1

Annotated Bibliography

Student's Name

University

Professor's Name

Course

Date
 2

Annotated Bibliography

Pratt, K. J., & Skelton, J. A. (2018). Family functioning and childhood obesity treatment: a
family systems theory-informed approach. Academic pediatrics, 18(6), 620-627.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2018.04.001.
The article discusses the available treatment options for Obesity, one of which is family-based
care. Home-based care involves monitoring the patient's behavioral aspects by the caregiver to
improve their condition. Behavioral aspects such as physical activity and dietary patterns provide
an opportunity for home-based care for diabetes patients. The Family Systems Theory focuses on
patients and the larger family by providing care to the patient by nurses. The study provides the
best treatment options such as reinforcing goals using FST and the best clinical algorithm such
as the clinical-based alogarithm for children with Obesity. Family-based interventions are critical
in ensuring patients get better treatment and care at the comfort of their homes with care from
their families.
A Family Systems Theory has been used in this article to study the family dynamics and
behavioral patterns that can help in the proposed treatment options for children with Obesity.
Understanding family behavior and dietary patterns help nurses to choose the right treatment
option for these children. Pratt & Skelton (2018) opine that "FST-based interventions expand the
treatment plan beyond individual behaviors to the dynamics and relationships among family
members." The author notes that FST monitors changes within the family that can influence its
functioning and the overall change of behavior of the individual in the long term. Given the
limited research, the author has used FST to monitor childhood obesity, which has become a
growing issue globally. FTS-based treatment has been used in other treatments, and the author
has applied it in monitoring Child Obesity at the family level.
This study is relevant to Nurse Practitioners now and in the future since it helps them
determine family responsiveness. Understanding Family backgrounds serve as a good platform
to cure the disease once and for all. Family involvement and participation in health goals are
important in delivering treatment to patients. Understanding the dynamics of different families
and their behaviors can help nurse Practitioners with relevant knowledge to model appropriate
treatment options for children with Obesity. In addition, assessing these patterns helps nurses
develop the best mechanisms for dealing with the disease.

Sheppard, J., & Thomas, C. B. (2021). Community pharmacists and communication in

COVID-19: Applying the health belief model. Research in Social and Administrative
Pharmacy, 17(1), 1984-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.017.

This article discusses various approaches pharmacists can use to apply the Health Belief
Model (HBM). HBM articulates different approaches and behaviors depicted by patients to
mitigate health threats such as perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived
benefits. In addition, HBM studies individual and community behaviors to understand
approaches better to mitigate disease threats. Shappard & Thomas (2021) discusses how
pharmacists can use HBM to communicate to patients during the Covid-19 period without
contracting the infection. Pharmacists must determine how to use it by monitoring behaviors,
accruing benefits, and self-efficacy. The Health Belief Model is critical in healthcare since it
 3

determines how patients uptake medication and their personal feelings and opinions on
treatment.
The article uses HBM as a model because the author highlights personal beliefs on the
effectiveness of treatment and the threat of disease. According to this model, "individual cues
inform decisions and choices regarding treatment." Patients depict different behaviors that may
inform their choice of medication and treatment. Throughout the article, the author identifies
some cues prominent among patients that can reveal their choice against or supporting treatment
such as advices from friends, health status among others. These cues are critical in revealing
patients' feelings towards certain treatment options and interventions. This allows using better
methods for their treatment.
The article applies the principles nurses can use to communicate with patients and other
contagious diseases during the pandemic. These principle includes giving the first to the patients,
exercising good listening skills and approaching the patients with a good heart. Thus making the
article more relevant to used by the nurses. Besides, the proposals by the author apply to nurses
since they can devise proper communication strategies with patients. This is a relevant resource
that enhances the application of BHM to patients. The BHM inclines patients to think that certain
treatments are not safe for them. Therefore, the nurse's role is to convince them of the
medication's efficiency and intervention for better health outcomes. Nurses can identify the cues
portrayed by patients when not complying with treatment (such as body language, speaking on a
lower tone, and failing to attend the appointments) to help them assess the best treatment options.

Li, X., Yang, S., Wang, Y., Yang, B., & Zhang, J. (2020). Effects of a transtheoretical model-
based intervention and motivational interviewing on the management of depression in
hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC
public health, 20(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08568-x.
The article discusses how motivational interviewing and the transtheoretical model can treat
patients with cardiovascular disease. Depression has been a significant setback, especially for
patients with Cardiovascular disease. The transtheoretical model, when well applied, can
transform various health risk behaviors among patients being managed to attain positive results
concerning recovery. However, according to the authors, there has been a gap in evaluating the
applicability of the model concerning patient recovery over the past. As a result, the authors
focused on patients with coronary heart disease to determine how the transtheoretical model-
based intervention can be applied to improve CHD management. After extensive research, the
authors concluded that the transtheoretical model (TTM) of intervention and motivational
interviewing positively impacted patients hospitalized with CHD. TTM is applied in studying
changes in people’s behaviors in its four parts that includes; process of change (POC), stage of
change (SOC), self-efficacy (SE), and decisional balance (DB).
The article relates to the Transtheoretical model of behavior change since it seeks to
understand patients move through the different stages of behavior change during their
hospitalization. The authors ascertain that "The TTM holds that people begin to perceive more
benefits than disadvantages from adopting positive behavior changes as they move through the
later stages." Patients' nutritional habits such as skipping meals, planning ahead and convenience
and snacking, can also change and improve when TTM is applied and motivational interviewing.
TTM-based interventions are critical in changing the health behaviors of many patients,
especially those hospitalized with CHD.
 4

