An English Medium Co. Ed.

Senior

Secondary School

Investigatory
Project
On

SUBM
SUBMITTE
ITTE
SUBMITTE B!"
B!"
SUBMITTE TO"
Su#hag Singh Mr.
Mr.
Sandee$ %ulshesthra
&II Sci. B
'(.O. Biology)

A*no+ledgement
I am over+helmed in all hum#leness and grate,ulness to ac*no+ledge
my de$th to all those +ho have hel$ed me to $ut these ideas- +ell
a#ove the level o, sim$licity and into something concrete.
I +ould li*e to e$ress my s$ecial than*s o, gratitude to my #iology
teacher- Mr
Mr.. Sandeep
Sandee p Kulshesthra
Kulshest hra as
 as +ell as our Princi$al Mrs. Nidhi
Bhatia +ho+ho gave
gave me the
the gold
golden
en o$$o
o$$ort
rtun
unit
ity
y to do this
this +ond
+onder
er,u
,ull
$roject on the to$ic /A$$lications o, Biotechnology0- +hich also hel$ed
me in doing a lot o, research and I came to *no+ a#out so many ne+
things. I am really than*,ul to them.
Any attem$t at any level can1t #e satis,actorily com$leted +ithout the
su$$ort and guidance o, my Parents and Friends +ho
Friends +ho hel$ed me a lot
in gathering di2erent in,ormation- collecting data and guiding me ,rom
time to time in ma*ing this $roject- des$ite o, their #usy schedules- they
gave me di2erent ideas in ma*ing this $roject uni3ue. I am than*,ul to
them too.
I am ma*ing this $roject not only ,or mar*s #ut to also increase my
*no+ledge...
 Than*ing you
Subhag Singh
XII Sci. B
 Certi4cate
 This is to certi,y that SUBHAG SINGH o,
SINGH o, class
XII SCI.B o, GAN !""P SHIKSHA BHA#A$I
has success
success,ull
,ully
y com$le
com$leted
ted the invest
investiga
igatory
tory
$roject on the to$ic %APP&ICA$I'NS
APP&ICA$I'NS 'F
BI'$"CHN'&'G( under the guidance o, 
M# . SAN!""P KU&SH"S$H#A   '(.O..
Biology)
gy) during the session 56789 7897: in the
$artial ,ul4lment o, Biology Practical
Eamin
Eaminati
ation
on conducted
conducted #y C"N$#A& B'A#!
'F S"C'N!A# "!UCA$I'N )AISSC"*. )AISSC"* .
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 
Mr. Sandee$ %ulshesthra
Mr. Eternal
Eaminer
'(.O. Biology) 'C.B.S.E)
'C.B.S.E )

Introduction
+hat is Bi,techn,l,g-

Bi,techn,l,g- is the use o, living systems and organisms to develo$ or

Bi,techn,l,g- is
ma*e
ma* e $r
$roduc
oducts-
ts- or <any tech
technolo
nologica
gicall a$$l
a$$licat
ication
ion that uses #iol
#iologic
ogical
al
systems- living organ
organisms
isms or derivative
derivativess thereo
thereo,-
,- to ma*
ma*ee or modi,
modi,yy
$roducts or $rocesses ,or s$eci4c use .

 At its sim$lest- #iotechnology

is technology #ased on #iology 9
#iot
#i otec
echn
hnol
olog
ogy
y harrne
ha ness
sses
es
cellula
cel lularr and #io mol
molecul
ecular
ar
$rocesses to develo$
technologies and
$roducts that hel$
im$rove our lives and the
heal
he alth
th o, ouourr $l
$lan
anet
et..
=e hahav ve use sed
d ththe
e #iololog
gic
ical
al
$rocesses o, microorganisms ,or
more than :-666 years to ma*e
use,ul ,ood $roducts- such as #read and cheese- and to $reserve dairy
$roducts.

Mode
derrn #iotetecchnol
olo
ogy $rov oviides #r#reea*
a*th
thrrough $r $ro
odu
duc cts anandd
techno
technolo
logie
gies
s to co com#a
m#att de#
de#ili
ilitat
tatin
ing
g and rar
rare
e didisea
sease
ses-
s- re
reduc
duce e our
environmental ,oot$rint- ,eed the hungry- useless and cleaner energy-
and
and hav
have e sa,
sa,er
er-- cl
clean
eaner
er an
and
d mo
more re e>
e>ci
cient
ent in
indus
dustr
trial
ial man
manu,au,actu
cturin
ring
g
$rocesses.
 Biotech is hel$ing to heal the +orld #y harnessing nature?s o+n tool#o
and using our o+n genetic ma*eu$ to heal and guide lines o, research
#y""
#y
• @educing rates o, in,ectious disease
• Saving millions o, children?s lives
• Changing the odds o, serious- li,e9threatening conditions a2ecting
millions around the +orld
•  Tailoring
 Tailoring treatme
treatments
nts to individual
individualss to minimie health ris*s and
side e2ects
• Creating more $recise tools ,or disease detection
• Com#ating serious illnesses and everyday threats con,ronting the
develo$ing +orld.

(istory
 Throughout the history o, agricultur
 Throughout agriculture-
e- ,armer
,armers
s have inadverten
inadvertently
tly
altered the genetics o, their cro$s through introducing them to ne+
environments and #reeding them +ith other $lants 9 one o, the 4rst
,orms o, #iotechnology
#iotechnology..
 These $roc
$rocesses
esses also +ere included in early /er0entati,n
/er0entati,n ,/  ,/ beer
beer..
In #re+ing
#re+ing-- ma
malte
lted
d gr
grain
ains
s 'c
'cont
ontai
ainin
ning
g enymes
enymes)) co
convnver
ertt st
star
arch
ch ,r,rom
om
grains into sugar and then adding
s$eci4c yeasts
yeasts to
 to $roduce #eer. In
this $rocess- car#ohydrates
car#ohydrates in  in the
grai
gr ain
ns +erere
e #r#roo*en do+n into
alco
al coho
hols
ls su
such
ch as et etha
hano
nol.
l. a
ate
terr
other cultures $roduced the
$rocess o, lactic acid
,ermentation +h+hicichh all llo
o+e
+ed d th the
e
,erment
,er mentatio
ation
n and $r $reser
eservati
vation
on o, 
other ,orms o, ,ood- such as s,-
sauce.. er
sauce erm
menenta
tati
tion
on +a +ass al also
so
used
us ed in th
this
is ti
time
me $e $eri
riod
od to $r
$rod
oduc
ucee lea1
lea1ened
ened brea
bread d. Alt
Althou
houghgh the
$rocess o, ,ermentation +as not ,ully understood until ouis Pasteur?s Pasteur ?s
+or* in 7D8- it is still the 4rst use o, #iotechnology to convert a ,ood
source into another ,orm.

or th
thou
ousa
sand
nds
s o, yeyear
ars-
s- hu
huma
mans
ns ha
have
ve us
used
ed se
sele
lect
ctiv
ive
e #r
#ree
eedi
ding
ng to
im$r
im$rov
ove e $r
$rod
oduct
uctio
ion
n o, cr
cro$s
o$s an
and
d liv
livest
estoc*
oc* to use the
themm ,or ,oo
,ood.
d. In
selective #reeding- organisms +ith desira#le characteristics are mated
to $roduce o2s$ring +ith the same characteristics. or eam$le- this
techni
techni3u
3ue
e +a
+ass us
used
ed +it
+ith
h co
corn
rn to $r
$rodu
oduce
ce the lar
larges
gestt an
and
d s+
s+eet
eetest
est
cro$s.

