Spring’15

Dev 101 RS #38

A Gandhoraj Production

This note does not contain each

and every piece of the perusing
material; it is simply a rule to
make the course easier. To get
deeper idea you have to read the
reading materials.
 PRE MUSLIM Phase
01. What is „janapadas’? Write the names of the janapadas and their present
areas.

Answer: According to the later Vedic literature the ancient janapadas

(400BC-600AD) were named after the non–Aryan ethnic groups who
inhabitated the areas.

Janapadas Areas

Pundra Dinajpur, Bogra

Varendra Rajshahi

Vanga Dhaka, Tangail

Vangal Barisal, Coastal Areas

Samatata Comilla, Noakhali

Harikela Chittagong, Sylhet

Gauda Chapainawabganj

02. What does „Pandu Rajar Dhibi‟ represent?

Answer:
 Ruin of trading township.

03. What is „Muslin‟?

Answer: The Arthasastra of Kautiliya refers to fine cotton fabric of Vanga

which was mentioned by Greek and Latin writers also. In 16 th and 17th century it
earned worldwide fame as the „Muslin‟ of Bengal.
04. Describe Gupta’s achievement.

Answer:

 Discovery of terracotta figurines at Mahasthana, Tamaralipti and

Chandraketugarh.
 Economic prosperity (Gupta coins).
 Efficient administration and Political stability.
 Noteworthy trade and commerce.
 Religious toleration (Brahmanism, Buddhism and Jainism).

05. Who was Sasanka? Describe his dynasty.

Answer: Sasanka was a strong anti-Buddhist Hindu emperor who is known as

the first independent king of Bengal. He came to power in the first half of 6 th
century and spreaded his kingdom to Gauda and Magadha. His capital was
Karnasuvarna (present Rangamati) which was six miles away from
Murshidabad. He introduced two coins which proved that Bengal was
economically developed under him.

06. What is Matsyanyayam?

Answer: Due to lawlessness for 100 years (650AD-750AD) and absence of

powerful ruling emperors, law punishment was kept under abeyance. The period
is known as Matsyanyayam which in Sanskrit means the larger fish swallows
the smaller one for absence of law enforcing authority. Matsyanyayam was
started after the reign of Sasanka and ended by Gopala.

07. Describe Pala Dynasty. Why Palas ruled for 400 years? State their
achievements.

Answer:

Pala Dynasty: The rule of the Palas formed a glorious chapter in the history of
ancient Bengal.

 Founded by Gopala.
 Ruled by 18 generation kings for 400 years.
 Palas were Buddhist.
Reasons behind ruling for 400 years:

 Powerful administration.
 Included general people in administrative work.
 Religious tolerance.
 No caste system.

Achievements:

 Developed architectural art (e.g. Somapura Mahavihara)

 Terracotta art of Bengal.
 Practiced Sculptural art.
 Terracotta plaque of Paharpur.
 Maintaining a stable administration.

08. Describe the successful emperors of Pala Dynasty.

Answer:

1. Gopala:
 Ended Matsyanyayam
 Founded Pala Dynasty.

2. Dharmapala (781-821):
 Established Somapra Mahavihara
 Founded Vikramasila monastery at Patharghata
 Conquered Kanauj and Bihar.

3. Devapala (821-861) :
 Successor of Dharmapala
 Failed to maintain power over Kanauj
 Extended his kingdom towards Orissa.

4. Mahipala I (995-1043) :
 Gave the second life to Pala Dynasty
 Brought back the lost territories.
 5. Mahipala II (1075-1080) :
 Lost against Samantas
 Weakness in central authority.

6. Ramapala (1082-1124) :
 Last known Pala ruler
 Successfully regained Pala authority in northern part.

09. Write a short note on Chandra Dynasty.

Answer:

 Srichandra was the greatest ruler.

 5 generation rulers.
 Ruled for 150 years (900-1050).
 Vanga, Samatata, Assam were under them.
 Capital was Vikramapur (present Munshiganj).
 Sea trade through Chittagong.
 Boat Building Industry.

10. Who founded Sena Dynasty? What do you know about Sena Dynasty?
Answer:
Vijayasena (1097-1160AD) was the founder of Sena dynasty. He was a Hindu
ruler who emerged as a feudatory ruler during the rule of Ramapala.
Features and Achievements of Sena Dynasty:

 Senas were Hindus

 Ruled for more than 100 years
 5 generation of rulers
 Capital Vikramapura
 Brought Bengal under one unified rule
 Introduced Caste system
 Enhanced Sanskrit literature
 Artistic achievement in sculptural art
 Sadukti Karnamrita (anthology) by Sridharadasa - treasure house of
poetical works
11. Who were the notable kings of Sena Dynasty?

Answer:

1) Vijayasena (1097-1160): Ousted the Varmans and the Palas.

2) Vallalasena (1160-1178): Introduced Caste System.
3) Laksmanasena (1178-1206): Failed to protect southeastern
Bengal.

12. What is Pancha ratna? What were their contributions?

Answer: Five ornamental poets of the court of Laksmanasena were known as

Pancha Ratnas.

Poets Contribution
Jayadeva Gitagovinda
Dhoyi Pabanaduta
Umapatidhara -
Govardhana Arya-Sapta-Sati
Sarana -

13. Differentiate between the Pala and Sena Dynasty.

Answer:

Pala Dynasty Sena Dynasty

18 generation kings
Palas were Buddhists
No caste system
Ruled 400 years
Developed architectural art and
practiced sculptural art
5 generation kings
Senas were Hindus
Introduced caste system
Ruled more than 100 years
Sanskrit literature and sculptural art
reached water mark
 MUSLIM Phase
01.Who was Ikhtiyar-Ud-din Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Kalji? How did he
establish Muslim Rule in Bengal?

Answer:
Ikhtiyar-Ud-din Muhammad was a Turkish general who invaded Bengal
with only 17 cavalry. Hearing the news, Lakshmansena fled to his capital
Vikramapura. Without any resistance he conquered Bengal and later on
spreaded his kingdom to Nadia.

02. Describe the Firuz Shah Dynasty.

Answer:
 He conquered Sonargaon and Mymensingh with the help of Ghazis
(Volunteer for Jihad).
 He founded the city of Firuzabad-Padua, the later capital of Bengal.
 He helped Hazrat Shah Jalal to conquer Sylhet with moral and
material accompanied by 313 disciples.
 Ibn Batuta made his visit in Bengal at the time of his reign.

03. Describe the achievements of Ilyas Shah.

Answer: Ilyas Shah was also known as “Sultan Shams ud-Din Ilyas Shah”

 Captured Satgaon and declared himself as master of Gaur.

