UC8implement Pest Management Action Plans

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RULAR DEVELOPMENT
AGARFA ATVET COLLEGE
CROP PRODUCTION AND MARKETING MANAGEMENT
LEARNING GUIDE -#08
UNIT OF COMPITENCE –implement pest management action plans
MODULE TITLE – implementing pest management action plans
LG CODE –AGRCPM4M08 O528
TTLMCODE –AGRCPMTTLM08VO
TVET Program: Field crop production

TTLM : AGRFCP2TTLM O411
Revision: 0 Page 1 of 38
Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

At the end of the module the learner will be able to:
LO1. Schedule pest management activities
LO2. Estimate required resource to complete pest management activities
LO3.inform the contracted personnel about pest management activities
LO4. Supervise contracted personnel in pest management activities
LO5. Coordinate contingency management activities
LO6.report progress in relation to pest
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics
LO1. Scheduling pest management activities
1.1. Scheduling work plan
1.2. Allocating pest management activities
1.3. Relevant skill needed for contracted personnel
1.4. Carry out plant, machinery, equipment and materials for the activities
1.5. Relevant stake holder for the activities
1.6. Applying legislative regulation for the activities
1.7. Alignment of critical points in the activities
1.8. Determining performance criteria in the activities
1.9. Achieving objectives in the activities
1.10. Pest management strategy in consideration with the community
1.11. Monitoring and measurement activities for vertebrate pests
LO2. Estimating required resource to complete pest management activities
2.1. Estimating personnel requirement
2.2. Estimating plant and machinery requirement
2.3. Estimating material requirement
2.4. Coasting personnel plant, machinery and materials
LO3. Informing the contracted personnel about pest management activities

3.1. Informing requirements of pest management action plan.
3.2. Informing land manager expectation, reporting and recording requirements
3.3. Advising contracted personnel about OHS standard
LO4. Supervising contracted personnel in pest management activities
4.1. Checking plant, machinery and equipment serviceability
4.2. Checking material standard
4.3. Checking PPE and clothing
4.4, monitoring procedure and skill applied by contracted personnel
4.5. Providing feedback, advice and coaching to the contracted personnel
LO5.coordinating contingency management activities
5.1. Initiating and coordinating first aid procedure to contracted personnel
5.2. Notifying rescue of injured contracted personnel for relevant authorities
5.3. Rescheduling not carried out activity due to accidental in work plan
5.4. Reporting on the conduct of assessment and control operations
LO6.reporting progress in relation to pest
6.1. Receiving and assessing reports and record supplied by the contracted personnel
6.2. Documenting reports and record
This learning guide will also assist you to attain learning activities
Scheduling pest management activities
 Scheduling work plan
 Allocating pest management activities
 Relevant skill needed for contracted personnel
 Carry out plant, machinery, equipment and materials for the activities
 Relevant stake holder for the activities
 Applying legislative regulation for the activities
 Alignment of critical points in the activities
 Determining performance criteria in the activities
 Achieving objectives in the activities

 Pest management strategy in consideration with the community
 Monitoring and measurement activities for vertebrate pests
Estimating required resource to complete pest management activities
 Estimating personnel requirement
 Estimating plant and machinery requirement
 Estimating material requirement
 Coasting personnel plant, machinery and materials
Informing the contracted personnel about pest management activities
o Informing requirements of pest management action plan.
o Informing land manager expectation, reporting and recording requirements
o Advising contracted personnel about OHS standard
Supervising contracted personnel in pest management activities
o Checking plant, machinery and equipment serviceability
o Checking material standard
o Checking PPE and clothing
o monitoring procedure and skill applied by contracted personnel
o Providing feedback, advice and coaching to the contracted personnel
Coordinating contingency management activities
 Initiating and coordinating first aid procedure to contracted personnel
 Notifying rescue of injured contracted personnel for relevant authorities
 Rescheduling not carried out activity due to accidental in work plan
 Reporting on the conduct of assessment and control operations
Reporting progress in relation to pest
o Receiving and assessing reports and record supplied by the contracted personnel
o Documenting reports and record
Learning activities
1. Read the specific objectives of this learning guide


2. Read the information the written in the information sheet -1
3. Accomplish the self check -1 on page
4. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to information sheet -2. However, if your
rating is un satisfactory ,see your teacher for further instruction or go back to learning
activity #2
5. Read the information written in the information sheet -2.

7. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation, proceed to information sheet -3 .however, if your
rating is un satisfactory, see your teacher for further instruction or go back to learning
activity #3
8. Read the information written in the information sheet -3.
10. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation, proceed to information sheet -4.how everif your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instruction or go to back to learning
activity #4
11. Read the information written in the information sheet -4
12. Accomplish the self check -4
13. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation, proceed to information sheet -5.however if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instruction or go to back to learning activity
#4

14. Accomplish the self check -5.
15.If you earned a satisfactory evaluation, proceed to information sheet -6 .however if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instruction or go to back to learning
activity #5
16. Accomplish the self check -6

Introduction
The IPM action plan establishes the strategies that need to be considered prior to identifying the
specific application that will be utilized in controlling a pest.
Pests include arthropods (insects, spiders, mites, ticks and related pests), wood infesting
organisms such as fungi, rats, mice, nuisance birds and any other undesirable organisms in, on or
under structures, excluding bacteria and other microorganisms on or in humans or other living
animals.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a systematic plan which brings together different pest
control tactics into one program. It reduces the emphasis on pesticides by including cultural,
biological, and mechanical controls.
Integrated Pest Management means:
Integrated: - a focus on interactions of pests, crops, control methods, and the environment rather
than on individual weeds, insects, or diseases. This approach considers all available tactics and
how they fit in with other agricultural practices.
Pest: a species that conflicts with our profit, health, or convenience. If a species does not exist in
numbers that seriously affect these factors, it is not considered a pest.
Management: a way to keep pests below the levels where they can cause economic damage.
Management does not mean eradicating pests. It means finding tactics that are both effective and
economical and that keep environmental damage to a minimum. To carry out an IPM program,
you need to scout and monitor your fields, recognize abnormal conditions and identify their
causes, understand the different control methods available, and determine the economic costs and
benefits. A good IPM program requires planning and evaluation. Vertebrate Pest Management is
concerned with the management of pest animals on public and private lands as part of
commercial production systems or towards broader land management objectives.
Areas of work include: managing vertebrate pests on private and public land, conservation of
native animal species, supporting community education and extension, assisting with developing


of vertebrate pest management action plans and strategies, responding to emergencies,
overseeing vertebrate pest control activities, collect and manage information on vertebrate pests.
It is only in recent times that man's response to pest control has been based on any appreciable
understanding of the nature and causes of pest problems. Methods of pest control change and
become increasingly effective as we gain greater understanding of pests and their habits.
Although there remains much that we do not know, we can formulate pest control programs on a
rational basis. A control program should be based on an understanding of the biology and habits
of the pest, a consideration of all effective methods of control, and recognition of the level of
control that is both desirable and possible. I PM Process include;
1. Proper identification of pest,
2. Learn pest and host life cycle and biology,
3. Monitor or sample environment for pest population,
4. Establish action threshold (economic, health or aesthetic
5. Choose an appropriate combination of management tactics for any pest situation
6. Evaluate results


Information Scheduling work plan
sheet -1 Allocating pest management activities
Relevant skill needed for contracted personnel
Carry out plant, machinery, equipment and materials for the activities
Relevant stake holder for the activities
Applying legislative regulation for the activities
Alignment of critical points in the activities
Determining performance criteria in the activities
Achieving objectives in the activities
Pest management strategy in consideration with the community
Monitoring and measurement activities for vertebrate pests
1. Scheduling pest management activities

1.1.Scheduling work plan
Schedules /work orders may include:
 access to work site including timing of access and access and egress points
 budget allocations
 completion times/dates
 job requirements and tasks
 legislative and local government requirements
 OHS requirements and emergency response procedures
 resource requirements – equipment and materials
 specific client requirements e.g. noise control, sensitivity of occupants to pests
 and/or management, relationships with other customer activities, dress and
 presentation requirements


 use of signage and barriers
 work schedules
 work site contact person(s)
 Working in isolated and remote locations.
How to Set up an IPM Program
Planning is at the heart of an IPM program. Every crop has pests that need to be considered. If you
wait until problems arise during a growing season, you’ll end up relying on pesticides more and
more.
A good Integrated Pest Management program has four parts:
1. identifying problems;
2.selecting tactics;
3. considering economic and environmental factors; and
4. Evaluating the program.
Identify Problems
You have to know what happening in your fields before you can make good management
decisions. You should scout your crops often and on a regular basis to identify problems. Scouting
is, in fact, the key feature of any IPM program. By scouting, you will be able to detect potential
problems early. The earlier you discover a problem, the better your chances are of avoiding
economic losses.
To scout effectively, you have to:
Know the crop’s growth characteristics to recognize abnormal or damaged plants.
Identify the cause of the problem to know what kind of pest you are dealing with. If you encounter
something you cannot identify, contact your county extension educator.
Determine the stage of growth of the pest and the crop. This inessential for proper timing of
control methods.
Decide whether the infestation is increasing or decreasing.
Assess the condition of the crop.
Map out problem areas. It may be possible to limit the area that needs treatment.


Use the right scouting method for the specific pest.
Select Tactics
Once you have identified the problem, you should consider how to control it. Your goal in
selecting control tactics is to use methods that are effective, practical, economical, and
environmentally sound. To select the best control tactics, you have to:
Understand the life cycle and habits of the pest. Some control methods will work only if they are
used at the right time.
Decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic loss.
Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods.
Make plans for the future. Not every part of an IPM program can be put into effect immediately.
Some tactics, such as planting resistant varieties or rotating crops, require long-range planning.
Consider Economic Factors:
Know When It Pays to Use a Pesticide Despite efforts to avoid using chemicals; there are times
when only pesticides can control the damage. Even so, it may not pay to use them. Pesticides
should be used in an IPM program only when the benefits (yield, quality, aesthetic value) exceed
the costs of control. Otherwise time and money are wasted. It’s not easy to figure out when it pays
to use pesticides. There are many variables: the pest population, variety, and crop growth stage,
value of the crop, weather, and cost of the control. The following economic concepts are helpful in
determining the point at which it pays to use pesticides:
Economic damage (ED) occurs when the cost of preventable crop damage exceeds the cost of
control. For example, if corn is worth $2.00 a bushel and an insecticide costs $14.00 an acre, then
economic damage occurs when insect damage causes a yield loss of seven or more bushels an acre.
Economic injury level (EIL) is the lowest pest population that will cause economic damage. For
many pests it is important to use control measures before this level is reached.
Economic threshold (ET) is the pest population level at which a control tactic should be started to
keep the pest population from reaching the EIL. (The ET is also called the action threshold.)
Economic thresholds have been established for a number of crop/pest systems, in particular those
involving insects. It has been harder to develop economic thresholds for weeds and diseases, but