Biotec
Biotechn
hnol
olog
ogy
y ha
hass al
also
so le
led
d to th the
e de
deve
velo
lo$m
$menentt o, an
anti
ti#i
#iot
otic
ics.
s. In
7F5D- Alean
Aleander
der leming disc
discover
overed
ed the moul
mould d Penicilliu0
Penicilliu0.. (is +or*
led to the $uri4cation o, the anti#iotic com$ound ,ormed #y the mould
#y (o+ard lorey- Ernst Boris Chain and Gorman (eatley 9 to ,orm +hat
+e today *no+ as $enicillin
$enicillin.. In 7FH6- $enicillin #ecame availa#le ,or
medicinal use to treat #acterial in,ections in humans.

 The 4eld o, modern #iotechn

#iotechnology
ology is generally thought o, as having
#een #orn in 7F7 +hen Paul Berg?s e$eriments in gene splicing had
early
ear ly suc
succes
cess.
s. (e
(er#e
r#ert
rt =. Boy
Boyer
er and Sta
Stanl
nley
ey G. Coh
Cohen
en sig
signi
ni4c
4cant
antly
ly
advanced the ne+ technology in 7F5 #y trans,erring genetic material
into a #acterium- such that the im$orted material +ould #e re$roduced.
 Biotechnology in
Agriculture
Geneticall- M,di2ed Cr,ps

Geneti
Gene tica
call
ll-
- 0,0,di di2e
2ed d crcr,p
,pss o
 orr /M
cro$s0 or /#iotech cro$s0 are $lants used
in agriculture
agriculture-- the GA
GA o,
 o, +hich has #een
modi4ed +ith genetic
engineering te tech
chni
ni3u
3ues
es.. In momostst cacase
ses
s
the aim is to introduce a ne+ trait trait to
 to the
$lant +hich does not occur naturally in
the
th e s$e
$eccies
es.. Eam$l $les
es in ,ood cro$ o$ss
include
include res
resista
istance
nce to cer
certain
tain $est
$ests-
s- dise
diseases
ases-- str
stress
ess,ul
,ul envi
environ
ronment
mentalal
conditions- resistance to chemical treatments- reduction o, s$oilage- or
im$roving the nutrient $ro4le o, the cro$. Eam$les in non9,ood cro$s
incl
includ
ude
e $r$rod
oduc
ucti
tion
on o, $har
$harmace
maceutic
utical
al agen
agentsts-- #io ,uel
els-
s- an
andd other
industrially use,ul goods- as +ell as ,or #ioremediation .

Plants and cro$s +ith M traits have #een tested more than any other
cro$sJ+ith
cro$sJ +ith no credi
credi#le
#le evidence o, harm to humans or animals. In ,act-
seeds +ith M traits have #een tested more than any other cro$s in the
history o, agriculture K +ith no credi#le evidence o, harm to humans or
animals.

overnmental regulatory agencies- scienti4c organiations and leading

health associations +orld+ide agree that ,ood gro+n ,rom GM cr,ps is
sa/e
sa/e t, eaeatt. Th
The
e =orl
orld
d (ea
(ealth
lth Or
Organ
gania
iatio
tion-
n- the Ame
Americ
rican
an Med
Medic
ical
al
Association- the U.S. Gational Academy o, Sciences- the British @oyal
Society- among others that have eamined the evidence- all come to the
same conclusion" consuming ,oods containing ingredients derived ,rom
M cro$s is sa,e to eat and no ris*ier than consuming the same ,oods
containing ingredients ,rom cro$ $lants modi4ed #y conventional $lant
im$rovement techni3ues. enetic modi4cations have"

7. Made cro$s
cro$s more tolerant
tolerant to a#iotic stresse
stresses
s 'col
'cold-
d- drought-
drought- salt-
heat).

5. @e
@educed
duced reliance
reliance on chemical
chemical $esticides '$est
'$est resistant
resistant cro$s).
cro$s).
 L. (el$ed
(el$ed to reduce
reduce $ost harvest losses
losses  enhanced
enhanced the nutritio
nutritional
nal
value o, the ,ood.

#NA Inter/erence )#NAi*

@GA in
@GA inte
ter,
r,er
eren
ence
ce '@'@GA
GAi)
i) is a memeth
thod
od o, #l#loc
oc*i
*ing
ng ge
gene
ne ,u
,unc
ncti
tion
on #y
inserting short se3uences o, ri#onucleic acid '@GA) that match $art o, 
the target gene1s se3uence- thus no $roteins are $roduced. @GAi has the
$otential to #ecome a $o+er,ul thera$eutic a$$roach to+ard targeted
and $ersonalied medicine. @GAi has $rovided a +ay to control $ests
and diseases- introduce novel $lant traits and increase cro$ yield. Using
@GAi
@G Ai-- sc
scie
ient
ntis
ists
ts ha
have
ve de
deve
velo
lo$e
$edd no
nove
vell cr
cro$
o$ss su
such
ch as ni
nico
coti
tine
ne9,
9,rree
to#acc
to# acco-
o- non
non9al
9aller
lergen
genic
ic $e
$eanu
anuts-
ts- dec
deca2e
a2eina
inated
ted co
co2ee
2ee-- and nut
nutri
rient
ent
,orti4ed maie among many others.

Mechanism o, @GA inter,erences as understood is that it comes into $lay

+hen a dou#le stranded @GA is introduced either naturally or arti4cially
in a cell. An endo ri#onuclease enyme cleaves the long ds@GA into
smal
sm alll $i
$iec
eces
es o, @G
@GA
A. Th
The
e sm
smalalll $i
$iec
eces
es co
coul
uld
d #e mi @G @GAA or si @G@GAA
de$ending u$on the origin o, long ds@GA i.e. endogenous or eogenous
res$ectively. A dou#le
stranded @GA may #e
generated #y either @GA
de$e
de $end
nden
entt @G
@GAA $o$oly
lyme
merarase
se
or #idi
#idire
rectio
ctional
nal tran
transcri
scri$tio
$tion
n
o, tra
trans$
ns$osa
osa#le
#le ele
elemen
ments ts or
$hysically introduced.