 Issued a coin with “The just Sultan” on one side and “The second
Alexander, the right hand of the caliphate, the defender of the
Commander of the faithful” on the other side.
 Annexed Sonargaon to bring whole Bengal under his control.
 Shifted capital from Lakhnawati to Pandua in Malda district (now
in west Bengal).
 Showed military skill both to repel and defeat.
 Patron of Bengali Language and Literature.
 Constructed the famous Adina Mosque at Pandua, the largest mosque
of Indian Subcontinent.
 During his dynasty Muslim arts, science flourished and commerce in
Bengal‟s textiles and foodstuffs was encouraged.
04. Describe the achievements of Ghiyas Ud-din Azam Shah.

Answer:
 Ruled from 1389-1420
 Successor of Sikandar Shah.
 Sent large amount of money to holy places in Hijaz.
 Exchanged envoys with the Chinese emperor.
 Invited Hafiz (famous Persian poet) to his coat at Pandua.

05. Describe the contribution of Jalal ud-Din Muhammad Shah.

Answer: He was the son of powerful Hindu chief Ganesh who had been
converted to Islam and won the throne of Bengal.

 Contributed in constructing a religious institution in Mecca.

 Established relation with Egyptian ruler.
 Issued coins from Pandua, Chittagong, Sonargaon, Satgaon and
Faridpur.
 Constructed The Eklakhi mausoleum in Pandua.

06. Describe the period of Husain Shahi dynasty.

Answer: The Husain Shahi dynasty is known as the Golden age of Bengal,
founded by Ala Ud-Din Husain Shah. He built many mosques and
magnificent buildings at Gaur and Pandua. Hindus were employed in higher
posts during his time. He also constructed Chhota Sona Masjid at Gaur.
Ala Ud-Din Husain Shah and his son and successor Nasir ud-Din Nusrat
Shah were the patron of Bengali language and literature. A mosque at Bagha
in Rajshahi as well as Qadam Rasul Mosque was built. He had a stable of
914 war elephants. Later on the Afghan adventurer Sher Shah Suri ended
the dynasty by defeating Mahmud Shah.
07.Who was Sher Shah? Why is he famous for?

Answer: Sher Shah Suri was an Afghan adventurer who defeated the
troops of Humayun. He constructed the Grand Trunk Road from Bengal to
Peshawar and introduced administrative reforms and modernized tax
collection. He also introduced a postal system by using horses in Bengal for
the first time which was known as Ghorar Daak.

08. Who was the Bara Bhuyyan? Why they fought against Mogul?

Answer: Bara Bhuyyan were the former governors, zaminders, landlords of

the Bengal Sultanate. They were led by Isa Khan.

Isa Khan (Sonargaon)

Musa Khan (Son of Isa Khan)
Masum Khan (…..)
Kedar Rai (Vikramapur)
Raja Pratapadityya (Jessore)
Kandarpanarayan (Chandadvipa)

Reasons: Bara Bhuyyan fought against the Mogul because they denied
paying taxes to Mogul and the Mogul tried to capture Bengal.
 BRITISH PERIOD

01. State the reasons behind the war of Palassy and result.

Answer:

Reasons:

 Due to greed of power

 High ambition of British East India Company
 Breaking laws by British East India Company.
 British didn‟t send any gift to Nowab when he succeeded Alivardi
Khan.

Result:

 Nowab Shirajuddowla lost the battle which ended the independent

ruling power of Nowab.
 East India Company established a strong position over Bengal and
ruled for next 190 years.

02. State the reasons of losing the battle of Palassy.

Answer:

 Conspiracy of Chief Generals

 Lacking of organization as well as proper planning.
 Heavy rainfall damaged the arms.
 Lacking of proper decision taking ability at time of Nowab.
 Believing blindly those who already cheated him several times.

03. Mention some of the traitors.

Answer:

Mir Jafar
Rai Durlabh
Raj Ballabh
Manikchand
Yar Latif
 Khadim Hossain
Nabakrishna
Jagat Sheth
Omichand

04. Write about The Battle of Boxar.

Answer: The Battle of Boxar was fought on 23 October 1764 between

the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by
Hector Munro and the combined army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of
Bengal: the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam II. The
battle fought at Boxar, then within the territory of Bengal, a town located
on the bank of the Ganga river about 130 km west of Patna, was a
decisive victory for the British East Indian Company.

05. What is dual system? State the reasons behind introducing Dual System.

Answer:

Dual System: The Dual system in Bengal was introduced by Robert

Clive. Dual System is such a tax collection system which was classified
into two Part. This system introduced Dewan, who was selected from
local people to collect revenue and Subedar, who were selected by
company. They were designated for controlling administration, judiciary,
rules, laws and regulation.

Reasons:

 For easier collection of revenue.

 Insufficient Man Power to collect tax
 Language Barrier

06. Note down the effects of Dual System.

Answer:
 Zamindars collected more taxes than estimated
 Farmers started suffering
 Famine occurred and one-third people died.
07. Reasons behind Famine in 1769?

Answer:

 Back to back flood and other natural calamities.

 Excessive amount of tax collection.
 Restoring foods and goods by British employers.
 Bankrupt

08. Impacts of Famine

Answer:

 One-Third of people died

 Withdraw of Dual System.
 Introducing “Regulating Act of 1773” for India.
 Introducing “Permanent Settlement Act”

09. What is permanent settlement act? State the reasons behind the permanent
settlement act and discuss about the result.

Answer:

Permanent Settlement Act: This law was introduced by Lord Cornwalli‟s.

According to the permanent settlement act the land become the personal
property of the Zaminders. They will hold their land as long as they can by
paying taxes to the British. The Zaminders were allowed to sell, donate and
whatever they want.

Reason: Before this law the lands of Zaminders were changed after a short
period. So they did not focus on development rather than only taking the benefit
from the land as much as they can. This law was introduced to focus the
Zaminders in development works as well as thinking for the welfare of the
farmers.

Results:
 Many Zaminder‟s lost their land
 An elite class people came out who were known as “Bania class people”
 A loyal class of Zaminder came out.
  Frequent peasant movements taken place
 Farmers were deprived from their land rights

10. What is Sun Set Law?

Answer:
Sunset Law: According to Sun set law the Zaminders were bound to pay taxes
to the British before the sunset on the last day of Bengali year. Otherwise they
had to lose their lands.

11. Mention some of the movements in Nineteenth century.

Answer:
 Fakir –Sannyasi movement (1760-1800)
 Titu Mir‟s Movement (1831)
 Faraizi Movement (1837)
 Santal Movement (1855-1856)
 Sepoy Movement (1857)
 Indigo Revolt (1858-1862)

12. What is 1st partition of Bengal? What were the reasons behind the 1st
partition of Bengal? What were the Reaction among Hindu and Muslims?
Why the partition was cancelled? Show results.

