ECE2120

Electrical Engineering Laboratory II

Lab 7: Filters: High-pass, Low-pass,
Bandpass, and Notch

Name:
Date:
Objective
The objective to perform this lab is to understand

 The designing of Low-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Stop filters

 Analysis using Bode Plot obtained
 Study of quality factor of filters

Equipment Used
1. Analog Discovery 2
2. Digital Multimeter
3. Breadboard
4. Resistor
5. Capacitor
6. Inductor

Part (0)
Perform the design calculations for the filter in Part 2

1. Design a low-pass filter using a 100 mH inductor and a single resistor R to

obtain a cutoff frequency of 7500 Hz ±2 % . In your notebook, show your
design procedure, including your design calculations.

The transfer function of R−L filter is

R
vo R L
= =
v i R+ SL R
S+
L

So, the cutoff frequency is

R
ωc=
L

As we know that, L=100 mH , and f =7500 Hz

So,
 4
ω c =2 πf =2 π ×7500=4.7 ×10

R=ωc L

R=(4.7× 104 )×(100 × 10−3 )

R=4700 Ω

A low pass filter will have L=100 mH and R=4.7 kΩ, so the circuit will be,

Part (1)
Low-pass filter - complete the following steps and record your values.

Figure 1 Low-Pass Filter

1. Obtain a 10 kΩ resistor and a 0.005 µF capacitor. Measure and record the

actual values of the components.
Table 1 Measured Value of RC

Nominal Value Measured Value

R 10 kΩ 9. 9 kΩ
C 0.005 µF 0.004 5 µF

2. Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 7.2. Use the function generator FGEN for
the supply voltage.
 Figure 1 Implemented Circuit for RC Filter

3. Calculate the cutoff frequency for the circuit, assuming the output is at Vo. At
the cutoff frequency, what, theoretically, will be the voltage Vo?
Cut-off frequency
1 1
f C= = =3.183 kHz
2 πRC 2 π ( 10 k ) ( 0.005 μ )
Vs
V o=
1+ jωRC
we know that,
V s =2V PP
So, the magnitude of output voltage will be,
2
V o= =1.414 V
√ 1+ ( 2 π ( 3.183 k ) ( 10 k ) ( 0.005 μ ) )
2

4. Connect CHANNEL 1 of the oscilloscope to measure the Vin (i.e., FGEN).

5. Connect CHANNEL 2 of the oscilloscope to measure the filter’s output voltage
Vo. On the oscilloscope, turn on the measurement functions for CH1 and CH2.
Vary the frequency from 500 Hz to 10 kHz in steps indicated in Table 7.1, and
record the indicated values. You may press STOP to freeze the display when
taking cursor measurements. For the Vin and Vo measurements, be sure the
 time scale is sufficient to show at least a few cycles, or the instrument may not
properly calculate the Peak-to-Peak and RMS values.
6. Use the oscilloscope’s cursors to measure the phase shift ∆t and then calculate
the phase angle φ between Vin and Vo.
Table 2 Measured values of Low-Pass filter with Capacitor

Freq Vin Vin Vo Vo ∆T ϕ Gain

kHz ( RMS) ( PP) (RMS) (PP) μs Degree dB
0.500 0.708 2 0.6 85 1.98 51 −9.18 −0.00436
2.000 0.708 2 0.5 84 1.64 42.4 −30.528 −0.08619
3.000 0.708 2 0.5 09 1.45 38.6 −41.688 −0.13966
4.000 0.708 2 0.4 40 1.21 34.1 −49.104 −0.21824
6.000 0.708 2 0.3 5 0.97 28.5 −61.56 −0.31426
12.000 0.708 2 0.2 23 0.63 18.98 −81.9936 −0.50169
20.000 0.708 2 0.1 35 0.33 10.7 −77.04 −0.78252
3.1847 0.708 2 0.4 85 1.42 36.8 −42.22668 −0.14874

7. Using the data of Table 7.1, sketch a Bode plot of the of the filter’s output voltage.
 From the above results, it can be seen that, there is a difference in the
nominal and calculated values, this is due to the tolerance of the component and the
material used for making the component. Overall, the difference is very small and
negligible.

Part (2)-

1. Design a low-pass filter using a 100 mH inductor and a single resistor R to

obtain a cutoff frequency of 7500 Hz ± 2%. In your notebook, show your
design procedure, including your design calculations.
2. Measure the actual value of the 100 mH inductor and record its value.
Table 3 Measured Values of RL Low-Pass filter

Nominal Value Measured Value

R 4.7 kΩ 4. 68 kΩ
L 100 mH 9 9 .5 mH

3. Use the WaveForms application to generate the Bode plot for this circuit
(similar to the last part of Lab 6). Scan from 1 kHz to 40 kHz. Set the
“Samples” to at least 300, although you may need to increase this value to as
much as 500 to get accurate readings of cutoff frequency and phase angle.
Verify that the graph scale is “Logarithmic”. Set the “amplitude” to 1.0 V (that
is, 2.0 VPP). Run the Bode analyzer.
4. When the analyzer has finished, use the cursors to locate the cutoff
frequency by finding the halfpower point (What identifies the half-power
point?). Record the cutoff frequency and the phase angle. Save the Bode plot
as an image.
 Figure 4 Bode Plot of RL Low Pass Filter

5. Compare the experimentally determined cutoff frequency to the desired value.

Table 7.4 Measured and Nominal Values of RL Low-Pass Filter

Nominal Value ActualValue

R 4.7 kΩ 4. 68 kΩ
fc 7500 Hz 73 19 Hz

6. Draw a circuit diagram of the final circuit that accomplishes the design
objective. Explain any differences between the final value of R and your
originally calculated value.

