COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

ABBRIVATION

ENIAC ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR & CALCULATOR

EDVAC ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTR
DVD DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK
RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
ROM READ ONLY MEMORY
HDD HARD DISK DRIVE
TFT THIN FILM TRANSISTOR
ALU ARITHEMATIC LOGICAL UNIT
CD COMPACT DISK
CRT CATHODE RAY TUBE
VDU VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
LCD LIQUIFIED CRYSTAL DISPLAY
CVT CHARACTER VOLTAGE TRANSFORM
CUI CHARACTER USER INTERFACE
GUI GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
UPS UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY
OCR OPTICAL CHARACTER READER
OBR OPTICAL BARCADE READER
OMR OPTICAL MARK READER
MIDI MUSICALINSTRUCTION DIGITAL INTERFACE
CAD COMPUTER ADDED DESIGN
CAM COMPUTER ADDED MANUFACTURER
LSI LARGE SCALE INTIGRATION
VLSI VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION
IC INTIGRATED CIRCUIT
USB UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS
COMPUTER – It is an electronic device. It is a very versatile electronic machine man has ever
created.

Computer comes from the word computer which means to calculate to a computer is considered
to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at an enormous speed.

The 3 basic types of computer are;-

1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Hybrid

Analog Computers – AC handle process information which is of a physical matter ex-

temperature & pressure etc.

Digital Computer – DC process information which is essentially in a ……….. two state forms
zero and one.

Digital computers fall into ranges called microcomputers, mini main frames super computer
classified in ascending meter of size:-

Hybrid computers:- The combination of analog and digital computers is known as hybrid
computers. The areas of application are in the oil refineries, chemical processing plants and ICU
of hospitals.

Feature:-

1. Fast speed of calculations and storing of information.

2. The ability to take in information & to store that information for future use.
3. The ability to take variety of instructions for execution.
4. The ability to use simple logical rules to make decisions.
5. The ability to communicate with their computer system.
6. To carry out calculations& analysis accurately & speedily.

ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER

The 5 major functional units of a digital computer are:-

 1. CPU 4. Storage device
2. Input Units 5. Communication Interface
3. Output Units

CPU: - central processing unit it is the brain of a computer. The other parts are used to transfer
data & to communicate with the CPU.

INPUTTING - Refers to the process of entering data into the computer by user using an input
device, such as key board.

STARING – Refer to the holding of data & instructions in the computer main memory.

Processing - Refers to performing operation.

Outputting: - Refers to the process of showing the information result to the user either on
screen on paper.

Controlling: - refers to directing all the above process in coordination.

HARDWARE:-The physical component of a computer are known as hardware. Such physical

components may be electrical, magnetic, mechanical optical. Some such parts are – hard disks,
floppy disks optical disks, monitor, keyboard, printer & plotter etc.

Input device - Data & instructions are entered into a computer through input degrees. The
commonly used input devices. The commonly used input device is the keyboard. Some other
input devices are – mouse, joystick, trackball, light pen, touch screen.

Keyboard - Programs & data are entered into a computer through a keyboard which is attached
to a computer A keyboard is similar to the keyboard of a type writer. It contains alphabets digits,
special characters, function keys and some control keys.

Mouse – A mouse is a pointing device. It is held in one hand and moved across a flat surface.
Signals from the mouse are processed by a program called mouse driver.

Joystick - A joystick is also a painting device. It is used to move the cursor position on a monitor
screen. Its function is similar to that of a mouse and is used for playing games.

Light Pen – a light pen is a pointing device. It is used to select a displayed menu option on the
monitor. It is a photo sensitive pen like device.

Scanner – scanner are a kind of Input device. Capable of entering information directly into the
computer. The main advantage of direct entry of information is that users do not have to type the
information.
Output devices – Are used to transfer information spread in the computer done to the outside
world.

Printer – Printers are most popular output devices. They provide information in a permanent
readable form. They produce painted outputs of results, programs & data.

Printers are of 2 types –

Impact & non-impact printer

Impact – we an electro-mechanical mechanism that causes hammers pins to strike against a

ribbon & paper to print the text. Two types of dot Matrix impact printers

Non-Impact does not use any electro mechanical printing head to strike against ribbon & paper.
They use thermal, chemical, electrostatic, laser beam, inkjet technology for printing the text.
Usually a non-impact type printer is taste than an impact printer.