Answer:

1st Partition: In 1905 Lord Curzon divided Bengal into two province which
were almost equal sized. One was West Bengal and Bihar and other of Eastern
Bengal and Assam.

Reasons:

 Administrative convenience
 Political benefit through divide-and-rule policy
 Socio and economic development for Muslims.
Reaction of HINDU: Hindus did not support the partition because they believe
that Calcutta had been the capital of the countries, if they divide the Bengal
there will be another capital for Muslins. If that happened then the Muslims will
be equal to them and they will no longer be the superior race. Moreover some of
the Hindu Landlord‟s lands were in Eastern Bengal but they were in Calcutta.
So Zaminders like Rabindranath Tagore were strongly opposed the partition.

Reaction of MUSLIMS: Muslims temporary opposed because the Hindu

dominated areas had the developed parts and structures. Later they accepted the
partition Nawab Sir Salimullah guided them properly and the new provincial
government appointed a large number of Muslims in new post in the provincial
and subordinate services.

Results:

 Muslim League was formed.

 Protest of Hindus and other royal classes lead the British to annul the
partition.

13. When Muslim league did was formed?

Ans: After the 1st partition Muslims left Congress and they formed Muslim
League with their elites.

14. Describe Swadeshi Movement.

Answer:

Reasons:
 1st partition of Bengal
 Calcutta centered administration and economic structured
 Influence of some aristocratic personnel (Rabindranath Tagore)
 Having more opportunity of Job and Education for Muslims made the
Hindus jealous.
 Hindu thought that they were behind in culture, education, Job sectors
and so on.

Impacts:

 Annulment of 1911
 Emergence of Samitis
  Muslims were separated from national politics
 Indian Nationalism created among people.
 Brought out a significant revival of in handloom silk weaving and some
other traditional crafts

15. Sates the reasons of 1911 Annulment.

Ans:
Reasons:
 Hindus opposed it as Dhaka was the new capital and Chittagong port
was opened.
 British found it‟s better to listen to the Hindus as they were the
majority
 Zaminders, landlords were also opposed it.

16. Describe the formation of KPP and The Election of 1937

Ans:

KPP: AK Fazlul Haque found that Congress and Muslim League are dominated
by elite Hindus and Muslims. Common people were depriving of their
opportunity of politics. So, he formed Krishok – Proja Party for the common
lower class people which quickly became popular. His tagline was „Daal-Bhat
for all‟ which was very catchy.

Election of 1937:

 Congress: 52
 Muslim League: 39
 KPP: 36(33 from Bengal)

AK Fazlul Haque was proposed to be the governor of Calcutta but he refused

the proposal.

17. What is Lahore resolution? Describe it.

Ans:

Lahore resolution: Lahore resolution was a formal political statement adopted

by the All-India Muslim League on the occasion of its three-day general session
in Lahore on March 22–24, 1940. It called for the creation of „independent
states' for Muslims in north-western and eastern of British India. The resolution
was presented by A K Fazlul Haque, the Prime Minister of Bengal.

18. What is „Two Nation Theory‟?

Ans: Two Nation Theory (দ্বিজাদ্বি িত্ত্ব) was introduced by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah which states that British India will be divided according to the majority
of Hindu and Muslims. He proposed „Independent States‟ for Muslim in north-
western and eastern of British India. Later on, based on this theory India
Pakistan and India got independence in 14th and 15th August 1947.

19. Describe the reasons behind the 1943 Famine and the effects.
Ans:

Reasons:
 Beginning of Second World War in 1939
 Destroying 60,000 boats by British Army
 Miscommunication and uneven distribution of food supply.
 Selling foods in a high rate by British

Effects:
 2nd greatest famine in Bengal
 Around 150,000 people died
 Congress and Muslim League leaders raised their voice against the
British.

20. Who was the last Govt. General? State the dates of submission power.

Ans: Lord Mountbatten was the last governor general of British India. He
submitted the power 14th August 1947 to Pakistan and 15th August 1947 to
India. That‟s how two independent countries Pakistan and India were born.
 Pakistan Period
Pakistan was conceived on 14 August. A separation of 1500 miles of adversary
soil made land boundaries in the middle of East and West Pakistan.

1. What were the Difference between East and West?

Ans:

 Ethnic build up
 Language
 Tradition
 Culture
 Social behavior pattern
 Economic activity
2. What were steps which lead us to Independence?

Ans: Seven steps lead us to gain our independence. Which are:

1. Language movement (1952)

2. Jukto Front elections (1954)
3. Anti-Ayub Movement (1958-1968)
4. 6 points movement (1966)
5. Mass upsurge movement (1969)
6. General Election (1970)
7. Liberation war (1971)

3. Describe the Language movement in 1952.

Ans:

On November 1947, The Pakistan educational conference proposed Urdu as a

national language but it was opposed by representative from East Pakistan. The
Prime Minister Liakat Ali khan trickily opposed the amendment to use bangle
alongside Urdu in the assembly. Despite of his refusal still there were majority
people who talked in Bengal in Pakistan and it was about 56 % where as only
3% people in Pakistan were talk in Urdu. In West Pakistan the Bengali Muslim
were considered socially inferior because of not practicing North Indian Islamic
Culture. They were not considered fully fledge Pakistani because of their
Bengalines. When students in East Pakistan came to know about the plan to
make Urdu as a National language they held meetings and demonstration and
then formed first language action committee in 1947. In 1948, Mohammad Ali
Jinnah visited Dhaka and addressed to a large audience that Bengali Language
could be used in the Pakistan but he clearly stated that there will be only one
National Language in Pakistan and it was to be Urdu. Because without having
one state language no nation can remain tied up together solidly. The language
movement which had declined after 1948 reignited when the new prime
minister of Pakistan Khwaja NazimUddin came into Dhaka and addressed a
large crowd at the central green stating that East Pakistan could decide what
would be their provincial language but Urdu would be Pakistan State language.
Student responded it with very angry reaction and the students of Dhaka
University and the number of organization called a Protest meeting. The
meeting sharply rejected the decision and called a general strike on 21 st
February 1952. The government imposed a ban on this strike and imposed
curfew. But that couldn‟t be able to stop the students. Students from all
institution gather together in the premise of Dhaka University and then started
marching and shouting slogans. The campus gates were armed with policeman
and when they passed the campus gate police used tear gases and fired into the
crowd. For that many were injured and 5 peoples including 9 years old boy
were killed. Over the next few days more killing and arrest occurred. That was
how the students, general people sacrificed their life for the sake of establishing
bangle as the National language of Pakistan. This was actually the movement of
1952 movement.

