of the
.s

Separating the variable we get, following differential equations.

(1 + v3 )dv dx æ dy ö
3
æ dy ö
=- (i) ç ÷ – 4 ç ÷ + y = 3ex
w

v 4
x è dx ø è dx ø
Sol.
1 v3 dx
⇒ 4 dv + dv = − The highest derivative is of order 1 and its
v v 4
x
w

power is 3
−4 1 dx
⇒ v dv + dv = − \ order is 1 and degree is 3.
v x 2
æ dy ö d3y d2y dy
w

Integrating both sides we get, (ii) ç ÷ – 7 3 + y 2 + 4 – log x = 0.

è dx ø dx dx dx
1 dx Sol.
∫ v dv + ∫ vdv = −∫ x
−4

The highest derivative if of order 3 and its power

v −3 is 1
⇒ + log v = –log x + C
−3
\ order is 3 and degree is 1.
−1
⇒ 3 = – log x = –log v + C
3v

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 157

2. Write down the order and degree of the 4. Form the differential equation of family of
following differential equations. rectangular hyperbolas whose asymptotes
æ dy ö
2 are the Co–ordinate axes.
(i) 1 + ç ÷ = 4x Sol.
è dx ø
Sol. Equation of family of rectangular hyperbolas
whose asymptotes are the Co–ordinate axis is

m
Squaring both sides we get,
2 xy – c2
é 2ù 2
ê 1 + æç dy ö÷ ú = (4x)2 ⇒ 1 + æç dy ö÷ = 16x2 Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get,
ê è dx ø ú è dx ø

co
ë û dy
x. + y(1) = 0
The highest derivative is of order 1 and its power dx
is 2
\ order is 1 and degree is 2. æ dy ö
⇒ x ç ÷ + y(1) = 0 which is the required
è dx ø

s.
2
é æ dy ö 2 ù 3 d 2 y differential equation.
(ii) ê1 + ç ÷ ú = 2
êë è dx ø úû dx 5. Solve: x dy + y dx = 0
Sol.

ok
Sol.
Taking power 3 both sides, we get
x dy = –y dx
2
é æ dy ö 2 ù 3 ´3 3
Separating the variables we get,
æ d2y ö
ê1 + ç ÷ ú =ç 2 ÷
ç dx ÷ dy dx
êë è dx ø úû
o
è ø =-
2 y x
é æ dy ö 2 ù æ d 2 y ö
3
dy dx
Integrating, ò = -ò
ab

⇒ ê1 + ç ÷ ú = ç 2 ÷ y x
ç ÷
êë è dx ø úû è dx ø
⇒ log y = –log x + log C
The highest derivative is of order 2 and its power
is 3 æCö C
⇒ log y = log ç ÷ ⇒
y = ⇒ xy = C.
èxø x
ur

\ order is 2 and degree is 3.

a 6. Solve: (x2 – ay)dx = (ax–y2)dy
3. Find the differential equation for y = mx +
m Sol.
where m is arbitrary constant.
.s

Sol. x2 dx – ay dx = axdy – y2dy

a ⇒ x2 dx + y2dy = ax dy + aydx
Given y = mx + (1)
m
w

Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get, ⇒ ò x 2 dx + ò y 2 dy = a éë ò xdy + ò ydx ùû

dy dy x3 y 3
= m(1) + 0 ⇒ m = (2) ⇒ + = a (xy) + C [ d(xy) = x·dy + y·dx]
dx dx 3 3
w

Substituting (2) in (1) we get,

æ dy ö
2 7. Solve: dy + ay = ex (where a ≠ –1)
a ç ÷ x+a Sol. dx
w

æ dy ö è dx ø
y = ç ÷ x + dy ⇒ y = dy
è dx ø æ dy ö The given equation is of the form +Py = Q
dx ç ÷ dx
è dx ø
2 where P = a and Q = ex
dy dy
⇒  y æç ö÷ = x æç ö÷ + a. which is the required
è dx ø è dx ø ∫ Pdx = ò a dx = ax
differential equation. ∫ Pdx
Integrating factor (I.F.) = e = eax

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158
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations
2x

∫ Pdx \ Complementary function CF is Aex + Be 3

\ The solution is y e∫ = ∫Q e
Pdx
dx + C 2x
x ax \ The general solution is y = Aex + Be 3
⇒ y·eax = ò e × e dx + C

⇒ y·eax = ò e( a +1) x dx + C 10. Solve: (D2 – 6D + 25)y = 0.