Disadvantage of non-impact printer is that they produce only a single copy of the text whereas
impact printer can produce multiple copies of the text.

Monitor – a VDU a monitor is very similar to a +v and its size is measured in diagonal length of
the screen.

Monitor are available in 9”, 12”, 14”, 15”, 19”,21”. It shows text picture in colour black &white
dependably on the type. What even you type on the keyboard you can see it on the monitor.

CPU - The primary function of is to execute instructions programs.

The processing unit also controls the operation of all components such at memory, input &
output devices.

The major parts of a CPU are –

1) Memory
2) ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
3) CU (Control Unit)

CPU is the brain of any Computer systems. In a human body, all major decisions are taken by
brain and all other parts of the body function as directed by the brain.

In a computer, all major calculations, manipulations & comparisons are made by the CPU.

ALU – All calculations including comparisons are made by the all the data & instructions spread
in the primary memory are transferred to the ALU where processing takes places.
ALU are designed o perform the 4 basic arithmetic operations –

Add/subtract /multiply/divide and logic operations or comparisons such as less than equal to
greater than.

CU – control unit – this unit coordinates the entire computer system.

Control Unit obtains instructions from the program spread in the main memory interprets the
instructions & issues electrical signal that cause other units of the system to perform their
functions.

Memory – The memory is an essential component of a computer system. It is required by the

computer system to store instructions & data. Memory cause divided into 2 types –

1) Primary Memory or Main Memory - Which is directly connected to the CPU.

2) Secondary Memory or Auxiliary – which is external to CPU.

Primary – it is a small & relatively part storage unit that stores data & instruction which are
being currently used by the CUP.

This type of memory is also known as main memory.

It is a temporary memory. It retains its contents only for the time the computer is switched on. As
soon as you switch on. As soon as you switch off your PC the main memory loses it content.

Main memory of 2 types –

RAM - Random Access Memory

ROM - Read only memory

RAM – It is a read &write memory information can be written into and read from a RAM. It is a
volatile memory.

It retains the stored information as long as it is supplied with power supply.

When power supply is switched of interrupted the stored information in the RAM is lost. RAM
of various expertise’s is available for e.g. 256 MB, 512 MB.

ROM – it is a permanent type memory its contents are not lost when power supply is switched
off. The user cannot unite into a ROM. Its contents are written into at manufacturing time. ROM
store permanent programs and other types of data which are needed by the computer to execute
user programs. ROMs and pre functions such as sine, cosine, logarithm, square root etc.
 Secondary Memory – This is permanent storage units used for storing programs and data. They
use principle of magnetization for storing 1 & 0. It another name is –magnetic memory. They are
non-volatile example-magnetic types, magnetic disks optical disks etc.

Floppy Disk – It is also called disk diskette, is removable storage disk used for storing data. It is
called a floppy disk because the round film inside the disk plastic shells is flexible.

Types of Floppies - 2 types –

a) 3½” size floppy with a capacity of 720 kilobytes, 1.44 megabytes.

b) 5 ¼” size double sided high density floppy, with a capacity of 360, 720 kilobytes, 1.2 megabytes.
This type is normal in use.

Optical disk – it is an optical read only memory ROM The disk is made up of a resin, such as
polycarbonate. The coating material is highly reflective, usually aluminum.
It is of 2 types –
1) CD –ROMs (700MB of data)
2) DVD ROMS (4.8 GB of data)
3) WORM (write once & read many)

Magnetic tape– it is one of the popular storage mediums for large volumes of data. It is a
sequential access device, i.e. the data can only be accessed sequential rather than randomly.

Software – Set of instruction are called software. Software is a program is the name given to a
list of instructions statements that direct the computer to perform the requirement task.

Software of are 2 types:-

SOFTWARE

Application System

User written Ready Made Assembler Compiler Loader linker

Software Software

System Software – These are sets of one or more programs that are basically designed to control
the operation of a computer system.
They are general programs written to assist user in the use of the computer system by performing
tasks such as controlling hardware making data into and out of computer and all other steps in
executing the application programs.

