Purposive Communication SH # 1 Semis-Finals

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

There is no denying the importance of communication in the workplace, considering the fact that in
an organization people belonging to different social and professional backgrounds come together
to work for the same goals. Often it is seen that administrators do not realize the importance of
communication at work and thus do not convey their ideas, organizational goals, vision, etc. very
clearly. When administrators in an organization are unable to create an environment which
promotes open and clear communication, it can have negative repercussions on the work culture and
the employee productivity. The importance of effective workplace communication is discussed
below:

 Creates job satisfaction- Organizations which encourage an open and easy

correspondence between seniors and subordinates face lesser employee turnover. If the
work environment is friendly where the subordinates are encouraged to communicate their
ideas to their administrators regarding work-related issues, and their feedback is given due
consideration, it motivates the employees to work better and makes them feel valued in the
organization. Thus, effective communication in the workplace helps in building loyalty and
trust which eventually attributes to greater job satisfaction.
 Lesser conflicts- Open communication in the workplace can help prevent and resolve many
conflicts. Workplace conflicts are easily resolved through open and clear communication
and mutual discussions; this can lead to personal and professional growth.
 Increases productivity- Effective communication at work is the most important issue for the
success and failure of an organization. Every organization has a set of clearly defined
goals, objectives and vision. If an administrator is clear in his/her communication, the
subordinates will know exactly what the organization wants and thus, will be able to deliver
the same to the best of their abilities. Thus, the importance of communication skills can be
judged from the fact that it leads to better deliverance of work, increasing workplace
productivity.
 Formation of relationships- Open communication, whether between the employees and
administrators or between the management and employees, leads to the formation of better
personal and professional relationships. This makes the employees feel genuinely cared and
valued for, and they are more likely to remain loyal to the organization. This creates a
friendly environment and promotes a better working relationship which is conducive to the
work.
 Proper utilization of resources- If an organization faces problems, crisis and conflicts due
to miscommunication between the staff members, it causes unnecessary delays in the daily
work. This leads to wastage of resources and lowers the overall work productivity. So an
environment of good communication is a must for any organization to better utilize its
resources and increase productivity.

Improving Communication Effectiveness

Once environmental and personal barriers are dealt with, a way is paved for improving
communication in the organization. Effective communication being a two-way process requires effort
and skill by both sender and receiver. Administrators will at times assume each of these roles in the
communication process. In view of this, guidelines for improving communication effectiveness,
including senders’ and receivers’ responsibilities are discussed below:

Sender's Responsibilities

Several communication theorists (Cheney, 2011; Keyton, 2011; Tourish, 2010; Lunenburg,
2010) have proposed ten guidelines of good communication, which are particularly applicable to
the sender. These guidelines, together with a basic understanding of the communication process
itself, should provide a good foundation for developing and maintaining an effective set of
interpersonal communication skills, which administrators can use when communicating with various
stakeholders.

1. Administrators need to clarify their ideas before communicating. The more systematically
administrators analyze the problem or idea to be communicated, the clearer it becomes.

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This is the first step toward effective communication. Many communications fail because of
inadequate planning. Good planning must consider the goals, attitudes, and needs of those
who will receive the communication and those who will be affected by it.
2. Administrators need to examine the true purpose of each communication. Before
administrators communicate, they must ask themselves what they really want to accomplish
with their message (obtain information, initiate action, or change another person's attitude?)
Administrators need to identify their most important goal and then adapt their language,
tone, and total approach to serve that specific objective. Administrators should not try to
accomplish too much with each communication because the sharper the focus of their
message, the greater its chances of success.
3. Administrators need to consider the total physical and human setting. Meaning and intent
are conveyed by more than words alone. Many other factors influence the overall impact
of a communication, and administrators must be sensitive to the total setting in which they
communicate: the circumstances under which an announcement or decision is made; the
physical setting, whether the communication is made in private or otherwise; the social
climate that pervades work relationships within the department and sets the tone of its
communications; custom and practice, the degree to which the communication conforms to,
or departs from, the expectations of the audience. Administrators should constantly be
aware of the total setting in which they communicate. Like all living things, communication
must be capable of adapting to its environment.
4. Administrators need to consult with others, when appropriate, in planning communications.
Frequently, it is desirable or necessary to seek the participation of others in planning a
communication or in developing the facts on which to base the communication. Such
consultation often lends additional insight and objectivity to the message. Moreover, those
who have helped plan the communication will give it their active support.
5. Administrators need to be mindful, while communicating, of the overtones as well as the
basic content of the message. The administrator’s tone of voice, expression, and apparent
receptiveness to the responses of others all have tremendous impact on those the
administrator wishes to reach. Frequently overlooked, these subtleties of communication
often affect a listener's reaction to a message even more than its basic content. Similarly,
the administrator’s choice of language particularly his/her awareness of the fine shades of
meaning and emotion in the words used predetermines in large part the reactions of the
listeners.
6. Administrators need to take the opportunity, when it arises, to convey something of help or
value to the receiver. Consideration of the other person's interests and needs, trying to look
at things from the other person's point of view frequently points up opportunities to convey
something of immediate benefit or long-range value to the other person. Staff members are
most responsive to administrators whose messages take staff interests into account.
7. Administrators need to follow up their communication. An administrator’s best efforts at
communication may be wasted, and he/she may never know whether he/she has succeeded
in expressing his/her true meaning and intent if he/she does not follow up to see how well
he/she has put his/her message across. An administrator can do this by asking questions, by
encouraging the receiver to express his/her reactions, by follow-up contacts, and by
subsequent review of performance. An administrator needs to make certain that every
important communication has feedback so that complete understanding and appropriate
action result.
8. Administrators need to communicate for tomorrow as well as today. Although
communications may be aimed primarily at meeting the demands of an immediate situation,
they must be planned with the past in mind if they are to maintain consistency in the receiver's
view. Most important, however, communications must be consistent with long-range interests
and goals. For example, it is not easy to communicate frankly on such matters as poor
performance or the shortcomings of a loyal staff member, but postponing disagreeable
communications makes these matters more difficult in the long run and is actually unfair to
staff and the organization.
9. Administrators need to be sure that their actions support their communications. In the final
analysis, the most persuasive kind of communication is not what administrators say, but what
they do. When administrators’ actions or attitudes contradict their words, others tend to
discount what they have said. For every administrator, this means that good supervisory