 There are several

o$$ortunities ,or the
a$$l
a$ $lic
icat
atio
ions
ns o, @G@GAi
Ai in crcro$
o$
scien
science
ce ,or its imim$r
$rov
ovem
ement
ent
such as stress tolerance and
enhanced nutritional level.This *noc*do+n technology may #e use,ul in
indu
induci
cing
ng ea
earl
rly
y No
No+e
+eriring
ng-- de
dela
laye
yed
d riri$e
$eni
ning
ng-- de
dela
laye
yedd se
sene
nesc
scen
ence
ce--
#rea*ing dormancy- stress9,ree $lants- overcoming sel,9sterility- etc .

@GA in
@GA inte
ter,
r,er
eren
ence
ce '@
'@GA
GAi)i) ha
has
s rec
ecen
entl
tly
y #e
#een
en dedemo
mons
nstr
trat
ated
ed in $l$lan
antt
$arasitic nematodes. It is a $otentially $o+er,ul investigative tool ,or the
genome9+ide identi4cation o, gene ,unction that should hel$ im$rove
ourr un
ou undeders
rsta
tand
ndin
ingg o, $l
$lan
antt $a
$ara
rasi
siti
tic
c nenema
mato
tode
des.s. @G
@GAiAi shshou
ould
ld he
hel$
l$
iden
identi
ti,,y ge
gene
ne anand-
d- he
henc
nce-
e- $r
$rot
otei
ein
n ta tarrge
gets
ts ,o,orr ne
nema
mato tode
de cocont
ntrrol
stra
strate
tegi
gies
es.. Pros
os$e
$ect
cts
s ,o
,orr no
nove
vell res
esisista
tanc
nce
e de
de$e$end
nd on th the
e $l$lan
antt
generating an e2ective ,orm o, dou#le9stranded @GA in the a#sence o, 
an end
endogogeno
enous
us tar
target
get gen
genee +it
+ithou
houtt det
detrim
rimen
entt to its
itsel,
el,.. Th
These
ese @GA
molecules must then #ecome availa#le
availa#le to the nematode and #e ca$a#le
o, ingestion via its ,eeding tu#e. I, these re3uirements can #e met- cro$
resistance could #e achieved #y a $lant delivering a ds@GA that targets
a nematode gene and induces a lethal or highly damaging @GAi e2ect
on the $arasite.

Bt t,3in
A $rotein that is toic to che+ing insects and is $roduced #y the soil
#acterium Bacillus thuringiensis and has long #een used as a #iological
pesticide.. By means o, genetic engineering- the genes ,or Bt toin can
pesticide
#e isolated ,rom Bacillus thuringiensis and trans,erred to $lants.

Bacillus thuringiensis )Bt* is

)Bt* is a #acteria that $roduces $roteins +hich
are toic to insects. But etreme toicity comes at no sur$rise. It1s in the
same ,amily o, #acteria as B. anthracis- +hich causes anthra- and B.
cereus- +hich causes ,ood $oisoning.

 The Bt  toin
  toin dissolve in the high $( insect gut and #ecome active. The
toins then attac* the gut cells o, the insect- $unching holes in the
lining. The Bt  s$ores
  s$ores s$ills out o, the gut and germinate in the insect
causing death +ithin a cou$le days.

Even though the toin does not *ill the insect immediately- treated $lant
$arts
$arts +ill
+ill not #e damage
damagedd #ecau
#ecause se the insec
insectt sto$s
sto$s ,eedin
,eeding
g +ithi
+ithin
n
hours. Bt s$or
s$ores
es do not
not s$r
s$rea
eadd to othe
otherr inse
insect
cts
s or caus
cause
e dise
diseas
ase
e
out#rea*s on their o+n.
7. Insect eats Bt  crystals
 crystals and s$ores.

5. The toin #inds to s$eci4c

rece$tors in the gut and the insects
sto$s eating.

L. The crystals cause the gut +all to

#re
#rea* do+
do+n- allo
allo+
+ing
ing s$o
s$ores and
normal gut #acteria to enter the #ody.

H. The insect dies as s$ores and gut

#acteria $roli,erate in the #ody.

Bt  action
  action is very s$eci4c. i2erent strains o, Bt  are
  are s$eci4c to di2erent
rece
ece$to
$tors in insecsect gut +all.
all. Bt toi
toici
city
ty de$e
de$end nds
s on recog
ecogni
nii
ing
ng
rece$tors- damage to the gut #y the toin occurs u$on #inding to a
rece$tor. Each insect s$ecies $ossesses di2erent ty$es o, rece$tors that
+ill match only certain toin $roteins- li*e a loc* to a *ey.

It is #ecause o, this that ,armers have to #e care,ul to match the target

$est s$ecies +ith a $articular Bt  toin
  toin $rotein +hich is s$eci4c ,or that
insect. This also hel$s the #eni4cal insects #ecause they +ill usually not
#e harmed #y that $articular strain o, Bt .

Bt C,tt,n
Bt c,c,tt
tt,n
,n is a ge genet
netica
ically
lly mo modi4di4ed
ed or organ
ganis ism
m  'MO) cotton
cotton variety-
 variety-
+hich $roduces an insecticide
insecticide to  to #oll+orm
#oll+orm.. Strains o, the
#acterium Bacil
Bacillus
lus thur
thuringien
ingiensissis $r
$rod
oduce
uce ov overer 566 di di2er
2erent
ent Bt totoins
ins--
each harm,ul to di2erent insects. Most nota#ly-
Bt toins are insecticidal to the larvae o, moths
and
an d #u #utttter
erNi
Nies
es-- #eetles
#eetles-- co cotto
tton
n #ol#oll+o
l+orrms
ms and
 and
ghtu Nies
Nies #ut
 #ut are harmless to other ,orms o, li,e.
 The gene coding ,or Bt toi toin
n has #een inserted
into cotton as a transgene
transgene-- causing it to $roduce
this
this nanatur
tural
al in
insec
sectiticid
cidee in its tistissu
sues.
es. In mamanyny
regi
re gions
ons-- the ma mainin $es
$ests ts in cocomm
mmererci
cial
al co
cotto
tton
n
are le$ido$teran
le$ido$teran larvae-
 larvae- +hich are *illed #y the
Bt $rotein in thegenetically
the genetically modi4ed cotton they
cotton  they
eat
at.. Thihiss elelim
imiinatates
es th thee neeeedd to ususee lararge
ge
amounts o, #road9s$ectrum insecticides to *ill le$ido$teran $ests. This
s$ar
s$ares
es na
natu
tura
rall in
inse
sect
ct $r
$red
edatator
orss in th the e ,a,arrm ec ecol
olog
ogyy an
andd ,u
,urt
rthe
herr
contri#utes to non insecticide $est management.
management .