Future nurse practitioners can use this article in their practice because of its usefulness,
on ways in which motivational interviewing and the transtheoretical model can treat patients
with cardiovascular disease. The article focuses on the application of TTM to track behavioral
changes in CHD patients. Nurses can use this resource and its findings in the future to track
patient behavioral changes when treating them. One component of this intervention is tracking
behavior change during the hospitalization period. SOC can be used to measure the ability to
master and cope with the stressors. It gives details on how the persons feels in change with
society around and feel accommodated in a benevolent system and society. Therefore, nurse
practitioners can monitor their patient's physical activity and diet patterns to find the most
appropriate interventions that can help them. Identifying the behavioral change stage will be
critical for nurses to determine which kind of intervention to prescribe to patients. This is
because "whether an individual's behavior change can be transferred from the previous stage to
the next stage depends on the change process at each stage, including at the cognitive and
behavioral levels" (Li et al., 2020).

Joseph, R. P., Ainsworth, B. E., Mathis, L., Hooker, S. P., & Keller, C. (2017). Utility of social
cognitive theory in intervention design for promoting physical activity among African-
American women: a qualitative study. American Journal of health behavior, 41(5), 518-
533. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.41.5.1.

Joseph et al. (2017) focused on applying Social Cognitive Theory in designing physical
activities among African-American women and cultural implications. The article's authors used a
quantitative design to enroll 25 women in the study to determine how SCTs' five constructs can
be used to design a culturally tailor-made physical activity program for African-American
women and expected weight loss, improved energy, and positive modeling behaviors. The
authors noted that self-regulation and self-efficacy hindered physical activity among participants.
In addition, the article identified the need for social support from friends and family to include in
physical activity. Culturally, women have been viewed as the primary caretakers of their familial
units. The author concludes that the social cognitive theory has the theoretical foundation to
tailor physical activity programs to African-American women.
The article relates to the Social Cognitive Theory since the theory focuses on individual
experiences and motivation. People's experiences and social and environmental contexts shape
their behavior and motivation. The researcher sought to find the connection between the SCT
and culture among African-American women in this study. This is a critical connection because
the author identifies cultural behaviors that could hinder their engagement in physical activity.
The findings of this article can help in future Nurse Practice in crucial ways. First, identifying
social determinants of physical activity involvement among patients will be critical in
determining the kind of interventions to give patients. Nurses need to understand behavior
change stages to recommend appropriate physical activity programs. For instance, the Nurse
Practitioner can use the study's findings to reveal a patient's motivation or lack of it to enhance
treatment and improve their conditions. Secondly, analyzing the motivation factors which can
help nurses reveal what motivates their patients; this can be applied in their treatment options.
Finding the right motivation for patients is critical in enhancing their conditions. Overall, the
study can significantly contribute to Nurse practitioner practice by providing the requisite
knowledge on handling patients with similar conditions in different settings.
 5

Barnes, M. D., Hanson, C. L., Novilla, L. B., Magnusson, B. M., Crandall, A. C., & Bradford,
G. (2020). Family-centered health promotion: Perspectives for engaging families and
achieving better health outcomes. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization,
Provision, and Financing, 57, 0046958020923537.

This article discusses the different perspectives that communities and populations can use to
influence the community's health. According to the author, "the family unit is an unparalleled
player for maintaining health and preventing disease for public health because members may
support and nurture one another through life stages." In addition, the family unit provides a great
resource in preventing and curing diseases. Given the limited studies on the subject, the authors
proposed six principle-based mechanisms to advance health promotion within families. The
principles enhance the effectiveness of family systems to function and prevent disease. This
provides the right platform for applying the family assessment and intervention models in
promoting health practice.
The article relates to this model since it focuses on families as important units in health
promotion. It also perports that families are crucial performers within practices of promoting
health and also the article explains the perspectives that focused at fostering the position of the
family in helping health systems to fuction efficiently. Families form the foundation from which
health promotion can take place. Therefore, the author has applied these principles in enhancing
health promotion by engaging families. The author recognizes that implementing family-based
interventions in health promotions incorporates the larger context that will prove significant in
measuring health outcomes. According to the author, partnering with communities provides the
best outcomes and frameworks for monitoring health promotion initiatives.
Nurse Practitioners can use this resource and find it meaningful during their practice now on
the current capacity of the family and in the future why the health practitioner and researchers
will partner with the family by bolstering the trust. Given the significance of families in health
promotion and the nurse's role, nurse engagement will become key. Using this model, the
principles outlined by the authors will help them find better ways of engaging families to
enhance health promotion initiatives. Nurses will consider the larger context and build lasting
partnerships with families to promote better health. For instance, nurse practitioners can identify
and train family mentors to facilitate the mentorship of families. Nurse practitioners will in the
future also have a greater role in strengthening the capacity of families to model positive and
memorable health practices and empower families to develop and assess their needs and get
solutions. However, these will only apply when nurse practitioners work closely with families to
fulfill this mandate.