ELECTRONIC-2 PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

Although "OPamp" circuits are very popular, they are a very popular circuit type around the
world. These circuits perform more of my mathematical equations, these equations can be
"linear", "non-linear" and "frewuency-dependent". There are also various types: "Inverting",
"Non-inverting", "Derivator" and "Integrator". We will do various mathematical calculations
in the project using these "op-amp" circuits. For example; I will do mathematical calculations
such as multiplication, division, squaring and square root. While making these calculations, I
will benefit from two different kinds of "Op-amp" circuits: "Long-circuit" and "Anti-log
circuit". I will do these operations based on two inputs in my circuit. Also, I will make these
circuits by changing the properties of the inputs. For example, I will apply voltage types such
as "sin", "pulse" and "dc".

THE CIRCUIT
 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS USED

Diode: Diodes conduct current in one direction, but we will also use this feature for "log"
and "anti-log" circuits, since diodes are preferred in these circuits because in "op-amp"
circuits the current must be conducted in one direction, thus increasing the accuracy of
mathematical calculations. In order to be able to calculate the current values correctly, the
current must be transmitted in one direction and must not exceed certain current values, so
the excess noise in the circuit can be reduced.

Resistor: Resistors are the largest contributor to "gain(k)" values in "op-amp" circuits, so I'm
going to use resistors to get certain "gain" values.

Op-amp: It is the necessary electronic circuit for mathematical calculation, the desired
calculations will be made easily through this circuit. The biggest reason for choosing the
"IC(LM)-741" circuit chosen here is that it gives high "gain" values. Also, the "voltage" range
is wide.

LOG FUNCTION:

This circuit is a "diode", "resistor" and "op-amp" circuit. Results are in "log".
LOG FUNCTION MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION
LOG_FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE LOG_FUNCTION GRAPH

SINUSOIDAL LOG FUNCTION GRAPH

ANTILOG FUNCTION

"Anti-log" function Contrary to the "Log" function, the diode and the resistor are in different
locations. In other words, the opposite of the "log function" circuit is the "anti-log" circuit.
ANTILOG FUNCTION MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION
ANTILOG FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE ANTILOG FUNCTION GRAPH

Since the deviations in the "PULSE" graph are not capacitors, but in order for the calculations
in the circuit to be smooth, it is better not to put a capacitor, otherwise the theoretical
calculations may deviate.
SINUSOIDAL ANTILOG FUNCTION GRAPH
MULTIPLICATION FUNCTION

THE CIRCUIT

This "op-amp" circuit calculates the two "input" values logarithmically, in other words, the
two "input" values are multiplied in the log function and the product of the two numbers is
obtained with the "anti-log" function canceling the "log" function.

MULTIPLICATON FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE MULTIPLICATION FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=2V*7V=14V)

PULSE MULTIPLICATION FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=2V*7V=14V)

SINUSOIDAL MULTIPLICATION FUNCTION GRAPH
THEORETICAL CALCULATION FOR MULTIPLICATION OP-AMP CIRCUIT
DIVISION FUNCTION

THE CIRCUIT

After the two "input" values that come with this circuit are divided in the "log" function, the
two numbers are divided after the "log" function is canceled with the "anti-log" circuit.

DIVIDER FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE DIVIDER FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=7V/2V=3.5-4V)

SINUSOIDAL DIVIDER FUNCTION GRAPH

SINUSOIDAL DIVIDER FUNCTION GRAPH
THEORETICAL CALCULATION FOR DIVIDER OP-AMP CIRCUIT
SQUARE FUNCTION

THE CIRCUIT

I used two "input" values with the same value with this function and its logic is the same as
the "multpilacation" function. The "LOG-opamp" circuit is collected and actually multiplied
through the "log" function, then the "anti-log" function and the "log" function are canceled
and the square of the same number is calculated.

SQUARE FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE SQUARE FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=2V*2V=4V)

SINUSOIDAL SQUARE FUNCTION GRAPH(V1^2=4)

The result is -4V but, “-” does not matter, because “-” only assigns the direction of the
circuit.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION FOR SQUARE OP-AMP CIRCUIT
SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION

THE CIRCUIT

The "multiplication" result obtained as a result of two input values was used as "feedback"
for the "square-root op-amp" circuit. After going to the "root" circuit, there is another input
value (2V), after taking the square root (4V) of the "multiplication op-amp" circuit with this
input, the result is 2.83.

SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION LINEAR GRAPH

PULSE SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=square(2V*4V)=2.83V)

PULSE SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION GRAPH(V1xV2=square(2V*4V)=2.83V)

SINUSOIDAL SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION GRAPH
THEORETICAL CALCULATION FOR SQURE-ROOT OP-AMP CIRCUIT
 CONCLUSION

As a result, after two different inputs entered the "log" circuit, these results entered
different circuits, these circuits became "multiplication" , "divider", "anti-log", "square" and
"square-root". If I have to mention briefly, the "anti-log" circuit allows us to give real results
by extracting mathematical calculations in the "log" function. "Multiplication" circuit adds
the two incoming input numbers with the "log" function and multiplies them in the "log"
functions, the "divider" function subtracts the two incoming input numbers with the "log"
functions and divides the two numbers. get the square of two numbers, while the "square-
root" circuit in basic logic two inputs are multiplied by the inside of the number, but the
outside has "1/2", so the square root of the value is found inside the "log" function. So we
made a simple calculator with these circuits.
 REFERENCES

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/342851/analog-multiplier-using-log-and-
antilog-amplifier-issue

Jain, M. K. Antilog Amplifiers.

Bishop, G. (1983). Operational Amplifier Applications. In Linear Electronic Circuits and Systems (pp.
138-178). Palgrave, London.