Sol.
e( a +1) x

m
⇒ y·eax = +C The auxiliary equation is m2 – 6m + 25 = 0
a +1
Here a = 1, b = –6, c = 25
8. The change in the cost of ordering and holding

co
dC C -b ± b 2 - 4ac 6 ± 36 - 4(1)(25)
C as quantity q is given by =a– where \m= =
dq q 2a 2
a is a Constanst. Find C as a function of q.
Sol. 6 ± 36 - 100 6 ± −64 6 ± 8i
= = =
dC

s.
c 2 2 2
Given =a–
dq q 2 (3 ± 4i )
=
dC C 2
⇒ + =a

ok
dq q = 3 ± 4i
\ α = 3, β = 4
The given differential equation is of the form Complementary function CF is eαx
dC  [A cos b x + B sin b x]
+ PC = Q where
dq
o
1 ⇒ CF = e3x [A cos 4x + B sin 4x]
P =  and Q = a
q \ The general solution is e3x
ab

1  [A cos 4 x + B sin 4x]

ò pdq = ò q dq = log q
PRACTICE 3 MARK QUESTIONS
Integrating factor I.F. = elog q = q
∫ Pdq ∫ Pdq
\ The solution is C y e = ∫Q e 1. Find the differential equation of all circles
ur

dq + C
x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0 which pass through the origin
⇒ C(q) = ò a × q dq + C and whose centres are on the X–axis.
Sol.
æ q2 ö
.s

⇒ C.q = a ç ÷ + C Given x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0 (1)

ç 2 ÷
è ø
⇒ 2Cq = aq2 + K where K = 2C. where g is the arbitrary constant.
w

Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get,

2
d y dy dy
9. Solve: 3 2
–5 + 2y = 0 2x + 2y + 2g = 0
dx dx dx
w

Sol. dy
⇒ 2g = – 2x – 2y (2)
dx
The auxiliary equation is 3m2 – 5m + 2 = 0
Substituting (2) in (1) we get,
w

⇒ (m – 1)(3m – 2) = 0
æ dy ö
2 x2 + y2 + x ç -2 x - 2 y ÷ = 0
⇒ m = 1, . è dx ø
3
The roots are real and different æ dy ö
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2x2 + 2xy ç ÷ = 0
è dx ø

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 159

æ dy ö d2y æ dy ö
⇒ y2 – x2 + 2xy ç ÷ = 0 which is the required = 3 ç ÷ + Be3x (3)
è dx ø dx 2
è dx ø
2
differential equation. d y æ dy ö é dy ù
⇒ 2 = 3 ç ÷ + 3 ê - 3 y ú  [Using (2)]
2. Form the differential equation for dx è dx ø ë dx û
x2 y2 d2y dy dy
+ = 1 where a & b are arbitrary ⇒ = 3 æç ö÷ + 3 æç ö÷ – 9y

m
a2 b2 dx 2
è dx ø è dx ø
constants. 2
d y æ dy ö
Sol. ⇒ = 6 ç ÷ – 9y which is the required
x2 y 2 dx 2
è dx ø

co
Given 2 + 2 = 1
a b differential equation
b2 x2 + a 2 y 2 4. Solve: sec 2x dy – sin 5x sec2 y dx = 0
⇒ =1
a 2b 2 Sol.

s.
⇒ b x + a y = a b (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 Given  Sec 2x dy = sin 5x sec2 y dx
Separating the variables we get,
Differentiating again w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
dy sin 5 x

ok
dy = dx
2b x + 2a y
2
= 0  ⇒  b2x + a2yy1 = 0
2
(2) sec y sec 2 x
2
dx
⇒ cos2 y dy = sin 5x · cos 2x dx
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
b2 + a2 [ yy2 + y1y1] = 0 Integrating, ò cos 2 y dy = ò sin 5x cos 2x dx
o
⇒ b2 + a2 [ yy2 + y12] = 0 (3) 1 + cos 2 y æ sin 7 x + sin 3 x ö
⇒ò dy = ò ç ÷ dx + C
ab