research is being done to develop ETs for these systems.
Evaluate Your IPM Program
Evaluation means deciding how effective a program is and whether any changes are needed. To
evaluate an IPM program, you should:
Monitor your fields and keep records. Each time you visit your fields, make a note of crop and
pest conditions record crop yields and quality and record any counts on pest populations.ntegratge-
Record control measures. Records should include dates, weather conditions, pest levels,
application rates and timing, and costs. Good records are a guide if the same problem occurs. They
are also a good legal safeguard.
Compare effectiveness. Whatever control tactics are chosen, use different method on some strips.
That way you can compare them; which worked better, taking into account costs and
environmental impacts?
How to Implement an IPM Program
A key question that needs to be asked before any pest control occurs is: Is it a real pest problem or
a perceived pest problem? If there is no real pest problem but a perceived problem, then education
and monitoring data can be used to provide reassurance. If there is a real pest problem, then IPM
strategies can be applied. This is especially important in environments where there are many people
who have different tolerance levels to pests.
Establishing an IPM program may appear like a lot of extra work in an already busy schedule, and
a costly process within an already stretched budget, but remember you don't have to start from
scratch, enough information has been provided here to start immediately!
Steps for successful IPM
Step 1: Develop an IPM policy
Developing an IPM Policy is an important first step in making the change from conventional pest

control to an IPM program. An IPM policy should clearly state the aims and objectives of the
program, the decision-making process, and guidance for the education and involvement of the
community in the IPM program.
It is not uncommon for a new approach in an organization to be driven by a champion, which, if he

or she leaves, may mean the program falls apart. The IPM policy is a useful communication tool to
ensure that staff changes do not diminish the program and that contractors, parents, staff and
children are aware of the IPM policy and requirements.
A Model IPM Policy includes:
 Preamble
 Policy aims and objectives
 Definitions
 Legislative requirements
 IPM procedures and strategies
 Performa notices and action plans
 Educational opportunities
 Meeting procedure
 Record keeping require men
 Notification of pest control procedures
 Emergency pesticide use protocol
 Pesticide use in IPM programs
 Storage of hazardous substances
 Contracting a pest manager
Step 2: Designate pest management roles
Communication between the people involved with the IPM program is the key to its success. When

the respective roles of all people in the IPM program are designated, and there is good
communication between occupants (students and staff), parents or guardians, pest managers and
decision-makers, it will be possible to achieve the pest management objectives.
The 'pest manager' is most likely to be a contracted pest control operator who is trained and
licenced, but in some circumstances could also be the school principal, a designated staff member,
or a parent. If a contracted pest manager is carrying out your IPM program, it may be necessary to
appoint an IPM co-coordinator to oversee the IPM program in the school or childcare centre.
Step 3: Establish pest management objectives
Pest management objectives, by necessity, will differ from site to site within the school or
childcare centre, and these differences need to be considered before setting action thresholds in
Step 5. For example, with buildings or structures, the objective may be to minimize structural
damage from termites. For ornamental gardens, the objective might be to maintain aesthetic value,
while for a sporting field; it may be to maintain a specific playing surface.
Step 4: Inspect, identify and monitor pest problems
An IPM program consists of a cycle of inspecting, identifying, monitoring, evaluating and

choosing appropriate IPM strategies. Routine inspection and accurate identification of pests are
vital steps to ensure control strategies are effective.
Inspecting and monitoring for pests involves:
 checking areas for evidence of pests

 finding entry points and harborage sites
 locating food and water sources
 estimating pest numbers
Step 5: Set action thresholds


An action threshold is the point at which the presence of a pest triggers an action. It is based on the
tolerance levels for each pest, and includes consideration of the school pest management objectives
(Step 3), any sensitivity to the pest or treatment strategy, injury or damage potential, which
includes economic, medical or aesthetic damage. The presence of some pests does not in itself
necessitate action, but when pests exceed action thresholds, a response is needed.
Step 6: Apply IPM strategies
Common organisms that can be encountered in schools and childcare centers which may require
management include: mice; rats; cockroaches; silverfish; ants; flies; bees; birds; mites; wasps;
spiders; termites; and borers. Site-specific pest management strategies need to be developed by the
pest manager. To ensure maximum effectiveness, the timing of treatments should take into account
the life cycles and seasonal variations for each organism as well as its natural enemies.
IPM treatment strategies fall into two major categories indirect and direct which are required for
both indoor and outdoor pest problems.
Indirect treatment strategies:

 design/redesign - e.g. fences with metal supports and palings off the ground to minimize the
risk of termite attack;
 habitat modification - e.g. sealing cracks and crevices in kitchens and bathrooms reducing
cockroach breeding areas;
 education - e.g. improved sanitation and waste recycling reduces attractiveness to many
organisms.
Direct treatment strategies:
 physical/mechanical controls • e.g. traps to catch and monitor cockroaches and rodents;
 biological/microbial controls - e.g. release of lacewings to control aphids or the use of


Bacillus thuringiensis, a microbe to control caterpillars;
 Least-hazardous chemical controls • e.g. repellents, insect growth regulators, pheromones,
botanical pesticides.
Step 7: Evaluate and record results
Accurate record keeping is essential to an IPM program. Records allow the analysis of results to
determine if pest management objectives are being met. Accurate records also assist in decision-
making processes and ensure the IPM program is well documented when changes in staff or
contractors occurs. Records of inspecting, identifying, and monitoring activities show changes in
the site environment, physical changes, pest numbers and changes in any damages or loss.
Importantly, records also show your successes!
1.2.Allocating pest management activities
IPM Application Sequence

Inspections of the IPM inspection zones should be carried out using a detailed pest inspection
checklist. If an outside pest service is used, the inspection can be conducted jointly with the pest
control contractor. Regular frequencies should be defined for both routine and periodic facility
inspections. The inspections should identify structural defects, sanitation issues or any other
conditions promoting pest infestation. The inspections must cover the entire site including grounds,
buildings and other structures.
The purpose of the facility inspection is to:
 Identify report and record any evidence of pests.

 Examine and service all pest bait stations and monitoring devices on a periodic basis
(remove droppings contained therein; remove any partially eaten bait and replace with
clean bait).
 Draw attention to any aspect of exclusion or hygiene that could lead to potential pest
problems Inspections of external and internal areas must focus on locations that provide

excess moisture, food sources, shelter and entry points that pests need to thrive.
The following lists common pests that represent a high percentage of pest situations in the food
and beverage industry:
 Rodent identification: house mouse, Norway rat and roof rat.

 Bird identification: European starling, English sparrow and pigeon/rock dove.
 Insect identification: house fly, fruit fly, stored-product insects (e.g., beetles and moths),
ants and cockroaches.
A pest action threshold is the point at which pest populations or environmental conditions
indicate that pest control action must be taken. The action threshold includes constant
monitoring for pests and determining if and when control is needed. Thresholds for the
four inspection zones will be increasingly stringent as more pest-sensitive areas are
addressed.
Continuous monitoring of the facility for pest activity and operational changes that affect
pest management will help to protect against infestation and eliminate existing pests.
Identifying the signs and symptoms of infestation is critical to successful monitoring and can
enable detection of activity before a visual confirmation is made.
Due to the nature of bird infestations, monitoring for birds is a manual task. Some signs and
symptoms that may indicate bird infestation include nests outside the facility, evidence of bird
damage to the facility, and bird droppings at potential entrance and exit areas and at potential
feeding and watering areas.
Monitoring for insect activity requires multiple approaches. Look for insect trails, colonies and
nesting sites such as potted plants, under slabs or in wall voids. Outdoor nesting sites may be under
stones, boards, and similar objects near the facility. Regularly monitor insect control devices such
as glue boards or fly lights for evidence of an increase or decrease in types and numbers of insects.
Monitoring with insect pheromones is a cost-effective tool that can provide early detection.
Pheromone traps should be placed on a map or grid to identify areas of infestation.

Control is necessary when signs of infestation have exceeded a pre-determined limit known as the
“action threshold.” Action thresholds are pest-specific and must take into account both internal
and external pest infestation. Some examples of observations indicating that an action threshold has
been achieved for common food and beverage industry pests are listed in Table 1.
It is important to control and evaluate a pest situation when monitoring, identification and action
thresholds indicate that pest control is required, is no longer effective or not available and
preventative methods should be implemented. A sequence of events needs to take place to ensure
effective control. These include understanding the control options available, developing an action
plan, executing the plan and evaluating the results for effectiveness.
In most cases, there is more than one option available to control a pest infestation. It is important
to understand all of the options that are available, with a focus on targeting the vulnerability of
pests to keep them from returning. One must consider both the benefits of cost and the effects on
the environment to ensure the appropriate use of control measures for the appropriate targets.
Controlling pest infestations can be achieved by using the following three principles:
1. Reduce pest pressure of harboring and feeding outside the facility
2. Prevent pests from entering the plant


3. Eliminate interior conditions that enable pests to thrive
Controlling Rodents
Identifying and eliminating features around the exterior of the facility’s structures that are
conducive to rodent harboring and feeding will help to reduce rodent pressure on the facility. This
may include removing loose food materials from facility grounds, organic mulch products that
border the building and unnecessary water sources from the facility grounds.
Rodent exclusion is the process of prohibiting rodents from entering a facility or structure. Since
rodents can fit through relatively small cracks and crevices (6-mm diameter for mice and 12-mm
diameter for rats), this can be a challenging task. Exclusion can be achieved by maintaining closed
doors at all times, rebuilding walls or fixing structural issues in walls, filling gaps between door
thresholds and doors and using construction materials that are not conducive to rodent chewing or
gnawing such as metal, copper mesh or cement.
Baiting and trapping are common and practical ways to reduce rodent pressure. Rodenticides that
are approved and regulated can be effective in reducing pest populations when used in a controlled
manner. However, they should not be used directly outside the facility walls. Trapping devices can
be used along the building’s exterior areas and on the exterior perimeter of the facility grounds to
monitor for rodent activity and for reducing rodent pressure. These devices may include non-toxic
baits, multiple catch traps or other mechanical trapping devices and should meet tamper-resistant
standards, be weatherproof and anchored in place.
Maintaining proper interior conditions helps to minimize the rodents’ ability to thrive within the
facility. This can be achieved by utilizing such as cleaning food material spills immediately,
removing potential water sources, removing packaging or other material stored on the warehouse
floor and updating facilities made out of rodent-friendly materials (sheetrock and insulation).
Controlling Birds
Removing or modifying a bird’s habitat and food supply is an important step in minimizing bird
activity. Activities for reducing bird pressure on the facility include removing or properly pruning
trees, replacing fruit trees with non-fruit trees, removing or eliminating nesting materials and nests,

