Overview of hybrid electric vehicle trend

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1955, 040160 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033824

Published Online: 18 April 2018

Haomiao Wang, Weidong Yang, Yingshu Chen, et al.

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AIP Conference Proceedings 1955, 040160 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033824 1955, 040160

© 2018 Author(s).
 Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Trend
Haomiao Wang, Weidong Yanga), Yingshu Chen, Yun Wang

School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China.

a)
Corresponding author: stillmoai@foxmail.com

Abstract. With the increase of per capita energy consumption, environmental pollution is worsening. Using new alternative
sources of energy, reducing the use of conventional fuel-powered engines is imperative. Due to the short period, pure
electric vehicles cannot be mass-produced and there are many problems such as imperfect charging facilities. Therefore,
the development of hybrid electric vehicles is particularly important in a certain period. In this paper, the classification of
hybrid vehicle, research status of hybrid vehicle and future development trends of hybrid vehicles is introduced. It is
conducive to the public understanding of hybrid electric vehicles, which has a certain theoretical significance.

Key words: component; new energy; hybrid vehicle; classification; development trend.

INTRODUCTION
With the continuous growth of the world economy and the increase of the world population and improvement of
people's living standard, the per capita energy consumption will increase rapidly, which will lead to more serious
environmental pollution. Developing new alternative energy sources, improving the efficiency of heat energy
conversion and saving energy are considered as effective ways to solve or alleviate environmental pollution and ensure
energy supply. Alternatives to fuel-powered vehicles are also increasing, such as pure electric vehicles, fuel-cell
vehicles, hybrid vehicles and the like. Table 1 shows the comparison of three major new energy vehicles. Hybrid
electric vehicle is one of the new energy vehicles, by far the most practical one and has been commercialized.
According to the International Electromechanical Commission Electric Vehicle Technical Committee's proposal,
hybrid electric vehicles refer to a vehicle drive system driven by two or more different types of power sources, at least
one of which is capable of providing power. [1]. This article describes only both the internal combustion engine and
motor-driven hybrid electric vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles is the key hybrid system, its performance is directly
related to the performance of hybrid vehicles. After more than a decade of development, the hybrid powertrain has
evolved from a discrete structure of engines and motors to an integrated structure of engines, motors and transmissions,
namely an integrated powertrain system.
TABLE 1. comparison of three major new energy vehicles
New Energy
Advantage Disadvantage Application Range
Vehicles
Electric Suitable for short-range,
Lower cost Short driving distance
Vehicles low-speed community
Hybrid To meet the daily needs of
Technology is mature higher cost
Vehicles users
Fuel Powered Small noise, zero pollution, good Technology is not yet
The most widely used
Vehicles driving ability and great mobility mature and costly

Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electronics II

AIP Conf. Proc. 1955, 040160-1–040160-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033824
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1654-3/$30.00

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HYBRID VEHICLE
Hybrid power system according to the structure divided into three main forms, including series, parallel and hybrid
[2].

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle, SHEV) is the main characteristic of the driving
force of the vehicle only from the motor. SHEV drive system of the three powertrains: engine, generator and drive
motor are composed of a series of ways, the engine does not directly participate in the SHEV drive, it is combined
with the generator only as a power supply system.

FIGURE 1. Series hybrid system structure.

Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

The main feature of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is that the engine and the motor can provide the
driving force of the vehicle simultaneously or separately. The PHEV drive system consists of two main power sources:
When the load is low, the engine or the motor is used alone as the power source, and when the high power is needed,
the motor and the engine can be used simultaneously as the power source to drive the vehicle. Since the two power
supplies of the PHEV drive system are superposed on each other in the form of mechanical energy and require
corresponding mechanical transmission, the system is not as simple as the tandem type, and the arrangement of the
apparatus has some limitations.

FIGURE 2. Parallel hybrid system structure.

