UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA Y ELÉCTRICA

CULTURA INGLESA
SEMESTRE: ENERO – JUNIO 2022

MATRÍCULA:1636544
NOMBRE: Omar Alejandro Moreno Villarreal
CARRERA: IME
GRUPO: 015
HORA: V1

FECHA:30/01/22
England
1530s: Henry VIII reforms

Church reform had massive effects in London.

Ownership changed hands almost exclusively,
making many religious buildings private property.
By far the most important of these was St. James's
leper hospital, which was reclaimed by the king and
became St James's Palace. The palace was of
secondary importance during the Tudor and Stuart
reigns, but rose to prominence during the Georgian
period before being relegated to second place
again by Buckingham Palace.

1605: Guy Fawkes attempts to blow up Houses of Parliament

Gunpowder, betrayal, and plot...
Britons across the UK remember
this historic event with bonfires,
fireworks, and candy apples. Guy
Fawkes' highly publicized
argument against parliament and
his subsequent torture and death
nullified many other rebellious
intentions towards parliament for
years to come. The legacy lives on
as we celebrate the foiled plot each year, though Guy Fawkes is often credited as "the
last man to enter parliament with honest intentions."

(1653-1658) The Protectorate

Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell decided to give supreme authority
to an assembly of 140 faithful men. Most
were moderates, with a minority of radicals.
After five months of wrangling, the
moderates returned Cromwell to power. The
army took command, but Cromwell refused
to preside over the government and
commissioned Lambert to draft a new
constitution. The 1653 Instrument of
Government instituted a Government made
up of the Lord Protector (Cromwell, with all executive power), Parliament and the
Council. Cromwell rejected the title of king. The Instrument guaranteed freedom of
worship to all but Catholics and Episcopalians, although they were no longer officially
persecuted and even Jews were readmitted. The Protector's power was subject to
numerous restrictions, of which Cromwell himself approved. In the Council there was
always a majority of civilians. The size of the Army was progressively reduced. In the
elections the Presbyterians won many seats and the situation became unfeasible. The
legal system and local governments were practically not altered and the existing social
order was defended.

After the war against Holland, Cromwell attacked the colonies of Spain in the Caribbean.
England took Jamaica, but casualties were heavy and the attempt was considered a
major failure. Generals were appointed in charge of executing the laws that prohibited
drinking, blaspheming, swearing, etc. They lasted less than a year and were detested by
all.

Cromwell ruled arbitrarily, imprisoning people without trial. After failing to get him to
finance the war against Spain, he dissolved Parliament. His health deteriorated rapidly
and he appointed his son Ricardo as his successor; he died on September 3, 1658.

End of the Republic (1658-1660)

Between September 1658 and December
1659, political and economic chaos took
over the country, while the political groups
were unable to reach an agreement. In the
winter of 1659-1660, everyone became
convinced that the restoration of the
monarchy was the only way to achieve
stability. Richard Cromwell was unable to
sustain the government. Parliament
stripped the army of political power in April
1659. Richard dissolved Parliament. General Monk entered into negotiations with Prince
Charles. In 1660, the Republic fell apart.

1666: Great Fire of London

No list of this nature would be
complete without mentioning the
Great Fire. Probably one of the best-
known events in London's dramatic
history, the fire destroyed just under
70 per cent of the city's buildings,
including the original St Paul's
Cathedral. The reconstruction of the
city largely followed the previous one;
however, central London was never the same. Many wealthier inhabitants chose to
relocate to the increasingly fashionable West End and aristocratic residences near the
royal court at St James's Palace. This divided the mercantile and middle-class center of
London from the more aristocratic neighborhoods, a rift still evident today. Somewhat
wisely, all new buildings were made of brick and not wood, leading to the popular
impression today that the UK is a red brick country.
(1702-1707) Queen Anne and the union with Scotland

In 1706 an English Bill of Union was prepared for

Scotland. In theory, Scotland could reject the proposal;
however, was it really a real option? Perhaps if the
Scots turned him down they risked having to accept a
far less generous offer. There was a fierce debate on
both sides of the border about the pros and cons of the
union. However, the Scottish parliament ended up
agreeing. The following year (1707), England and
Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
This act abolished England and Scotland as separate
kingdoms, creating a kingdom that shares a Parliament
based in Westminster under the Union Act of 1707.
Queen Anne became the first "British" queen. Scotland
then sent 45 MPs to the Parliament at Westminster.
From an economic point of view, a free trade area was
opened between the two countries. However, certain Scottish and English institutions did
not merge into the British system: the laws remained separate, as did the currency and
the churches—on the one hand, the Scottish Presbyterian; and on the other, the
Anglican—, as they continue today.