2 è 2 ø
Eliminating a2 and b2 from (1) and (3) we get
[ cos 2y = 2 cos2 y – 1
x yy1 1
=0 and sin C sin D = [sin (C + D) + sin (C – D)]
1 y12 + yy2 2
ur

sin 2 y cos 7 x cos3 x

⇒ x (y12 + yy2) – yy1 = 0 ⇒y+ = + +C
2 7 3
  dy  2 d2 y  dy 
⇒ x    + y ⋅ 2  − y   = 0 which is 5. Solve: cos2 x dy + y · e tanx dx = 0.
 dx dx  dx
.s

Sol.
the required differential equation.
Given cos2 x dy + y · e tanx dx = 0
w

3. Form the differential equation for ⇒ cos2 x dy = – y e tanx dx [ t = tan x

y = (A + Bx)e3x where A and B are constants.
Sol. dy e tan x dt = sec2 x dx
⇒ =– dx
Given y = (A + Bx)e3x(1) y cos 2 x \ ò et dt = et
w

Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get, dy

= –sec2 x · e tanx dx.
⇒  = e tan x]
dy
= (A + Bx)e3x(3) + e3x(B) y
dx dy
w

Integrating, ò = – ò sec x · e tanx dx

2
dy y
⇒ = 3y + Be3x [Using (1)]
dx log y = – e tanx + C
dy
⇒ Be3x = – 3y(2)
dx Þ log y + e tanx = C
Differentiating again w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
6. Solve: (x2 – yx2) dy + (y2 + xy2) dx = 0.
Sol.

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160
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

Given (x2 – yx2) dy + (y2 + xy2) dx = 0 æ 1 + z2 -1 ö

⇒ x2(1 – y) dy + y2(1 + x) dx = 0
çç 2 ÷÷ dz = dx
è 1+ z ø
⇒ x2(1 – y) dy = –y2 (1 + x) dx æ 1 + z2 1 ö
Separating the variables we get, ⇒ çç - ÷ dz = dx
2 ÷
è1+ z 1+ z ø
2

(1 - y ) (1 + x)

m
dy = – 2 dx æ 1 ö
y 2 x ⇒ çz- ÷ dz = dx
è 1 + z2 ø
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2 dy – dy = – 2 dx – dx dz
y y x x Integrating, ∫dz – ò = dx

co
1 + z2
-2 1 1 1 dz
Integrating, ò y dy – ò dy = – ò 2 dx – ò dx
y x x [ ò 1 + x2 = tan–1 x + y]
1 1
– – log y = – log x + C ⇒ z – tan–1 (2) = x + C
y x

s.
1 1 ⇒ (x + y) – tan–1 (x + y) = x + C
⇒ log x – log y = + + C
x y ⇒ y – tan–1 (x + y) = C
x+ y
⇒ log æç x ö÷ = 8. Find the equation of the Curve passing

ok
+C
y xy y
è ø through (1, 0) and which has slope 1 + at
x+ y
+C (x, y). x
x e xy
⇒ =
y Sol.
y
o
x+ y
x xy
Given slope is 1 +
⇒ =K·e [where e = K] C x
y dy x + y
dy y
ab

⇒ = 1 +   ⇒  =
dy dx x dx x
7. Solve: (x + y)2 =1
dx The numerator and denominator are
Sol.
dy homogeneous functions of degree 1,
Given (x + y)2 = 1 (1)
ur

dx dy dv
put x + y = z So put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx
dy dz dv x + vx x (1+ v)
⇒1+ = \V+x = = =1+v
dx dx dx x x
.s

dy dz dv
= –1 ⇒ V +x =1+ V
dx dx dx
\ (1) becomes, dv
w

⇒ x =1
æ dz ö dx
z2 ç - 1 ÷ = 1
è dx ø Separating the variables we get,
dz 2 dx
w

⇒ z2 –z =1 dv =
dx x
dz dx
⇒ z2 = 1 + z2 Integrating, ò dv = ò
x
w

dx
⇒ v = log x + log c
Separating the variables we get, ⇒ v = log x c
æ z2 ö y
çç ÷ dz = dx
2 ÷ Replacing V by we get,
è 1+ z ø x
Adding and Subtracting 1 in the numerator, y
log x c  ⇒  y – x log c x(1)
we get x

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 161

Since the Curve passes through (1, 0), Sol.