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 Combined Hybrid Vehicle
Combined Hybrid Electric Vehicle (CHEV) directly combines the series and parallel, which can work in series
mode or in parallel mode. Hybrid electric hybrid system is characterized by the internal combustion engine system
and the motor drive system with mechanical transmission mechanism, the two sets of agencies or through the gear
train or planetary gear structure connected to regulate the relationship between the internal combustion engine and the
motor speed. Compared with parallel hybrid systems, hybrid powertrain systems have more flexibility to adjust the
engine's power output and motor operation based on operating conditions. This connection system is complex and
costly. When the vehicle starts or runs at a low speed, the engine is shut down and only the motor is used to provide
the power output. When the car is running at high speed, the engine runs while the generator takes on power generation
or speed regulation according to the actual working conditions. When the vehicle is braked, the system is also capable
of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy stored in a battery pack.

FIGURE 3. Combined hybrid system structure.

Other Classification Methods

According to the hybrid system, the output power of the motor in the system output power accounted for the
proportion, which is often said that the different degrees of mixing, hybrid systems can also be divided into five
categories, including micro-hybrid systems, light hybrid System, hybrid system, complete hybrid system, external
power outlet charging hybrid vehicle.

RESEARCH STATUS OF HEV

The Status of Domestic HEV Research

At present, at least 8 self-owned car companies in China, including SAIC, FAW, Dongfeng, Changan, Chery,
Geely, BYD and the Great Wall, are vigorously developing new energy systems. These include the FAW Group hybrid
sedan, Shanghai GM Buick hybrid sedan, Shanghai Volkswagen Passat fuel cell car, Beijing Foton fuel cell hybrid
city bus, FAW Hybrid City Bus, Chongqing Changan hybrid bus and Dongfeng Hybrid Electric City bus. Tsinghua
University and Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. developed pure electric cars and electric buses have passed
the national quality inspection center type certification test. Dongfeng Motor (600006) and Wuhan University of
Technology and other financing to create Dongfeng Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd., to carry out research and development
of hybrid vehicles.

The Status of Abroad HEV Research

Currently, the United States, Japan and Germany are leaders in hybrid vehicle research. In the United States, for
example, many innovative electric car manufacturers such as Tesla and others received more than double their interest-

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free loans from the government more than $ 10.4 billion six years ago for hybrid and pure electric vehicles. As a result,
the current US hybrid market has a 3.5% market share (taking into account the large U.S. vehicle base). Japan also
made tremendous achievements in the research and development of hybrid vehicles. The world-famous Toyota Prius,
the world's most technologically mature and most acclaimed hybrid electric vehicle with a total sales volume of 10
million vehicles, currently holds 11% of Japan's hybrid vehicle [3]- [5]. Representative of the advanced foreign hybrid
vehicles: General Motors hybrid, Toyota Prius, Lexus LS 600hL and so on.

THE KEY TECHNOLOGY OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

With the gradual development of HEV, new requirements are put forward for the development of hybrid
technology. The key technologies include the following aspects:

Advanced internal combustion engine technology

Like conventional ICE vehicles, HEVs also require advanced internal combustion engine technology to improve
fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions.

Battery storage technology

Based on the current battery storage technology, how to improve the storage capacity of the battery pack is still
the key to the development of hybrid electric vehicles and even electric vehicles. In a sense, the cost, size, convenience
and service life of the battery determine the marketization process of the hybrid vehicle.Increasing the storage capacity
of the battery pack can effectively reduce vehicle fuel consumption, reduce exhaust emissions, increase mileage and
further enhance the advantages of the hybrid vehicle.