as well as trapping and relocating local bird populations as appropriate and legal.
Bird exclusion options to be considered may include the installation of automatic closing doors for
exterior openings, bird spikes on potential perching sites, exclusion netting for preventing birds
from entering an area, bird scare devices and electric shock tracks for keeping birds from resting on
perches, ledges or signs. Other tactics may include modifying bird resting sites by installing covers
or ramps, coiled wire, “porcupine wire” and repellent gels.
Interior conditions are the most difficult to modify to discourage bird activity as birds can adapt
quickly to most situations. Excluding birds from potential harborage, nesting sites and ledges
decreases a bird’s ability to thrive. In addition, removing any potential bird food material, water
sources and nesting materials, as well as use of bird netting to prevent access to open areas will
help keep birds from thriving inside the facility. The removal of birds from inside the facility
should follow local regulatory standards. Mist nets and pre-baited trapping systems can be used to
capture and relocate birds.
Controlling Insects
There are more insects in the world than any other animal. More than one million species have
been identified. Of these, less than 10,000species can be considered pests, and very few of them are
serious agricultural pests. Many insects are important as scavengers, predators, parasites, and plant
pollinators.
How Insects Grow and Reproduce Before trying to control insect pests, you need to understand
how they grow and reproduce. Knowing pest life cycles and development allows you to plan when
to scout fields and when to apply control measures. Insects grow through a process of change
called metamorphosis. Insects have an external skeleton (exoskeleton). They can only grow in
steps by shedding their old exoskeleton and forming a new, larger one. This process is called
molting. Stages between molts are called instars. Some insects, like grasshoppers and leafhoppers,
change gradually. Their eggs hatch into nymphs, which look like the adults except that they are
sexually immature and lack wings. Other insects, like beetles, moths, and butterflies, undergo
drastic change in body form eggs to larvae to the adult form. Indifferent stages, the insect’s habitat

and food sources may change completely. For example, corn rootworm larvae feed on corn roots in
the soil, but the adults feed on corn silks and the pollen of many plants. Temperature has a direct
effect on the growth and development of insects. Each species has a temperature range in which it
develops. Within this range, the higher the temperature, the faster the insect develops and grows.
But at very low or very high temperatures, insect development stops. The insect may die, or may
resume development when the temperature returns to its normal range. Knowing the temperature
ranges of an insect can help you predict pest development, so you will know the best time to scout
and to use control measures.. Insects can diapauses in any stage but it is most common in egg and
larval stages. In the adult stage, insects have three main functions: to reproduce, to spread to new
areas, and to search out homes for their offspring.
Reproduction. To find a mate, some insects use chemical cues released from a prospective mate or
from a host plant or animal. A chemical released to attract a mate is called a pheromone. Insects
have amazing reproductive capacities. One female may lay anywhere from a few to several
thousand eggs in her lifetime. For example, the western corn rootworm lays from 500 to 1,500
eggs. In addition, some species produce two or more generations in one season.
Spreading to new areas. Wings enable adult insects to move to new habitats, an important
ingredient in the survival of the species. The distance each species can travel ranges from a few
feet to thousands of miles.
Selecting a site for laying eggs is perhaps the most important thing a female insect does. Young
nymphs or larvae cannot move very far, so where the female chooses to lay eggs determines
whether the offspring will survive. Female insects use all their senses sight, smell, taste, and touch
to pick the right spot.
When Is an Insect a Pest?
Insects are considered pests when they cause economic or aesthetic losses or when they create
inconvenience, annoyance, or health problems. Before using control measures, you need to know
whether the insect really is a pest and whether the damage it causes is serious enough to justify
control tactics. Unfortunately, people often try to control insects because the damage is easy to see,
not because of the economic impact. For example, insects that feed on leaves, like the Colorado


potato beetle, sunflower beetle, and green clover worm, are often unnecessarily treated with
insecticide because the damage is so visible.
Insects can cause injury to plants, animals, and humans in a variety of ways:
Plants. Insects injure plants by reducing the yield or quality of crops or the beauty and economic
value of horticultural crops. Insect injury to plants includes:
 Chewing on leaves, fruits, seed, and roots.
 Tunneling in stems, leaves, or roots.
 Sucking plant juices from leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and flowers.
 Animals. Important injury to livestock and pets occurs when insects:
 Chew skin, fur, or feathers.
 Suck blood.
 Invade body tissues.
 Annoy or irritate.
 Transmit diseases.
Humans. Insects pose health risks to humans by transmitting disease.
Insects are also considered pests if they interfere with our dailyactivities or offend our aesthetic
values.
Identifying Insect Pests
An effective IPM program begins with identifying the problem. This means knowing your crop or
livestock pests and scouting fields.
Know key pests. There’s no substitute for knowing the enemies that crops and livestock face.
Certain insect problems are predictable for each crop and livestock species in your area. These
insects are called key pests.” Learning about their life cycles, identification, injury symptoms, and
management is the foundation of your IPM program.
This knowledge will also allow you to recognize unusual situations that require further attention.
Scout fields. Because insects can reproduce so rapidly, it is essential to detect insect infestations
promptly. Know which insect problem you’re facing and how severe it is or may become. You can
only do this by scouting your fields on a regular basis. Some insects can be monitored by using


pheromones in traps, for example, black cutworms.
Control Measures for Insects
Most of the tactics for managing insects require planning. The goal is toavoid or minimizes insect
outbreaks. Unfortunately, even with planning, some insect outbreaks may require short-term rescue
tactics, such as early harvest or insecticides. But these short-term tactics also require planning
because, with insects, timing is so important.
Cultural control methods
Sanitation removes existing infestations or the resources needed for pest buildup. Examples:
cleaning grain bins and the surrounding area of infested grain and grain debris; removing manure
breeding sites for filth flies.
Tillage directly affects survival of insects that live in soil or crop debris. Indirectly it influences
how attractive and suitable the environment into insects. Example: reduced tillage systems suffer
more frequent and severe damage from black cutworms.
Resistant varieties are a low-cost, highly effective control that has minimal impact on the
environment. Some varieties may prevent a pest from becoming established or may kill it
(Example: young corn contains a chemical that prohibits the European corn borer from feeding).
Some varieties may be less attractive than others to insects (Example: slower-growing varieties
suffer less damage from first generation European corn borers if they are near faster growing
varieties). Some varieties may tolerate injury and still yield well (Example: differences among
varieties in strength of corn stalks or ear shanks can affect losses from second- and third-generation
European corn borers).
Crop rotation makes it harder for a pest to know when or where a crop will appear. This strategy
is very effective against pests that overwinters eggs or larvae and against pests that have limited
ability to disperse (Example: crop rotation is extremely effective against corn rootworms that
overwinter as eggs). Crop rotation is useless against insect’s that disperse readily during the
growing season, such as potato leafhoppers, armyworms, or European corn borers.
Biological control methods
Protecting natural enemies of insect pests by avoiding unnecessary insecticide use, targeting


insecticides, and using selective insecticides. Example: thiodicarb (Larvin) is effective against
various defoliating caterpillars of soybean but does not affect many of the caterpillar’s natural
enemies.
Using natural enemies or their products the same way you would use an insecticide. Example: the
bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produces atoxin which in one strain is effective only against
caterpillars, while another strain is effective only against mosquitoes and black flies.
Releasing natural enemies from other areas. This is a tactic that issued by entomologists
(scientists who study insects). Most of the insect pests in this country were introduced from other
areas, but not always with their natural enemies.
Mechanical and physical control methods
These methods, which include cold or heat to kill insects or slow down activity, screens to keep
insects out, and bug zappers that attract and kill insects, are not effective for crop pests; however
they are widely used against insect pests of livestock and stored grain and for nuisance pests
around the home.
Chemical control
Insecticides are the main type of chemical used in insect control. Other chemical control measures
include use of pheromones, insect growth regulators, and sterilants. These are sometimes thought
of as biological controls, because they are related to the natural biology of the insect.
The advantages and disadvantages of insecticides were discussed in the first part of this section on
Integrated Pest Management. Despite their drawbacks, insecticides are often the only option
available when insect outbreaks threaten economic losses. Remember, though, that scouting and
using economic thresholds will help avoid unnecessary yield loss and unnecessary insecticide use.
Harmful insects are insects which cause damage to a crop during some period of its life cycle,
resulting in a noticeable reduction in yield and/or crop quality Since insect populations usually
increase rapidly; early control is needed to prevent excessive damage. Recognition of insect
problems requires both the ability to identify the pest and to recognize the signs and symptoms
of damage or injury. Insects can cause crop damage in a variety of ways, according to their


eating habits:
1. Chewing and boring Insects These type of insects damage the crop by chewing on leaves,
fruits, seeds, and roots Chewing insects actually eat all portions of various plant parts and their
damage is sometimes relatively easy to identify, e.g. notched or ragged leaves, holes in fruits
and seeds, or damage to stems, leaves, and roots.
2. Sucking Insects These type of insects damage the crop by sucking plant juices from leaves,
stems, roots, fruits and flowers These insects can also transmit plant diseases and viruses to the
crop. Their sugary honey dew excretions make affected parts sticky and susceptible of sourly
fungus growth. All sucking pests compete for assimilates and cause early wilting and shedding
of leaves and buds.
3. Others Other insects may cause scaring and galls on various plant parts which results from
egg-laying and larvae activity
1.3.Relevant skill needed for contracted personnel

To achieve the performance criteria, some complementary skills are required. These
are: estimating workloads and resource implications interpersonal skills ,negotiation skills,
hazard identification and risk control applying correct manual handling, reading, interpreting and
comprehending directions and safety instructions in equipment manuals and on chemical labels
performing the mathematical calculations required for measuring areas and volumes and the
dilution and mixing of chemicals on product labels working safely at heights and in confined
spaces
Knowledge and understanding are essential to apply this unit in the workplace, to transfer the
skills to other contexts, and to deal with unplanned events.
The knowledge requirements for this unit are listed below.
• Types of pests relevant to the area and their life cycles, habits and harborages.
• Pest ecology as related to pest management operations.


• Pesticidal and physical controls associated with managing pests in a range of environments and
conditions.
• Product knowledge including manufacturers’ specifications for products being used.
• OHS legislation and procedures.
• Applicable regulations, codes of practice and industry advisory standards.
• Routes of entry and potential symptoms of exposure from chemicals.
• Emergency response procedures.
• Injury, dangerous occurrence and incident reporting requirements.
• Contractual requirements.
• Work order specifications.
• Company management structure and reporting procedures.
1.4.Carry out plant ,machinery ,equipment and materials for the activities
Equipment may include:
 bounding material , camera ,dishes or bowls ,drills , dusters electrical extension level
elevated work platforms
 equipment decontamination materials ; flexible light ,flushing agents , generators ,hoses
injectors ,knifes ,ladders , magnifying glass ,measuring jug ,mirrors and probes.
1.5. Relevant stake holder for the activities
Stakeholder: An individual or group with an interest in the success of an organization in
delivering intended results and maintaining the viability of the organization's products and services.
Stakeholders influence programs, products, and services. Examples include congressional members
and staff of relevant appropriations, authorizing, and oversight committees; representatives of
central management and oversight entities and representatives of key interest groups, including
those groups that represent the organization's customers and interested members of the public.
Key stakeholders include:
 land manager in the region.