System software are the one which directly talk with the hardware components example –
window & Linux.

Application Software in term talks with the system software for their execution. Application
software is also known as special purpose software example – tally, coral draw, MS office etc.

Compiler – a program which translates a high level language program into a machine language
program is called a compiler. It checks all finds of limits ranges errors etc.

Interpreter – it is a program which translates one statement of a high level language program
into machine codes and executes it.

Difference with compiler and Interpreter.

COMPILER
A compiler goes through the entire high level
language program once or twice and then
translates the entire program into machine
code.
A compiler is nearly 5 to 25 times faster than
an interpreter.
The direct program produced by the complier
is monthly saved for the future reference.
INTERPRETER
An interpreter is a smaller program as
compared to the compiler. It needs less
memory space.
It is used in a smaller system which has limited
memory space.
The object code of the statement produced by
an interpreter is not saved.

Operating System – An operating system is system software that controls the internal activities
of the computer hardware and provide user interface.

Operating system is primarily concerned with allocating and de-allocating computer resources to
one or more jobs.

Operating System controls the following systems:-

1. Processor Management - Operating System assigns processor to different tasks that

must be performed by the computer.
2. Memory Management - Operating System allocates the main memory and secondary
memory to the system programs user programs and data.
3. Input/output management – it manages files on various storage device and transfer
these files from one storage device to another.
 4. Scheduling – It establishes and enforce the priority.
5. Security Management – It establisher data security and integrity. It keeps the different
programs and data in such a manner that they do not interfere with each other.

Main functions of Operating System -

1. Resource Management – (Processor Management and Memory management)

2. Process Management – Job scheduling

3. Data Management – (File Management and Input / Output Management)

4. Security Management

All Operating systems can be classified into 4 categories –

a. Single user Operating System - Operating System which allows only one user to work on a
computer at a time is known as SUOS example – DOS

b. Multi user Operating System – MUOS – allows a No. of users to work together on a single
computer. Each user will be provided a terminal connected to a single computer example
Unix, Linux

c. Single Tasking Operating System - Operating System which can execute only a single task
at a time is known as single tasking Operating System example DOS

d. Multi Tasking Operating System It MTOS supports execution of more than one job at a time.
Most of to days operating system such as – window 2000 Unix and Linux.
Introduction
Features

Window XP

Window Vista and its features –

Data flow diagram

How data flows round a system

VDU – (Visual Display Unit) A VDU displays, image generated by a computer or other
electronic device. VDU is often used as monitor, but it can also refer to another type of display,
such as a digital projector. LCD/LED/Plasma/CRT
LCD – Liquid crystal display – it is a type of display used in digital watches and many
portable computers. A VDU is a Visual Display Unit. It is another ----- for monitor or
screen, but may also refer to a projector or other type of display VDU may be peripheral
devices or may be integrated into a computer system.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) – A LED is a same conductor device that emits visible
light when an electric current passes through it includes – Low power requirement, High
efficiency, long life, and LCD panel backlighting.

Difference B/W LED and LCD monitors:- All LED screens are LCDs but not all LCD
utilized LED technology.

LED based monitor, backlighting is spread across a grid of tiny lights (LED) that is
spread from one side of the screen to the other.

Unlike the fluorescent lighting behind a common LCD screen, LED cover the entire
space in order to prove even lighting from end to end.

Advantage of LED television/monitor is the ability for the screen to have wider viewing
angles.

With normal LCDs you will notice a much sharper change in contrast and clarity as you
look to each side.

VDU (Visual Display Unit) - A VDU display images generated by a computer or other
electronic device. VDU is often used as monitor, but it can also refer to another type of
display, such as a digital projector. LCD/LED/Plasma /CRT

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) It is a type of display used in digital watches and many
portable computers. A VDU is a visual display unit. It is another them for monitor or
screen, but may also refer to a projector or other type of display. VDU may be peripheral
devices or may be integrated into a computer system. UPS, CVT, Types of VDU
Bluetooth and WiFi.

UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) backup power supply that incase of power failure
or fluctuations, allow enough time for an orderly shutdown of the system or for standby
generation to start up.