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practices such as clear assignment of responsibility and authority, fair rewards for effort,
and sound policy enforcement serve to communicate more than all the gifts of oratory.
10. Administrators need to seek, not only to be understood, but to understand and be a good
listener. When an administrator starts talking, he/she often ceases to listen, at least in that
larger sense of being attuned to the other person's unspoken reactions and attitudes. Even
more serious is the occasional inattentiveness an administrator may be guilty of when others
are attempting to communicate with him. Listening is one of the most important, most difficult,
and most neglected skills in communication. It demands that the administrator concentrate
not only on the explicit meanings another person is expressing, but also on the implicit
meanings, unspoken words, and undertones that may be far more significant. Thus, an
administrator must learn to listen with the inner ear if he/she is to know the inner person.

Receiver's Responsibilities

Communication depends on the ability not only to send but also to receive messages. So the
ability to listen effectively greatly enhances the communication process (Lunenburg, 2010). But many
of us are not good listeners. Effective listening skills can be developed, however. Kneen (2011)
proposes ten guidelines for good listening:

1. Stop talking. You cannot listen if you are talking.

2. Put the talker at ease. Help a person feel free to talk. This is often called a permissive
environment.
3. Show a talker that you want to listen. Look and act interested. Listen to understand
rather than to oppose. Listening requires two ears, one for meaning and one for feeling.
4. Remove distractions. Stay focused and pay attention.
5. Empathize with talkers. Try to help yourself see the other person's point of view.
6. Be patient. Allow plenty of time. Do not interrupt a talker. Do not start for the door or
walk away.
7. Hold your temper. An angry person takes the wrong meaning from words.
8. Go easy on argument and criticism. These put people on the defensive, and they may
clam up or become angry. Do not argue: Even if you win, you lose.
9. Ask questions. This encourages a talker and shows that you are listening. It helps to
develop points further.
10. Stop talking. This is first and last, because all other guides depend on it. You cannot do an
effective listening job while you are talking. Nature gave people two ears but only one
tongue, which is a gentle hint that they should listen more than they talk. Administrators
who do not listen have less information for making sound decisions.

Written Communication in the Workplace

Written communication in the workplace is of utmost importance in today’s fast paced world.
Read this article which throws some more light on it.

Communication is one of the most important factors in any phase of life. Whether it is a
crying baby trying to tell his mother that he’s hungry or a politician getting his point across using
different modes and means. You may able to escape an aspect of communication, but you cannot
escape communication as a whole.

Such is the importance of communication that organizations, whether big or small, allocate
separate departments to take care of the inflow and outflow of communication. Written
communication is the most important and the most effective of any other modes of business
communication. Read ahead to know more about the different types of written communication that
are used in workplaces and also their uses.

Types of Written Communication

1. Contracts and Agreements: This is the most important form of written communication within
any organization. It involves everything from contracts to licenses to different types of
letters, like a letter of offer to a prospective employee, a letter of intent, confidentiality

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agreements, terms and conditions, business introduction letter, etc. These written documents
are to be preserved very carefully by both the parties mentioned therein, as they are
important legal documents.
2. Emails: Today, emails have almost entirely replaced handwritten letters. Though the medium
may have changed, the same basic letter writing and other skills for writing apply even for
writing emails. In fact, there are special departments that take care of this. These people
are specially appointed to monitor and ensure the smooth flow of correspondence within
and outside the organization. They also keep an eye out for any unethical emails that may
be circulating around the office. Emails as workplace communication can also be used as
evidence in a court of law.
3. Intranet: Intranet can be used for both, vertical and horizontal communication. Vertical is from
the top management to the employees. Horizontal communication is within a single
department on the same level. Instead of using telephones or personally visiting another
colleague’s workstation, companies use the intranet which gives them the facility of being
connected via a network to the workstations of their colleagues. Different instant messaging
services (within the office) are also used by many companies.
4. In-house Newsletters/Magazines: Many corporate houses are adopting the idea of having
an in-house magazine or newsletter published. This serves two purposes: it helps employees
explore their hidden talents and everyone gets to know everyone better when they see
them in the journals.
5. Others: Other small forms of written communication within a workplace include notices,
circulars, rosters, posters, memos, etc. These are seen all across the office and can be
changed frequently. They have a very limited validity but can sometimes be very crucial
forms of written communication.

These were the different forms of written communication that can be used in the workplace.
Unethical business writing is a very serious matter. Improper use of the means of written
communication provided in the office can very easily be traced back to the guilty party.

Importance of Effective Written Communication

 Record: Written communication within the organization serves as a record of its daily
proceedings.
 Evidence: Written communication at the workplace can also play the role of legal
evidence in court cases.
 Delegation: Intradepartmental communication helps in the delegation of work within the
different departments of the organization.
 Contact: Communication such as emails, etc., are an important means of maintaining
contact with clients, employees, suppliers, etc.
 Advertising: Different forms of written communication are used to attract prospective
buyers/customers. Hence, written communication as an advertising tool is also important.

