Carbon

+ Oxygen
Glucose
Dioxide +
Water
ENERGY The chemicals that take part
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Metabolic
in metabolic reactions
Enzymes:
are called metabolites
reactions use
Respiration is the chemical • Are specific
reaction that allows cells to
energy transferred
• Are a type of protein
release energy from food from
CELLULAR • Biological catalysts
Mitochondria in cells are the • Continually control the reactions

and it is specific to glucose

An example of a metabolic
RESPIRATION Metabolic pathways are a series of

enzyme is glucokinase
site of aerobic respiration Metabolic Rate: Is the enzyme controlled chemical reactions of metabolism
speed at which such that start with a substrate and finish • Reactions need energy from
chemical reactions take with an end product. Most are reversible. cellular respiration to take place
Metabolic rate varies because of several factors, including: place in the body Metabolic pathways can be • Work at an optimum temperature
* Age anabolic or catabolic • Change the substrate at each step in

METABOLISM
* Gender - male or female the metabolic pathway in order to get
* The proportion of muscle to fat in the body to the final product in the end
* The amount of exercise and other physical activity • Activity is affected by:
* Genetic traits • Substrate Type
Definition: Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions happening in a • Temperature
* The metabolic rate increases as we exercise and stays cell or organism, in which molecules are made or broken down • pH
high for a while afterwards
• Substrate Concentration
(up to saturation point)

ENERGY
Required Anabolic Catabolic Releases
ENERGY
Endothermic
Reactions Reactions 'Degradation'
Exothermic

'Building Up' Large molecules break down

Glycogen Small molecules join to make larger ones to make smaller ones
is converted from glucose in the liver + ENERGY + ENERGY
and muscle cells. It is the storage form of
glucose in animals and humans

GLUCOSE
Starch A simple sugar (monosaccharride)
It is the major source of energy for a cell
is built from long chains of glucose
(produced in photosynthesis) and is the C6H12O6
main storage form of glucose in plants
Ammonia Urea
Cellulose NITRATE IONS
is made from chains of glucose. It is
used in plants and algal cells to
LIVER
strengthen their cell walls
LIPIDS do eins
AMINO ACIDS
en rot
wn
GLYCEROL

FATTY ACID 1
p

Excreted
ss

Sy
ce

nt
ok

he Expelled as waste
Ex

FATTY ACID 2
Br

sis Excretion: The removal of potentially

ed harmful or toxic substances from the body
FATTY ACID 3

(FATS & OILS)

PROTEINS