It’s of 2 types :-
 Continuously – online UPS provides steady and clean AC Power even when the mains
supply is available and is recharge continuously by the main supply. Also called true
online backup.

Standby UPS Automatically:- comes on when the main supply fails or fluctuates
inordinately. Its batteries are recharged when it is not in use.

Memory Chart:-

4bits = 1 NIBBLE OR ½ Byte

1 Bytes = 8 bits

1 Kilo Bytes = 1024 Bytes

1 Mega Bytes = 1024 Kilo bytes

1 Giga Bytes = 1024 mega Bytes

1 tera Bytes = 1024 Giga Bytes

TOPIC – WINDOW

Explanation for following terms-

Desktop, Recycle bin, Icons, Notepad, Screen Saver, window explores.

Desktop: - The desktop is the primary user interface of a computer. When you boot up your
computer the desktop is displayed once the startup process is complete.

It includes the desktop background and icon of files and folders you many have saved to the
desktop.

Desktop Accessories – Calculator, Notepad, and Word pad.

Window Accessories

Window contains a special folder called accessories that a person can use to make their task
easier and simple. Folder contains:-

Calculator Paint

Notepad Character Map

Word pad Games

Window Explorer
It is an easy and comprehensive program that can be used every time when we turn on our
computer. The window explorer, which graphically displays our entire computer system in a
structure.

Recycle Bin – The Recycle Bin allows user to recover files that have been deleted in windows.

View deleted Files – It any file has been deleted in windows, it is automatically moved to the
recycle bin. Users can identify if files are in the Recycle bin by looking at the Recycle bin Icon.

Empty Recycle Bin – To empty the recycle bin, right click the recycle bin icon and click empty
recycle bin.

 Basic concepts settings (Control Panel)

 Icons drag and drop, Network connections.

o Control Panel – It is a feature of the windows operating system that allows the user to
modify system settings and control.
o It can be view and change hardware or software settings.
o Some examples of Hardware controls are display, keyboard and mouse settings.
o Software – Control Panel include date and time, power option, fonts and administrative
tools.
o Icon – a small picture that represents an object or program. Icons are very useful in
applications that use windows, because with the click of a mouse button you can shrink
an entire window into a small icon.
o An Icon is a small graphic Representative of a program or file that, when clicked onwill
be run or opened.
o Drag & Drop – Describes applications that allow you to drag objects to specific
locations on the screens to perform actions on them.
o Drag & drop refers to manipulating objects on a computer by using the mouse, drag and
drop objects by following these steps –
o Mouse - The mouse pointed until it is directly over the object you want to manipulate.
o Hold down the left mouse button
o With the left mouse button held down move the mouse to where you want to drop the
object.
o Drop the object by letting up on the left Mouse button
Network Connections – Network Connections provides connectivity B/W your computer and
the Internet, a Network or another computer. With the help of network connections you can
configure settings to reach local or remote network resource or functions.

User Creations & settings:-Getting tasted with windows XP Path shuts down the computer
beyond the basics.

If you’re already working in windows the transition to window XP is smooth. You’ll

immediately notice that some familiar elements have changed, but the main behavior is still
the same.
Window tool boxes look and act differently access to the web is integrated throughout the
operating system. Windows XP also includes improved Internet Explorer and outlook for
Reading mails.
Major Changes & Improvements: - Your Home directory is available through the Icon
“My Documents” located in the start menu.
Shutting down your computer – When you finish working in windows we the shutdown
connected on the start menu. This command closes windows and programs and prepares yr
computer for shutting down. If you haven’t already saved your work you’re prompted to do
so. Don’t turn of your computer until you a message that the computer has been shut down. If
you turn off your computer without shutting it down correctly you risk losing information.

Window XP – Introduction features applications Requirements of a system for window

XP, GUI, Logging on to Windows XP, Window Vista and its features.