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SOCIAL MEDIA and MEDIA in COMMUNICATION in the WORKPLACE

SOCIAL MEDIA is ever changing.

One of these is Facebook.

Facebook is one of the most popular platforms not only for personal use but business as well. For
businesses, Facebook is a place to share photos, updates, and general news with those who follow
or “like” you. Fans of business come to your Facebook page to find out what’s going on with your
company, see pictures of what’s going on, or explore events. Once you’ve created a strong
following it's important to use status updates or photos to share your products, offers, services. You
should also post things that get your audience to engage with your posts.

Things that they will click, “like,” comment on, and share. The more people are engaging, the more
frequently you’ll appear in others timelines.

Facebook allows people to connect with others whom they know and not yet met and reconnect with
family, friends, and acquaintances and to stay in contact with them. However, it is no limited to
individuals as it is also used nowadays by organizations and companies.

Workplace by Facebook

Workplace by Facebook is a social communication and collaboration platform that connects people
within the enterprise and can connect people from multiple companies. It looks and feels a lot like
the regular consumer Facebook.

Workplace by Facebook connects employees to improve communication and collaboration.

Everyone now has a voice. People communicate about their day to day work to get things done
together. But it also helps to connect many brains to seize opportunities and solve company
problems. Connections can be made regardless of someone’s position in the hierarchy.

By sharing updates about their progress employees keep colleagues informed and aligned.
Because people see one-another’s updates they find opportunities to help each other. The result is
a more agile, smarter, and faster company.

Leadership use it to improve engagement, have the opportunity to strengthen company culture, and
can transform their old one-way communications to valuable, engaging dialogue.

Twitter

Twitter is fast-paced, concise, and easy way to connect with your audience. With over 310 million
registered users (and growing), Twitter is a sea of information of 140 character or less content
waiting to be read, clicked, followed, and re-tweeted.

Twitter generates over 175 million tweets daily and allows you to share quick pieces of information
and photos in an effort to drive people back to your site or landing pages. Try using quotes,
statistics, or questions related to the link you’re tweeting as a way to people wanting to read more.
Incorporate photos, polls, GIFs, or even short videos.

Hashtag(s) (#) are a key tool on Twitter. These tags allow people to reach a wider audience than
just the followers by getting involved in existing conversations.

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Although Twitter can be used on a personal level to connect with friends and family, it can also be
used professionally as a networking tool, connecting with others, for building a brand, getting
people to understand and remember you, and to provide customer support, helping your customers
with questions.

Twitter can be used to promote blog posts, expanding professional network or make the existing
ones stronger. One can also learn about latest news and trends. However, overuse of Twitter can
make it a productivity killer and security risk for your company. The users need to draw their own
boundaries.

LinkedIn

LinkedIn is different from the rest of the social media outlets because it’s specifically designed for
business and professionals.

This is a business and employment-oriented service that operates via websites and mobile apps; it
is mainly used for professional networking, including employers posting jobs and job seekers posting
their CVs.

There is a lot less conversation happening directly on LinkedIn pages then there is on other social
media marketing profiles. One way around this is joining LinkedIn groups where you can meet
people from the same industry or with similar interests, ask and answers questions, and engage in
conversations. Pose a question to the group to get a conversation flowing. It’s a great way to
showcase your expertise on your industry.

The biggest benefit to a LinkedIn account is career management. By connecting with other users in
your line of work, you network with people who are relevant to your career both now and in the
future. By joining groups in your industry, you access job posts, industry news and discussions that
can help you with your job. While LinkedIn is a professional networking site with social overtones,
it is a valuable resource center.

Pinterest

Pinterest is one of the more unique marketing platform on this list. Instead of posting content for
your audience to read, on Pinterest, you’re posting just a clickable picture and a short caption. This
is a very popular platform for brands with a tangible product, i.e. clothing and food brands,
restaurants, those in eCommerce, etc. Pinterest is a superficial platform, so every image one posts
has to be high-quality and striking to stand out in ones feed.

YouTube

YouTube is the leading video-sharing platform in the world. YouTube for business is a great way to
get the face out there. Videos are a lot more engaging and shareable than text content and they
also aid the search rank in Google. When creating videos for YouTube quality matters. The purpose
and value are very important to what people are uploading and sharing. Also make sure to pay
attention to the production value.

To educators, YouTube is a gateway in dealing the industry. Upload webinars or videos speaking
on important topics that further the education of a certain audience.

Google

Google is an American company that is most commonly known as a search engine. Although the
company made its name as a search engine, and the vast majority of its income comes from
advertising because of this, it has branched out into a number of areas such as cloud computing,
software and hardware.

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It receives over 63,000 searches per second on any given day. That's the average figure of how
many people use Google a day, which translates into at least 2 trillion searches per year, 3.8
million searches per minute, 228 million searches per hour, and 5.6 billion searches per day.

According to Carlisle (2014), technology keeps us from interacting face-to-face more often, but
Google is changing the way we adapt to this new era of communication. These are 5 most useful
insights according to Dr. Carlisle:

1. Thoughtfully mix it up. Google employees who rely on one kind of communication–for
example, texting or e-mailing–for everything and never meet with people in person tend to
receive low engagement scores from their direct reports. Consequently, his guidance to
managers is that they should be very thoughtful in determining the best way to communicate
in every situation.

2. Let Technology Support Employees in Their Personal Lives. Much has been written about
Google’s penchant for workplace synchronicity–the notion that ideas get spread and
enhanced via conversations employees have in the hallways and cafeterias. Nevertheless,
the company makes no insistence that people are always in the office to take a meeting.