0 = 1 log c  ⇒  log c = 0  ⇒  c = e0 = 1 The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0
\ c=1
⇒ m2 = –1
\ (1) becomes, y = x log x.
⇒ m = ± −1 = ± i
9. Show that the equation of the curve

m
whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x Here α = 0, β = 1
and which passes through the origin is \ CF is e0x [A cos x + B sin x]
y = 2 (ex – x – 1).
\ The general solution is

co
Sol.
y = A cos x + B sin x(1)
Given slope = y + 2x
dy Given when x = 0, y = 2
⇒ = y + 2x
dx \ 2 = A cos 0 + B sin 0

s.
dy
⇒ – y = 2x ⇒2=A+0⇒A=2
dx
dy [ cos 0 = 1 and sin 0 = 0]

ok
This is of the form + Py = Q where P = –1, Q p
= 2x. dx Also, when x = , y = –2
2
p p
ò Pdx = ò -1 dx = –x \ – 2 = A cos
2
+ B sin
2
∫
o
Pdx
\ I.F. = e = e–x ⇒ – 2 = A (0) + B (1) ⇒ B = – 2

eò
Pdx ∫ Pdx
\ The solution is y · = ∫ Q ⋅e dx + C [ cos
p
= 0 and sin
p
= 1]
ab

2 2
⇒ y ·e–x = ò 2x × e - x dx + C
Substituting the values of A & B in (1) we get,
 Let u = x; dv = e–x
 u1 = 1; v = – e–x y = 2 cos x – 2 sin x
ur

 v1 = e–x ⇒ y = 2 (cos x – sin x)


⇒ y e–x = 2 [– x e–x – 1 (e–x)] + C PRACTICE 5 MARK QUESTIONS

 [Bernoulli's formula]
.s

dy
1. Solve: = sin (x + y).
⇒ y e = – 2x e – 2 e + C
–x –x –x
(1) dx
Sol.
Since the Curve passes through (0, 0), we get dy
w

Given = sin (x + y)(1)

⇒ 0 = 0 – 2e0 + C ⇒ C = 2 dx
put x + y = z
(1) becomes, dy dz
w

⇒1+ =
\ ye = –2xe – 2e + 2
–x –x –x
dx dx
y e–x = – 2x e–x – 2 e–x + 2 ex · e–x dy dz
⇒ = –1
w

dx dx
= e–x (2 ex – 2x – 2) dz
\ (1) becomes, –1 = sin z
y e–x = 2 e–x (ex – x – 1) dx
dz
Hence proved. ⇒ = 1 + sin z
dx
10. Solve: (D2 + 1)y = 0 when x = 0, y = 2 and when Separating the variables we get
p dz
x = , y = –2.
2 = dx
1+ sin z

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162
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

Multiplying & dividing by (1 + sin z) we get, 1 A B

= +
v(v + 1) v v +1
(1 + sin z )dz 1 = A(v + 1) + Bv
= dx
(1 + sin z ) (1 − sin z ) put v = – 1
1=–B
(1 + sin z ) dz
⇒ = dx put v = 0

m
1 − sin 2 z 1=A

⇒ (1 + sin z ) dz = dx  [ sin2 x + cos2 x = 1] æ1 1 ö dx
cos z
2
\ ç + ÷ dv =
èv v+vø x

co
æ 1 sin z ö
⇒ç + ÷ dz = dx
è cos z cos 2 z ø
2
Integrating,
⇒ (sec2 z + tan z sec z) dz = dx dv dv dx
òv – ò v +1 = ò x

s.
Integrating ò sec 2 z dz + ò tan z sec z dz = ò dx
⇒ log v – log (v +1) = log x + log c
⇒ tan z – sec z = x + C y
Replacing v by we get

ok
⇒ tan (x + y) – sec (x + y) = x + C [ z = x + y] x
⇒ log v – log (v +1) = log x c
dy
2. Solve: x2 = y2 + 2xy given that y = 1, when
dx æ v ö
x = 1. ⇒ log ç ÷ = log (x c)
o
Sol.
è v +1ø
dy v
Given x2 = y2 + 2xy
ab