 Neighboring landholders and their industry/interest groups.
  Local regulatory authorities and land care committees
  Recreational land users.
1.6. Applying legislative regulation for the activities
Legislative or regulatory method is a method mainly employed to prevent the introduction of pests
from other countries or to prevent the spread of a pest from one area to another. The method is
operated through specific regulations known as plant-quarantine laws .Actions can be taken under
federal, state, or local laws to slow or stop the spread of certain plant pests, especially those that are
brought in from other areas. These actions include quarantine, inspections, compulsory crop or
product destruction, and eradication of pests.
Example: legal controls against the Mediterranean fruit fly have included insect eradication
programs and quarantine and embargoes on affected fruit.
Control Methods Used in IPM
IPM methods include cultural, biological, mechanical, chemical, and legal controls. None of these
alone can solve all problems. Each has benefits and drawbacks. For example, tillage helps in weed,
disease, and insect control, but can also result in soil erosion. The purpose of IPM is to help you
make decisions based on careful consideration of costs, risks, and benefits.
Cultural Control
Many practices used in producing crops can also help reduce pest problems. Here are some
examples:
Tillage buries crop residues containing insects, diseases, and weeds seeds, and disrupts root
systems of perennial weeds. Drawbacks: stimulates weed seed germination; can cause soil erosion.
Mulching with plastics or straw controls weeds. Drawback: high cost of equipment and labor.
Burning crop residues reduces diseases. Drawbacks: reduces soil cover, which may lead to soil
erosion; air pollution.
Resistant varieties have characteristics that protect them from diseases or insects. Example: a
chemical produced in young corn plants gives them resistance to the European corn borer.
Drawback: new strains of diseases or insects may develop the ability to attack the variety.


Tolerant varieties have the ability to produce a yield despite attack or injury from insects or
diseases. Example: corn varieties that can re-grow roots after a corn rootworm attack.
Crop rotation means growing different crops in sequence to provide better weed and insect
control, reduce levels of disease (especially those that survive on crop residue), and improve
fertility. Example: rotating corn with soybeans to control corn rootworm.
Altering planting or harvest dates can reduce the impact of pests. Examples: late planting to
avoid sunflower midge; cutting alfalfa early during alfalfa weevil infestations. Drawback: possible
reduced yields and quality.
Controlling alternative hosts means controlling weeds and crops that harbor pests. Example:
weedy grasses in corn attract egg-laying armyworms, stalk borers, and hopvine borers. Drawback:
many of these alternative hosts also support natural enemies of the pests.
Sound agronomic practices that promote vigorous crop growth reduce risk of injury and increase
the crop’s ability to withstand pests.
Biological Control
Another method of controlling pests is to use the pest’s natural enemies. In general, there are four
types of natural enemies: predators, parasitoids, diseases, and herbivores.
Predators feed on insects. Example: seven-spotted ladybird beetles kill aphid pests of small grains
and alfalfa.
Parasitoids are wasps or flies that lay their eggs on insect hosts; the young kill the host as they
develop. Example: the wasp Macrocentrus grandii lays its eggs on the European corn borer.
Diseases that attack insects often occur in epidemics, killing off large numbers of insect pests.
Example: the fungus Beauveria bassiana can cause local populations of European corn borers to
die off.
Herbivores are insects that feed on weeds. Example: the weevil Rhyncocyllus has been introduced
to feed on musk thistle seeds. g M a n u a l
Strategies using biological control include:
 Create a welcoming environment for natural enemies. Examples: strip harvesting alfalfa
to allow natural enemies to stabilize; avoiding pesticides, if possible, to preserve insect


predators and parasitoids.
 Release natural enemies into the environment. Some are released like an insecticide but
are more selective in their action. Examples: the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, available
locally, is very effective against the European corn borer; the parasitic wasp Trichogramma
attacks European corn borer eggs and can be applied by air on certain high-value crops like
peppers and sweet corn.
 Mechanical and Physical Controls
 Devices and machines can be used to control pests or to alter their environment.
Mechanical or physical controls include:
 Traps for rats, mice, gophers, and birds.
 Light to attract or repel pests; bug zappers.
 Sound to kill, attract, or repel pests.
 Barriers such as screens in homes and livestock shelters.
 Radiation to sterilize or kill pests.
 Cold or heat to kill pests. Example: cooling down grain bins over the winter stops activity
of grain-infesting insects and molds.
Chemical Control
Despite concern over their use, pesticides are still important in many IPM programs. Problems
arise when people rely too much on pesticides. IPM seeks to restore balance so that pesticides are
used only when they are really needed.Be aware of the possible benefits and risks of using
pesticides. Then you can wisely select when, where, and how to use pesticides to your best
advantage in an IPM program.
Benefits of pesticides:
 Effective and reliable against a wide variety of pests.
 Quick acting—when a problem reaches economically damaging
 Proportions, pesticides can provide a rapid cure.
 Economical when used properly.
 Easy to use.


 Easily testedfor new pests, it is easier to test and incorporate pesticides in a control program
than to develop resistant varieties or import natural enemies.
Risks of pesticides:
 Pest may develop resistance to the pesticide. I Pest Management Page 1-5
 Injury to applicator and others.
 Impacts on non target organisms, including natural enemies of pests,
 Pollinators, wildlife, and plants.
 Environmental contamination, such as residues in food and water.
 Safety hazards in production, transportation, and storage.
Legal Control
Actions can be taken under federal, state, or local laws to slow or stop the spread of certain plant
pests, especially those that are brought in from other areas. These actions include quarantine,
inspections, compulsory crop or product destruction, and eradication of pests. Example: legal
controls against the Mediterranean fruit fly have included insect eradication programs and
quarantine and embargoes on affected fruit.
Legislative requirements may include:
• Award and enterprise agreements, industry advisory standards and code , relevant
Commonwealth/state/territory legislation and local government ,regulations which affect company
operation,
• Anti-discrimination and diversity ,building codes ,chemical controls ,chemical
registers/manifests ,consumer protection legislation ,dangerous goods Acts and regulations dangerous
goods code , declared pest (plant and animal) reporting ,environmental protection issues equal
employment opportunity ,freedom of information ,industrial relations ,motor and commercial
vehicle(s) transportation ,motor license and endorsement regulations ,OHS Acts and regulations
• Privacy, public health, trade practices, workplace consultative arrangements.
Manufacturers’ specifications may include: emergency response resources , equipment operational
manuals ,government publications ,
• Instructional guides , material safety data sheets (MSDS)


other resources supplied by the manufacturer (such as laminated cards, notices and wall posters) in
work sites or vehicles ,product labels ,safety instructions pre-printed on equipment.
1.7.Alighnment of critical points in the activities
• Integrated Pest Management programs are designed to prevent pest problems whenever possible.
This is done through monitoring, regular inspections, high standards of sanitation and pest-proofing
measures, and modification of environmental conditions conducive to pest problems.
• The district/facility will establish periodic inspection, monitoring and reporting procedures. All
personnel involved in these activities will be informed and trained to perform specific roles within
the IPM program. Forms will be provided by the district/facility to aid staff and pest professionals
in performing and recording actions.
• The district/facility will establish pest tolerance thresholds and response times for common pests.
These thresholds will serve as indicators for the implementation of active control measures.
Control measures will not be undertaken if pest damage or populations are below threshold levels
unless special circumstances necessitate reduction of a pest population. In such cases a review of
the tolerance thresholds will be conducted.
• When pests exceed tolerance thresholds, non-chemical pest control measures and
IPM strategies as described in the IPM pest outlines will be practiced and action will occur within
the specified response time.
• Pesticides will be used when appropriate, along with other management practices, when other
pest prevention and non-chemical control measures have failed to reduce pests below tolerance
thresholds. When a pesticide must be used, products that are the least harmful to human health and
the environment will be used.
• Pesticides will be used only in containerized baits, or for spot treatments targeting insect
infestations or problem areas where a minimal amount of material can be used. Routine spraying
for pests is prohibited. Rodent baits shall not be used unless in tamper-resistant bait boxes. Bait
boxes shall be inaccessible to children and secured when appropriate. Routine general spraying of
non-target pests is prohibited.
• All pesticide applications must be approved by the IPM coordinator prior to application. All


notification requirements will be met before the pesticide application.
• The application of pesticides is subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
regulations, Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, and state and local
regulations.
• Follow-up inspections and monitoring will be performed to determine the effectiveness of the
IPM strategies applied. The IPM coordinator will continually update the IPM plan with the
knowledge gained from the follow-up inspections.
• The IPM plan will be reviewed annually to ensure all activities that take place in the facility are
addressed and that current
1.8. Determining performance criteria in the activities
• Identify pests and associated problems and damage.
• Monitor infestation levels and keep records.
• Be aware that pest management can involve changing human habits that encourage pests
through cultural/sanitation control methods as well as mechanical/physical Biological or other
methods.
• Know how to minimize pesticide use as well as exposure to humans and other non target
organisms.
• Know the hazards of pesticides and safety precautions for storing, mixing and applying
pesticides.
• Be familiar with the pesticide label's precautionary statements pertaining to exposure to humans
and other non-target organisms.
1.9.Achieving objectives in the activities
Pest management objectives, by necessity, will differ from site to site and these differences need to
be considered before setting action thresholds. For example, with buildings or structures, the
objective may be to minimize structural damage from termites. For ornamental gardens, the
objective might be to maintain aesthetic value, while for a sporting field; it may be to maintain a


specific playing surface. The objectives of the IPM program are:
• Manage pests found on local areas to prevent interference with the crop productivity
• Prevent injury to humans
• Prevent pests from spreading in the community or to plant and animal populations
beyond the site; and
.provide a safe and healthy environment
1.10.Pest management strategy in consideration with the community
The following information was used in the development of pest control strategies for the
various pests.
A. The Pest
The various insect, plant, disease and animal pests have been identified in general terms. The
common names of pests are used though in some cases the scientific name could be used for
purposes of clarification. As an example, identifying the aphid pest of tuliptrees as the >tuliptree
aphid= is preferable than simply identifying it as aphid.
B. The Location
The various locations have been identified generically to accommodate the wide variety of
situations for which the Department has responsibility.
C. The Host
The host is the site, plant (or animal) on which the pest lives. An example would be in the case of
the tulip tree. The tree is the host, the tulip tree aphid is the pest,
D. Action Threshold
An action threshold is an observable condition or set of conditions that must be present before a
pest control method can be initiated. Action thresholds are calculated to initiate a specific pest
control method(s) when it will be effective in keeping the pest population below an injury level.
A pest is only a problem if it causes significant damage or nuisance effect. An insect that eats only
one leaf from a tree is not a problem but if it ate 50% of the leaves it might be considered a