3. Leverage Technology to Give Employees Greater Voice. Traditionally in business, an

organization’s policies and procedures were crafted and communicated by people in a
Human Resources department, a process that excluded much, if any, involvement with line
employees. According to Carlisle, Google sees its workers as the true subject matter experts,
and purposely makes great use of its shared document technology to eliminate all “top-
downness from decision making.”

4. Go High-Tech and Low-Tech. Almost every meeting held today at Google makes use of
the Hangout program to accommodate employees unable to attend, or who work in other
locations. Wherever they are, meeting attendees are able to use the camera on their phone
or computer and talk face-to-face with every person participating.

5. Encourage People To Disconnect. According to new research on work-life balance, most of

us now approach our jobs in one of two ways–we’re either “Integrators” or “Segmentors.”
And, one of these methods, it seems, has the clear leg up on sustaining long-term productivity
and overall human effectiveness. Segmentors come to work, do their job, and go after a
demanding day. At that point they are done. They turn their work-brain off and turn on
their personal-brain. And the work-brain goes back on at 8:00 a.m. the next morning.
Integrators will come home at night, do some personal things, do a little work, check e-mail
before going to bed, and then again first thing in the morning. Integrators have looser
boundaries between work and life.

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The Importance of Leadership and Communication at the Workplace

Leadership is a compelling intellectual trade that moves people to action. It requires an individual
to go beyond the standards of their day-to-day and seek various opportunities that challenges the
overall status quo for the betterment of their company. But in order to inspire, in order to motivate,
you as a business leader need to establish and foster a strong line of communication. That foundation
will set an overall precedence for the goals you are looking to achieve each and every day.

Now to further understand this trade in the most efficient and effective manner, you need to define
your own personal and professional leadership by understanding yourself. By having a deeper
internalization of your vision, goals, beliefs, and strengths, you will be able to communicate every
task on a stronger and deeper level. For all business leaders, this type of skill is transferable. The
real challenge is what you can do with it to help further accomplish your objective on a consistent
basis. To accomplish this, you need to, of course, take responsibility for the process. Make sure you
understand the ins-and-outs of your business and the variety of different departments and people
you will be interacting with throughout the course of a week. In addition, be sure to ask probing
questions to your group and listen to their answers. This will allow you to take action and spark
progress either individually or within a framework of a team. But to take this on the next level, it is
important that you demonstrate a strong level of consistency to your commitment. Small talk and
networking is a fine practice, but communicating in a way that meets the wants and needs of an
individual will push you to the path of success.

Once you have developed that keen external awareness for those people around you, you as a
business leader will have to build a sense cohesive thinking in order to execute at the highest level.
Just take a look at some of the world’s greatest leaders. They are not just exceptional communicators
by trade. Instead, they are also leaders that can sympathize their vision and goals in a more open
forum. If your message is unclear in any manner, you will be unable to deep root your message
with your audience. Remember, the objective of communicating at the highest level is for your
audience to internalize and understand your goals and aspirations. Any type of derivation or
misunderstanding can lead to extreme unfavorable results.

To help prevent any type of miscommunication, I have highlighted several types of interactions you
should practice consistently throughout the office. These principles are meant to aid you so that you
can educate, inform, and inspire your employees on a daily basis. Keep in mind that everyone
perceived the world differently. Your job is to bridge that gap.

Know what you are Talking about

We have all heard that infamous saying that, “It’s not what you say, but how you say it.” While
there is some truth to that, I am telling you that what you say does matter to your audience. Yes,
you may be in a position of power, but that does not mean you have all of the answer. Some
successful people have little interest in specific topics, but try to force their two-cents into the
conversation just to hear themselves speak. While it is great to get involved, not adding anything
of value does not put you in a better position. Instead, for situations like this, make sure you know
what you are talking about. The more value you can add, the better. Remember, the underlying
goal of a strong and effective line of communication is to educate and inform. Do not allow your
ego to jump ahead. This can only lead to a negative attachment to your overall image.

Be Personal

Some of the most passionate conversations and speeches are those that connect with their audience,
and rightfully so. The more personal and engaging your conversations can be, the better. Many
business leaders are able to leverage this style of empathetic communication. Communicating on
that deeper level will help display a strong level of authenticity and transparency that can help
establish a sense of trust between you and the prospective party.

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Be Specific

Some of the biggest flaws for many managers and business leaders within the office are that they
are a bit too ambiguous with what they are saying. Make sure you are as specific as possible.
Learning to communicate with that type of clarity and conciseness will help nullify any type of
confusions or misunderstandings in the future. On a side note, try to keep things as short as possible.
As much as you want to be specific, you also want to avoid the opportunity of overstating things on
a granular level.

Listen and Stay Open-minded

To be a strong and effective communicator, it is imperative that you create a safe and secure space
for open dialog. When another person is talking to you, make sure you are listening. This type of
engagement between parties is something that can help challenge and develop new ideas for the
betterment of your company. In addition, this type of open forum communication can establish a
meaningful trust and respect between you and your workers, which can inevitably benefit you later
on in the future.

By: MIKUS KINS on June 14, 2016

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The Power of Good Communication in the Workplace

Good communication is an important skill in any environment with human interactions. However,
when it comes to communication in the workplace, good communication is an integral element to
business success.

In the workplace, good communication isn’t just about mitigating conflict (although that is an
important benefit of communicating effectively). Good communication is also an important factor in
client relationships, profitability, team effectiveness, and employee engagement.

4 Powerful Benefits of Workplace Communication

1. Good Communication Mitigates Conflict

One of the times an organization is most likely to seek communication training is when there’s clear
tension or conflict in the workplace. Regardless of the conflict, communication is usually an underlying
factor.