 Getting started with windows XP, Path Shutting down the Computer beyond the basics.
 Practical
o How to save file
o Rename a file
o Shut down the computer

Introduction:-

To learn window XP you must understand that it is a operating system. This means that
windows XP is a collection of programs which enables the entire PC to work. Most important
tasks which is includes –

o It assists in starting the PC.

o Control and handling of all hardware including RAM Cards and controllers.
o Read in of a graphics user interface with windows menu bars etc.
o Forms a platform for the user programs like word, internet explorer, Photoshop etc.
o Handling of user data in files.
 Improvement in Window XP

i) A general change of aspect has been produced among the screens of window the bars, icons etc
are more pleasant.
 It’s easier to configure a domestic network.
 Window XP initializes faster than window 98.
 A new component called window more/maker that is used to edit films. We
can add sound and titles, delete scenes etc.
 Start Menu has changed is clears and now the more used application are
shown to its Right.

Basic Window Elements –

The different icons of window opening screen are –

Desktop- it is the work area on a windows screen where you are made to work. It is called
desktop because window user for whole screen in a way that is similar to the way you use the
top of your desk.

Icons & their types – An Icons is a graphic object that shows a program or a file on your
desktop or monitor.

Recycle Bin – Files & Folders deleted from your hard drives are not actually deleted but
transferred to the Recycle Bin. Recycle bin icon appears on the desktop and looks like a
waste paper basket.
 SHORT CUT KEYS

1 CTRL+A Select All

2 CTRL+B Bold
3 CTRL+C Copy Selected text
4 CTRL+D To make duplicate object
5 CTRL+E For Center alignment
6 CTRL+F To find text
7 CTRL+G Go to
8 CTRL+H To replace selected text
9 CTRL+I Italic
10 CTRL+J Justify Alignment
11 CTRL+K Hyperlink
12 CTRL+L Left alignment
13 CTRL+M Tab Spacing
14 CTRL+N New Document
15 CTRL+O Open File
16 CTRL+P Print
17 CTRL+S Save
18 CTRL+X Cut
19 CTRL+Y For Redo
20 CTRL+Z For Undo

MS WORD

Word Processing is the way of producing documents in effective and efficient manner, which
includes preparing and formatting documents – that is –

a) Aligning
b) Pagination
c) Header/Footer
 d) Margins

Features of Word Processor

 Efficient mode of text editing

 Facility of cut, copy and past
 Search and replace text
 Justification and indentation
 Pagination
 Spelling, grammar checking
 Importing and exporting text
 Mail merge

What is MS Word?

It is window based electronic word processing application software.

It is equipped with other powerful features.

 Font style
 Graphic drawing
 Documents templates
 Web page design
 Hyper linking

The contents of word window:-

 Title Bar
 Menu Bar
 Tool Bar
 Ruler Bar
 Document window
 Scroll Bar
 Status Bar
 New Button

Title Bar – located at the top of and displays the name of document currently being edited and
the name of the application.

Menu Bar – located below title bar give access to all the commands available in the word.

Click on the menu name

Tool Bar – There are 8 different toolbars

Standard and formatting toolbars are opened by default

Ruler Bar – It is used to adjust margin and indents of the document. It is also used to set the tab
stops.

Document window –

It is editing zone It has an insertion pt which indicates the position where text, graphics and other
objects will be placed when you type or insert them. This insertion pt is a blinking vertical bar.

Scroll Bar – it is used to move around the document. The horizontal and vertical scroll bars are
used to scroll in either direction using the arrow buttons.

The double arrow buttons present on the vertical scroll bar are used to move to previous or next
page.

Status bar – Displays statistic about the insertion pt display status of some important keys.

View Button – 4 views buttons are arranged at the start of the horizontal scroll bar.

View provides a different way to look at the document

The view center used to performs certain tasks. There are 4 different ways to view the documents
Normal/Print/web and outline view

Fill in the blanks:-

o Title Bar is located at the top of the application window.

o Standard and formatting are the 2-default tool bar.
o Scroll Bar is used the move around the document.
o The 4 different views are Normal Web Print and outline
o Ctrl + P Key to the shortcut to print a document.

Formatting:-

The term formatting refer to the change you documents appearance.

Formatting is an important part of all the documents appearance. It enhances the look of all the
documents. There are 3 types of formatting in MS Word.

a) Character formatting (Applicable to selected text)

b) Paragraph formatting (applicable to entire paragraph)
c) Page formatting (Applicable entire page)
Character formatting –

The term character formatting refers to the attributes that is applicable individual characters in
the documents.