4. How Jukto front/United Front was formed? What was the propose of
Jukto front?

Ans:

Jukto Front: United Front was formed by Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Vasani.
Jukto front which consisted of 4 parties from the East Pakistan are:

1. Krishak Sramik Party

2. Awami Muslim League
3. Nizam-e-Islami
4. Gonotontri Dol
Purpose:

The main purposes of United Fronts were that there were no political strong
political party and that‟s why they formed this United Front to fight against the
Muslim League. In 1954 the Pakistani govt. called for an election and at that
election Awami Muslim league got maximum vote rather than Muslim league.
United front introduced 21 point included Bangla as state language, rights of the
peasant and workers and Nationalize Jute sector.

5. Discuss about the impacts of 1952 movement on the War of

Liberation in Bengal in 1971.

Answer:

After the declaration by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in 1948 that Urdu would be the
only state language of Pakistan and again reigniting the situation by Khawja
Nazimuddin had a very negative impact among not only the students but also
the general people. This led students to go on a strike and violated the curfew
that was imposed by the government. There was an open fire by the policeman
which killed five people and injured many. Over the past few days many more
killings were done. Despite of these over killing mass people still had the sprit
to fight against the government.

In 1954 the Pakistan Government called an election and the main purpose of the
election was to elect a new president. At that time Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan
Vashani formed Jukto Front along with 3 political parties and the parties were

 Krishok Shromik Party ( K.S.P )

 Nezam - E - Islam
 Gonotontri Dol

In this election Awami Muslim League got majority seats in the parliament.
Reason behind the win Jukto front was because the total individual parties
supporter came together to support one party which made them to get the
majority vote.

Then in 1956 Pakistan became an independent republic and there was a half
hearted compromise between two divergent forces. Another outcome was the
quick erosion of support for and collapse of the Proja coalition ministry.
Although a group of radical Awami leaguers had opposed the constitution, it
was under the new constitution that the Awami League will have both the
power of east Bengal and the centre. After that Suhrawardy became the prime
minister. So it was the first time when East Bengal gains some access to
Pakistan‟s Power structure.

In 1958 AYUB khan established the concept of Basic Democracies Order

(BDO) in the constitution. According to this theory there will be 40000 people
from the East Pakistan and 40000 people from West Pakistan will be elected by
the local people and this 80000 people will elect the president of Pakistan.
Based on this BDO in 1962 AIUB Khan formed another constitution.

In 1966 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman for the first time introduced the historical six
points.

 Point 1:- Federation as per Lahore resolution

 Point 2:- All power except defense and foreign policy to the
federation unit
 Point 3:- Separate but easily exchangeable currency for each unit
 Point 4:- Federated Unit to have the power of taxation
 Point 5:- Separate accounts on foreign exchange earnings
 Point 6:- Separate parliamentary force for each unit

After that Sheikh Mujibur was arrested and he was sent to the jail.

In 1968 the Pakistan government give a case against Sheikh Mujib along with
28 persons were arrested in this conspiracy case. Sheikh Mujib was already in
prison and he was charged with master minding conspiracy with India but at the
end the tribunal couldn‟t establish their claim. Then in 1969, 22 January Sheikh
Mujib and other opposition leaders got released from the case due to the mass
upsurge.

In 1969 Mass upsurge movement was also known as Anti- Ayub movement.

When the most populist politicians still in the jail the anti regime movement
began to show signs of indolence. In 1969 student action committee came out
with eleven points which was incorporated with the six point program. Those
eleven points mainly included demand for reformation of educational system,
adequate wages for working class, reduction of land taxes for the peasantry and
withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy case and release of Sheikh Mujib and other
political prisoners.
In 1970 Yahya held the first general election in Pakistan on the basis of adult
franchise. In an expression of solidarity Awami League won all but two of the
162 seats allocated to the province in the national Assembly. They also
vanquished all opposition in the provincial legislature capturing 288 seats out of
total 300 declared seats. The Peoples Party of Pakistan came out with 81 seats
out of 138 seats in West Pakistan. But the Pakistan was still not in favor of
giving the power to Awami League.

6. What was Basic Democracies Order (BDO):

BDO: The basic definition of BDO is to elect president and there will be 40000
people from the East Pakistan and 40000 people from West Pakistan will be
elected by the local people and this 80000 people will elect the president of
Pakistan. Based on this BDO in 1962 AIUB Khan formed another constitution.
1962- Ayub Khan formed the 2nd constitution. By this time he legalized BDO.

7. Describe the 6 points given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Ans:

1. Federation as per Lahore Resolution

2. All powers except defense and foreign policy to the federated units.
3. Separate but easily exchangeable currency for each unit.
4. Federated unit to have the power of taxation.
5. Separate accounts on foreign exchange and earnings
6. Separate paramilitary for each unit.

8. Describe the Agartala Conspiracy Case.

Ans:

The Agartala conspiracy case was instituted in January 1968 and total 28
persons were arrested in this conspiracy case which included 6 Bengali civil
servants and military personnel. Sheikh Mujib was already in prison and he was
charged with master minding conspiracy. In the trail of the case government
side they brought the charge of high treason for involvement in secessionist
conspiracy with India but at the end the tribunal couldn‟t establish their claim.
Then in 1969, 22 January Sheikh Mujib and other opposition leaders got
released from the case due to the mass upsurge.

9. How Mass upsurge Movement happened? Describe the process.

Ans:

 1969 Mass upsurge, fall of AYUB khan and YAHIA came to the power.
This movement was also known as Anti- Ayub movement.
 When the most populist politicians still in the jail the anti regime
movement began to show signs of indolence. In 1969 student action
committee came out with eleven points that contained all shades of
opinion and ideology which was incorporated with the six point program.
Those eleven points mainly included demand for reformation of
educational system, adequate wages for working class, reduction of land
taxes for the peasantry and withdrawal of Agartala Conspiracy case and
release of sheikh Mujib and other political prisoners. This student led
movement which received only peripheral support from the political
parties and also got support from all normal classes of people. Under
these student pressure most of the basic Democrats resigned and at the
end AYUB khan resigned from the President post.
 Student leader Asad was killed on 20 January, 1969.
 An all out student movement quickly turned into violent Anti-Ayub
movement.
 Slogan like Jay Bangla, Bir Bangali Astra Dharo, Bangladesh shadhin
karo became popular.
 Ayub Khan resigned and Yahya Khan became Chief.