Conflict typically comes down to:

 Misunderstanding/feeling misunderstood. Even when someone feels like they are

communicating well, if the person to whom they’re speaking has a different communication
pattern then there may be misunderstanding. With communication tools such as identifying
communication patterns and making small communication adjustments, new information can
be dispensed in a way that is easy and clear to understand, and the listener can better
communicate their understanding.
 Not understanding how others communicate. Miscommunication also comes down to
communication patterns. When someone who hasn’t undergone an individual or team
communication program, they default to presenting information using their own
communication pattern instead of considering the communication pattern of the receiver.
 Someone feeling their emotional needs are not being met or are being disregarded. If
an employee feels disrespected, taken advantage of, or disregarded, then it may lead to
tension or conflict. A better-communicating team lays the groundwork for expressing and
understanding needs, which also increases employee engagement and performance.

2. Good Communication Increases Employee Engagement

Communicating is more than just talking. It’s about connecting with people. One of the most
powerful benefits of better communication in the workplace is more engaged employees.
Employees are more engaged in their work and can better align with company objectives
and goals when a culture of good communication is established in a team or workplace.
3. Good Communication Creates Better Client Relationships
This one is a biggie if you have client-facing employees, since client interactions are usually
the difference between a satisfied customer and a disgruntled one. When your employees
are trained to communicate more effectively and to connect with others they can better:

 Mitigate and resolve conflict

 Understand needs
 Help the customer feel understood
 Present new information in a way in which the client will be more receptive

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4. Good Communication Results in a More Productive & Talented Workforce

Employee engagement is a significant factor in the productivity of a workforce. But besides
contributing to increased employee engagement, communication skills can also help foster
a more productive and talented workforce in many other ways:

 Understanding team talents & skills. In a company culture focused on connecting with
others, managers better understand the talents and skills of their workforce. Some
communication patterns aren’t forthcoming with their talents and skills, or express them
in ways a fast-paced or high-level-thinking communicator won’t naturally notice.
Mastering the identification of communication patterns empowers a leader to better
understand the skills and talents of their team.
 Achieving more buy-in. With the right communication tools, a leader can influence
initiative buy-in from their team.
 Innovation and creative thought. A workplace that communicates more effectively
establishes a “safe” place for people to think creatively and express their ideas. It
helps employees feel more comfortable taking ownership for challenges and projects,
and typically results in more creative brainstorming or problem-solving initiatives.
 More strategic team building. Understanding communication patterns gives a leader
more information about their employees, and often information they would have
otherwise overlooked. This powerful insight lets the leader make more strategic
decisions on delegation, employee development, team development, and strategic
initiatives to drive business success.

The bottom line is that good communication isn’t just about being able to more accurately and concisely
present information and ideas. It’s also not just about mitigating conflict or creating a more positive
team environment. Communication is integral to sales, client relationships, team development, company
culture, employee engagement and buy-in, and innovative thought.

https://leadershipchoice.com

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Technology has taken over the world in these past decades. Its rapid development has made a
huge impact on each aspect of life — and, yes, communication. But how huge is its impactin
communication?

What is a Communication Aid?

A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectivel with people around them.
Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and
Alternative Communication, which is defined as,
… a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication. These include gesture,
signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output
Communication Aids (VOCAs).
There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided Communication.

 Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture,
vocalization, signing are typically used.
 Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods,
with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with words and with alternative
hardware options available to provide access. Whilst a low-tech method of communication
like a simple, laminated communication book to carry around with a few pages of pictures
or symbols would be a communication aid, the term ‘device’ would only describe a more
high-tech solution. An electronic communication aid can be a dedicated device built for that
job, which does nothing else, or it can be a standard computer running specialist
communication aid software as well – this includes Apple tablets which are increasingly
being used to help people communicate.

What Are Communication Strategies?

Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be that
you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has
changed this completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of how they
are relaying information. This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication
strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.
Types of Communication Strategies
Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the strategies
together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to meet employee needs and
increase workplace knowledge.

 Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and
oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat.
Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face
conversation.
 Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language,
facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice.
These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the message you
are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.
 Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and illustrations.
These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation.
Human resources is required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply with
safety laws.

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Using Tools of Technology

Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images,
animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary
computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.

 A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet
of transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be
drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience.
Many companies and small organizations use a system of projectors and transparencies
in meetings and other groupings of people, though this system is being largely replaced
by video projectors and interactive whiteboards.
 Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and
display of moving visual media.
 Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital
inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental
music, or sound effects.

Rules that can help us to present a good presentation:

10-20-30
10 slides - 20 minutes - 30 point font

1-6-6
1 main idea - 6 bullet points - 6 words per bullet

7-7
7 lines - 7 words

4P's
Prior preparation prevents poor performance of the person putting on the presentation.

Source:

https://communication-aids-and-strategies-using_15.html

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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

What is a text? /tekst/

As a noun
 a book or other written or printed work, regarded in terms of its content rather than its
physical form. E.g. "A text that explores pain and grief"

 the main body of a book or other piece of writing, as distinct from other material such as
notes, appendices, and illustrations. "The pictures are clear and relate well to the text"

As a Verb: Send a text message to. "I thought it was fantastic that he took the trouble to text me."

Other Definitions:
1. According to Merriam dictionary, a text refers to the actual words of an author's work.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/text.
2. According to Oxford dictionary, a text is the main body of printed or written matter on a
page. It could refer to a textbook, a Bible passage that is the subject of a sermon, or a text
message. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/text
3. According to YourDictionary.com, a text of a book is the main part of it, rather than the
introduction , pictures . It refers to the main body of matter in a manuscript, book,
newspaper, etc., as distinguished from notes, appendixes, headings, illustrations, etc.
https://www.yourdictionary.com/text
4. According to Cambridge dictionary, a text refers to the written words in a book, magazine,
etc., not the pictures: 2. a text message: 3. the exact words of a speech, etc.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/text
5. In linguistics, the text definition includes the original words of something written, printed, or
spoken; or any coherent stretch of language. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/text
6. In information technology text is a human readable sequence of character s and the words
they form that can be encoded into computer readable formats.