⇒ = (x c)
dx v +1
y
y 2 + 2 xy
⇒ dy = Replacing v by
x
we get,
dx x2 y y
ur

The numerator and denominator are x x

= x c ⇒ = x c
homogeneous function of degree, y x+ y
+1
dy dv x x
\ put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx y
.s

⇒ = x c
⇒v+x
dv
=
v 2 x 2 + 2 xvx
=
x 2
(v 2
+ 2v ) x+ y

dx x2 x2 ⇒ y = c x (x + y)(1)
w

= v2 + 2v Given, when x = –1, y = 1

dv \ 1 = c(1) (1+1) ⇒ 1 = 2c ⇒ c =
1
⇒v+x = v2 + 2v
w

dx 2
x
dv \ (1) becomes,  y = (x + y)
⇒ x = v2 + 2v – v = v2 + v 2
dx ⇒ 2y = x (x + y)
w

Separating the variables,

dy
3. Solve: (y – x) = a2
dv dx dv dx dx
Sol.
2
= ⇒ =
v +v x v ( v +1) x dy
Given (y – x) = a2
dx

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 163

5. The net profit p and quantity x satisfy the

dy a2 dx y-x
⇒ = ⇒ = dp 2 p 3 − x 3
dx y-x dy a2 differential equation = . Find
dx 3 xp 2
dx y x the relationship between the net profit and
⇒ = 2- 2
dy a a demand given that p = 20, when x = 10.
Sol.

m
dx x 1 dp
⇒ + 2 = 2y 2 p3 − x3
dy a a Given =
dx dx 3 xp 2
This is of the form + Px = Q
dx

co
The numerator and denominator are
1 1 homogeneous functions of 3,
where P = 2 and Q = 2 y
a a dv
dp
1 1 \ Put p = vx and =v+x
\∫
Pdy = ∫ 2 dy = 2 y dx dx
a a

s.
dv 2v3 x3 − x3 x3 (2v3 − 1)
   I.F = e∫ pdy = e y / a
2
\v+x = =
dx 3 xv 2 x 2 3 x3 v 2
∫ pdy
∫ x.e∫
pdy
\ The solution is = ∫ Q.e dy + C

ok
2v3 − 1
= 2
3v
y / a2 1 2
⇒ x.e
(1) = ∫ 2 y e y / a dy + C
a dv 2v3 − 1 2v3 − 1 − 3v3
⇒x = –v =
dx 3v 2
o
1 [ u = t;  d = et] 3v 2
Put 2 y = t ⇒ dy = a2 dt −1 − v 3
a u1 = 1; v = et =
v1 = et 3v 2
ab

2
\ (1) ⇒ x.e y / a = a 2 tet dt 

∫ ∫udv = uv – u1v1
 3v 2  dx
⇒  dv = −
       = a2 [tet – et] + C 3
 x
y 1+ v 
2
xe a 3v 2 dx
= a2.et(t – 1) + C Integrating, ∫ dv = – ∫
ur

y2 y
1+ v 3
x
 y  y ⇒ log (1 + v ) = – log x + log c
a2
3
x ⋅ea = a .e
2  −1 [ t = 2 ]
 a 2  a
c
.s

⇒ 1 + v3 =
4. Solve: (D + 14D + 49)y = e + 4.
2 –7x
x
Sol. The auxilary equation is m2 + 14m + 49 = 0
p
Replacing v by we get
⇒ (m + 7)2 = 0
w

x
⇒ m = –7, – 7 p3 x3 + p3 c
c
1+ = ⇒ =
The roots are real and equal x 3
x x3 x
w

\ CF is (Ax + B) e–7x
x3 + p3
[\ (D – 7)2 = 0, ⇒ = c ⇒x3 + p3 = cx2(1)
e −7x x 2 –7x x2
PI1 = = .e
w

when D = 7]
( D − 7) 2 2 When x = 10, p = 20

4 . e0 x 4 . e0 x 4 ⇒ 103 + 203 = c(10)2 ⇒ 1000 + 8000 = 100 c

PI2 = = =
(D − 7)(D − 7) (0 − 7)(0 − 7) 49 ⇒ 9000 = 100 c
\ The general solution is y = CF + PI1 + PI2 ⇒ c = 90