Bt co
cotttton
on is in
ine2
e2ec
ectitive
ve agagai
ains
nstt ma
manyny cocott
tton
on $e
$est
sts
s su
such
ch as $lant
#ugs-- stin* #ugs-
#ugs #ugs- and a$hids
a$hids de$ending on circumstances it may #e
des
esir
ira
a#l
#lee to use in inssec
ecti
tic
cide
dess in $r $rev
even
enttio
ion
n. A 56
566:
6: stu
tud
dy do
don
ne
#y Cornell researchers- the Center ,or
Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese
Academy o, Science on
Science  on Bt cotton ,arming in
Chin
Ch ina
a ,o ,oun
und
d th
that
at a,
a,te
terr se
seveven
n ye
yearars
s th
thes
esee
secondary $ests that +ere normally
con
onttrol
ollled #y $es esti
tic
cide had inc ncrrea
ease
sed-d-
necessitating the use o, $esticides at similar
leve
levels
ls to nonon9
n9Bt
Bt cocott
tton
on an and
d ca
caususin
ingg le
less
ss
$ro4
$r o4tt ,or ,ararm
mer
erss #e
#ec cau
aus se o, th thee ettrra
e$ense o, M seeds.

Mechanism:

Bt cotton +as created through the addition o, genes encoding toin

crystals in the Cry grou$ o, endotoin
endotoin.. =hen insects attac* and eat the
cotton $lant the Cry toins are dissolved due to the high $( level o, the
insects stomach. The dissolved and activated Cry molecules #ond to
cadherin9li*e $roteins on cells com$rising the #rush #order
molecule
mole cules.
s. The e$it
e$itheli
helium
um o, the #rus
#rushh #or
#order
der mem
mem#ran
#raneses se$a
se$arate
rates
s
the #ody cavity ,rom the gut +hilst allo+ing access ,or nutrients. The
Cry to
toin
in momolec
lecule
ules
s att
attach
ach the
themse
mselve
lvess to s$e
s$eci
ci4c
4c lo
loca
catio
tions
ns on the
cadherin9li*e $roteins $resent on the e$ithelial cells o, the midge and
ion channels are ,ormed +hich allo+ the No+ o, $otassium. @egulation
o, $otassium concentration is essential and- i, le,t unchec*ed- causes
deat
de athh o, ce
cell
lls.
s. u
ue
e to th
the
e ,o
,orrma
mati
tion
on o, Cr
Cry
y io
ion
n ch
chan
anne
nels
ls su
su>c
>cie
ient
nt
regulation o, $otassium ions is lost and results in the death o, e$ithelial
cel
ellls. The de
dea ath o, such cel
ellls crea
eattes ga$s in ththe
e #r
#ruush #or
ord
der
mem#rane.

 Advantages:
Bt cotton has several advantages over non Bt cotton. The im$ortant
advantages o, Bt cotton are #rieNy "

• Increases yield o, cotton due to e2ective control o, three ty$es o, 

#oll+orms- vi. American- S$otted and Pin* #oll+orms.

• Insect
Inse ctss #e
#elo
long
nged
ed to e$
e$id
ido$
o$te
tera
ra 'B
'Bol
oll+
l+or
orms
ms)) ar
are
e se
sens
nsit
itiv
ive
e to
crys
crystal
talli
line
ne en
endot
doto
oic $r
$rote
otein
in $r
$rodu
oduce
ced
d #y Bt gen
genee +hi
+hich
ch in tur
turn
n
$rotects cotton ,rom #oll+orms.

• @eduction in $esticide use in the cultivation o, Bt cotton in +hich

#oll+orms are major $ests.

• @eduction in the cost o, cultivation and lo+er ,arming ris*s.

• @educ
eduction
tion in envi
environ
ronment
mental
al $oll
$ollutio
ution
n #y the use o, inse
insectic
cticides
ides
rarely.

• Bt cotton ehi#it genetic resistance or in#uilt resistance +hich is a

$erman
$ermanent
ent ty
ty$e
$e o, re
resi
sista
stanc
nce
e an
and
d not a2e
a2ect
cted
ed #y env
envir
ironm
onment
entalal
,actors. Thus $rotects cro$ ,rom #oll+orms.

• Bt co
cott
tton
on is ec
eco,
o,ri
rien
endl
dly
y an
and
d do
does
es no
nott ha
have
ve ad
adve
vers
rse
e e2
e2ec
ectt on
$arasites- $redators-
$redators- #ene4cial insecticides and organi
organisms
sms $resent in
soil.
• It $romotes
multi$lication o,  
$arasites and $redat
$redators
ors
+hich hel$ in
controlling the
#oll
#oll+o
+orrms #y ,e ,eed
edin
ingg
on larvae and eggs o, 
#oll+orm.

• Go heheal
alth
th haa
arrds
due to rare use o,  
insecticides.

• Bt cotton are early in maturing as com$ared to non Bt cotton.

Disadvantages:
Bt cotton has some limitations

• (igh cost o, Bt cotton seeds as com$ared to non Bt cotton seeds.

• E2ecti
E2ective
vene
ness
ss u$ to 75756
6 da
days
ys-- a,
a,te
terr th
that
at th
the
e to
toi
in
n $r
$rod
oduc
ucin
ing
g
e>ciency o, the Bt gene drastically reduces.

• Ine2ective against suc*ing $ests li*e jassids- a$hids- +hiteNy etc.

Bt cotton in India:

Bt cotton is su$$lied in India?s Mah

Mahara
arasht
shtra
ra sta
state
te #y the agri9
#iotechnology com$any- Mahyco- as the distri#utor.

 The use o, Bt cotton in India ha hass gr

gro+
o+nn e$
$on
onen
enti
tial
ally
ly si
sinc
nce
e it
its
s
introduction. @ecently India has #ecome the num#er one glo#al e$orter
o, cotton and the second largest cotton $roducer in the +orld. India has
#red Bt9cotton varieties such as Bikan
Bikaneri
eri Nerm
Nermaa  and hy#rids such as
G((9HH- setting u$ India to #ene4t no+ and +ell into the ,uture.

India1s
India1s suc
succes
cess
s has #ee
#eenn su
su#je
#ject
ct to sc
scrut
rutin
iny
y. Monsanto
Monsanto?s
?s seed
seeds
s ar
are
e
e$ensive and lose vigour a,ter one generation- $rom$ting the Indian
Council o, Agricultural @esearch  to develo$ a chea$er Bt cotton variety
+ith seeds that could #e reused. The cotton incor$orated the cry7Ac
gene
gen e ,r
,rom
om the sosoil
il #ac
#acter
teriu
ium
m Bac
Bacil
illus
lus th
thuri
uringi
ngiens
ensis
is 'Bt
'Bt)-
)- ma
ma*in
*ing
g the
cotton toic to #oll+orms. In $arts o, India cases o, ac3uired resistance
against Bt cotton have occurred.

 The state o, Maharash

Maharashtra
tra #anned the sale and distri#utio
distri#ution
n o, Bt cotton
in 56
567575-- to $r
$rom
omot
otee lo
loca
call In
Indi
dian
an se
seed
eds-
s- +h
+hic
ich
h de
demamand
nd le
less
ss +a
+ate
ter-
r-
,ertiliers and $esticide in$ut- #ut li,ted the #an in 567L.