1834: Another fire...

More than 200 years after Guy Fawkes

made the attempt on him, the Houses
of Parliament burned down. Rather
than an act of terrorism, the fire was, in
fact, caused by two workmen who were
assigned the task of destroying some
sticks once used by the Counselor or
the Treasury. Not wanting to be brought
in too late, they burned the sticks with
more haste than care, causing a fire that ravaged the main parliament buildings, leaving
only Westminster Hall completely untouched. The building that is now world famous was
designed by Charles Barry, completed in 1844. Barry was also responsible for the design
of Highclere Castle, the setting for the ever popular Downton Abbey.

1863: London Underground

Few Londoners could imagine the

great city without its complicated
network of trains that weave their
way from A to B deep within the
streets. The Underground is such a
London institution that its map
design has made its way into many tourist memorabilia and is one of the most widely
recognized ways of signposting the nation's capital. The Underground was the first of its
kind and revolutionized how Londoners navigated their city. It also spawned imitations in
Paris, New York and beyond. Few cities are now complete without one.

1907: Suffragists Storm Westminster

Although it would be another 11 years
before women would have the right to
vote, 15 suffragists arrived in the lobby of
Parliament on February 13, 1907, where
they passionately protested for women's
right to vote. More than 60 women were
arrested, but those who made it to
parliament protested until 10 p.m. The
tireless efforts of the suffragette
characterized London as a place of
passion where conflicting opinions would clash in the public sphere. Protesting outside
the Houses of Parliament is a tradition that continues to this day, and topics such as the
war in Iraq, rising tuition fees and the privatization of the NHS have all been addressed
here.

2005: Terrorist attacks

When four bombs exploded in

London's transport systems in July
2005, the city was shaken to its
core and plunged into mass panic
and confusion. The event shocked
the British public as all four suicide
bombers were of British origin and
raised London to the terror alert
status it still maintains today.

London's history is defined by horrific plagues, fires, and tempestuous protests by its
own citizens. For better or worse, the city's past has made it what it is today: endlessly
resilient.
 Gales
A country pampered by tourism

The first of these curiosities has to do

precisely with being the forgotten region
of the United Kingdom, the truth is that
it is not as much as you imagine, in fact
it received more than 9 million tourists a
year before the pandemic and that,
having Bearing in mind that only 3
million people live in Wales, that's no
small thing.

sheep country

Now, did you know that in Wales

there are more sheep than people?
What's more, Wales receives fewer
tourists than sheep live on its land...
And there are about 11 million
sheep here.

The Welsh

Another peculiarity of this region is the

language, not because English is not
spoken but because it is a bilingual
region; In addition to English, Welsh is
spoken, which is the language of central
origin with the most speakers in Europe.
A warning to boaters and other travellers:
Welsh is a really complicated language.

A very natural country

The fact that there are so many sheep
in Wales already gave us a clue about
the nature of the country, which is
simply spectacular both in its interior
and on its coast: beaches, forests,
lakes, meadows, hills... To take care of
this There are 3 National Parks in Wales for an exceptional natural environment, and
25% of the Welsh territory is either a National Park or is at least designated as an official
landscape of extraordinary beauty. As far as the interior is concerned, in its more than
1,200 kilometers of coastline, Wales has a good number of beaches, 43 of them with a
blue flag, and the most famous trekking route in Great Britain: the Pembrokeshire
Coastal Path. .

Wales as a film set and literary muse

Wales has something of a film set and it

is here that movies were shot, or at least
some of its most emblematic scenes,
such as those of the Harry Potter series,
Robin Hood or Snow White and
television series such as Hinterland;
They even say that it was in Wales that
Lewis Carroll was inspired to write Alice
in Wonderland.

It is the country in Europe with the most castles per square kilometer

And it is that in Wales there are 641

castles preserved and visiting them is, in
addition to traveling back in time
rediscovering history, a surprising
adventure because you will discover
curious and little-known facts such as
the fact that the tower of Caerphilly
castle has more inclination than that of
Pisa.

The country of glass ceilings

Wales is literally the country of glass

ceilings, is it because the Welsh like to
look at the sky even if it is not always as
clear as they would like? The truth is
that we do not know, what we do know
is that the largest glass ceiling in the
world is in Wales, it is the greenhouse of
the National Botanical Garden; In
addition, the second retractable glass
roof is also in Wales, it is that of the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff (which is also
retractable).

