GC2 Q3 Week-3a

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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12

STEM Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – Week 3: Colligative Properties of Solutions
First Edition, 2021
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Development Team of Learner’s Activity Sheets
Writer Pamela Lou C. Suazo
Editors: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña

Regional Team Virnalisi Mindaña, EdD
Emely Tragua
Jesusa C. Olayon
Jay H. Nicanor
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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
General Chemistry 2 Quarter 3 Week 3
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________
Most Essential Learning Competencies
❖ Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte

solutions STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-116
❖ Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-117
❖ Calculate molar mass from colligative property data STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-118
❖ Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions
STEM_GC11CB-IIId-F-119
Time allotment: 4 hours
Learning Objectives: The learners will be able to:

1. identify electrolyte from nonelectrolyte;
2. describe the colligative properties of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions;
3. describe how acid-base titrations can be used in determining unknown concentrations of
solutions;
4. carry out calculations involving boiling point elevation and freezing point depression;
5. use colligative properties to determine molar mass of compounds;
6. recognize the applications of colligative properties of solutions.
Key Concepts
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions
• Colligative Properties are properties of solutions that depend only on the number of
solute particles and not on the identity of the solute. The colligative properties of
solutions are boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure
lowering and osmotic pressure.
• Electrolytes are particles that ionize in a solution. Ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl),
strong acids (e.g., HCl) and strong bases (e.g., NaOH) are strong electrolytes. Strong
electrolytes conduct electricity because the solute dissociates completely into ions as it
dissolves.
• Nonelectrolytes are particles that do not ionize in solution. As a result, they do not
conduct electricity. Polar covalent compounds like table sugar dissolved as a molecule
and not as ions, thus, they are considered as nonelectrolytes.
Boiling Point Elevation
• Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
atmospheric pressure.
• Boiling point is also affected by the presence of solute. Addition of nonvolatile solute,
Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

School/Station: Unidad National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: pamelalou.suazo@deped.gov.ph
2
substance whose vapor pressure is too low to measure readily, lowers the vapor
pressure of a solution. This means, that the solution must be heated to a higher
temperature than the boiling point of a pure solvent to reach the vapor pressure of 1
atm.
Figure 1. Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

Source: H. Eugene LeMay et al., Prentice Hall Chemistry: Connections to Our
Changing World (Needham, MA: Prentice Hall, 2002), 522.
• Boiling Point Elevation (∆Tb) is the difference in temperature between the boiling
point of the solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent. The boiling point of a
solution is always greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent. In mathematical
terms,
∆Tb=Kbm
where Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant

m = molal concentration of the solution
• The boiling point of the solution can be computed by adding the computed ∆Tb to the
boiling point of pure solvent.
Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + ∆Tb
Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + Kbm
Sample Problem:
When sugar is added to water it will boil at a higher temperature than pure
water. What is the boiling point of the solution if 500 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) is added
to 1000g of water. For water, Kb is 0.52 C˚/m.
Solution:
Given:
mass of solute 500 g C12H22O11
mass of solvent 1000 g H2O
Kb 0.52 C˚/m
Steps in solving the problem:
1. Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles

3
1 mol C12 H22 O11
500 g C12H22O11 x = 1.46 mol C12H22O11
342.3 g C12 H22 O11
2. Calculate the molality

moles of solute
molality =
kilogram of solvent
1.46 mol 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
=
1 kg 𝐻2 𝑂
= 1.46 mol / kg or 1.46 m
3. Determine the boiling point elevation

∆Tb = Kbm
= 0.52 C˚/m x 1.46 m
= 0.76 C˚
4. Determine the boiling point of the solution

Tb, solution = Tb, solvent + ∆Tb
= 0.76 C˚ + 100.0 C˚
= 100.76 C˚
The boiling point of the solution would be 0.76 C˚ higher than the boiling point
of pure water. Thus, the boiling point of the solution would be 100.76 C˚
Freezing Point Depression
• Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which vapor pressure of the solid
and liquid phase are the same.
• Freezing Point Depression (∆Tf) is the difference in temperature between the freezing
point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent. The freezing point of a
solution is always lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
Figure 2. Phase Diagram of Solvent and Solution

Source: CK-12 Foundation, “Freezing Point Depression,” CK-12, 2018, https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-
chemistry-concepts-intermediate/section/16.14/.
• The figure above shows that a solution has a lower freezing point as compared to a
pure solvent. Addition of a solute lowers the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. In
mathematical terms, it is expressed as