India a$$roved Bt cotton in 5665 no+ it accounts ,or F5 o, all Indian
cotton.
cotton. Avera
verage
ge nation+ide
nation+ide cotton yields
yields +ent ,r
,rom
om L65 *gQh
*gQha
a in the
5665QL season to a $rojected HD7 *gQha in 5677Q75 J u$ 8F.L overall.
 This chart sho+s the trends in yields- +hich too* o2 a,ter Bt +as
introduced in 5665. The gra$hs also sho+ that J and here comes ugly
,actJ in the last H years- as Bt has risen ,rom : to F5 o, India1s
cotton- yields have dro$$ed steadily.

Biotechnology in
Medicine
Geneticall- "ngineered Insulin )Hu0ulin*
Insulin is a $e$tide hormohormone
ne $roduced
 $roduced
#y #eta cells in
cells  in the $ancreas
$ancreas   o, various
organ
or ganis
isms
ms inc
includ
ludin
ing
g hu
human
man #ei#eings
ngs.. It
regulates
the 0etab,lis0
0etab,lis0 ,/  ,/ carb,h-drates
carb,h-drates an  an
d ,ats #y $r$roomoti tin
ng ththe
e a#sor or$t
$tiion
o, glucose ,rom the #lood to s*eletal
muscles and
muscles  and ,at tis
tissue
sue an
and
d #y ca caus
usining
g
,at to #e stored rather than used ,or energy. Insulin also inhi#its the
$roduction o, glucose #y the liver.

Ece$t in the $resence o, the meta#olic disorder dia#etes

mellitus and
mellitus  and meta#olic syndr
syndrome
ome-- insulin is $rovided +ithin the #ody in
a constant $ro$ortion to remove ecess glucose ,rom the #lood- +hich
other+ise +ould #e toic. =hen #lood glucose levels ,all #elo+ a certain
leve
le vel-
l- th
the
e #o
#odydy #e
#egi
gins
ns to us
use
e st
stor
ored
ed gl
gluc
ucos
ose
e as an enener
ergy
gy so
sour
urce
ce
through glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis-- +hich #rea*s do+n the glycogen stored in the
liver and muscles into glucose- +hich can then #e utilied as an energy
source. As a central meta#olic control mechanism- its status is also used
as a contr
control
ol signal to other #ody systems 'such as amino acid u$ta*e
acid u$ta*e #y
#ody cells). In addition- it has several other ana#olic
ana#olic e2ects
 e2ects throug
throughout
hout
the #ody. +hen c,ntr,l ,/ insulin le1els /ails4 diabetes
0ellitus can
0ellitus  can result.

Structure:

Insulin is com$osed o, t+o

di2erent ty$es o, $e$tide
chains. Chai
Chain
n A has
has 57 amin
amino
o
acids and Chain B has
B has L6 amino
acids. Both chains contain al$ha
helices #ut no #eta strands.
 There are L conserved disul2de
bridges +hic
+hich
h hel$
hel$ *eeee$
$ the
the
t+o chains together. Insulin can
also ,orm dimers in
dimers in solution due
to the hydrogen #onding #et+een the B chains. The dimers can ,urther
int
inter
erac
actt to ,or
,orm heamers due to inter
interac
actio
tion
n #et+ee
#et+een
n hydr
hydro$h
o$ho#i
o#ic
c
sur,aces. This scene highlights the
highlights  the hydro$ho#ic and $olar $arts o, an
insulin monomer at a $( o, .

A num#
num#er
er o, insu
insuli
lin
n vari
varian
ants
ts have
have #een
#een made
ade to ,avo
,avorr eith
either
er the
the
monomeric or heameric ,orm. eletion o, the 4ve C terminal residues
o, the B chain creates
chain  creates a monomer only ,orm. This $ortion o, the B chain
is involved in hydrogen #onds #et+een
#onds #et+een the B chain o, one monomer and
the A and B chain o, another monomer .

Need of Genetically Engineered Insulin:

 The original ,orm o, the +onder cure ,or dia#etes-

dia#etes- these +ere once the
only ty$e o, insulin availa#le- #ut are no+ rarely used. Ani0al insulin
+as origin
original
ally
ly made
made
,rom ground9u$
animal $ancreas
tissue- and then later
+as
+as etr
etrac
acte
ted d ,rom
,rom
healthy animals
'sla
'slaug
ught
hter
ered
ed $igs
$igs 
co+s). The
meta#olism o, co+s and $igs +as close enough to human meta#olism
that their animal insulin also +or*ed +ell in human #odies. Bee, insulin
has
has L di2e
di2errence
ences s ,rom
,rom huma
human
n $or*
$or* insu
insuli
lin
n has
has 7 di2e
di2errence
ence ,rom
,rom
human. The use o, a miture o, #ee, and $or* insulin +as also $ossi#le.
 It has #een sho+n that human insulin is less immunogenic than animal
insulin. Porcine insulin is most similar to human insulin. The $rimary
amino acid se3uences o, #ovine and $orcine insulin di2er ,rom that o, 
human insulin #y three and one amino acid- res$ectively. This greater
dissimilarity #et+een human and #ovine insulin has #een $ostulated to
#e the e$la
e$lanat
nation
ion ,or the great
greater
er antig
antigeni
enici
city
ty o, #ovine
#ovine insuli
insulin
n as
com$ared +ith $orcine insulin

One o, the pr,ble0s 5ith ani0al insulin 5as antib,d- issues. issues . The
#ody identi4es them and tries to reject them. Por* insulin di2ers #y 7
amino acid and #ee, insulin #y L amino acids- so the #ody?s immune
syst
system
em cancan some
someti
time
mes
s recog
ecogni
nie
e them
them as ,or,oreign
eign.. Immu
Immunonolo
logi
gica
call
com$lications o, insulin thera$y have #een evident since animal insulin
#ecam
#ecame e avail
availa#l
a#le
e ,or the treat
treatmen
mentt o, dia#et
dia#etes
es melli
mellitus
tus in 7F55.
7F55. In
insulin9allergic $atients treated +ith conventional insulin $re$arations-
the insulin9s$eci4c IgE values are o,ten 769 to 569,old higher than in
$atients +ithout allergy. It has #een sho+n that human insulin is less
immu
immunonoge
geni
nic
c than
than anim
animalal insu
insuli
lin.
n. Por
orci
cine
ne
insulin is most similar to human insulin. Cross9
reactivity #et+een human insulin and insulin
o, animal origin has #een re$orted. A major
$ro#
$ro#le
lem
m is thethe cros
cross9
s9rrea
eact
ctiv
ivit
ity
y that
that occu
occurs
rs
#et
#et+e
+een
en ant
anti9in
i9insu
sullin antinti#odies
dies and the
various animal and human insulin $re$arations
in $atients $resenting +ith allergy to animal
insulin.