problem. The amount of damage or nuisance affect that a pest must cause before it is considered a
problem is the injury level. The injury level is then used to determine the action threshold. The
action threshold should take into account the pest=s natural population fluctuations, natural
enemies, time needed for control measures to take effect, etc. In the development of these action
thresholds, IPM literature, staff experience, recognized pest management professional as well as
other various resources have been consulted.
The action thresholds illustrated in the various Management Plans in this program differentiate
between non-chemical and chemical control methods. Non-chemical control methods are preferred
because they have few if any adverse effects and should be implemented before chemical control
controls with potentially adverse effects are implemented.
Typical action thresholds found in this program include;
• Observing the pest in a specified abundance.
• Observing a specified amount of pest damage.
• Observing specific environmental conditions favorable pest environment.
E. Methods of Control
The following categories represent widely accepted components utilized for the control of pests
using an IPM approach and have been utilized in the development of action plans found in the Pest
Management Plans. There are overlaps between these categories and they can be broken down
further but as presented below they represent the major control method components. Below each
are particular practices of tactics that illustrate the intent of the category. This list is by no means
complete, they simply serve as illustration.
It is important to realize that in many cases no single approach will be effective in the control of a
pest; rather it is the combination or integration of these methods for the purpose of successful
ecosystem management that will provide long term control. Further, it should be understood that
not all methods are effective against all pests nor should they be expected to be effective against all
life stages of a particular pest.
Many control tactics should be developed and creativity is encouraged. This helps keep potentially
adverse effects from accumulating and the pest from possibly developing resistance to a particular


form of control. It also gives a number of options to best meet any particular situation. All potential
methods should be considered.
The various management tactics outlined in the Pest Management Plans come from a variety of
sources including pest management literature, pest management professionals and staff experience.
As listed, they are the potential tactics that may be employed in the management of a pest. Though
each tactic is a viable method to aid in the management of a pest, it should not be expected that
every tactic will be successful at every site and in every situation.
1. Design Considerations
Prevention is the single most important component of landscape IPM. Recognizing the potential for
future pest problems when designing or modifying a site can minimize and even eliminate many
pest problems. Those design considerations include;
• Proper site preparation.
• Properly designed irrigation system.
• Selection of plant materials suited to the site and climate.
• Selection of plant materials with pest tolerance or resistance.
• Use of hard surfaces to eliminate weed problems.
• Use of densely growing plants that will choke out weed growth.
2. Biological Control
This entails the use of beneficial organisms in the control of pests. It is important to realize that
other pest management activities, most notably the use of pesticides, can have an adverse effect on
beneficial organisms. Practical implementation would consider;
• Maintenance of existing populations of beneficial organisms.
• Supplementation of beneficial species.
• Encouraging plant diversity to provide food and habitat for beneficial species.
• Avoidance of pesticide use, particularly broad spectrum insecticides and fungicides.
3. Cultural Control
Cultural control tactics are horticultural practices that provide for optimum plant health. These
include;


• Providing water in the proper manner, amount, frequency and time.
• Insuring proper soil fertility, avoiding nutrient deficiencies and excesses.
• Use of proper pruning techniques and pruning at the proper time.
• Proper mowing heights.
• Insuring proper sanitation practices.
4. Mechanical Controls
Mechanical methods generally utilize labor, materials not considered pesticides and machinery to
control pest levels. Examples would include;
• Hand removal of weeds and other pests.
• Use of mulch materials
• Use of hand or power tools such as hoes, mowers, string weed trimmers.
• Removal of infested plants or plant parts.
• Use of traps.
5. Physical Controls
These controls are those activities that manipulate the environment and are quite successful in
closed environments such as greenhouses. In the landscape these tactics could include;
• Thinning of a tree or shrub to improve air circulation in the canopy.
• Thinning of canopies to increase temperatures for insect control.
• Whitewashing trunks of young trees to prevent sunscald.
• Covering of cold sensitive plants in winter to increase temperatures.
• Utilizing sun and/or shade for temperature control.
6. Chemical Controls
Chemical controls employ pesticides in the management of pests. Tactics include;
• Use of least toxic pesticides.
• Use of lower-than-label rates of pesticides.
• Insuring proper timing of pesticide application.
• Spot treatments.
• Staggering of treatments.


F. Monitoring
Monitoring is an information gathering and record keeping activity that is the basis of any
successful IPM program. Monitoring utilizes a variety of techniques ranging from casual
observation to statistically valid quantitative sampling, to measure pest damage, track populations
of both beneficial and pest organisms and provide assessment of the site and surroundings.
Careful, concise records are necessary to determine when specific control tactics are to be
implemented to keep pest levels below the injury level. This information is further utilized to
measure the effectiveness of specific tactics, to pinpoint Ahot spots and used in subsequent years
for planning and timing of control activities.
A variety of monitoring methods will be utilized by the Department and will be dependent on the
site and pest being monitored.
IPM Strategies
Inspect - Inspect external and internal areas for pest infestation, focusing on areas of vulnerability.
Identify - Correct identification of the target pest is a critical step in the control process, enabling
pests to be eliminated more efficiently.
Monitor - As pest control is an ongoing process, constantly monitoring your facility for pest
activity and instituting operational changes that affect pest management will protect against
infestation and help eliminate existing pests.
Determine If and When Control Is Needed - Control is necessary when the threshold for pest
infestation has been exceeded.
Understand Options and Develop an Action Plan - Understand all options that are available for
control. Evaluate both the benefits and risks for each option prior to developing the action plan.
Take Action - Appropriate actions should be taken to eliminate an existing pest infestation. Those
actions should also prevent future infestations from occurring by focusing on non-chemical options
first.
Evaluate Results - The pest control program must include a thorough evaluation of how effective


the treatment methods were in eliminating the pest infestation. Depending on the success of the
methods used, treatment strategies may need to be adjusted.
Education - To ensure continued success of the pest control program, all personnel involved in
administering the program as well as general personnel should be educated on the strategies used.
The practical application of IPM can be managed by the following prerequisites and a logic
sequence.
Advantages to IPM
• Decreased use of chemical application will reduce risks to the health of staff members.
• Decreased use of chemical application will reduce the risk of deterioration and disfigurement of
holdings.
• Decreased use of chemical application may result in a financial savings.
• The environmental improvements made to the facility to implement an IPM program will enhance
the long-term stability of the holdings over and above protection against pests.
• IPM may be the only solution to some long-term pest problems where chemical application has
not worked.
• IPM ultimately allows the institution to have greater control over and knowledge of pest activity
in their facility.
• IPM is the pest management technique of choice for major institutions.
Disadvantages to IPM
• IPM will require more staff time than traditional pest management, even if implementation is
contracted to a pest management company.
• IPM will require the coordinated effort of all staff members to properly implement.
• IPM may initially be more expensive than traditional pest management.


1.11.Monitoring and measurement activities for vertebrate pests
Timely monitoring of pests and beneficial organisms, pest damage, and environmental conditions.
Monitoring pest populations gives information needed to decide if and when to apply a pesticide
for optimal effectiveness. Knowing what and when beneficial organisms are present is useful to
time pesticide application to minimize impact on the beneficial organisms. Pest and disease
development models use environmental (weather) information to determine what life stage(s) of a
pest is present or if plants are at risk of disease infection. This information is useful in timing pest
monitoring and management activities.
When Is a Vertebrate a Pest?
All vertebrate animals have a jointed spinal column (vertebrae). These “higher” animal fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. What may be a pest under some circumstances may be
highly desirable under others. Your first job in controlling vertebrate pests is to determine if they
are actually causing damage.
Fish of certain species may be considered pests by some because they are not useful for sport or
for food or because they are harmful to more desirable species. Some fish may be a human health
hazard because they serve as intermediate hosts for parasites of humans.
Reptiles and amphibians include snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs, toads, and salamanders. These
animals cause more of a psychological problem than an economic one. But snakes and turtles in
fish hatcheries or waterfowl production areas can cause some economic problems .Poisonous
snakes may be a problem, too, but there are only two poisonous species in Minnesota, both
restricted to the southeast corner of the state.
Birds can cause various kinds of damage: structural damage by woodpeckers; killing of fish,
livestock, poultry, or game species; and destruction of fruit, nut, grain, timber, and vegetable crops.
Birds can also be a health hazard to animals and humans because they may be hosts for disease or
organisms. Integrated Pest Management Page 1-21
Mammals, such as pocket gophers, moles, and rats, can also cause a variety of damage. Livestock
may be killed by mammals. Mammals also do significant damage to fruit, vegetable, nut, grain,


range, and tree crops. They may interfere with water-retaining structures, causing flooding. They
damage such things as lawns, clothing, furniture, and buildings by gnawing and burrowing. They
transmit many diseases to livestock and humans, including rabies, plague, typhus, food poisoning,
leptospirosis, and tularemia.
Selecting Control Tactics
Choose control measures that are effective, selective, humane, and cause the least possible
environmental damage, such as traps, sound, or barriers.
Know the local, state, and federal regulations that apply. It is especially important to know
which animals are protected by the federal and state government. Protected species include the gray
wolf, bald eagle, and peregrine falcon. Two mammals considered by some as pests are the eastern
spotted skunk and the woodland vole. These are classified as special concern because of their low
population but are not legally protected.
Rodent pest definition
Any of various mammals of the order Rodentia, such as a mouse, rat, characterized by large
incisors adapted for gnawing or nibbling.
Habits
1.Burrowing: efficient burrowers for building their nests.
2.Sense: having a keen sense of hearing and chemical senses of smell and taste.
3.Movement: determined by the availability of food, water and shelter.
4.Social behavior: tending to live in groups.
5.Reproduction: a huge ability to reproduce, e.g. In a single year, a female Norway rat may
have five to 10 litters of usually five or six young each.
6.Feeding habits: omnivorous, ranging from seeds, grain, fruit to the vegetative parts of plants.
Damages:-
1. Pre-harvest damage: serious pest of groundnuts, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, melons,
maize, pineapple, sugarcane, rice, cocoa, and etc, both on vegetative organs and unripe fruits.