What is an Academic Text?

Academic text is defined as critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or professionals
in a given field using formal language. Academic texts are objective. This means that they are
based on facts with solid basis.

Academic Writing

Academic writing is a core subject in the academe.

Academic writing is a particular style used in formal essays and other assessments for the course. It
requires formal language, a logical structure and is supported by evidence/s.

Academic writing is clear, concise, focused, structured and backed up by evidence. Its purpose is to
aid the reader's understanding. It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and does not
require the use of long sentences and complicated vocabulary.
Academic writing refers to a style of expression that researchers use to define the intellectual
boundaries of their disciplines and their specific areas of expertise.

Academic Reading

Academic reading differs from reading for pleasure. You will often not read every word, and you
are reading for a specific purpose rather than enjoyment. This page explains different types of
purpose and how the purpose affects how you read, as well as suggesting a general approach to
reading academic texts.

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Academic and nonacademic texts are also typically written for a particular audience. While
nonacademic texts are intended more for mass, public consumption than scholarly or academic texts,
they may be targeted towards special interests or occupations in society.

Academic language

Academic language is the language needed by students to do the work in schools. It includes, for
example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and applications of rhetorical
conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g., essays, lab reports, discussions of
a controversial issue.)

Importance of academic writing.

As a required core subject in senior high school, it means that the skill of writing is a necessity to be
able to communicate using the appropriate language needed in formal communication.

Since the goal of academic writing is to communicate, it is very important to apply the appropriate
language, learn the rules and practice the skills of writing for academic and professional purposes.

It is important because it is a measure of one’s professionalism as it seeks to simplify complex

messages providing common understanding with the target audience. It is important because it is
fundamental in achieving higher education. It serves as the window of one’s thoughts. It aids in one’s
understanding of the intended message or text.

Characteristics or features of a text. FECOS

F -formal or informal. A text used for academic and professional purposes make use of a formal
rather than informal language.

E- explicit or implicit. A text used for academic and professional purposes make use of explicit or
observable, clear and precise facts or objects rather than implicit, unclear, unspecified facts.

C- complex or simple. A text used for academic and professional purposes is simplified to be able
to reach or connect its target audience or readers.

O- objective or subjective – A text for academic and professional purposes uses behavioral
objectives that could be seen and touch by the senses. Text with subjective or unclear purposes could
be used in other purposes rather than for the purpose of producing an academic text.

S- specific or holistic - An academic text could be written using either of the two approaches, parts
to whole approach (specific) or whole to parts approach (holistic).

Features of academic writing: CFPO

Complexity - Through written language, complex ideas could be simplified using a simple language
or commonly used idioms that are understandable to a specific target audience.

Formality - Academic writing uses formal language rather than slang or informal language.

Precision - In academic writing, facts and figures could be quoted from exact sources for further
reference.

Objectivity - Written language could provide more explicit or objective purpose of communication.

Characteristics of Good Academic Writing

Good academic writing is transparent: right from the start, the reader should have a clear
understanding of the author's purpose, argument, and structure.

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Good academic writing, no matter the discipline, field, or genre, is characterized by:

1. Use Good Ideas. Your ideas are the most important element of your project, especially as
it takes shape. But before you show your final drafts to other readers, you need to pay
attention to style, grammar, and mechanics. Mechanics include your punctuations,
capitalization and margins
2. Has Clear Sense of Audience, Genre, and Purpose. Keep in mind the rhetorical purpose
and academic standards under which you write:
a) Who is your audience?
b) What is your purpose? And
c) What is the genre of what you are writing?

Approaching the “So What” Question. Academic Writing is considered successful when it
answers the “So What” question or problem statement, best described by the following
guidelines to be answered in the text:
a) What is the issue?
b) What are the specific questions surrounding the issue?
c) What is the context and background of the issue?
d) Why does the issue matter? If the work you produce answers these questions and
tackles the answers by paying attention to both higher- and lower-order concerns,
and adds new information (called the value-add) to make the writing even more
compelling, the paper will be successful.

3. Use appropriate conjunctions for ideas to flow logically using a certain pattern. Use
transitions words, signal phrases, and verbs that tell the reader (the audience) your stand
based on the given evidence from verifiable source/s.

Each paragraph, and your paper as a whole, should follow this format:
(a) Introduce the main idea that will be discussed,
(b) Provide the evidence used to prove your argument, and
(c) Outline the significance of the evidence you have provided.

4. Choose sources judiciously. Choose appropriate authentic sources of information and

decide:
(a) How much information to provide,
(b) What kind of information to provide, and (c) How to sequence the information you
provide.

5. Use clear and direct. Use strong verbs, rather than nouns and adverbs. Use strong verbs,
such as “to speed,” rather than “to drive quickly,”

6. Specific and detail-oriented prose. Explain with specific examples and elaborate if
needed.

7. Be consistent in tone and style. Voice and verb tenses used in the text need be consistent
from start to finish. In the Sciences, passive voice is often used (the chemicals were mixed),
whereas in the Humanities, active voice is used (the assistant mixed the chemicals). Use the
appropriate tone and style needed to communicate.

8. Use compelling strong voice. Write with conviction to the target audience.

9. Be mechanically competent. Cite references and acknowledge the source of information.

Failure to do so could be a case of Plagiarism. Plagiarism is a “no-no” to academic writing.