4
∆Tf=Kfm
where Kf = molal freezing point depression constant

m = molal concentration of the solution
• Since the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of a pure solvent, the
equation can be written as:
Tf, solution = Tf, solvent - ∆Tf
Tf, solution = Tf, solvent – Kfm
Sample Problem:
While antifreeze protects a car from freezing (as its name implies), it also
protects it from overheating. Calculate the freezing point of a solution of 200 g ethylene
glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze in 750 g of water. Kf for water is 1.86 C˚/m.
Solution:
Given:
mass of solute 200 g C2H6O2
mass of solvent 750 g H2O
Kf 1.86 C˚/m
1 mol C2 H6 O2
200 g C2H6O2 x = 3.23 mol C2H6O2
62.0 g C2 H6 O2

moles of solute
molality =
kilogram of solvent
3.23 mol C2 H6 O2
=
0.750 kg 𝐻2 𝑂
= 4.30 mol / kg or 4.30 m
3. Determine the freezing point depression

∆Tf = K fm
= 1.86 C˚/m x 4.30 m
= 8.00 C˚
4. Determine the freezing point of solution

∆Tf = Tf, solvent – Kfm
= 0.0C˚/m - 8.00 C˚
= -8.00 C˚
Addition of antifreeze lowers the freezing point of water by 8.00 C˚. Thus, the
freezing point of the solution is -8.00 C˚.
Electrolytic Solutions
• The examples presented earlier on boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
deal with solutions of nonelectrolyte solute. Calculations of electrolytic solutions are
almost similar except that the dissociation of electrolytic solute is included in the
equation.
∆Tb = iKbm ; ∆Tf = iKfm
where i (van’t Hoff factor) denotes the number of ions in one formula unit

5
• Consider the dissociation in each of the equations below:
(electrolyte) NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 dissolved particles

(nonelectrolyte) C6H12O6 (s)  C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle
• The first equation shows that NaCl, an ionic compound, will dissociate into 2 ions
while the second equation shows that C6H12O6 will not dissociate into ions. In
electrolytic solutions the van’t Hoff factor (i) is being considered which is equal to the
number of ions in one formula unit. This means that NaCl will have i equal to 2 (Na+
and Cl-). NaCl will have twice as many dissolved particles than C6H12O6 which implies
that the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression of the solvent in NaCl
solution (electrolyte) will be twice as much as that of the solvent in the glucose
solution.
Sample Problem:
Calculate the boiling point elevation of a solution prepared by adding 100 g of

sodium acetate (CH3COONa) to 400 mL of water? The Kb for water is 0.52 C°/m.
(𝜌𝐻2 𝑂=1𝑔/𝑚𝐿 , molar mass of CH3COONa=82.034 g/mol)
Solution:
Given:
mass of solute 100 g NaCH3COO
volume solvent 400 mL H2O
molar mass 82.034 g/mol
Kb 0.52 C˚/m

1 mol CH3 COONa
100 g NaCH3COO x = 1.22 mol CH3COONa
82.034 g CH3 COONa
2. Convert volume of solvent to mass in kilograms

1g 1 kg
400 mL H2O x x = 0.4 kg H2O
mL 1000 g

moles of solute
molality =
kilogram of solvent
1.22 mol CH3 COONa
=
0.400 kg 𝐻2 𝑂
= 3.05 mol / kg or 3.05 m
4. Determine i,
CH3COONa  Na+ + CH3COO-
therefore, i = 2 (2 moles of ions per mole of electrolyte)
5. Determine the boiling point elevation

∆Tb = iKbm
= (2)(0.52 C˚/m)(3.05m)
= 3.172 C˚

6
Vapor Pressure Lowering
- Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor above the liquid.
- A substance that has high vapor pressure evaporates quickly. This substance is referred
to as volatile substance. Nonvolatile substance, on the other hand, is a substance that
has no tendency to vaporize or sublime under existing conditions.
- When a nonvolatile solute is added to a pure solvent, the solute takes up the space at
the surface decreasing the tendency of the solvent to escape from the liquid phase to its
gaseous phase. This causes the vapor pressure of the liquid to reduce. This is also
known as vapor pressure lowering. Reduction in vapor pressure does not depend on the
nature of the solute but on the concentration of the solute added. Hence, vapor pressure
lowering is considered as a colligative property.
Figure 3. Phase Diagram of Solvent and Solution

