TIMELINE

1558 1
Elizabeth Tudor 1560
ascended the English
Calvinism and Catholicism had
throne in 1558. During

2
become highly militant, or
her reign, the small
combative, religions. They were
island kingdom became
aggressive in winning converts
the leader of the
and in eliminating each other's
Protestant nations of
authority. Their struggle was the
Europe and laid the
chief cause of the religious wars
foundations for a world
that plagued Europe in the
empire.
3
sixteenth century. However,
economic, social, and political
1566
forces also played an important
When violence erupted in role in these conflicts.
1566, Philip sent 10,000
troops to crush the rebellion. 1628
Philip faced growing
resistance from the Dutch in
4 In 1628, Parliament passed a
the northern provinces led Petition of Right. The petition
by William the Silent, the placed limits on the king's
prince of Orange. ability to tax, imprison

1642 5 citizens without cause,

Complaints grew until England
slipped into a civil war in 1642
between the supporters of the
king (the Cavaliers or Royalists)
6 1650:
and the parliamentary forces
(called the Roundheads)
quarter troops, and institute
martial law.
As governments grew stronger,
fewer officials were willing to
disrupt their societies with
trials of witches. In addition,
attitudes were changing.

7
People found it unreasonable to
believe in the old view of a
1658 world haunted by evil spirits.
The Battle of Carbisdale:
Cromwell ruled until Royalist army under Marquess
his death in 1658 of Montrose invades mainland
Scotland from Orkney; defeated
by a Covenanter army. Jun 9
The Harvard Corporation, the
more powerful of the two
administrative boards of
Harvard, is established. First
legal corporation in the
Americas.
source:https://www.onthisday.c
om/events/date/1650

8 1660
The army, realizing how
unpopular it had become,
1661
Cardinal Mazarin died in
9 restored the monarchy in
1660 in the person of
Charles II, the son of Charles
1661, Louis XIV took over
I.
supreme power. The new
king, at the age of 23,
stated his desire to be a
real king and the sole ruler
of France.
10
1683

The core of the new Austrian Empire was the traditional Austrian lands
in present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. After the
defeat of the Turks at Vienna in 1683, Austria took control of all of
Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia. By the beginning of the
eighteenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs had gained a sizable new
empire
 TIMELINE

1685
11
When Carlos died, Jacobo
Segundo became a devout
Catholic and later appointed

12
Catholics to positions of
great power. Thus causing
more problems involving
religion, the crown and
parliament.
1690
13
A book is published which talks
about the civil government and
that one used to criticize the
absolute government since they
were in charge of a single person.
Unlike Hobbes, Locke believed
that before society was organized,
14
human beings lived in a state of
equality and freedom, rather than
a state of war.
1725
1688
Earlier this year preparations
began to invade England, and
then in November William's
forces landed at Torbay to
make their way to London. In
response to that event, James
made his army advance.
Finally James withdrew from
London and planned his way
to France.
1703
Peter acquired the lands he
sought after a long war with
Sweden. On the Baltic in 1703,
Peter began construction of a
new city, St. Petersburg, a base
for the new Russian navy and a
window to the West. St.

Peter employed Russians and

15 Petersburg became Russia’s
most important port and
Europeans as officers. He remained the Russian capital
until 1918.
drafted peasants for 25-year
stints of service to build a
standing army of 210,000
soldiers. By Peter’s death in
1725, Russia was a great
military power and an
important European state.