Figure 5 Designed RL Low Pass Filter

 Figure 6 Implemented Circuit of RL Low Pass Filter

Part (3)
1. Set up the series RLC circuit shown in Figure 7.3, using the function generator
to provide the sinusoidal input voltage.

Figure 2 Series RLC Circuit

 Figure 3 Implemented Circuit for RLC Filter

2. Calculate the resonant frequency f0 of the circuit.

1 1
f o= = =4893.92 Hz
2 π √ LC 2 π √ ( 100 m) ( 0.01 μ )

3. As in part 2, use the WaveForms application to generate the Bode plot for
this circuit (similar to the last part of Lab 6). Scan from 1 kHz to 40 kHz. Set
the “Samples” to at least 300, although you may need to increase this value
to as much as 500 to get accurate readings of cutoff frequency and phase
angle. Verify that the graph scale is “Logarithmic”. Set the “amplitude” to 1.0
V (that is, 2.0 VPP). Run the Bode analyzer.
4. What type of filter is this if the output voltage is Vo?
Bandpass Filter
5. What is the measured resonant frequency? What is the measured
bandwidth? What is the phase angle at resonance? To measure these values
from the Bode plot, you may need to increase the “samples” or interpolate
between points. Save the Bode plot as an image.
 Figure 4 Bode Plot for RLC FIler

Table 5 Measured Values for RLC Filter

Frequency Phase Angle

f0 4 773 Hz 48. 11
o

f1 44 81.9 Hz 0. 28o
f2 515 0.7 Hz −46.22
o

BW 668.8 Hz -------

Part (4)
1. Switch the positions of the resistor with inductor and capacitor to get the
series RLC circuit shown in Figure 7.4.
 Figure 5 Modified Series RLC Circuit

Figure 6 Implemented Circuit for RLC Filter

2. Calculate the resonant frequency fo of the circuit.

1 1
f o= = =4893.2 Hz
2 π √ LC 2 π √ ( 100 m ) ( 0.01 μ )

3. As in part 2, use the WaveForms application to generate the Bode plot for
this circuit (similar to the last part of Lab 6). Scan from 1 kHz to 40 kHz. Set
the “Samples” to at least 300, although you may need to increase this value
to as much as 500 to get accurate readings of cutoff frequency and phase
angle. Verify that the graph scale is “Logarithmic”. Set the “amplitude” to 1.0
V (that is, 2.0 VPP). Run the Bode analyzer.
4. What type of filter is this if the output voltage is Vo?
Band-Stop Filter
 5. From the Bode plots, what is the measured resonant frequency fc? What are
the lower and upper half-power points, f1 and f2? What is the measured
bandwidth? What is the phase angle φ at resonance? To measure these
values from the Bode plot, you may need to increase the “samples” or
interpolate between points. Save the Bode plot as an image.

Figure 7 Bode Plot for RLC Filter

Table 6 Measured Values of RLC Filter

Frequency Phase Angle

f0 476 5.9 Hz 5.3

o

f1 4 184.4 Hz −0.18
o

f2 5529.7 Hz −6.04 o
BW 653.9 Hz -------

Probing Further Questions

Q1. In Procedure parts 1 and 2 you measured the phase angle φ between Vin
and Vo at the cutoff frequency. What values did you observe? What value would
you expect? Why?
At cutoff frequency the phase angle observed was −42.22o , the expected phase
angle was −37 0
Q2. In Procedure parts 3 and 4 you measured the resonant frequencies and the
bandwidths using the Bode Analyzer. Construct a table comparing the theoretical
values (see Laboratory 6) and the values for f0, f1, f2, bandwidth measured in
Procedure parts 3 and 4. Calculate the Q for these circuits.

Part 3 Part 4
Predicted Measured Predicted Measured
f0 5032.9 Hz 4 773 Hz 4893.92 Hz 476 5.9 Hz
f1 4953.9 Hz 44 81.9 Hz 4814.9 Hz 4 184.4 Hz
f2 5113.1 Hz 515 0.7 Hz 4974 Hz 5529.7 Hz
BW 159.2 Hz 668.8 Hz 159.15 Hz 653.9 Hz
Q 31.622 7.1366 30.75 7.28

Conclusion
In this lab, we learned to design basic filters, using R, L and C. I concluded that using
the different combination of R, L and C we can design, low-pass, high-pass, band-
pass and band-stop filter. Using bode plot, we can analyze the filter quality and other
parameters.