It can be applied to anything from single character to the entire document which includes
changing style, size colours and different effects,

It also includes change case.

Paragraph formatting –

With paragraph formatting you can set no of parameters that influences how paragraph in MS
Word will look like i.e.

o Alignment
o Tabs
o Indent
o Line spacing
o Text flow

Alignments – It is a way of organizing the text. One can quickly change the alignment of the
selected paragraphs in the document by clicking the different alignment button on the formatting
toolbar.

Shortcut for aligning text are :-

Left - Ctrl + L

Right – Ctrl + R

Center – Ctrl + E

Justified – Ctrl + J

Indenting- an indent is the distance that a paragraph is pushed in from extends to the left or right
margins.

The indents are added to margins, increasing the white space and decreasing the text area for
specific paragraph.

There are 4 types of indents –

1. First Line – It specifies the position at which the first character of the paragraph will start.
 2. Hanging Indent – It indicates the position at which the left side of all the lines will start.
3. Right indent – It indicates the position at which the right side of each line will end.

Line Spacing & Paragraph spacing

Line spacing - default line spacing is single. It is used to create good readability and design in
the document.

You can set it by :-

 Select the paragraph

 Select the format – paragraph
 Select Indents & spacing tab
 And select the value in line
Spacing - Accordingly.

Paragraph spacing – You can define the white space that should be placed before and after
paragraphs by using the following steps:-

Select the paragraph whose spacing is to be changed

From the format menu, choose paragraph

Select the indents and spacing tab.

In the spacing for before and after spinners type or select the Measurements and then click the
OK button.

Page formatting – When we begin a new document word uses default settings for page size,
orientation, margins, page number and other options. We can change these settings as per the
requirement.

Changing document margins:-

There are 5 margins:-

 The left and right margins are distances s/w text and left and right edges of the page.
 The top & bottom margins are the distances S/w the Text and the top, Bottom edge of the
page.

Using page set up –

 Select the text the margins of which are to be changed.

 From the file menu choose page setup the page setup dialog box appears.
 Select the margin tab.
  Now set all the margins accordingly.

Page Orientation –
It means the way the pages would be printed. There are 2 types of orientation.
Landscape – the width of page is more as compared to the length of the page i.e. no columns
are more than no. of rows.
Portrait – The length of the page is more as compared to the width of the page. Therefore none
row and less columns.
Using the Ruler Bar – Change to print layout view pt to the end of the gray portion of the ruler.
The mouse pointer will become a two headed arrow position, with mouse.

Short Notes:-
Header & Footer – It is used to put repetitive information in the top and bottom marine of the
document.
A Header consists of text or graphics and appears at the top of every page.
A Footer appears at the bottom of every.
Page – company name/date could appear at the top of each page and the page no appears at
the bottom of each page.
The header and footer are not visible in the normal new. it can be viewed in print layout view.
Creating Header and Footer – from the view menu select Header and footer.
The Header and footer toolbar is displayed.
FOOT NOTE and END NOTE –
Foot notes and end notes are used in printed documents to explain, connected on Provide
reference for text in a document.
You can include both F &E in the same document.
Foot note appear at the end of each page in a document.
Endnote appears as the end of a document.
 Click on insert – Footnote
 Click on Footnote bottom
 Select numbering style
 Click on Ok

For inserting page no’s and page breaks click on –

 Insert Menu
 Click on page No’s page break
 Click Ok
TAB SETTING

Tabs are used for creating quickly, relatively simple listed

Tabs are also used to control the alignment of the text within a document.

By default tab as OS inch from left margin.

Word offer 5 types of tabs -

Left Tab – Left edge of the text is aligned at the tab skip

Right tab – Right edge of the text is aligned at the tab stop

Centre – text is centered at the tab stop

Decimal tab- decimal pt is aligned at the tab stop.

Bar tab – inserts a vertical line at the tab stop

Bullets & Numbering

Word one can quickly break b & n list to make a we can crate lists that have multiple indent
levels and can contain both no’s and bullets

It can be created –

 B & W button on formatting toolbar

 B& W dialog box appear.