 The usage o, ani0al insulin has s, greatl- declined in 0,dern

ti0es that
ti0es that they have largely #een +ithdra+n ,rom the mar*et. Ge+ly
diag
diagno
nose
sed
d dia#
dia#et
etic
ics
s ar
are
e ty$i
ty$icacall
lly
y give
given
n synt
synthe
hesi
sie
ed
d or Geneticall-
"ngineered hu0an insulin.
insulin .

What is !roinsulin"#

Pr,insulin is the $rohormone $recu $recurs

rsor
or to insulin made in the #eta
cells o,
cells o, the islets
islets o, angerh
angerhans
ans-- s$eci
s$ecial
alie
ied
d re
regio
gions
ns o, the $ancreas.
$ancreas.
Proin
oinsulin
lin is synthe thesie
siedd on
mem#rane associated
ri#oso
ri#osomes
mes ,ound
,ound on the ro rough
ugh
endo$lasmic reticulum- +here it
is ,olded and its disul4de
#onds are oidi died.
ed. It is then
hen
trans$orted to the olgi
a$$aratus +here
a$$aratus  +here it is $ac*aged
int
into secrecreto
etory vesivesic
cles-
es- and
+here it is $rocessed #y a series
o, $roteases to ,orm
mature insulin.
insulin. Mature insulin has L8 ,e+er amino acids H are removed
altogether- and the remaining L7 ,orm the C9$e$tide.C9$e$tide. The C9$e$tide is
a#stracted ,rom the center o, the $roinsulin se3uence the t+o other
ends 'the B chain and A chain) remain connected #y disul4de #onds.

 =hen insulin +as originally $uri4ed ,rom #ovine or

#ovine or $orcine $ancreata-
$orcine $ancreata-
all the $roinsulin +as not ,ully removed. RL
RLRH
RH
=hen some $eo$le used
these insulins- the $roinsulin may have caused the #ody to react +ith a
rash- to resist the insulin- or even to ma*e dents or lum$s in the s*in at
the $lac
$lace
e +her
+here e the insulin
insulin +as injected
injected.. This
This can
can #e descr
descri#e
i#ed
d as
an iatrogenic injury
iatrogenic  injury due to slight di2erences #et+een the $roinsulin o, 
di2erent s$ecies. Since the late 7F6s- +hen highly
$uri4ed $orcine 
$orcine  insulin +as introduced- and the level o, insulin $urity
reached
reached FF- this ceased to #e a signi4ca
signi4cant
nt clinical
clinical issue. $he 0ain
challenge /,r pr,ducti,n ,/ insulin using r!NA techni6ues 5as
getting insulin asse0bled int, 0ature /,r0.

$umulin:

Hu0ulin +as+as the 4rst

4rst medic
medicati
ation
on $rodu
$roduced
ced using
using moder
modern n genet
genetic
ic
engineering techni3ues in +hich actual human GA is inserted into a
host
host cell
cell 'E. coli
coli in this
this case)
case).. Biosy
Biosynth
ntheti
etic
c <huma
<human<
n< insul
insulin
in is no+
no+
manu,
manu,act
actur
ured
ed ,or +ides
+ides$r
$rea
ead
d clini
clinica
call use using
using geneti
genetic
c engin
engineer
eering
ing
techni3ues using recom#inant GA technology- +hich the
manu,acturers claim reduces the $resence o, many im$urities- although
there is no clinical evidence to su#stantiate this claim . "li
&ill- 0ar7eted
&ill- 0ar7eted the 2rst arti2cial insulin4 Hu0ulin4 in 89:;.

(umulin $roduction method is as ,ollo+s"

7. GA coding ,or A and B $oly$e$tide chains o, insulin are

chemically synthesised a in the la#. Sity three nucleotides are
se3uenced to $roduce A chain o, insulin and ninety nucleotide long
GA designed to $roduce B chain o, insulin- $lus terminator codon
is added
dded at the
the end
end o, ea
each
ch chain
hain se3u
se3uen
enc
ce. Anti
Anti9c
9cod
odon
on ,or
,or
methi
thionin
onine
e is added
ded at the #eg#eginni
innin
ng o, the se3ue
e3uenc
nce
e to
distinguish humulin ,rom the other #acterial $roteins.

5. Chemical
Chemicallyly synthesi
synthesied
ed A and B chain GA se3uence
se3uence are inserted
inserted
into one o, the mar*er gene +hich are $resent in the $lasmid
vect
vector
or.. ene
enes s ar
are
e inse
insert
rted
ed into
into the
the $las
$lasmi
midd +ith
+ith the
the hel$
hel$ o, 
enymes *no+n as endonuclease and ligase.

L. The vector $lasmids

$lasmids +ith
+ith the insulin
insulin gene are
are then introduced
introduced into
the E. coli #acterial cell. These cells are then allo+ed to re$licate
#y mitosis- along +ith the #acterial cell recom#inant $lasmid also
gets re$licated $roducing the human insulin.

H. A and
and B $oly
$oly$e
$e$t
$tid
ide
e chai
chains
ns o, insu
insuli
lin
n ar
are
e then
then etra
tract
cted
ed and
and
$uri4ed ,rom the ,omenters in the la#. (igh9Per,ormance i3uid
 Chromatogra$hy '(PC) is used to get 766 $ure humulin ,rom
the miture o, $roteins.

8. The A and B $oly$e$t

$oly$e$tide
ide chains
chains o, insulin
insulin are mied
mied together
together and
conn
connec
ecte
ted
d +ith
+ith ea
each
ch othe
otherr #y disu
disul$
l$hi
hide
de #on
#ond- ,or
,orming
ming the
the
(umulin or synthetic human insulin.

 Advantages % Disadvantages of $umulin:

(umulin is the one and only human $rotein $roduced in the #acteria
+ith identical chemical structure to that o, the natural human insulin.
Administration
Administration o, humulin reduces the $ossi#ility
$ossi#ility o, anti#ody $roduction
$roduction
and
and inNam
inNammamator
toryy re
res$
s$ons
onsee
in dia#
dia#etetic
ic $ati
$atien
ents
ts.. Ma
Majo
jorr
di>culty is the etraction o, 
humu
humulilin
n ,rom
,rom a mit
mitur
ure
e o, 
host $roteins $resent in the
,ermentation #roth.

Go+ days
days to over
overco
come
me this
this
etraction $ro#lem synthetic
human
human insulin
insulin are $roduc
$roduced
ed
in the yeast cell instead o, E. coli using the same $rocedure. As yeast is
Eu*aryotes they secrete the +hole humulin molecule +ith $er,ect three
dime
dimens
nsio
iona
nall stru
struct
ctur
ures
es-- reduc
educin
ingg the
the need
need ,or
,or com$
com$le
le
 and
and time
time
consuming $uri4cation methods.