Hybrid control unit technology

The purpose of hybrid vehicle energy management is to design a reasonable control algorithm to determine the
amount of power generated and the energy distribution between different power sources. The goals are to achieve the
best possible fuel economy and minimize exhaust emissions Emissions, extend the battery SOH value, improve the
stability of vehicle dynamics and so on. At present, there are two main control strategies for plug-in hybrid vehicles:
rules-based energy management strategy and intelligent algorithm-based energy management strategy. Among them,
the energy management strategies based on intelligent algorithms include energy management strategies such as
instantaneous optimized energy management strategy, global optimal energy management strategy, neural network
based energy management strategy and genetic algorithm based energy management strategy

Simulation Technology
There are many non-linear relationships in HEV components and the interaction between components is complex.
There are usually three ways to judge the strengths and weaknesses of different design scenarios and to test the actual
effects of various control strategies: building a prototype of a car, performing a large number of experiments and using
simulation techniques, the first two being time-consuming, massive amounts of manpower, material and financial
resources. The use of simulation technology is not only flexible, easy to adjust the design, optimize the design
parameters, but also reduces research costs and shorten the development cycle. Therefore, simulation technology is
one of the important technologies in hybrid vehicle research and development.

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TREND

Based on the existing technology, HEV achieves the purpose of improving fuel economy and reducing emissions,
and thus has great prospects for development. From the current development point of view, automotive emission
regulations become more stringent, while the rapid development of electronic technology will further promote the
development of hybrid vehicles. The future development of hybrid electric vehicle technology in China, should focus
on the following aspects.

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 Develop Combined Hybrid Vehicles
Series and parallel HEV have their own advantages and disadvantages, hybrid approach is a relatively perfect
hybrid system, which can better combine the advantages of fuel-efficient vehicles and electric vehicles, (motor
efficiency, noise Low pollution-free, the engine is always working at the highest efficiency, with good fuel economy,
acceleration and stability), can effectively make up for the lack of series and parallel hybrid vehicles. Therefore, the
future development of a new hybrid system should be based on the advantages of serial and parallel structure, so that
a structure to be reflected in many companies and research institutes now gradually combined hybrid vehicles as a
development focus [6].

Optimization of Control Strategy

Hybrid vehicles using the control methods are baseline control, intelligent control, real-time optimal control, global
control. At present, the most used control strategy of HEV is rule-based logic threshold strategy. The logic threshold
value strategy is concise, the code is efficient and has good robustness. However, the fuel consumption and emissions
cannot be considered synthetically. Therefore, the optimization of the control strategy is a developing trend at present.
At present, except for the rule-based logic threshold policy, other control strategies (especially parallel hybrid vehicles)
are not yet mature. Due to the complexity of the parallel hybrid vehicle operating mode than the tandem type, the
control strategy is not only to achieve the best fuel economy of the vehicle, but also to adapt to various operating
conditions of the vehicle, taking into account engine emissions, battery life, driving performance, Various parts
reliability and cost, and many other requirements, and for the various components of the vehicle comprehensive
control. The study of control strategies that take into consideration all the above requirements is a key and difficult
task in the future.

Lower the Cost

Compared with traditional cars, HEVs can ensure the same performance and advantages, while being superior in
energy saving and emission. Hybrid vehicles have similar voltage and power ratings as electric vehicles, but their
battery capacity is greatly reduced, making them less costly than electric vehicles. For now, the price of HEV is about
20% higher than traditional cars. Reduce costs is one of the directions to improve the competitiveness of hybrid electric
vehicle [7].

Development of Independent Simulation Platform

At present, there are two common methods for modeling and controlling hybrid vehicles, one is through
commercial vehicle simulation software such as ADVISOR and CRUISE and the other is multi-software platform
joint modeling and control simulation such as ADVISOR Co-simulation with MATLAB. However, at present, China
does not have its own commercial vehicle simulation model, and the last updated version of ADVISOR is 2004, the
model is old and the CRUISE model cannot be flexibly changed. Therefore, it has been unable to meet the rapid
development of China's hybrid vehicle development test research needs. Multi-software platform for joint modeling
and control simulation also exists multi-platform compatibility is not strong, poor readability, easy to operate, poor
data transfer problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop commercial vehicle simulation software that is in line
with China's national conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the guidance of Professor Yang Wei-dong as the corresponding author. Thanks to this conference
provides an opportunity to learn together with experts and scholars for me and thanks to key project support in Hebei
Province Department of Education (ZD2017215).

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