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Performance/Task to do:

Take your cp camera with you. Go around the different corners of YOUR PLACE (e.g. home, park,
and the likes), then take a picture of people that interests you. Ask yourself if you could relate to
it. Then make a narrative applying guideline #2. Has Clear Sense of Audience, Genre, and Purpose.
Consider the following while writing.
(a) What is the issue?
(b) What are the specific questions surrounding the issue?
(c) What is the context and background of the issue? And
(d) Why does the issue matter to you?

Source: Hyland, K. (2000). Disciplinary discourses: social interactions in academic writing.

Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited

 Use your OWN WORDS in writing.

 Personally submit the said task on the first day of the resumption of classes, 10AM to
the subject teacher. STRICTLY NO EXTENSION OF SUBMISSION, REGARDLESS OF YOUR
REASON(S).

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TYPES OF WRITTEN TEXT

A. Types of written text based on genre or form.

1. Fantasy
2. Biographies
3. Memoir
4. realistic fiction
5. Forms
6. Bill
7. Brochures
8. Maps
9. Magazines
10. Articles, etc.

B. Types of written text based on structural pattern and purpose. Structure is the way the
text is organized and presented.
1. Description- Factual writers use description and technical language
2. Chronological Sequence
3. Comparison and Contrast
4. Cause and Effect
5. Problem and Solution

The presence of these structures, especially when combined, can increase the challenge for readers.

C. Types of written text based on content. Content refers to the subject matter of the text
and the concepts that are important to understand.
1. Fiction. Content may be related to the setting or kinds of problems characters experience.
2. Non-fiction. Content are the factual texts. The more a reader knows about the topic, the
easier it is to comprehend the text.

D. Types of written text based on complexity of themes/ ideas:

1. Concrete and accessible. The text that can be verified by the sense of sight, hearing and
touched.
2. Complex and abstract. The text can be imagined and not necessarily accessible in a certain
point in time. It needs supporting ideas to clarify the complexity of ideas.

E. Types of written text based on language forms

1. Written Language. It refers to a written text for a certain audience and purpose.
2. Spoken Language. It is an oral text like dialogue, interview, conversation, small talk, public
speaking, debate, panel discussion, reporting, making presentation or introductions, etc.
3. Figurative Language. It is the use of figures of speech like simile, metaphor, personification
etc. to convey message either done orally or in written form.
4. Literary Language. It is the use of literary structures such as character, setting, and plot

F. Four types of academic writing based on style EPND

1. Expository. Writing in which author’s purpose is to inform or explain the subject to the
reader.
2. Persuasive. Writing that states the opinion of the writer and attempts to influence the
reader.
3. Narrative. Writing in which the author tells a story. The story could be fact or fiction.
4. Descriptive. A type of expository writing that uses the five senses to paint a picture for the
reader. This writing incorporates imagery and specific details.

Source:
https://ccsdparentliteracysupport.ten_characteristics_of_written_texts.pdf

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STRUCTURE OF AN ACADEMIC TEXT

Example of Classification-division structure

Structure is an important feature of academic writing. A well-structured text enables the reader to
follow the argument and navigate the text. In academic writing a clear structure and a logical
flow are imperative to a cohesive text.

Text structure refers to the way an author arranges information in his writing. Text structure
provides the format and enables writers to organize their thoughts as they write. It also helps the
reader in that it provides a structure in which information can be found and understood while it's
being read.

Every piece of academic writing is structured by paragraphs and headings. The number, length
and order of your paragraphs will depend on what you're writing – but each paragraph must be:
Unified: all the sentences relate to one central point or idea.
Meaning is mapped onto the structure of language.
1. Simple structure/simple sentence. Texts that make use of kernel sentences are easier to
process. Sentence patterns with simple structure are easier to understand than with those
with complex structure. Simple structure includes the S-TV-DO pattern or structure, the S-
LV-Adj. sentence structure, the S-IV structure etc. The more familiar words used in a text,
the easier to connect and be understood by the target reader.

2. Complex structure/complex sentence. Sentences embedded with clauses make a text

more difficult to comprehend. The use of appropriate connective words like conjunctions
may be utilized to maintain the flow of an idea being decoded by the target reader
when written in complex structures.

There are several different types of text structure, including the following:
1. Chronological: discussing things in order
2. Cause and effect: explaining a cause and its results
3. Problem and solution: presenting a problem and offering a solution
4. Compare and contrast: discussing similarities and differences
5. Classification-division: sorting information into topics and categories

Classification-division text structure is an organizational structure in which writers sort items or

ideas into categories according to commonalities. It allows the author to take an overall idea and
split it into parts for the purpose of providing clarity and description. Sorting can take place on
many levels with topics, subtopics, categories, subcategories, and so on.

For readers, a classification-division piece can be identified by looking for use of certain words,
such as: first, finally, to begin, next, in addition, on the other hand, for example, or then.
Process for Classification-Division

For writers, there are several steps to be followed in the process of developing a written piece
that follows a classification-division text structure:
1. Decide on a main topic.
2. Divide the main topic into two or more subtopics.
3. For each subtopic, provide information and details to clarify and explain, or divide each
subtopic further by creating categories for each subtopic.

The basic structure of an essay has the following format:

I. Introduction
Including a thesis statement, a description of the topic as a whole, and an explanation of
the process and purpose for dividing the main topic into subtopics and beyond.
II. Body
Least important subtopic first, most important subtopic last
Subtopic One followed by categories if needed
Subtopic Two followed by categories if needed

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Subtopic Three, etc.