10. What was Operation Searchlight? Which places where get attacked?

Ans:

The Pakistan army was ordered to launch an operation on Bengali people at

midnight of 25th March. This was termed as Operation Searchlight. Two
headquarters were established for the operation. Major General Rao Farman Ali
was responsible for operation in Dhaka and its suburbs while Major General
Khadim Raja was responsible for the operation of the rest of the province.
Lieutenant General Tikka Khan was the overall in charge of the operation.
Places that were attacked:

 Jagannath Hall (DU)

 Jahrul Hall (DU)
 Temple at Ramna Park
 EPR at Pilkhana
 Police Headquarters at Rajarbag
 Ansar Headquarters at Khilgaon
 Shankhari Bazar
 Tanti Bazar
 Liberation war 1971

 General election (1970) - Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Leader of Al), won

167 seats of 169 allotted for East Pakistan.
 Midnight of 25th March- Operation searchlight Started.
 Operation Searchlight organized by 2 headquarters.
 Major General Rao Farman Ali: 57 brigade under Brigadier Arbab
(Dhaka City)
 Major General Khadim Raja: Rest of the province.
 Lieutenant General Tikka Khan was the in charge of whole operation.
 800 EPR were arrested after disarming and then brutally killed.
 Block at Farmgate, one km from cant.- first column of Pakistan army- by
big three trunks & old cars hulks and unserviceable steam roller
 Many hundreds of people- Joy Bangla Slogan: lasted 15 minutes.
 Mortar shell targeted to Shankhari Patti, Tantibazar and other Hindu
areas.
 About 50,000 people were killed within first three days from 25th
March.
 Razakar, Al-Badr, Al-shams were the Pakistan Paramilitary force.
 Genocide continued till 16 December, 1971
 Sheikh Mujib was prisoned on 26th march by Pakistan Army
 27th March, 1971- Major Ziaur Rahman announced the Independent of
Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman through Kalurghat
Radio station, Chittagong.
 Zia declared himself as the Provincial chief commander of Bangladesh
Liberation Army.
 Zia's area of operation was Chittagong and Noakhali area.
 Government officials, political activists, students, workers, professionals
and member of the public took part in uprising
 Mukti Bahini was known as Mukti Fauj before and preceded by Sangram
Parishads formed by students and youth leasers.
 Mukti Bahini got strength from two main streams of fighting elements:
 Member of armed force of East Pakistan
  Member of urban and rural Sangram Parishad
 At Teliapara of Headquarter of 2nd East Bengal semihilly area covered by
tea garden- senior offices of liberation army assembled there
 4 senior commanders were given the operational responsibility

Sylhet - Brahmanbaria Major KM Shafiullah

Comilla-Noakhali Major Khaled Mosharraf

Ctg-Ctg hill tracks Major Ziaur Rahman

Kushtia - Jessore Major Abu Osman Chowdhury

 Organisational concept of freedom fighter forces and command

structures were discussed in the Teliapara conference
 Colonel MAG Osmany : commander of liberation war (Mukti Bahini)
 10th April, 1971 : Al leaders formed government in exile
 Tajuddin Ahmed announced 3 more regional commanders:

Rangpur Captain Newazish

Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Pabna Major Najmul Haque

Barisal, Patuakhali Major Jalil

 12th April,1971 : Colonel MAG Osmany hole=d the command of armed

forces at Teliapara Headquarters
 17th April,1971: Osmany became commander in chief of Bangladesh
armed force
 Lieutenant colonel M A Rab became Chief of staff
 Group captain A K Khandakar became Deputy chief of staff
 10-17 July: Bangladesh was divided into11 sectors during meeting of
sectors commanders.
 4 important resolution were discussed in meeting of sector
commanders
 Regular forces: Niomito Bahini: East Bengal Regiment + EPR troops

Z force 1,3,8 Major Ziaur Rahman

S force 2,11 Major K M Shafiullah
K force 4,9,10 Major Khaled Mosharraf

 Other Bahinis:

Kader Bahini Tangail

Latif Mirza Bahini Sirajganj
Akram Hossain Bahini Jhinaidah
Hemayet Bahini Faridpur
Quddus Molla Bahini Barisal
Afsar Bahini Mymensingh
Aftab Bahini Mymensingh
Sorbohara Bahini Barisal

 Crack Platoon consisting daring youths operated valiantly in Dhaka

 Sorbohara Party: Siraj Sikdar(leader)- Barisal
 Mujib Bahini: Major General Oban: trained at Dehradun in India who
was an expert on guerilla warfare from Indian army
 Student leaders organized Mujib Bahini
 Bangladesh Navy: August 1971, constituted with 2 ships and 45 navy
personnel. Destroyed later mistakenly by Indian fighter planes in 10th
November
 Bangladesh Air Force: September 28, by air commander A K Khandakar
with 17 officials, 50 technicians, 2 planes and 1 helicopters
 Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora, commander of joint force
 He and lieutenant general Niazi signed surrender of Racecourse Ramna
of one minute past 5pm on 16 December,1971
 Sub
Headquarte
Sector Area Sect Commander
r
ors

Chittagong District,
Chittagong Hill Tracts, Major Ziaur Rahman
01 and the entire eastern Harina 5
area of the Noakhali Major Rafiqul Islam
District on the banks of
the river Muhuri.
Districts of Dhaka,
Major Khaled
Comilla, and Faridpur,
02 and part of Noakhali 6 Mosharraf
District.
Major ATM Haider

Churaman Kathi (near

Sreemangal), Major KM Shafiullah
Sylhet(north),
03 10 Major ANM
Singerbil(south
Brahmanbaria) Nuruzzaman

From Habiganj District

on the north to Kanaighat
Police Station on the Karimganj
04 6 Captain A Rab
south along the 100 mile
Masimpur
long border with India.

Durgapur to Dawki
(Tamabil) of Sylhet
District and the entire
area up to the eastern
05 Banshtala 6 Major Mir Shawkat Ali
borders of the district.
The headquarters of the
sector was at Banshtala.
 Rangpur District and part Wing Commander M
06 of Dinajpur District 5
Khademul Bashar

Rajshahi, Pabna, Bogra and part

07 of Dinajpur District.

Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna,

Barisal, Faridpur and
Patuakhali. At the end of
May the sector was
reconstituted and
08 Benapole 7 Major MA Manzur
comprised the districts of
Kuhstia, Jessore, Khulna,
Satkhira and the northern
part of Faridpur district.