Go+ most o, the dia#etic $atients are treated +ith synthetic human
insulin. Small grou$ o, $atients claim that e$isodes o, hy$erglycaemic
com$l
com$licicati
ation
ons
s have
have #een
#een incre
increase
ased
d a,ter
a,ter shi,t
shi,ting
ing ,rom
,rom anima
animall or
origi
igin
n
insulin to humulin. Go study till date sho+s the di2erence #et+een the
,re3uen
,re3uencycy o, hy$ergl
hy$erglycae
ycaemic
mic com$lic
com$licatio
ations
ns in $atient
$atient using
using humulin
humulin
'synthetic human insulin) and animal origin insulin.
Gene $herap-
Gene therap- is
therap- is the thera$eutic delivery o, nucleic acid $olymers into
$olymers  into
a $atient?s cells as a drug to trea
treatt dise
diseas
ase.
e. ene
ene ther
thera$
a$y
y is an
e$erimental techni3ue that uses genes to treat or $revent disease. In
the
the ,utu
,uturre- this
this tec
techni3
hni3ue
ue
may allo+ doctors to treat a
disorder #y inserting a gene
into a $atient1s cells instead
o, usin
using
g drug
drugs
s or sur
surgery
gery.
@esearchers are testing
severa
severall a$$r
a$$roac
oaches
hes to gene
gene
thera$y- including"

• @e$la
$lacin
cing a mutatetated
d
gene that causes
diseas
diseasee +ith
+ith a healt
healthy
hy
co$y o, the gene.

• Inactivating-
Inactivating- or /*noc*ing out-0 a mutated gene that is ,unctioning
im$ro$erly.

• Introducing a ne+ gene into the #ody to hel$ 4ght a disease.

Although gene thera$y is a $romising treatment o$tion ,or a num#er o, 

diseas
diseases
es 'inclu
'includin
ding
g inheri
inherited
ted disor
disorder
ders-
s- some
some ty$es
ty$es o, cancer
cancer-- and
and
certain viral in,ections)- the techni3ue remains ris*y and is still under
study to ma*e sure that it +ill #e sa,e and e2ective. ene thera$y is
currently only #eing tested ,or the treatment o, diseases that have no
other cures. It should #e noted that not all medical $rocedures that
introduce alterations to a $atient?s genetic ma*eu$ can #e considered
gene thera$y.
thera$y. Bone marro+
marro+ trans$la
trans$lantat
ntation
ion-- and
and organ trans$lants
trans$lants in
 in
general have #een ,ound to introduce ,oreign GA into $atients. ene
thera$y is de4ned #y the $recision o, the $rocedure
$rocedure and the intention o, 
direct thera$eutic e2ects.

ene
ene ther
thera$
a$y
y +as
+as conc
conce$
e$tu
tual
ali
ied
ed in 7F5
7F5-- #y auth
author
ors
s +ho
+ho urge
urged
d
caution #e,ore commencing human gene thera$y studies.

 The 4rst attem$t- al#eit an unsuccess,ul

unsuccess,ul one- at gene thera$y 'as +ell
as the 4rst case o, medical trans,er o, ,oreign genes into humans not
counting organ trans$lantation)
trans$lantation ) +as $er,ormed #y Martin Cline on 76
 uly 7FD6. Cline claimed that one o, the genes in his $atients +as active
si
si mont
months
hs late
later-
r- thou
though
gh he neveneverr $u#l
$u#lis
ishe
hed
d this
this data
data or had
had it
veri4ed and even i, he is correct-
correct- it?s unli*ely
unli*ely it $roduced
$roduced any signi4cant
signi4cant
#ene4cial e2ects treating #eta9thalassemia.
#eta9thalassemia .

 The 4rst germ line 

line  gene thera$y consisted o, $roducing a genetically
engineered em#ryo in Octo#er 7FF:. The #a#y +as #orn on uly 57-
7FF and +as $roduced #y ta*ing a donor?s egg +ith healthy
mitochondria- removing its nuclear GA and
GA and 4lling it +ith the nuclear
GA
GA o, thethe #iol
#iolog
ogic
ical
al mothe
otherr 9 a $roc
$roced
edur
ure
e *no+
*no+nn as cyto$lasmic
trans,er.
trans,er.

 This $rocedure
$rocedure +as re,err
re,erred
ed to sensationally and
and some+hat inaccurately
inaccurately
in the media as a <three $arent
$arent #a#y<- though mtGA is not the $rimary
huma
human n geno
genome
me and
and has
has litt
little
le e2ec
e2ectt on an ororga
gani
nism
sm?s
?s indi
indivi
vidu
dual
al
characteristics #eyond $o+ering their cells.

ene
ene ther
thera$
a$yy is a +ay
+ay to 4 a gene
geneti
tic
c $ro#
$ro#le
lemm at its
its sour
source
ce.. The
The
$olymers are either e$ressed as
e$ressed as $roteins-
$roteins- inter,ere +ith $rotein
e$ression-
e$ression- or $ossi#ly correct genetic mutations.
mutations .

 The most common ,orm uses GA that that encode

odes a ,un ,unctio
tional
nal-
thera$eutic gene to
gene to re$lace a mutated 
mutated  gene. The $olymer molecule is
$ac*aged +ithin a <<vector
vector<-
<- +hich carries the molecule inside cells.

 The 4rst commercial

commercial gene thera$y- endicine-
endicine - +as a$$roved in China in
566L ,or the treatment o, certain cancers. In 5677 Geovasculgen +as
registered in @ussia as the 4rst9in9class gene9thera$y drug ,or treatment
o, $eri
$eri$h
$her
eral
al ar arte
tery
ry dise
diseas
ase
e - incl
includ
udin
ing
g critic
tical lim
lim# isch
schemia
mia . In
5675 ly#era-
ly#era- a treatment ,or a rare inherited disorder-
disorder- #ecame the 4rst
treatment to #e a$$roved ,or clinical use in either Euro$e or the United
States a,ter its endorsement #y the Euro$ean Commission.
Commission .

A!A de2c
A!A de2cie
ienc
nc-- is one ,orm o, SCI 'severe com#ined
immunod
immunode4ce4cienc
iency)-
y)- a disord
disorder
er that a2ects
a2ects the immune
immune system.
system. AA
de4ciency is very rare- #ut very dangerous- #ecause a mal,unctioning
immune system leaves the #ody o$en to in,ection ,rom #acteria and
viruses.
 The disease is caused #y a
mutation in a gene on
chromosome 56. A!A
de2c
de2cie ienc
nc- - is inhe
inheririte
ted
d in
an aut,aut,s,s,0a
0all recerecessssi1
i1e
e
0anner.
0anner. The gene codes ,or
the enyme adenosine
deam
deamin inas
asee 'A'AA).
A). =itho
ithout
ut
this enyme- the #ody is
una#le to #rea* do+n a toic
su#stance called
deo
deoyad
yadenenos
osin
ine.
e. The
The toitoin
n
#uilds u$ and destroys
in,e
in,ect
ctio
ion9
n94g
4ght
htin
ing
g immu
immune ne
cells called T and B
lym$hoc
lym$hocytesytes.. Because
Because AA
de4ciency a2ects the
immune system- $eo$le +ho have the disorder are more susce$ti#le to
all *inds o, in,ections- $articularly those o, the s*in- res$iratory system-
and gastrointestinal
gastrointestinal tract. They may also #e shorter than normal.
normal. Sadly-
most #a#ies +ho are #orn +ith the disorder die +ithin a ,e+ months.