Snowdome
Climb to the highest peak in Wales

Snowdonia is a beautiful and famous

national park in North West Wales,
home to Snowdon, one of the highest
mountains in the UK. This large park,
covering more than 2,000 square
kilometres, is a true paradise for
adventurers who love outdoor activities,
and it also has 13 other peaks that
exceed 900 metres. In fact, it is among
the most popular places in Britain for hiking and mountaineering, but you can also enjoy
these fantastic views from the comfort of the train, on the Snowdon Mountain Railway.
As you admire the beauty of nature, remember that this rugged landscape is present in
many places in English history and literature, such as the legends of King Arthur.

Brecon Beacons National Park

Some of the Brecon Beacons are so
inhospitable and mountainous that they
are known to serve as training grounds
for the UK's elite soldiers. The rest of this
1,350 square kilometer national park is
one of the most beautiful places in Wales.
Here you will find countless hiking trails,
beautiful waterfalls, caves and wild
ponies, among other species of wildlife.
Don't miss Zip World adventure park,
where you can fly over an old slate quarry on one of the world's fastest zip lines.

Portmeirion
The town of Portmeirion is a slice of
Italy right on the west coast of Wales.
It was built throughout the 20th
century and the essence of a
Mediterranean coastal town is
faithfully reflected in the beautiful
gardens, the colorful buildings, the
fountains and the church. Here you
can enjoy a pizza, an Italian ice cream
or a coffee on a terrace, or explore the
283 square kilometers of gardens with rare imported trees, such as redwoods from the
Californian coast, Chilean maitenes or a specimen of kapuka, native to New Zealand. It
is possible that by the description you are imagining a theme park, and the truth is that it
is not very different. Visitors can only enter during set hours and upon payment of a
reasonably priced ticket.
SCOTLAND
1. The animal that represents him is a unicorn.

2. It has the largest number of redheads in the world, 13% percent of its population.

3. 70 percent of the population has blue eyes.

4. It has 790 islands and one of them is for sale for 1.78 million dollars.
 5. King James II banned golf in 1457 because it distracted soldiers from golf.

6. If the "Yes" option is won in the referendum, Great Britain will have to change its flag;
because it is the product of the union of the monarchies of Scotland and England.

7. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, was the first city in the world to have a fire brigade.

8. His motto is “Nemo me impine lacessit” or “Nobody provokes me with impunity”.

9. Scotland first gained its independence in 1314 and lost it in 1707.

10. It has its own legal system, different from that of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Northern Ireland

1987
Eleven civilians killed in an unannounced bombing at the
World Wars Memorial Commemoration at Enniskillen, County
Fermanagh.

1992
Eight Protestant workers are killed by the IRA. Two weeks later, UVF terrorists kill five
Catholics in response to the attack.

1993
Five Protestants belonging to a unionist
stronghold and a member of the IRA die
when the bomb that the latter was carrying
explodes prematurely. Throughout the
following week, eleven Catholics are
assassinated by unionist terrorists.

1994
Announcement of a truce by the IRA and unionist groups.

1997
New truce of the IRA when Labor Party member Tony Blair rises to
the government. The so-called Authentic IRA (Real IRA) split by not
accepting the ceasefire.

1998
In April, the British and Irish governments, and the
main Northern Irish parties, sign the Good Friday
Agreement, which a month later will be accepted
by referendum in Northern Ireland and the
Republic of Ireland.

2002 On October 14, London announces the fourth indefinite suspension of Northern
Ireland's autonomy due to alleged espionage by the IRA.
 2005 On June 28, the IRA announces to its
members to lay down their arms, and on
September 26 of the same year the
disarmament of the IRA is confirmed. This leads
to the reconsideration of returning autonomy to
Northern Ireland.

2007
On January 28, Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn
Féin, obtains the majority support of its
members to support the police in Northern
Ireland. On March 7, the DUP and Sinn Féin are
the big winners in the elections to the Northern
Ireland Assembly, announcing for May 8 to
share powers and, therefore, the return of
autonomy to Northern Ireland. On May 3, the
Protestant paramilitary group Ulster Volunteer
Force (UVF) announces its renunciation of violence. Five days later, on May 8, autonomy is
returned to Northern Ireland, forming a government with shared powers between Catholics
and Protestants, with its Chief Minister (Ian Paisley) and its Deputy Chief Minister (Martin
McGuinness).

2012
In December, Belfast City Council decides to
remove the UK flag as a result of an agreement
with Irish nationalists to fly it only 17 days a year.
From there begins a peaceful protest by the
unionists that ends up leading to violent protests in
2013