2. Post-harvest damage: serious pests of stored grains, resulting a loss of quantity and quality.
3. Damage to structure: damage wooden doors and window frames which food is stored.
4.Disease hazards: carrying many diseases transmissible to humans---causing plague, e.g.
leptospirosis, rat-bite fevers.
Important rodent pest species in Ethiopia
House mouse, Mus musculus L.(hosts: sugarcane, dried stored products).
Roof rat, Rattus rattus (coconut, banana, rice, sugarcane, dried stored products, cacao). Norway
rat, Rattus norvegicus (banana, rice, sugarcane) Unstrapped grass rat Arvicanthis abyssinicus
(grass crops) Root rat Tachyoreytes splendens (crop root)
Rodent control methods
1. Keep the storage area clean The rubbish and sundries around the storage area should be
cleaned.
2 .Closing holes leading to stores by using wire mesh Preventing them entering into the stores.
3 .Scaring: By knocking gong and drum, lighting firecrackers to scare them.
4 .Plant non-attractive plant cultivars
5. Attack at nest and roosting area Bunging the hole with stones, filling the hole with water.
6. Using chemicals The rodenticides include diphacinone, warfarin, bromadiolone, zinc

phosphide etc. Eg. Bromadiolone
Rate: bromadiolone : water : grain = 1 : 15 : 100
Eg: Leach 0.5% Bromadiolone 0.1 kg in 1.5 kg cool water, soak 10kg grains in this solution for
24 hours, then let the grains dry. That is rodent poison bait. Apply this bait near the nest after
4.pm before dark.
7. Biologic methods
a. Protecting the natural enemies of the rodents Natural predators such as owl, yellow weasel,


fox,
b. Controlled
eagle, snakes
by microbe
and the trained
Some viruses
dog, cat.or bacteria have been found to control rodents.
Self check-1 Written test

Name :
-------------------------------------------- date-------------- Direction:
answer the following question. Pay attention in each activity and try to answer to the point
1. Define the following terms /2point each/
A. integrated pest management
B. Action Threshold
C. Economic injury level
D. Economic Threshold
2. Discus about the IPM process?
3. What are the important rodent pests in Ethiopia?
4. Explain how rodent pest damage the crop?
5.write parts of good IPM program
Information Estimating personnel requirement

sheet -2 Estimating plant and machinery requirement
Estimating material requirement
Coasting personnel plant, machinery and materials
2. Estimating required resource to complete pest management activities

2.1. estimating personnel requirement
Appropriate person(s) may include:


o clients
o colleagues
o managers
o person(s) in control of work site(s)
o Supervisors.
Clients may include:
o body corporate
o building supervisor
o company/organization
o environmental health officer
o executive housekeeper
o maintenance manager
o owner
2.2. Estimating plant and machinery requirement
2.3.estimating material requirement

Commonly used pest management materials
Farmers faced with pest, weed and disease problems must demonstrate the use of cultural
methods i.e. use of resistance varieties, rotation sanitation, beneficial insects traps
mulching, mowing etc /before applying pest control substance.
Natural substance frequently used for organic pest control include pyrethrum ,neem
extract , bacillus, thuringiensis ,beau aria bassiana, spinosad ,limonene and other plant
extracts such as garlic oil and hot pepper spray .

Permitted synthetic substance on the natural list for pest management include soaps,
narrow range oils/also called dormant or summer oil /,sticky traps and barriers ,copper
products ,hydrogen peroxide ,elemental sulfur and pheromones . Pest control equipment
include ;sprayer ,duster ,granular spreader ,fogging equipment, baits equipment and safety
equipment/bee suit ,formers ,uv flash light ,vacuum, respirator ,tyvek coverall, chemical
glove spill kits/ termite baiting tools ,replacement key, aerosol dispensers.
Pest control equipment should be tested, durable in order to make pest control application
faster, easier and more effective.
2.4. coasting personnel plant ,machinery and materials
Self check -2 Written test
Name; ----------------------------------------- date --------------

Direction; answer the following questions .pay attention in each activity and try to answer
to the point
1. List at least 4 natural substances used frequently to control organic pests.
2. What are the pest control equipments?
3. Least at least 3 synthetic chemical used to control pest.
4. What are the appropriate persons required for pest management?
Information Informing requirements of pest management action plan.

sheet -3 Informing land manager expectation, reporting and recording

requirements
Advising contracted personnel about OHS standard
3. Informing the contracted personnel about pest management activities

3.1. Informing requirements of pest management action plan.
Insect pests can be monitored in several ways. The most common methods are actually counting
the number of insects present or estimating the amount of insect damage. Insect counts usually are
expressed as the number of insects per plant or plant part (e.g., number of insects per leaf). Insect
crop damage is often expressed as percentage of the plant damaged (e.g., percent leaf defoliation).
Other insect monitoring methods include collecting insects with a sweep net, shaking crop foliage
and counting dislodged insects, and trapping insects. Disease monitoring can be accomplished
through scouting fields weekly and examining foliage for early disease symptoms.
Pest management information sources:
Extension advisors
Farm supply/chemical dealer
Commercial scouting service
Crop consultant/pest control advisor
Other growers/producers
Producer associations newsletters or trade magazines
TV or radio programs, newspapers
Electronic information services
3.2. Informing land manager expectation ,reporting and recording requirements
supervisory/managerial functions:
Planning - Employee participates in all statewide program planning and provides input into budget,
personnel and equipment needs, record-keeping, and operational procedures. Employee plans work
operations, establishes work priorities, and implements operational procedures. Organizing and
Directing - Employee assigns work areas to field personnel according to the workload, reassigns

work areas or priorities as a result of emergencies or changes in program activities, and maintains
program progress by establishing deadlines and shifting workloads if the need arises. Budgeting -
Employee determines materials, supplies, and equipment necessary for carrying out program
operations, approves and monitors travel and attendance at meetings, and submits requests to the
Plant Pest Administrator for additional personnel or equipment needs. Work may include the
management of a special program or project budget. Training - Employee provides structured on-
the-job training to new Specialists and temporary staff in coordination with the Plant Pest
Administrator. Employee provides for additional staff training when a new procedure or program is
introduced. Setting Work Standards - Employee participates in the establishment of and
implements program policies, work standards, and procedures. Employee also participates in the
review, addition and/or revisions to state laws, rules, and regulations governing the programs.
Reviewing Work - Employee monitors the work of the Plant Pest Specialists through work reports,
field participation, and upon completion of a program. Emergency programs require more frequent
review and adjustments in the workload. Employee evaluates the quality and efficiency of
programs and recommends modifications.
Counseling and Disciplining - Employee counsels with staff regarding work activities, issues oral
warnings, and recommends more serious disciplinary actions.
Performing Other Personnel Functions - Employee participates in the interviewing and selection of
staff, conducts performance appraisals, and recommends promotion or reassignment of work.
Employee selects, trains, supervises, and dismisses hourly/temporary employees used in special
projects.
3.3.Advising contracted personnel about OHS standard
Employers
According to the OHSA, employers have the basic duty towards employees to provide and
maintain a working environment that is safe and without risk to the health of the employees. The
matters to which these duties refer include the following:
Providing and maintaining systems of work, plant and machinery that are safe and without risk to
health. This dictates a rigid and ongoing maintenance program which must be documented and


monitored on an hourly, daily, weekly and monthly basis depending on the type of equipment
involved.
The quality of the maintenance program must also be assessed regularly.
Taking steps to eliminate or diminish any hazard or potential hazard to the safety or health of
employees.
Identifying the hazards to the health or safety of persons attached to any work which is performed,
and devising and applying any necessary precautionary measures.
Providing such information, instruction, training and supervision as may be necessary to ensure the
health and safety of his employees.
Not permitting any employee to do any work unless the precautionary measures which may be
prescribed have been taken.
Ensuring that the work is performed under the general supervision of a person trained to
understand the hazards associated with it and who has the authority to ensure that the precautionary
measures taken by the employer are enforced.
The above necessitates evaluation of all systems, plant and equipment at all times according to a
scheduled, enforced and monitored system in a culture driven by management.
Employees
Employees also have a responsibility under the OHSA, as follows:
 Take reasonable care for the health and safety of him and of other persons who may be
affected by his or her acts or omissions.
 Cooperate with his or her supervisor to comply with any health and safety measures.
 Carry out any lawful order given to him or her in the interest of health and safety.
 If any unsafe or unhealthy situation comes to his or her attention, report it as soon as
possible to the supervisor and or employer.
 If he or she is involved in any accident which may affect his or her health, to report the
incident as soon as possible.
 Cooperate with safety committees whenever required.
 Reaction of employees to their responsibility will, to a large extent, depend on the


relationship with their supervisor. It is therefore important that all supervisors as well as
management be well trained in building and handling relationships.
A hazard is a source or potential source of human injury, ill health or disease. Anything which
might cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard. While some hazards
are fairly obvious and easy to identify, others are not - for example exposure to noise, chemicals or
radiation.
Methods for identifying hazards
The first step in control of a hazard is to identify and list them. There are many methods which are
useful for identifying hazards, including
• Injury and illness records - review your workers’ compensation data and check the incidence,
mechanism and agency of injury, and the cost to the organization. These statistics can be
analyzed to alert the organization to the presence of hazards
• staying informed on trends and developments in workplace health and safety, for example via
the internet or OHS publications
• reviewing the potential impact of new work practices or equipment introduced into the
workplace in line with legislative requirements
• doing walk-through surveys, inspections or safety audits in the workplace to evaluate the
organization’s health and safety system
• considering OHS implications when analyzing work processes
• investigating workplace incidents and ‘near hits’ reports - in some cases there may be more
than one hazard contributing to an incident
• getting feedback from employees can often provide valuable information about hazards,
because they have hands-on experience in their work area


Name; ----------------------------------------- date --------------
Direction; answer the following questions .pay attention in each activity and try to answer to
the point
1. List at least 4 pest management information sources.
2. What are the responsibilities of employee under OHSA?
3. Discuss the methods of identifying hazards.
4.what is the function of pest managerial /supervisory /
Information .Checking plant, machinery and equipment serviceability

sheet -4 Checking material standard
Checking PPE and clothing
monitoring procedure and skill applied by contracted personnel
Providing feedback, advice and coaching to the contracted personnel
4. supervising contracted personnel in pest management activities

4.1.checking plant ,machinery and equipment serviceability
Equipment may include:
o Bunding material
o camera
o dishes or bowls
o drills


o dusters
o electrical extension leads
o elevated work platforms
o equipment decontamination materials
o flexible light
o flushing agents
o generators
o hoses
o injectors
o knifes
o ladders
o magnifying glass
o measuring jug
o mirrors
o probes
4.2.checking material standard
 Materials may include:
o building components
o chemicals
o cleaning products
o flammable products
o pesticides
o physical barriers
o sealing components
4.3.Checking PPE and clothing
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) may include:


o .air-line and self-contained respirators
o breathing respirator – full-face and half-face
o chemical impervious gloves
o chemical resistant aprons
o communication equipment
o contaminated clothing bag
o cradles
o drinking fluids
o dust masks
o eye protection e.g. safety glasses, goggles
o eyewashes and showers
o face shield (splash-proof)
o First Aid kit appropriate to the task and location
o hair nets
o hard hats
o high-visibility vests/clothing
o long pants
o noise protection
o non-slip safety shoes/boots
o overalls, coveralls or other chemical protective clothing
o prodding/probing sticks and rods
o safety harness
o sharps containers
o soap and towel
o sunscreen
o tongs


o torch
o washable sun hats
o Wet-work protective clothing.
PPE must be provided and worn where:
 hazards are unable to be controlled by other measures (elimination, substitution, or in

conjunction with other controls/measures)
 protection is required for chemical handling and application, according to instructions on
product labels
 Legislation/OHS regulation requires it.
When PPE is provided to workers, ensure that:
 the PPE is appropriate for the task

 the PPE is suitable for the person and fits well
 the PPE is readily available, clean and fully operational
 the PPE users are trained for the correct use of the PPE, including selection and
maintenance.
Ensure the PPE is the correct equipment for the hazard to be controlled. Use labels and Material
Safety Data Sheets as a guide when selecting appropriate PPE for handling and using chemicals.
Check with your supplier or manufacturer that they meet the appropriate Australian Standards.
PPE may include:
 head, eye and hearing protection

 respiratory protection
 clothing such as gloves, aprons and hats
 Footwear.