Document easier to read and understand.

Borders & Shading –

To draw attention to paragraphs with in a document, you can add border and shading to your
document.

Borders are decorative lines around the text or objects. Shading to a % of the colour that word
can add to the background of the document text, paragraphs or table data.

 Choose format – B & S

 A paragraph or text – select border
  Apply a style, color and width.
 Click ok

Check Spelling & Grammar

Word spell checker enables or to check the s & g of the entire document at once.

This tool also looks for common typing mistakes such as requested words etc. if you want to
check a specific piece of text, select it.

If you want to check the entire document, do not select any text.

 Choose tools – S & G

 Check Grammar option present at the bottom left side of dialog box.
 Make all relevant changes in S & G & finally close the box by clicking close button.

Tasks - Word task feature are a terrified way to align that in a grid of rows and columns. Tasks
are valuable whenever you have many columns and rows of information.

A table is a container that consists of boxes called cells.

You can arrange these cells vertically and columns and horizontally rows.

 Choose table – insert – table

 Set the no. of row and columns
 Click ok

You can apply formatting to the call and its contents.

Split cells – You can split cell into 2 or more cells select a cell

Choose table – split cell.

Merge Cell – You can join 2 or more cells and make them a one cell. Select cells either row wise
or column wise.

Choose table – merge cells.

Word Art – It is used to give special text effects. The text is styled and then inserted as an
object in the document. There are different present styles available.

The style of insert word art object can be reformatted.

To insert word art

Click on Insert – Picture – Word Art.

Font Families – A collection of all the variations of font in called font family. Example – The Arial
font family. It includes – Arial, Arial Black and Arial Narrow.

Hyperlink – Hyper link is a short cut, coloured, underlined text or a graphic that specifies the
link to a location that is stored on a web, MS Word or any other location.

To create a hyperlink does this –

1) Click the insert menu and choose Hyperlink or press Ctrl K. Select a Hyperlink from the
short cut menu. Insert Hyperlink dialog box appears.
Hyperlink to a new file –
o In link to – Choose create new document. Create new document options appear.
o In the name of new document – text box, type the name of the new file.
o It you want to change the path of the file you will change it by clicking on the
change button.
o Under the when to edit option – click the option for opening a file now or later.

Hyper link to on existing file –

In link to – group choose existing file or web page, existing file or web page options appear.

If you want to select a file from recently used files then under the select from list – group, click
the first list and choose the file.

Mail Merge – Sending circulars, information, letters etc. to more than one person or company
at a time, is a very Tedious work or task and can consume a full day.

To overcome this problem MM utility can be used where after drafting a single letter; copies of
that letter can be created with different address supplied through stored data source.

In MM main letter document is created first after that a data source is introduced to the mail
merge utility.

Headlines from data source are inserted in the main document at the appropriate sentence.

After these required criteria of merging can be given to merge these data is new document or
printer with new copy of the letter with each record supplied from data source.
Three basic steps to perform the mail merge process –

1. Creating main document

2. Specifying

Macro – A Macro is a sequence of word command and instructions that are grouped together
as a single command and saved by you to accomplish or task automatically. If you perform a
task represent ally in word instead of manually performing a series of time consuming
repetitive actions you can create and run a single macro to automate the task.

It saves time and reduces errors. Some standard users for macros are –

1) To do routine editing and formatting faster.

2) To combine multiple commands e.g. Inserting table with a specific no. of row and
columns.
3) To access dialog boxes easily.
4) To simplify a complex series of tasks by automation.

Auto Correct:-

Auto text feature is a shorthand method for word processing.

You will save time & effort for storing select text & graphics including formatting that you use
repeatedly.

Example – If you have a long company name that you frequently use then you can shorten it as
Auto Text and inset it with only a few keystrokes.

In this way when you type the start name of the company, word will type out the company
automatically.

Auto text can also contain pictures and graphics or digitized signatures, graphic letter head, logos
and symbols.

Word also contains 40 predefined auto text entries that are used frequently by most users.

Example - sincerely, best regards, and confidential etc. steps:-

Click on office button

Then proofing
Auto text

Dialog box will appear

Replace the word with the short form

Add the word, click on add

Then click on ok.