Source: Patalinghug, Wyona C., Vic Marie I. Camacho, Fortunato B. Sevilla III, and Maria Cristina D.
Singson. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 1. (Quezon City: Commission on
Higher Education, 2016), 231.
Osmotic Pressure
Time Time
Figure 4. Osmosis
Source: Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2014. Chemistry. (Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning),531.
- Figure 4 shows a solution and pure solvent are separated by a semipermeable

membrane, a membrane that allows certain types of molecules to pass through it but
prohibits the passage of other types of molecules. As time passes, the volume of the
solution increases and that of the solvent decreases.
- This flow of solvent into the solution through the semipermeable membrane is called
osmosis. Eventually the liquid levels stop changing, indicating that the system has
reached equilibrium.

7
Figure 5. A pure solvent and solution
separated by a semipermeable membrane
Source: Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2014. Chemistry.

(Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning),531.
- In Figure 5, the solution is separated by a semipermeable membrane. The solvent moves

through the membrane from right to left. This will result to uneven liquid levels in two
sides. Eventually, the pressure difference resulting from uneven heights becomes so
large that the net flow of solvent ceases. The pressure required to prevent osmosis is
known as osmotic pressure of solution.
Applications of Colligative Properties
- Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), a major ingredient in car antifreeze lowers the freezing point
of water in winter and raises its boiling point in summer.
- Glycerol (C3H8O3), structurally similar to ethylene glycol allows some fish, insects,
housefly to survive during winter by lowering the freezing point of their blood.
- Ice creams sold by street vendors use a mixture of ice and salt. Addition of salt lowers
the freezing point of ice which makes the ice cream colder and faster.
- Some food preparations like atsara, papaya soaked in solution of vinegar, sugar, salt
and water is an example of an osmosis. The high concentration of solute prevents the
growth of bacteria. The bacteria on the food tend to shrivel and die.
- The movement of water from soil into plant roots and then into the upper portions of
the plant is also due in part to osmosis.
Calculate Molar Mass from Colligative Properties Data
- Each colligative property is proportional to solute concentration. By measuring the

freezing point depression and boiling point elevation, we can always work backward to
determine the molar mass of an unknown substance.
Sample Problem:
Suppose a 5.00 g sample of an unknown compound is dissolved in 0.050 kg of

water. The boiling point of the solution is elevated to 4.33 C˚ above the normal boiling
point of pure water. What is the molar mass of the unknown substance? For water, Kb
is 0.52 C˚/m.

8
Given:
mass of solute 5.00 g C2H6O2
mass of solvent 0.050 kg H2O
∆Tb 4.33 C˚
Kb 0.52 C˚/m
1. Using the given information, solve for molality. Rewrite the equation to solve
for molality.
∆Tb = Kbm
∆𝑇
m = 𝑏
𝐾𝑏
4.33 C˚
=
0.52 C˚/m
= 0.83 m or 0.83 mol/kg
2. Molality can be calculated from the number of moles per kilogram of solvent.
Since we already know the value of molality and the number of kilogram of
solvent, the only unknown left is the moles of solute.
moles of solute
molality =
kilogram of solvent
Given:
molality 0.83 mol/kg
mass of solvent 0.050 kg H2O
mole of solute ?
3. Rewrite the equation and solve for the unknown.
mol solute = m x kg solvent

= 0.83 mol/kg x 0.050 kg
= 0.0415 mol
The number of moles of a substance can also be calculated from the mass of
the solute divided by the molar mass of the substance.
mass of solute
moles of solute =
molar mass of solute
4. From this, we can rearrange the equation to get the molar mass of the
unknown substance.
mass of solute
molar mass of solute =
moles of solute
5.00 g
molar mass of solute =
0.0415 mol
= 120 g/mol
Acid-Base Titration
• Acid-Base Titration is a laboratory technique that employs a neutralization reaction.

It is used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid using a base (or vice
versa) with known concentration called a standard solution. The titrant (solution with
known concentration) is gradually added to the analyte (solution with unknown
concentration) until the equivalence point is reached. The equivalence point is the
condition where the reacting acid and base are stoichiometrically equivalent. A
chemical indicator, like phenolphthalein, is used which changes color at the endpoint
of titration.