Ensure the PPE is used in accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions and labels. PPE should
fit properly and be comfortable for the wearer.
When PPE is required, the employer must do the following:
1. Provide the PPE to each early entry worker or handler.
2. Clean and maintain PPE.
3. Make sure that each person wears and uses the PPE correctly.
4. Provide each person with a clean place to put on, take off, and store the PPE.
5. Take action, if necessary, to prevent heat-related illness while the PPE is being worn.
6. Provide soap, single use towels, and water to each person at the end of the handling activity
when the PPE is removed.
7. Prevent any person from wearing or taking home contaminated PPE, unless proper
instruction has been given regarding the washing and care of PPE.
4.4. Monitoring procedure and skill applied by contracted personnel.
Monitoring is an information gathering and record keeping activity that is the basis of any
successful IPM program. Monitoring utilizes a variety of techniques ranging from casual
observation to statistically valid quantitative sampling, to measure pest damage, track populations
of both beneficial and pest organisms and provide assessment of the site and surroundings.
Careful, concise records are necessary to determine when specific control tactics are to be
implemented to keep pest levels below the injury level. This information is further utilized to
measure the effectiveness of specific tactics, to pinpoint A hot spots and used in subsequent years
for planning and timing of control activities.
Monitoring includes inspecting areas for pest evidence, entry points, food, water and harborage
sites, and estimating pest population levels. This can be achieved using sticky traps, physically
observing pests or evidence of pests such as droppings, nests, or shed skins (exoskeletons). The
information gained through monitoring is evaluated to determine whether the action threshold has
been exceeded and what management methods will be employed. A monitoring program should be
outlined in the IPM plan to include who will be performing the monitoring, when and where the
monitoring will take place, and how the monitoring will be perform.


Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest management strategy that focuses on long-term
prevention or suppression of pest problems with minimum impact on human health, the
environment and non-target organisms. These strategies require the selection, integration and
implementation of various pest control techniques considering the various economic, ecological
and sociological consequences.
Policy- Development of specific pest management practices shall be done utilizing contemporary
and applicable IPM research, IPM literature and through consultation with recognized pest
management professionals. Recognizing that pest management is an on-going and evolving
discipline, this policy shall be subject to change and other updating modifications as needed to
reflect new laws, information, techniques, equipment and materials.
The goals of this policy shall be to:
1 Affect an overall reduction in pesticide usage based on unit area treated.
2 Provide for the utilization of alternative methods in the control of pests.
3 Provide for the utilization of A least-toxic pesticides that will provide acceptable control of
the pest(s).
4 Provide for appropriate pre and post-notification of pesticide application in parks and other
areas where the public may be affected.
 PEST MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES
A. Pest Management Request
All requests for pest control assistance shall be forwarded to the Pest Control Supervisor in
writing for the purposes of documentation.
B. Site Assessment/Monitoring
Upon receipt of a request, the Pest Management Supervisor will inspect the site and surroundings
and perform an assessment noting;
1. Presence/absence of pest and at what levels.
2. Presence/absence of beneficial insects and at what levels.
3. Site conditions, particularly those that may be contributory to the pest problem or that can be
utilized in a solution.


4. Recent weather conditions of forecasts that could be contributory to the problem or utilized as
part of a solution. Where a management plan for the pests exists, it will provide the guidelines to be
followed. In the event a management does not exist, one is to be developed to provide proper
direction for control of the pest. When a pest problem exists, the above steps will initiate the
monitoring process.
C. Implementation of Control Measures
Regardless of the pest population or associated threshold level, a non-chemical control approach
will always be considered first even when populations are at levels that chemical controls could be
considered.
1. Non-chemical control
In most cases, the various management plans in this program outline multiple non-chemical pest
control methods. These methods are to be enacted first. Instructions and any necessary training
regarding implementation of these tactics will be provided to the responsible person/crew. Follow-
up inspections will take place at specific intervals or pre-determined times to evaluate control.
2. Chemical Control - Pest Control Recommendation
Any time that a chemical control measure is warranted and regardless of threshold levels, a
least-toxic pesticide will always be considered first. Follow-up inspections will take place at
specific intervals or pre-determined times to evaluate control.
For any chemical control measures that take place in parks, median strips, other rights-of-way and
any other area that is considered agricultural use by the State of California, a Pest Control
Recommendation written by the Pest Control Supervisor or other licensed Pest Control Advisor is
required.
All employees applying pesticides shall always remember the following;
• Follow product label instructions at all times.
• Confine sprays to the site being treated, do not allow drift.
• Treat only the targeted pest.
• Treat only the smallest area necessary.
• When applying insecticides to large areas or many plants, staggered treatments on smaller areas


minimize impacts to beneficial.
3. Public Notification
To ensure that the public and City staff are aware that pesticides are to be used in parks, public
building landscapes, surplus properties, any of the following methods or combinations of are to be
utilized;
• signs
• isolation, in combination with signs
• blue indicator dye in spray mix
• media sources/neighborhood notification
4. Record Keeping
Records of pesticide use shall be kept by all persons applying pesticides.
These records are to include;
• date and time of application
• brand name of the pesticide
• target pest(s)
• amount of pesticide used
• name (or initials) of applicator
• Where application was made (location, host, specific site within a park, etc.)
These records shall be forwarded to the Pest Management Supervisor no later than the third
working day of the month following application.
 GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. Laws, rules and regulations
All Federal, State, and County laws, rules and regulations pertaining to the handling and use of
pesticides will be followed.
B. Pesticide procurement
Pesticide acquisition shall be done only by the Park Maintenance Superintendent, Pest
Management Supervisor or the Senior Maintenance Workers assigned to pest control activities.
C. Pesticides and pesticide container disposal


1. Every effort shall be made to mix only that amount of pesticide necessary to complete an
application(s).
2. Unused pesticides shall be lawfully disposed of at a site that is licensed to accept such wastes.
3. All empty pesticide containers shall be rendered clean according to regulations prior to disposal
D. Applicator training
All personnel involved in pesticide handling and application activities will have the following
training as required by law;
1. Annual training on the safe and proper handling of pesticides.
2. Each employee that handles pesticides shall be trained annually on the proper use of each
pesticide prior to its use.
3. Continuing education is required by law for all Pest Control Advisors and Qualified Applicators
in order to keep their licenses and certificates current. This education is in the areas of laws and
regulations and pest control methods and is offered through seminars approved by the State
Department of Pesticide Regulation.
E. Maintenance Staff training
The success of any IPM program is dependent on the skills and knowledge of those involved with
its implementation. Information and training is to be provided for all maintenance staff and will
include;
1. Principles and components of IPM.
2. Management strategies regarding pests common to all areas.
3. Management strategies regarding pests specific to specific areas.
4. Non-chemical pest control techniques.
F. Public Education
When requested from the general public, the following information will be given;
1. IPM concepts and components.
2. Integrated solutions to pest problems, if known.
3. Other contacts/agencies/resources that might be able to assist the individual.
4. Information regarding the departmental IPM program.


G. Reports
1. Monthly Report
The Pest Management Supervisor will prepare a monthly summary report of all pesticides used.
2. Yearly Report
This report will include:
• Detailed pesticide usage data.
• How usage compared with target reduction of 50%.
• Discussions of methods being used to reduce pesticide usage.
• Any revisions or other updating of this program.
H. Research
Extension and County Agricultural personnel in research involving;
1. Biology, habits and life cycles of pests.
2. Non-chemical methods of pest management.
3. Other projects that would further development of sound IPM practices.
4.5. Providing feedback, advice and coaching to the contracted personnel.
Employee plans, coordinates, and directs all pest control survey, detection, inspection, certification,
management, and regulatory enforcement activities throughout the state. Employee plans and
supervises the activities of Plant Pest Specialists, maintains final authority on plant certification
and enforcement work, evaluates all plant industry programs, and coordinates work with other state
and federal agencies. Work requires input into divisional programs, policies, and procedures, and
additions and/or revisions to laws, rules, and regulations. Work is performed under the general
supervision of the Plant Pest Administrator and is evaluated through review of written reports,
periodic conferences, and observation of work for program effectiveness. Employee maintains
close contact with industry groups, professional and civic organizations, extension agents, the
nursery and agricultural community, and the general public, and performs related work as required.


Name; ----------------------------------------- date --------------
Direction; answer the following questions .pay attention in each activity and try to answer
to the point
1. Discuss about the pest management procedures.
2. What are the general pest management procedures?
3. Write some of the materials and equipments for pest management activities.
4. What are the important things to be considered while employee applies pesticides?
Information Initiating and coordinating first aid procedure to contracted personnel

sheet -5 Notifying rescue of injured contracted personnel for relevant
authorities
Rescheduling not carried out activity due to accidental in work plan
Reporting on the conduct of assessment and control operations
5.Coordinating contingency management activities
5.1.Initiating and coordinating first aid procedure to contracted personnel
Contingency planning for pest incursions includes many different activities, both scientific (e.g.
pest diagnostics and biology) and administrative (e.g. authorization and funding). The activities fall
within a spectrum of pre-border, border and post-border quarantine systems:
 identification of pest threats

 quarantine and offshore activities
 surveillance
 diagnostics
 biology, ecology and control
 identifying roles and responsibilities

 legislative authority
 funding and compensation
 Increased preparedness and response planning.
5.2. Notifying rescue of injured contracted personnel for relevant authorities
Workplace injury is a major cause of concern for all involved in occupational health and safety.
The factors which cause workplace accidents and occupational illnesses are called hazards. The
need for systematic management of OHS hazards and their attendant risks applies to all
organizations and all activities and functions within an organization.
It is important to distinguish between hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk
management.
Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything which may
cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
Workplace injuries are identifiable events, for example, cuts, bruises, crushed feet and hands,
broken bones, amputations. They are commonly referred to as acute trauma and are caused through
• slips, trips and falls
• falling objects
• being struck by an object
• Accidents with machinery.
5.3.Rescheduling not carried out activity due to accidental in work plan
5.4.reporting on the conduct of assessment and control operations