III. Conclusion
A basic summary of each subtopic and category followed by a restating of the original
thesis statement.
Most academic texts in the sciences adhere to the model called IMRAD, which is an acronym
for introduction, methods and materials, results, and discussion.

Source/s:
https://lnu.se/en/library/Writing-and-referencing/the-structure-of-academic-texts
https://kib.ki.se/en/write-cite/academic-writing/structure-academic-texts

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CRITIQUE

Critique. As a verb, critique means to review or examine something critically. As a noun, a critique
is that review or examination, like an art essay or a book report.

The French version of this word is spelled the same (meaning "the art of criticism") and came from
the Greek kritike tekhne ("the critical art").

What is an article critique?

A critique is not (only) a criticism. A critique is a specific style of essay in which you identify, evaluate,
and respond to an author's ideas, both positively and negatively. It is usually applied to academic.

Article critique - OWLL - Massey University

owll.massey.ac.nz/assignment-types/article-critique.php

Like an essay, a critique uses a formal, academic writing style and has a clear structure, that is, an
introduction, body and conclusion. However, the body of a critique includes a summary of the work
and a detailed evaluation. The format of a critique also includes the 'introduction, body and
conclusion' format.

Importance of writing a critique.

Writing a critique on a work helps us to develop: A knowledge of the work's subject area or related
works. An understanding of the work's purpose, intended audience, development of argument,
structure of evidence or creative style. A recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the work.

The purpose for writing a critique is to evaluate somebody's work (a book, an essay, a movie, a
painting...) in order to increase the reader's understanding of it.
A critical analysis is subjective writing because it expresses the writer's opinion or evaluation of a
text.

A critique refers to a critical assessment. The key difference between the two is that a review can
be compiled by anyone and consists of a subjective opinion of a work, unlike a critique which is
written by an expert in the field with a technical comprehension.

Critique papers require students to conduct a critical analysis of another piece of writing, often a
book, journal article, or essay. For psychology students, critiquing a professional paper is a great
way to learn more about psychology articles, writing, and the research process itself.

A critique essay looks critically at a particular subject, area or topic. It means evaluating
information, comparing and contrasting theories and analyzing situations.
Reaction papers, reviews, critiques usually range in length from 250-750 words. They are not
simply summaries but are critical assessments, analyses, or evaluation of different works. As
advanced forms of writing, they involve your skills in critical thinking and recognizing arguments.

How to write a critique

1. Study the work under discussion.
2. Make notes on key parts of the work.
3. Develop an understanding of the main argument or purpose being expressed in the work.
4. Consider how the work relates to a broader issue or context.

How to critique a speech?

It’s necessary to evaluate the speaker's abilities in both speech writing and delivery. Determine
whether the speaker used facts and anecdotes to make a convincing case, and decide if his or her
style was engaging enough to keep your attention through the end.

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How critique to an article title?

1. Introduce your reader to the title of the article, the authors, and the main point of the
article.
2. Provide a brief summary of the article in your own words.
3. Begin the critique. This can be multiple paragraphs, but follow any specific guidelines from
your instructor
4. Conclusions.

ANALYSIS PAPER
In composition, analysis is a form of expository writing in which the writer separates a subject into
its elements or parts. When applied to a literary work (such as a poem, short story, or essay),
analysis involves a careful examination and evaluation of details in the text, such as in a critical
essay.
When writing a critical analysis essay, you will need to do the following throughout your
paper:

1. Explain the meaning of the topic.

2. Analyze the topic without bias.
3. Compare the topic of the essay to something relevant. ...
4. Evaluate the subject by providing an argument and defending that opinion with evidence
to support it.

A political analysis paper aims at answering a given question concerning a certain political
process, event, as well as at predicting future developments. Such a paper could also analyze an
event or process from the past; hence, it does not necessarily deal with present situations and cases.
ACADEMIC PRESENTATION
Academic Presentations. A presentation is any situation which involves speaking to a group of
people in order to make a point, educate or share information. Many presentations also have some
form of supporting visual aid such as slides, a whiteboard, projections or flip charts
An effective presentation makes the best use of the relationship between the presenter and the
audience. It takes full consideration of the audience's needs in order to capture their interest,
develop their understanding, inspire their confidence and achieve the presenter's objectives.

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Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group that aims to influence decisions within political,
economic, and social institutions. It can include many activities that a person or organization
undertakes including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research.

An advocacy campaign is a set of actions targeted to create support for a policy or proposal.

Six steps for planning an advocacy campaign:

1. Set a goal.
2. Assess your resources.
3. Identify the crucial people.
4. Define your message and build awareness.
5. Set and implement the strategies.
6. Track your goals.

Social Media Campaign Examples.

1. Coca-Cola's Share a Coke campaign to connect with their audience.

2. ABC News website URL campaigns to boost traffic.
3. Starbucks Unicorn Frappuccino campaign to drive sales.
4. Snickers' #EatASnickers campaign to engage audience members with a unique hashtag

Task:

1. Create your own business product and/or service(s) which is related to your
course/program. No duplication of material(s), business product/service(s).

2. Using your CREATIVITY and OWN WORDS, make your own Social Media Campaign about
your business product/service(s). Write an essay of your own SMC in one whole white paper,
and a soft copy of the SMC itself.

3. Personally submit the said task on the first day of the resumption of classes, 10AM to the
subject teacher. STRICTLY NO EXTENSION OF SUBMISSION, REGARDLESS OF YOUR
REASON(S).
4. A hard copy of your BUSINESS PRODUCT/SERVICE(S) (like the COCA COLA’s SMC below)
is to be SUBMITTED on the 4th day of the resumption of classes, 12nn. STRICTLY NO
EXTENSION OF SUBMISSION, REGARDLESS OF YOUR REASON(S).

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