⇒ y = (Ax + B) e–7x + x e −7 x +
2 4

2 49

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164
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

\ (1) becomes, ⇒ log v – log (v + 1) = log q + log k

x3 + p3 = 90x2 v
⇒ log = log q. k
v +1
⇒ p3 = 90x2 – x3
v
⇒ = q. k
⇒ p3 = x2 (90 – x) which is the required v +1
relationship. c

m
Replacing v by , we get,
6. The rate of increase in the cost Cof ordering q
holding as the size q of the order increases c/q
.
c / q +1 = q k

co
is given by the differential equation c
⇒ = kq
dc c 2 + 2cq c+q
= . Find the relationship between
dq q2 ⇒ c = kq (c + q)(1)
c and q if c = 1 when q = 1. Given when c = 1 and q = 1

s.
Sol. 1
⇒ 1 = k (1) (1 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 2 k ⇒ k =
dc c 2 + 2cq q
2
Given = \(1) ⇒ c = (c + q)
q2

ok
dq 2
\ ⇒ 2c = q (c + q)
This is a homogeneous equation in c and q of
order 2 7. The total cost of production y and the level
dc dv of output x are related to the marginal cost
\ Put c = vq and =v+q
o
dq dq of production by the equation (6x2 + 2y2)dx –
(x2 + 4xy)dy = 0. What is the relation between
dv q v + 2v 2
( 2
) total cost and output if y = 2 when x = 1?
ab

\v+q = v2a2 + 2vq0q = v2 +

dq q 2
Sol.
2vv
Given (6x2 + 2y2)dx – (x2 + 4xy)dy = 0
dv
q = v2 + 2v – v = v2 + v ⇒ (6x2 + 2y2)dx = (x2 + 4xy)dy
dq
ur

Separating the variables we get, dy = 6 x + 2 y

2 2
⇒
dv dq dx x 2 + 4 xy
=
v+v q This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
.s

dv dq
Integrating, ∫ = ∫ dy dv
v(v + 1) q \ Put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx
w

1 A B

v(v + 1)
= +
v +1 dv 6 x 2 + 2v 2 x 2 x 2 ( 6 + 2v 2 )
v ⇒v+x = =
dx x 2 + 4 xvx x 2 (1 + 4v)
 ⇒ 1 = A (v + 1) + B
w

put v = –1 dv 6 + 2v 2
⇒v+x =
dx 1 + 4v

1 = –B ⇒ B = –1
w

put v = 0 dv 6 + 2v 2 6 + 2v 2 − v(1 + 4v)

⇒x = –v=
dx 1 + 4v 1 + 4v
⇒1=A
 

6 + 2v 2 − v − 4v 2
= (1)
1 1  dq 1 + 4v
∫  v − v + 1  dv = ∫ q dv 6 − v − 2v 2
⇒ x =
dx 1 + 4v

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 165

Separating the variables we get,  1  10 1

⇒ c.  10  = ∫ − 2 . 10 dx + k
(1 + 4v)dv dx x  x x
= x
6 − v − 2v 2 1
= –10 ∫ x12 dx + k
dt
[ t = 6 – v – 2v2 Þ dt = (–1 – 4v) dv, ò = log t] c

m
∫x
−12
t ⇒ = –10 dx + k
x10
(−1 − 4v)dv dx
\–∫
6 − v − 2v 2
= ∫ x ⇒
c
= –10
x −11
+k

co
x10 −11
⇒ –log (6 – v – 2v2) = log x + log k c 10  1 
⇒ 10 =    +
1 x 11  x11 
⇒ = kx k
6 − v − 2v 2
y

s.
1 When c = c0, x = x0
Replacing v by we get, = kx
x y 2y 2
6− −
x x2
c0 10  1 
x2 ⇒ =  11  + k
 x0 

ok
⇒
6 x 2 − xy − 2 y 2
= kx x0 11

⇒ x = k (6x2 – xy – 2y2) c 10
⇒ k = –
x010 11. x011
When x = 1, y = 2 ⇒ \ The solution is
o
1
1 = k (6 – 2 – 8) ⇒ 1 = k (–4) ⇒ k = − c 10  1   c 10 
⇒ 10 =  11  +  10 − 
11x011 
4 11  x   x0
1 x
ab