Process for selecting pest control method:
A positive identification of a pest must certainly be established before any consideration of a pest
control program is either needed or possible. Control of a particular pest should be considered only
when it is believed that economic damage will occur. Economic damage is simply the amount of
injury which will justify the cost of applied control measures. An orderly decision-making process
must be followed in order to intelligently and effectively plan and carry out a pest control program.
The principal elements of that process are outlined below.
1. It is very important to detect pest infestation before they become a problem. Failure to do so
will often result in increased cost of control, less effective or ineffective management measures, and
significant damage to the crop or site. Proper detection requires frequent and careful checking of
fields or other sites, knowledge of the common pests and predators, an ability to recognize potential
problems, and a thorough knowledge of the crop or other plant growth characteristics. You must be
able to recognize "abnormal" plants and pest damage.
2. Positive identification of a pest is essential in order to determine whether it is harmful to the
crop and, if so, to establish an adequate control program. In case of plant diseases, identification can
sometimes be based on symptoms rather than actual identification of the disease agent. In case of
pests knowing their life cycle is essential; because, in insect management an insecticide should be
applied to coincide with the presence of a susceptible life stage. In some cases the susceptible stage is
only the adult or larval stage. In most cases chemicals do not affect the eggs. Weather conditions can
also be monitored to predict how long it will take a certain insect to develop.
Economic Significance: Control of a particular pest should be considered only when it is believed
that economic damage will occur. Pest species in low numbers may cause little injury to a plant's
final yield or quality. Greater populations may cause slight yield or quality loss but not enough to
offset the cost of a management measure. In other occasions, larger populations can cause significant
damage and their management becomes essential. Therefore, economics must be a primary
consideration in pest management. Management of the pest should only be considered if economic

damage will occur and the population is at or above the economic threshold.
Different species in each class of pests (weeds, insects, diseases) differ in size, reproductive
capacity, and rate of growth. Remember, when making a pest management decision; consider the
market price of the crop, the cost of application, and the effect on the environment.
Method Selection. Once a pest problem has been identified, the biology and the habits of the pest
understood, and the economic significance established, then the appropriate method or combination
of methods can be selected to manage the pest in an effective, practical, economical and
environmentally-sound manner. Proper selection requires that you be thoroughly familiar with all
available management methods and that you fully evaluate the benefits and risks of each. The
pesticide selection should be considered based on the less toxic and effective option.
1. It is very important to evaluate the results of your pest management program. This can be done
in several ways such as monitoring pest populations or infection before and after treatment,
comparative damage ratings, etc. Insects and their activity can be monitored by either or both
scouting and trapping systems.
Usually to adequately evaluate a treatment, it is necessary to leave untreated checks to use as a

basis for comparison. In some situations, it is impossible to leave untreated checks. Always, record
the results from your evaluation for future reference.
Methods of Pest control.
We will not attempt to discuss in depth the various methods of pest control. Our intent here is to
simply give you an overview of the available alternatives and to present some characteristics each.
Resistant Varieties. Frequently, pest problems can be avoided or minimized simply by planting
resistant varieties. The degree of resistance to a particular pest may be either partial or complete.
These varieties possess genetic defenses such as protective physiological or physical characteristics
which reduce their susceptibility to pests. Selecting resistant varieties makes the environment less

favorable for pests and keeps them below harmful levels. Frequently, pest problems can be avoided
or minimized simply by using resistant varieties.
Crop Rotation. Crop rotation can be an effective mean of maintaining pest populations at
manageable levels; oftentimes it is a necessity. If a crop which is susceptible to a particular pest is
grown year after year on the same land, pest infestations can become devastating. Rotation to other
crops not desired by resident pests may offer at least a partial solution and may at the same time
provide additional benefits such as increased soil fertility and a reduction in soil erosion.
Cultural Control. Many pest problems can be avoided or minimized by using appropriate cultural
control techniques. Cultural control includes a number of practices designed to create optimal
growing conditions for the crop and/ or unfavorable conditions for the pest. Cultural control involves
normal farming operations such as varying the planting time, cultivating, fertilizing, irrigating, and
harvesting which may alter somewhat in response to particular pest problems. Sanitation practices,
such as removal of crop residues which harbor pests, can also be an effective means of cultural
control.
Biological Control. The foundation of biological control focuses on maximizing the effects of the
natural enemies of pests. Biological controls are most commonly used to manage insects, mites, and
some weeds. These natural enemies should be preserved in the field, as they are beneficial. This
requires a careful choice of pest control measures, particularly an informed selection and judicious
use of pesticides. Special consideration needs to be given to select insecticides that will not harm
your beneficial insects. You can also help to ensure the continued presence of these species by
preserving appropriate habitats in surrounding vegetation.
Chemical Control. Despite their potential hazards, chemical are essential components of pest
control programs and will remain so for the foreseeable future. Chemical controls use naturally
derived or synthetic chemicals called pesticides which kill, repel, attract, sterilize, or otherwise
interfere with the normal behavior of pests. Chemicals act quickly and are effective against large pest


populations. In many cases, the application of pesticides may be the most effective and feasible
control tactic. However, pesticides should be used only when needed and in such a manner that you,
your family, your neighbor, and the environment are adequately protected.
 Identifying work process, materials and procedures including aspects of

legislation, code of practice standards that needs to be complied with this
requires initiative and judgment to check and decide what is required depending
on the job at hand.
 Planning skills to conduct work without direct supervision in compliance with
company, legislative and OHS requirement and time frames.
 Methods of pest control need to be selected depending on the type of pest ,work
environment and client needs
 Select PPE needs to be appropriate for the pest control job .e.g. .face mask
needs to be used if spraying chemicals or gloves for laying baits.
 Work process and out comes /whether pest control or equipment maintenance
are required /assessed against documented plans to identify areas for implement
or changed procedure.
 Implementation of pest management and equipment maintenance, plans need to
monitored ensure they are continually effective.
Name; ----------------------------------------- date --------------

Direction; answer the following questions .pay attention in each activity and try to answer to the
point
1. Discuss about the process of selecting pest control methods.
2. Define the following terms?
A .economic significance


B .hazard
C .crop rotation
3. Write some of the contingency planning for pest management activities.
4. What are important things to be assessed while doing pest control by chemical methods?
Information Receiving and assessing reports and record supplied by the contracted
sheet -6 personnel
Documenting reports and record
6.reporting progress in relation to pest

6.1. Receiving and assessing reports and record supplied by the contracted personnel
Records should include dates; weather Conditions, pest levels, application rates and timing, and
costs. Good records are a guide if the same problem occurs. They are also a good legal safeguard.
Client records may be a computer or manual file and include:
 contact details
 customer files and databases
 details of previous assessments
 details of previous quotations
 details of previous service provision
 logbooks
 pest management plan
 reports
 specific details about the work site, nature of the pest problem, etc
 Use of contractors.
Documentation may include:
 pest activity/inspection reports
 pest management system problem/action reports

 service logbooks
 site management reports
 Site visit reports.
6.2.documenting reports and record
Documenting the IPM Program

The facility must have a well-maintained and documented IPM program in place regardless of
whether it is implemented by the facility or a third-party contractor. The program must effectively
control and eliminate pest infestation in both the internal and external areas of the facility. In
addition, the program must ensure that pest control materials are handled safely, strictly controlled,
and do not cause cross-contamination.
The following items should be documented within the IPM program:
1. Annual IPM Plan
a. Conduct a facility risk analysis (layout concerns, known or likely pests, facility inspection
results)
b. Establish action thresholds and develop action plans
c. Perform periodic reviews
d. Document educational activities
2. Detailed Perimeter Plan
a. Include the location of each bait station, trap or other control device numbered with the
corresponding number affixed to or painted on the wall for location purposes
b. Include the type of chemical used at each location
3. Facility Pest Inspection Checklists
4. Pest Activity and Service Reports

a. Pest sighting log
b. Pheromone monitoring


c. Internal rodent catch form
d. Pest chemical list
e. Pest treatment log
f. Trend reports
5. Educational Programs
6. Proof of Current Liability Insurance for Third-party PCOs
7. Pest Operator Certification or Licensing Records
8. Third-party Contractor Forms

a. Evaluation and approval
b. Signed contract
c. Pest contractor’s company license
d. Insurance certificate
e. Proof of education/training
Arrange of documentation relevant to pest management and containing safety symbol and
terminology needs to be read and understood includes ;
 Chemical level
 Equipment instruction/manuals
 Manufacturer instruction
 Material safety data sheet
 Plans /pest management and equipment maintenance, company business
plan/
 Regulations ,legislation and code of practices /including OHS and
environmental/


 Work order and schedule
 Work place and organizational policies ,procedures
 Pest activity/inspection report
 Pest management system problem/action report
 Service log books
 Site management report and site visit report
Reporting
1.Monthly Report
The Pest Management Supervisor will prepare a monthly summary report of all pesticides used.
2. Yearly Report
The Pest Management Supervisor will use the monthly reports to prepare an annual report.
This report will include:
• Detailed pesticide usage data.
• How usage compared with target reduction of 50%.
• Discussions of methods being used to reduce pesticide usage.
• Any revisions or other updating of this program.
Staff members also need a way to report pest problems between inspection periods. A pest
reporting procedure should be outlined so that staff members can promptly report pest sightings.
The reporting form should be concise and require specific information so that the staff is not
overburdened by a long form and the IPM coordinator is not inundated with extraneous
information. The pest sighting report form should be filed with the IPM coordinator for
investigation and possible corrective action.
Record Keeping
Records of pesticide use shall be kept by all persons applying pesticides.
These records are to include;
• date and time of application
• brand name of the pesticide
• target pest(s)


• amount of pesticide used
• name (or initials) of applicator
• Where application was made (location, host, specific site within a park, etc.)
Name; ----------------------------------------- date --------------

Direction; answer the following questions .pay attention in each activity and try to answer to the
point
1. What are the relevant documents to be arranged while doing pest management activities?
2. What are the data to be recorded by the IPM coordinators?


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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RULAR DEVELOPMENT

AGARFA ATVET COLLEGE

CROP PRODUCTION AND MARKETING MANAGEMENT

LEARNING GUIDE -#08

UNIT OF COMPITENCE –implement pest management action plans

MODULE TITLE – implementing pest management action plans

LG CODE –AGRCPM4M08 O528

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

5. Read the information written in the information sheet -2.

13. Read the information written in the information sheet -5

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

1. Proper identification of pest,

2. Learn pest and host life cycle and biology,

3. Monitor or sample environment for pest population,

4. Establish action threshold (economic, health or aesthetic

5. Choose an appropriate combination of management tactics for any pest situation

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

1. Scheduling pest management activities

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

How to Implement an IPM Program

Steps for successful IPM

Step 1: Develop an IPM policy

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

It is not uncommon for a new approach in an organization to be driven by a champion, which, if he

A Model IPM Policy includes:

Step 2: Designate pest management roles

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Step 3: Establish pest management objectives

Step 4: Inspect, identify and monitor pest problems

An IPM program consists of a cycle of inspecting, identifying, monitoring, evaluating and

Inspecting and monitoring for pests involves:

 checking areas for evidence of pests

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Step 6: Apply IPM strategies

Indirect treatment strategies:

Direct treatment strategies:

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Step 7: Evaluate and record results

1.2.Allocating pest management activities

IPM Application Sequence

 Identify report and record any evidence of pests.

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

 Rodent identification: house mouse, Norway rat and roof rat.

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

Compiled by Yayeh Alehegn

TVET Program: Field crop production