Barisal, Patuakhali, and Major MA Jalil

parts of the district of
09 3 Major MA Manzur
Khulna and Faridpur.
Major Joynal Abedin

This sector was Later commanded by

constituted with the naval
10 Indian commander MN
commandos.
Sumanta

Major M Abu Taher

Mymensingh and Tangail
11 8 Squadron leader
Hamidullah

NATIONAL MARTYRS’ MEMORIAL:

 Situated at Savar
 Symbolizes velour and sacrifice of martyrs
 National competition held for the design in Juna,1978
 Architect Syed Moinul Hossain was accepted from 57 competitors
  Main monument composes 7 isosceles triangular planes
 Height of highest point is 150 feet
 Whole area 34hectares (84 acres)
 3 phases of construction:
 1972
 1974-1982
 August, 1982

BADHAY BHUMI SMRITI SOUDHA:

 Commemorate the death of some of the nation’s finest intellectuals and

others
 Architectural competition was organized by the Ministry of Housing and
workers development and the institute of Architects Bangladesh
 Architect Farid Uddin Ahmed and Md Jami-Al-Shafi is the designer.
 Completed in 3 years; supersized by public works Development
 Political Development (1971-1990)
1. What were the challenges Sheikh Mujibur Rahman has faced? Describe
his negative and positive actions.

Answer:
Challenges:
 Formation of government.
 Construction of a Constitution.
 Disarming civilian freedom fighter.
 Rehabilitation of 1 billion refuges.
 Reconstruction of infrastructure.
 Managing private industries.
 Achieving recognition from international communities.
 Reducing economic crisis.
 Sending back of Indian troops.

Positive:

 Getting International recognition

 Sending back of Indian troops within 2 months.
 New constitution within 10 months.
 Arrangement of parliamentary election in 1973
 Reconstruction of administration in a short time.
 Bringing back the Bengalis from Pakistan.
 „Bihari‟ exchange packed.
 Mujib-Indira Treaty.

Negative:

 Forming one party system which is known as BAKSAL by the 4 th

amendment in 1975.
 Formation of „Rakkhi Bahini’
 Releasing all the war criminals/collaborators.
 Presidential form of government
 Failure to face the famine in 1974.
 Failed to overcome corruption.
2. What were the challenges Ziaur Rahman has faced? Describe his negative
and positive actions.

Answer:

Challenges:

 Establishing control over leftist political parties and the Army.

 Avoiding the autocracy policy
 Infrastructural development of the country.
 Maintaining good relation with both Muslim and the capitalist
world
 Reducing corruption

Positive:

 Introducing 19 points demand.

 Establishment of SAARC and maintaining a good relation with all
south Asian countries.
 Canal digging and resolving the irrigation problem of Bangladesh
especially in the north Bengal areas.
 Introducing Local Government (Gram Sarkar)
 Developing relations with Arab Countries
 Bringing back the multiparty democratic system back in the
constitution.
 Including Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim in constitution.
 Creating job opportunity and exporting manpower to Middle East
countries.

Negatives:

 Bringing collaborators in politics.

 Changing the term Bengali to Bangladeshi.
 Abolishing Secularism from the constitution.
 Failed to control corruption.
 Unjust Killing
3. What were the challenges Ershad has faced? Describe his negative and
positive actions.

Answer:

Challenges:

 Living up to the expectations that his predecessor maintained.

 Controlling the mess people after the death of Ziaur Rahman
 Reestablishing the chain of command in Army
 Reducing corruption in administration

Positive:

 Introducing Upazila system.

 Economic development (high GDP)
 Developing relation with the Middle East countries.
 Approved the participation in 1988 of the Bangladesh Army in the
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations for the first time.
 Establishment of the Bangladesh Armed Forces

Negative:

 Declared Martial Law

 Suspended Constitution
 Dismissed Sattar & cabinet and dissolved parliament
 Huge corruption in administration sector.
 Drug drilling
 Banning student politics.
 No freedom of media.
 Political Development 1991-Present

Regime of Khaleda Zia (1991- 1996):

Challenges:

 To help the cyclone effected people

 Making the press free
 Ensuring the freedom of speech
 Bringing economical growth

Successes:

 GDP rose as well as GDP per Capita

 Removing restriction over press
 Improvement in credit balances
 Set upping MDG goals
 Restoring political freedom
 Improvement in education sector
 Successful in helping people affected by cyclone in 1991 through
recovery programs to some extent.

Failure:

 Lack of administrative experiences of the ministers

 Corruption
 Terrorism
 Abolishing Upazila System
 Allegation of vote rigging in Magura by-elections in 1994

Regime of Sheikh Hasina (1996-2001):

Challenges:

 Maintaining the economical growth

 Bring parliamentary democracy
 Improve law and order situation
 Uprooting terrorism
Successes:

 Ganges Water Treaty signed with India in 1996

 Increase foreign investments
 Tried to bring the killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Failure:

 Allure 2 MPs toward their sides knows as tactical moves.

 Created constitutional crisis
 Stock market got bogged down

Regime of Khaleda Zia (2001-2006):

Challenges:

 Reducing corruption
 Enhance development and reduce poverty
 Control terrorism and improve law and order situation
 Bringing a sustainable economical growth

Successes:

 Operation Clean Heart

 Public safety act was note worthy.
 Environmental awareness rose
 Formation of RAB (Rapid Action Battalion )

Failure:

 Corruption
 Extra judiciary killing
 Killing of minorities, RAB members and Judiciaries
 Rise in Fundamentalism and militancy
 Law and order situation deteriorated.
 Violation of Human Rights
 Corruption in public sector as per World Bank and transparency
international Bangladesh.
2nd period of Sheikh Hasina (2008- now):

Challenges:

 MDG goals mainly,

 Corruption
 Infrastructure
 Reestablishing political practice
 Digital Bangladesh

Successes:

 Role model in various sectors

 Won south award in America
 Infrastructure and development projects

Failure:

 Transparency
 BDR Mutiny
 7 Murder
 Fall in Share Market
 Padma Bridge corruption
 Corruption
 Money laundering
 Mass kidnapping
 Various tragedies
 THE CONSTITUTION

Steps of making constitution:

 8th January 1972: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman released from the jail of
Pakistan
 10th January 1972: Mujibur Rahman returns after 10 months. On the same
day, Mujib expressed his intention to be the Prime Minister with a
Westminster type parliamentary system rather than to be act as the
President.
 11th January 1972: He issued the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh
Order.
 12th January 1972: he takes the ought as the Prime minister
 10th April 1972: A committee of 34 members leaded by Dr. Kamal
Hossain was formed as constitution drafting committee. All of them were
from 403 constitutional members. (In 1970‟s election MNA & MPA were
469 where 169 MNAs and 300 MPAs. 12 died, 2 became Pakistani
citizens, 5 were arrested, 46 were suspended, 1 went for foreign services)
 17th April 1972: First meeting of Drafting committee
 10th June 1972: First draft was prepared
 12th October 1972: Draft was presented in the parliament and after a
discussion of 3 weeks only 3 changes were made where 163 amendments
were proposed during the discussion in which 84 amendments were
adopted and 83 of those were moved by Awami League and one was
removed by Suranjit Sen Gupta.
 4th November 1972: The constitution was accepted by the members
 16th December 1972: The constitution was introduced.