9
a b c
Before Titration During Titration Equivalence point
Figure 6. Titration of an acid with a base

Source: Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2014. Chemistry. (Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning),167.
- In Figure 6a, the flask contains the acid solution with a small of phenolphthalein while
the burette contains the titrant which is a base. In Figure 6b, a base is gradually added
(drop by drop) to the acid solution during titration. The indicator changes color but it
disappears during mixing. Figure 6c shows that the equivalence point is reached when
there is a permanent change in color of the solution. The volume of base added is the
difference between the final and initial burette readings.
Sample Titration
Burette
Flask
Figure 7a. Starting conditions before the titration.

10
Figure 7b. NaOH is gradually added to the flask until the
equivalence point is reached.
Figure 7c. These are the conditions when the

equivalence point was reached.

11
Figure 7d. Calculations in determining the concentration of HBr.
Source: “ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math & Science Simulations,” ExploreLearning,

accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?+method=cResource.dsp
View&ResourceID=1045.
Activity 1. Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte
Objectives:
1. Identify electrolyte from nonelectrolyte.
2. Describe the colligative properties of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions.
What you need: Pen, Paper and Periodic Table of Elements
What to do: Identify which of the following substances are electrolyte or nonelectrolyte
when mixed with water. Answer the guide questions that follows.
Electrolyte/Nonelectrolyte
Ex: HCl Electrolyte
1. C12H22O11
Sucrose
2. H2SO4
Sulfuric acid
3. HF
Hydrogen fluoride
4. Ba(OH)2
Barium Hydroxide
5. CH3OH
methanol
Guide Questions
1. Which of the following substances are strong electrolytes? weak electrolytes?
2. Which of the following substances listed above will greatly affect the boiling point
of water?
3. Which would decrease more the freezing point of water: salt or sugar? Why?

12
Activity 2. Titration
Objective: Describe how acid-base titrations can be used in determining unknown

concentrations of solutions;
What you need: Pen and paper.
What to do: A sample titration is given. Answer what is asked in every item.
Part A. Before Titration
1. What is the color of the indicator when the equivalence point is reached?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the concentration of the titrant?

_______________________________________________________________________
3. What is the volume of the analyte?

_______________________________________________________________________
4. What does this tell you about the pH of the solution in the flask?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The balanced equation for the reaction of H2SO4 and KOH is given at bottom right. Based
on this equation, how many moles of KOH react with 1 mole of H2SO4?
_______________________________________________________________________

13
Part B. At Equivalence Point
What to do: A sample titration is given. Complete the table with the necessary
information.
Titrant Analyte
Titrant
Analyte Indicator volume concentration
(M)
(mL) (M)
Activity 3. Solve Me
Objectives:
1. Carry out calculations involving boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression.
2. Use colligative properties to determine molar mass of compounds;
What you need: Pen, Paper, Periodic Table of Elements and Calculator.
What to do: Solve the following problems. Write your solutions in a separate sheet of
paper.
Part A
1. Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of the solution when you add 1.00 kg of
ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to 4450 g of water in your car’s radiator.
Kb = 0.512C°/m; Kf = 1.86C°/m
2. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 50.0 g of NaCl in 5000 mL of
water. Kf for water is 1.86 C˚/m
3. Calculate the molar mass of sucrose in a solution prepared by dissolving 4.27 grams
glucose in 50.0 grams water. The solution boils at 100.13 °C which is above the
normal boiling point of pure water. Kb = 0.512C°/m
14
Part B
What to do: Identify the ions present and determine the i in each of the following
compounds.
Compounds Ions van’t Hoff factor (i)

Example Na+ , Cl- 2
1. Ca(NO3)2
2Ca2+ , NO3- 3
Calcium nitrate
2. MgSO4
Mg2+ , SO42- 2
Magnesium sulfate
3. NaOH
Na+ , OH- 2
Sodium hydroxide
4. KBr
K+ , Br- 2
Potassium Bromide
5. AgCl
Ag+ , Cl- 2
Silver Chloride
Reflection
When are colligative properties considered beneficial to life? Write your answers in
a separate sheet of paper. Be guided on the following rubrics.
RUBRICS
3 2 1 0
High level of Moderate level of Low level of science No explanation at
science concept science concept concept all.
understanding is understanding is understanding is
apparent in the apparent in the apparent
explanation with explanation with with
no misconceptions. minimal misconceptions.
misconceptions.
References for learners
“ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math & Science Simulations.” ExploreLearning. Accessed

March 1, 2021.
https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?+method=cResource.dspView&Res
ourceID=1045.
“Freezing Point Depression,” CK-12, 2018, https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-

concepts-intermediate/section/16.14/.
Bayquen, Aristea V., and Gardee T. Peña. 2016. General Chemistry 1. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.