$reat0ents ,/ A!A !e2cienc- includes"

!e2cienc- includes"

• #one marro+ trans$lant

gene therap-

• AA enyme in PE vehicle

PE vehicle

'n Septe0ber 8<4 899=4 the 2rst gene therap-  therap-   to com#at this
disease +as $er,ormed
$er,ormed #y r.
r. =illiam rench Anderson on
Anderson  on a /,ur>-ear>
,ld
,ld girl
girl44 Ashan
Ashantiti !eSil1
!eSil1a
a- at the Gati
Gation
onal
al Inst
Instit
itut
utes
es o, (eal
(ealth
th--
Bethesda- Maryland- U.S.A.

Conclusion
Biotechnology is the ne+ +onder o, science. It is truly multidisci$linary
in nature and it encom$asses several disci$lines o, #asic sciences and
engineer
engineering.
ing. The Science
Science disci$li
disci$lines
nes ,rom
,rom +hich
+hich #iotechn
#iotechnolo
ology
gy dra+s
dra+s
heavily are micro#iology- chemistry- #iochemistry- genetics- molecular
#iology-
#iology- immunol
immunology-
ogy- cell
cell and tissue
tissue cultur
culture
e and $hysiol
$hysiology
ogy.. On the
engineering side it leans heavily on $rocess chemical and #iochemical
engineering since large scale cultivation o, microorganisms and cells-
their do+nstream $rocessing are #ased on them. It c,0es t, us as a
great blessing...
blessing...
Biotec
Biotechn
hnolo
ology
gy utili
utilies
es the
the techni
techni3ue
3ue calle
calledd genetic
genetic engin
engineer
eering
ing or
recom#
recom#inan
inantt GA technol
technology
ogy +here
+here a micrmicroor
oorgan
ganism
ism is isola
isolated
ted its
its
gene
geneti
tic
c mate
materirial
al is cut-
cut- mani
mani$u
$ula
late
ted-
d- seal
sealed
ed-- agai
again n inse
insert
rted
ed in an
orga
organi
nism
sm andand allo
allo+e
+edd to gro+
gro+ in a suit suita#
a#lele envi
envirronme
onment nt unde
underr
controlled conditions to get the desired $roduct. It loo*s easy #ut is a
very tedious jo# and it ta*es years ,or a research to achieve its goal.
i*e every other thing- bi,te bi,tech
chn,
n,l,
l,g-
g- t,,t,, hashas s,0e
s,0e har0 har0/u /ull
i0pacts"
i0pacts"
7. enetic engineering is a very vital $art o, #iotechnology and the
cost o, trans,erring genes ,rom one s$ecies to another is very
e$ensive- +hich re3uires a huge amount o, ca$ital investment.
$he
$he c,stc,st ,/ pr,dpr,ducucin
ing
g gene
genetitica
callll->
-> 0,di
0,di2e 2ed d plan
plants ts and
and
ani0als are s7-> r,c7eting and
r,c7eting  and the duration o, return are also
not $redicta#le.
5. ene
eneti tic
c engi
engine
neer
erin
ingg cros
crosse
ses s #oun
#ounda dari
ries
es o, re$r e$roduc
oductition
on #y
crossing genes o, s$ecies that are com$letely unrelated hence
giving rise to haardous results as +ell as also increasing the ris*
o, harming multi$le s$ecies.
L. =hen
=hen geneti neticc materterial ,ro
,rom cer erta
tain
in vir
viruses
ses is used in the the
$roduction o, transgenic cro$s- there are chances that these virus
genes +ill com#ine +ith cro$ genes to $roduce more destructive
viruses. The consum$tion o, such cro$s is haardous to human
health and can cause several li,e9 threatening ailments. ailments. It can also
result in cancer- o,ten malignant as +ell.
H. Biotec
Biotechno
hnolog
logy
y also
also $oses
$oses a num#e
num#err o, envirenvirononmen
mentaltal threat
threats.
s.
eneti
enetica cally
lly modi
modi4es
4es cro$s
cro$s o,ten
o,ten in,ec
in,ectt mona
monarc rch
h #utter
#utteries
ies and
and
other insect s$ecies.

 The a$$lications
a$$lications o, #iotechnology
#iotechnology are so #road- and the advantages so
com$
com$elelli
ling
ng-- that
that virt
virtua
uall
lly
y ever
every y indu
indust
stry
ry is usin
using
g this
this tech
techno
nolo
logy
gy..
evelo$ments are under+ay in areas as diverse as $harmaceuticals-
diag
diagno
nost
sticics-
s- tet
tetil
iles
es-- a3ua
a3uacu
cult
ltur
ure-
e- ,or
,orestr
estry-
y- chem
chemicical
als-
s- hous
househ
ehol
old
d
$roducts- environmental cleanu$- ,ood $rocessing and ,orensics to name
a ,e+. Biotechnology is ena#ling these industries to ma*e ne+ or #etter
$rod
$roduc
ucts
ts-- o,te
o,tenn +ith ith greaeate
terr s$ee
$eed- e>cie
>cien
ncy and
and Nei#il
#ility
ity.
Bi,techn,l,g- 0ust c,ntinue t, be care/ull- regulated s, that
the 0a3i0u0 bene2ts are recei1ed 5ith the least ris7 .

Bi#liogra$hy
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@bi,techn,l,g-
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@bi,techn,l,g-
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@insulin
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@insulin
http?@@555.gene5atch.,rg@sub>:;:
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@hu0ulin
http?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@hu0ulin
http?@@555.bi,techarticles.c,0@'thers>Article@Hu0an>

Insulin>and>#ec,0binant>!NA>$echn,l,g->D=.ht0l
https?@@isaaa.,rg@res,urces@p
https?@@isaaa.,rg@res,urces@publicati,ns@p,c7
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et7@<@de/ault.

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http?@@555.sciencedirect.c,0@
https?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@5i7
https?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@5i7i@GeneEtherap
i@GeneEtherap-
-
https?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@5i7
https?@@en.5i7ipedia.,rg@5i7i@Aden,sineEd
i@Aden,sineEdea0inaseE
ea0inaseEde2cie
de2cie

nc-
http?@@555.diabetes.c,.u7@insulin@ani0al>insulin.ht0l
Bi,l,g- te3tb,,7 )N.C.".#.$* Class 8;th

Contents

• Introduction
• (istory
• Biotechnology in Agriculture
• enetically Modi4ed Cro$s
• @GA Inter,erence '@GAi)
 • Bt toin
• Bt cotton
• Biotechnology in Medicine
• enetically engineered insulin
'(umulin)
• ene thera$y
• Conclusion
• Bi#liogra$hy