Salient features of the constitution of Bangladesh, 1972:

 Written Constitution: A written document which contains 153 articles, 1
preamble and 4 Schedules.
 Rigid Constitution: An amendment can be passed only by votes of not
less than two-thirds of the total number of parliament member.
  Preamble: The constitution starts with a preamble which is considered as
the guiding star of the constitution. Moreover, it identifies the objectives
and aims of the state.
 Supremacy of the Constitution: Constitutional supremacy has been
ensured in article 7(2) in the constitution of our country.
 Fundamental Principles of State Policy: Article 8 of the constitution
provides four major fundamental principles of state policy which are:
 Nationalism
 Democracy
 Socialism
 Secularism
 Fundamental Rights: Part-iii of the constitution provides for 18
fundamental rights.
 Parliamentary form of Government: It provides for a Westminster
type of parliamentary system which is cabinet form of government.
 Independence of Judiciary: The constitution of 1972 ensured the
independence of judiciary.
 Ombudsman: Article no 77 creates the position of Ombudsmen to
provide machinery to overview the activities of civil bureaucracy, to
eradicate corruption in the administration and to ensure the responsibility
of the government.

Constitution forming Processes:

 Constitution by Grant: When an absolute ruler promulgates a formal

document in the form of a constitution in which he agrees to exercise his
power in accordance with certain rules laid down in it.
 Constitution by Deliberate Creation: A new formed country arranges a
constituent assembly by the elected representatives so that they can make
a new constitution following to ways which are:
 Constitutional assembly
 Legislative assembly
 Constitution by Revolution: After over rooted of a government when the
people of the country go for making a new constitution, then it calls
constitution by revolution.
 Constitution by Gradual Evolution: The constitution which is created as
a result of slow evolutionary changes. It basically formed as unwritten
constitution.

Amendment
 Fourth Amendment Act:
 Passed on 25 January by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
 Reestablishment of presidential form of government
 Introducing One-party System (BAKSAL)
 The power of JATIYA SANGSAD were curtailed
 The judiciary lost of its independence
 SUPREME COURT was deprived of its jurisdiction over the
protection and enforcement of fundamental rights.
 Fifth Amendment Act:
 Passed by Jatiya Sangsad on 6 April 1979
 Martial law authorities of 1975 & 1979 were made valid by the
amendment
 Secularism was removed and BISMILLAHIR RAHMANIR
RAHIM was added.

 Eighth Amendment Act:

 Hussain Md. Ershad introduced it on 11th November, 1986
 Islam was made the state religion.
 Judiciary was divided into 6 permanent branches of the High Court
Division outside Dhaka.
 The words “Bengali” was changed into “Bangla” and “Decca” was
changed into “Dhaka”.

 Eleventh Amendment Act:

 This act was passed on 6th August 1991
 Amended 4th schedule on the constitution which legalized the oath
of Shahabuddin Ahmed, the president of Bangladesh.

 Twelfth Amendment Act:

 The most important landmark in the history of constitutional
development in Bangladesh, was passed on 6 August 1991
 Re introduce of parliamentary form of government
  Prime Minister became the executive head
 Abolishing the post of vice-president
 Parliament member have the power of appointing president
 Thirteenth Amendment Act:
 Passed on 26 March 1996
 Introduced non-party CARETAKER GOVERNMENT
 Chief advisor will the hade of the caretaker government contains of
10 advisors
 Fifteenth Amendment Act:
 Passed on by the government of Sheikh Hasina
 Caretaker government was abolished
 Re introducing Secularism but Islam will remain as State language
besides of Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim in constitution
 Increasing the number of reserve seats for women to 50 from 45
 People of Bangladesh will be known as Banglalees and the citizen
of Bangladesh shall be known as Bangladeshi
 Basic provisions of the constitution are not amendable

 Sixteenth Amendment Act:

 Passed on 17th September 2014 by the government of Sheikh
Hasina
 Abolish supreme judicial council headed by chief justice which
was introduced by Ziaur Rahman in 1978.
 Restored the article 96 from the constitution of 1972
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Public Administration: Public Administration is really a sort of organization in
which it depicts what the administration accomplishes for the general people.

There are 3 components of Public Administration which are:

 Executive
 Legislature
 Judiciary

Executives:

Who:

 Prime Minister:
 Head of the cabinet of ministries
 Responsible to the parliament
 Power of determination of rules
 Can request a minister to resign any time
 President:
 Approves the allocation of money for different sectors of
government
 Making rules for the allocation and transaction of business of the
government
 Proclamation of emergence and ordinary
 Cabinet of Ministers:
 Responsible for the business of his ministry
 Secretary:
 The administrative head of the ministry

Legislature:

Who:

 Member of the parliament:

 Making rules and regulation, bye-laws or other instruments having
legislative effect.
 Oversight on public administration.
  Type of committees we have according to constitution:

 A public accounts committee

 Committee of privileges
 Such other standing committees as the rules of procedure of
Parliament require.

 The parliament in Bangladesh (Jatiyo Sangsad) has three types of

committees.
 Standing Committees

 Select Committees

 Special Committees

Standing Committees:
Responsibilities:
 Drafting bill, reviewing ministry‟s work, inquiring serious complains
 Recommending for improvement
 Interacting with the executive branch of the government
 Maintain a bridge between legislature and executive branches of
government

The Ombudsmen:

Who: any government officer

Responsibilities:
 Investigating the action of ministry, public officer or a salutatory
public authority.
 Preparing annual report and place it before the parliament

Judiciary: The Judiciary consists of Supreme Court of Bangladesh comprising

the Appellate Division and the High Court Division. The Chief Justice and the
Judges appointed to the Appellate Division sit only in that Division and the
other Judges sit only in the High Court Division who is independent in the
exercise of their judicial functions. The High Court Division has such original
appellate and other jurisdictions powers and functions as are or may be
conferred on it by the Constitution or any other law. The High Court Division
on the application of any person aggrieved may give such directions or order to
any person of authorities, including any person performing any function in
connection with the affairs of the Republic, as may be appropriate for the
enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by PART iii of the
Constitution.