15
LeMay, H. Eugene, Herbert Beall, Karen M. Robblee, and Douglas C. Brower. 2002.
Prentice Hall Chemistry: Connections to Our Changing World. Needham, MA:
Prentice Hall.
Patalinghug, Wyona C., Vic Marie I. Camacho, Fortunato B. Sevilla III, and Maria Cristina
D. Singson. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 1.
Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.
Silberberg, Martin S., and Amateis, Patricia. 2018. Chemistry: the Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change: Advanced Topics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2014. Chemistry. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
Answer Key
Activity 1.
Electrolyte/Nonelectrolyte
1. C12H22O11 Nonelectrolyte
Sucrose
2. H2SO4 Electrolyte
Sulfuric acid
3. HF Electrolyte
Hydrogen fluoride
4. Ba(OH)2 Electrolyte
Barium Hydroxide
5. CH3OH Nonelectrolyte
methanol
Activity 2.
Part A
1. Blue
2. 0.70 M KOH
3. 100 mL H2SO4
4. The pH is below 6.0.
The initial pH of the solution is 0.9
5. 2 moles of KOH will react with 1 mole of H2SO4
Part B
Titrant Analyte
Titrant
Analyte Indicator volume concentration
(M)
(mL) (M)
Bromothymol
0.70 M KOH H2SO4 30.9 mL 0.108 M
Blue

16
S Activity 3.
Part A
1. Tb,solution = 101.85°C ; Tf,solution = −6.73°C
2. -1.02 °C
3. 342 g/mol
Part B
Compounds Ions van’t Hoff factor (i)
1. Ca(NO3)2
2Ca2+ , NO3- 3
Calcium nitrate
2. MgSO4
Mg2+ , SO42- 2
Magnesium sulfate
3. NaOH
Na+ , OH- 2
Sodium hydroxide
4. KBr
K+ , Br- 2
Potassium Bromide
5. AgCl
Ag+ , Cl- 2
Silver Chloride

17

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COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12

First Edition, 2021

Development Team of Learner’s Activity Sheets

Writer Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Editors: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña

Division Team Edna E. Trinidad, EdD

Management Team Schools Division Superintendent: Josita B. Carmen, CESO V

Printed in the Philippines by:

Colligative Properties of Solutions

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies

❖ Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte

Time allotment: 4 hours

Learning Objectives: The learners will be able to:

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Boiling Point Elevation

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Figure 1. Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

where Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant

1. Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

2. Calculate the molality

3. Determine the boiling point elevation

4. Determine the boiling point of the solution

Freezing Point Depression

Figure 2. Phase Diagram of Solvent and Solution

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

where Kf = molal freezing point depression constant

2. Calculate the molality

3. Determine the freezing point depression

4. Determine the freezing point of solution

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

(electrolyte) NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 2 dissolved particles

Calculate the boiling point elevation of a solution prepared by adding 100 g of

1. Convert the mass of solute to the number of moles

2. Convert volume of solvent to mass in kilograms

3. Calculate the molality

CH3COONa  Na+ + CH3COO-

therefore, i = 2 (2 moles of ions per mole of electrolyte)

5. Determine the boiling point elevation

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Figure 3. Phase Diagram of Solvent and Solution

- Figure 4 shows a solution and pure solvent are separated by a semipermeable

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Source: Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2014. Chemistry.

- In Figure 5, the solution is separated by a semipermeable membrane. The solvent moves

Applications of Colligative Properties

Calculate Molar Mass from Colligative Properties Data

- Each colligative property is proportional to solute concentration. By measuring the

Suppose a 5.00 g sample of an unknown compound is dissolved in 0.050 kg of

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

3. Rewrite the equation and solve for the unknown.

mol solute = m x kg solvent

• Acid-Base Titration is a laboratory technique that employs a neutralization reaction.

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Figure 6. Titration of an acid with a base

Figure 7a. Starting conditions before the titration.

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Figure 7c. These are the conditions when the

Author: Pamela Lou C. Suazo

Source: “ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math &amp; Science Simulations,” ExploreLearning,

Activity 1. Electrolyte or Nonelectrolyte

Name: _______________________ Section:

Source: “ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math & Science Simulations,” ExploreLearning,

“ExploreLearning Gizmos: Math & Science Simulations.” ExploreLearning. Accessed