⇒x= −
4 (6x – xy – 2y )
2 2

c c 10  1 1 
⇒ 4x = 2y2 + xy – 6x2 ⇒ − = 11  11 − 11 
x
10
x010 x x0 
8. Equipment maintenance and operating costs
(are related to the overhaul interval x by the
ur

9. Suppose that the quantity needed Qd = 42

dc
equation x 2
– 10xc = –10 with c = c0 and dp d2 p
dx – 4p – 4 dt + and quantity supplied
dt 2
x = x0. Find c as a function of x.
Qs = –6 + 8p where p is the price. Find the
.s

Sol.
dc equilibrium price for market clearance.
x2 – 10xc = –10
dx Sol.
dc 10c
w

10 For market clearance, Qd = Qs

÷ x2,  – =– 2
dx x x
dp d2 p
This is a first order linear differential equation of ⇒ 42 – 4p – 4 + = – 6 + 8p
dt dt 2
w

dc
the form + Pc = Q where dp d2 p
dx ⇒ 48 – 12p – 4 + =0
10 10 dt dt 2
P=– and Q = – 2
x x
w

d2 p dp
10  1  ⇒ –4 – 12p = –48
∫ pdx = – ∫ x dx = – 10 log x = log  x10  dt 2 dt
10 The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m – 12 = 0
elog 1/ x 1
\ I. F. = e = ∫ pdx =
x10 ⇒ (m – 6) (m + 2) = 0
\ General solution is
⇒ m = –2, 6
e∫
px ∫ pdx
c = ∫ Q. e dx + k

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166
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations

The roots are real and different –12 ⇒ 25000 (e–0.6) = p

\ C.F. is Ae–2t + Be6t ⇒ 25000 (0.5488) = p
–4
⇒ ` 13720
–6 2
Hence, to get an amount of ` 25000 at the end of
48 −48 5 years, ` 13720 must be invested.

m
P.I. = (D − 6)(D + 2) e0t = (0 − 6)(0 + 2)
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
−48
= =4
−12

co
2 1
Ê dx ˆ
\ The general solution is 1. The differential equation Á ˜ + 5 y 3 = x is
Ë dy ¯
P = C.F. + P.I. (a) order 2 degree 1
⇒ P = Ae–2t + Be6t + 4 (b) order 1 degree 2

s.
(c) order 1 degree 6
10. A man plans to invest some amount in a
small saving scheme with a guaranteed (d) order 1 degree 3

ok
compound interest compounded  [Ans: (b) order 1 degree 2]
continuously at the ratio of 12 percent for
5 years. How much should he invest if he 1
1 1
 dy 
2

wants an amount of Rs. 25000 at the end of Hint: +5 y3 =x⇒1+5 y3  

 dy 
2  dx 
5 year period? (e–0.6 = 0.5488)
o
  2
Sol.  dx   dy 

=x  
 dx 
Let P(t) denotes the amount of money in the order is 1, degree 2
ab

account at time t. Then the differential equation

2. The differential equation of all circles with
governing the growth of money is
centre at the origin is
dp 12 dp
= p⇒ = 0.12 p (a)
xdy + ydx = 0 (b) xdy – ydx = 0
dt dt
ur

100
(c)
xdx + ydy = 0 (d) xdx – ydy = 0
Separating the variables,
dp  [Ans: (c) xdx + ydy = 0]
= 0.12 dt Hint: Differentiate x2+ y2 = a2
P
.s

dp
Integrating, ∫P = ∫ 0.12 dt + c 3. The amount present in a radio active
element disintegrates at a rate proportional
w

⇒ log p = 0.12t + c to its amount. The differential equation

corresponding to the above statement is (k is
⇒ P = e0.12t + c ⇒ P = e0.12t . ec negative).
(a) dp = k
w

dp
⇒ P = e0.12t. c1 (1) (b) dt
= kt
dt p
When t = 0, p = 0 ⇒ p = e0 (c1) ⇒ c1 = p dp dp
(c) = kp (d) = – kt
w

When t = 5, and p = 25000 dt dt

25000 = e.12(5) . P [∵ c1 = p]  [Ans: (c) = kp]

⇒ 25000 = e0.6 P

25000
⇒ =p
e0.6

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