Who:

 Chief justice and judges designated by the president

 Practicing judicial function
 Ensuring the fundamental rights
 Safeguard the equality of law
 Empowering to review any judgmental pronounced

Supreme judicial Council:

Who:

 Chief Judge along with two next senior judges

 Present a code of conduct observed by the judge
 Inquire into the conduct of a judge

Administrative Tribunal:

Who:

 Supreme judicial council

 Exercising jurisdiction in respect of matters regarding:
The terms and conditions of persons in the service of the
Republic and the award of penalties or punishment.
The acquisition, administration, management and disposal of
any property vested in or managed by the Government by or
under any law, including nationalized enterprise or statutory
public authority.

Service of Bangladesh:

Who:

 Civil servant, public servant, government officers, public officials and

bureaucrats.
 PSC conducts test and exams for the selection of suitable persons
for appointing to the public servant
  Prepare and submit report of the performance office functions to
the president.

The People:

Who:

 Citizens of Bangladesh
 Elect public representatives
 Donor-funded projects must have their participations.
 Governance

Governance: Governance is the process of decision making and the process of

implementing those laws. It emphasizes on the formal and informal actors
involve in decision making and its implementation.

Good Governance: People are included in the choice making procedure. The
people who are influenced by the choice making procedure are known as the
performing artists of the govt. The govt. is the normal performing artist in the
choice making methodology. At the point when one takes a choice including all
the performers it is called good governance.

Components of Good Governance: Good governance has four components

which are:

 Accountability: It ensures the power of asking the answer from an

official. Effective accountability has two features which are:
 Answerability
 Consequences
Where answerability is the requirement to respond to questions and
having a proper answer is consequences.

 Transparency: It states for the easy access of information. The provided

information should have to be relevant and understandable.

 Predictability: Predictability is about fair and consistence application of

laws, regulations and implementation of government policies.

 Participation: it refers to involvement of general people in the

developing process of a country. It promotes by:

 Encouraging the participation of project beneficiaries and affected

groups.
  Improving the interface between the public and private sectors
 Using NGO‟s as vehicles to mobilize and reach the project

Indicators of good governance:

 Rule of Law: legal framework should be fair and enforces impartially

particularly the laws on human rights.
 Responsiveness: Institutions and process try to serve all stakeholders
 Consensus Orientation: good governance requires mediation of the
different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what
is it the best interest whole community and how can be achieved.
 Equality: All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain
their well being.
 Effectiveness and Efficiency: Good governance means that process and
institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making
the best use of resources at their disposal.
 Strategic Vision: The leaders need to have a broad and long term vision
on good governance and human development along with a sense of what
is needed for such development. They also need to understand the
historical, cultural and social complexities what that perspective is
grounded.

Components of Poor Governance:

 Arbitrary policy making system: This system denies people‟s

participation or their right to choose what they actively need.
 Unaccountable: Bureaucrats are never found to be accountable in poor
governance.
 Unjust legal system: If justice is delayed then justice is denied. This type
of legal system can never offer a remedy to the aggrieved person rather it
creates unrest in the society.
 Abuse of political power: In poor governance, the political leaders
always interfere in matters where they do not need to or supposed to.
 No bridge between civil society and the public like: The civil society
remains indifferent to the public.
 Corruption: Corruption is not primarily a problem of bad people, but an
outcome of a bad system, which prevails; in poor governance.
Obstacles in front of Bangladesh towards Good Governance:

 Lack of Political Accountability: Those holding political workplaces

of the state must be responsible to the natives for their activities. There
ought to be proper check and adjust inside the political framework
with the goal that no extension of the administration overwhelms and
controls others.

 Dominant Executive: Political institutions in Bangladesh over the

years indicate a growing trend to strengthen and consolidate all
powers in the office of the chief executive.

 Weak Legislature: The consequence of concentrating enormous

powers in the hands of the chief executive over the year has resulted in
gradual and systematic weakening of the position of the parliament. A
number of factors have however considerably weakened the
parliament‟s control over the executive. These are:

 The inexperience of the majority of legislator.

 The reluctance of the government to subject itself to debate.
 The tendency of the opposition to oppose for the sake of
opposing.
 Uncertainties concerning appropriate procedures resulting in
part from the absence of institutional traditions.

 Nature and Character of Political Parties: One of the major problems

of political accountability can be attributed to the nature and character of
political parties. Political parties have significantly contributed to the
political decay in the country. They have failed to guide people at different
crucial junctures.

 Lack of Effective and Efficient Judiciary: Judiciary, which has an

important role in ensuring accountability, the rule of law in the affairs of
managing the scarce resources of the state is inaccessible to the people and
judicial interventions are also delayed. These are invariably essential for
 maintaining accountability and transparency in the administration. Though
the judges in Bangladesh are independent but in lower courts the judicial
magistrates are under the command of Deputy Commissioners. Thus, they
regulate their decisions by service conditions like posting, transfer and
promotion.
 Lack of Credibility of the Electoral System: The electoral system is
struggling for its image because it encompasses rigging and manipulation
in almost every election it organizes.
 Freedom of Expression: Article 39(2) of the Constitution of Bangladesh
guarantees:
 The right of every citizen to freedom of speech and expression
 The right of the freedom of press but still certain black laws and
regulation and government control over the medial services hinder
free flow of information and freedom of expression.

 Lack of Bureaucratic Accountability: Administration authorities need

aid anticipated to make responsible of the state funded for at activities
they take Anyway it doesn't happen. Those theory will be not solid
sufficient will inquiry people in general officers on the great holders kept
all the degree of transparency in choice making may be precise low.

 Absence of Advocacy role in Civil Society: The citizen groups have not
been able to play a vital role in the determination of public policies and in
shaping the behavior and actions of the civil servants. The advocacy roles
of citizen groups have been limited to holding meetings and organizing
seminars with no follow up actions to determine the impact and
recommendations.
 Lack of Accommodation of Bureaucrats in the Political Literature:
The politicians constantly treat civil servants concerning illustration
abhorrent. There will be absence of a dependable attempting connection
the middle of the two strong characters for state.
 Ineffective Local Government Structure: Local government might
assume a huge part on making political leadership, guaranteeing
mainstream participation, creating responsible organization and arranging
& execution. Still, concerning illustration there may be no successful
neighborhood government with those assets What's more ability will
would in this way.
  Corruption: Defilement may be wild in this nation due to those certainty
individuals misuse force without any individual continuously rebuffed for
it. It might have been When positioned those A large portion defiled
nation on the globe. It ought a chance to be specified here that, those
Bangladesh administration need acquainted an Anti-Corruption.

Reference:

 Reading Materials of RS #38